Power and Its Role in

Improving Sustainability
Tim Easterday
Technical Sales Manager
June 2022

1
Societal Impact of Sustainability

Our industry sits at the center of two major

forces:

• Ever growing demand for data

• Very real effects of climate change

As data and digital infrastructure scales, it must

do so responsibly for the planet and its people.

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Vertiv’s Commitment to Sustainability
Vertiv is committed to working with our customers in solving the complex challenges related to critical digital infrastructure. We recognize that
the energy-efficient design, development, use, and disposal of our products is critical to the longevity of our industry and to the greater world.
We are in the process of building and rolling out a more comprehensive strategy to understand, manage, and reduce the environmental
impact of our solutions and operations.

within our Solutions Within our Operations

Design Process Solution Measure Aim Achieve

Build upon Align to design and Deliver energy and Review scope 1 & 2 Align actionable Deliver impactful
principles of manufacturing water efficient emissions, water, goals across the environmental
efficient design processes solutions and waste data organization improvements

Reduce environmental impact for our customers and across Vertiv

© 2022 Vertiv All Rights Reserved Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 3
The Life-Cycle of the Data Center Working To Reduce Carbon, Water,
Waste and Energy Losses

• Energy – driving to reduce the losses in

power and thermal (increase efficiency), and
ensure system uptime

• Carbon – developing power systems that will

enable a move to a hydrogen powered eco-
system, eliminating carbon (net zero carbon)

• Water – developing new thermal

configurations with optimized water
consumption and extreme efficiency levels

• Waste – driving solutions that use less, and

are easily upgradable, recyclable, or able to
be refurbished

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Sustainable Solutions At the Core of Vertiv
UPS GRID SUPPORT ENABLING MORE RENEWABLES
• Integrated solution including Grid Interactive UPS
with external controller and battery storage that is
optimal for energy intensive applications
• Provides grid balancing services through fast
frequency response and demand management to
fully utilize back-up power assets
• Intelligent demand management can enable new
Vertiv Liebert EXL S1 revenue streams and cost saving opportunities
Dynamic Grid Support
OFF GRID HYBRID SYSTEMS INTEGRATING RENEWABLES
• Vertiv Solar Arrays purpose built for the
unique installation present at remote
telecom sites
• Vertiv NetSure™ 531 A91 fully-integrated DC
power system with rectifier and controller to provide
maximum efficiency for mobile communication
• Vertiv NetSure™ Control Unit (NCU) allows for
advanced controls for a wide range of DC power
applications
Vertiv NetSure 531 A91
HIGHLY EFFICIENT LIQUID COOLING
• High-Density immersion cooling for high
performance computing applications
• Cooling up to 200kW per rack, up to 95% more
energy efficient than traditional methods
• Operates using clean, odorless ElectroSafe®
Dielectric Coolant
• Low cost of operating with mechanical PUE as low
Vertiv Liebert VIC as 1.03
WATER EFFICIENT FREE COOLING SOLUTIONS
• World’s most widely deployed pumped
refrigerant economization system for
data centers
• Each one saving approximately 6.75
million gallons of water per year
• Our water-free cooling systems have
saved billions of gallons of water
worldwide since introduced in 2013
Vertiv Liebert DSE Free Cooling
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Sustainability Initiatives
We see data center operators adopting a
2-tiered energy sustainability strategy:
First – match energy use with 100 percent
renewable energy
Second – operate on 24/7 carbon-free
energy generated locally at the data
center
sus·tain·a·bil·i·ty
noun
• the ability to be maintained at a
certain rate or level.
• avoidance of the depletion of
natural resources in order to
maintain an ecological balance.
• 100% renewables by 2025
• Carbon-negative by 2030
• Remove all historic emissions by 2050
• Already carbon-neutral and 100% renewable
powered
• 24/7 carbon-free operations by 2030
• 100% renewables by 2025
• Carbon-negative by 2040
•
•
Carbon-neutral by 2035
One of the world’s largest purchaser of
renewable energy
• 100% renewable by 2030
• Supporting China’s aggressive goal of carbon
neutrality by 2060
• European data centers carbon neutral by 2030
• 35 large data centers forging path ahead
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Data Center Sustainability
There are several motivations driving the move from the first strategy to the second:
• The cost of the locally generated energy cost is less than the matched energy cost
• Utility independence
• Reduced dependence on generators for backup power
• Energy peak demand (cost) reduction
• Environmental stewardship

There are limiting factors of switching to generating sustainable energy locally:

• SLAs that restrict using the power protection system for anything but power protection
• Availability of controls that deliver sustainable energy use reliably
• Sustainable energy options at a scale needed for large data center operators
• Limited time or quantity of systems deployed

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Power
Technologies

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The Race to
Carbon-Free
Accelerates

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The Path to CO2 Free Operation
Data Center Today Data Center CO2 Free
Main Power UPS Battery Storage Server &
FC Prime Power: SOFC/PEM
Auxiliaries Renewables

6
Backup Power

H2 storage NG grid
Energy Manager Controller

Data Center with FC CO2 Free Backup Power Data Center with FC Prime Power and Low CO2

FC Prime Power: SOFC/PEM

implementation
with growing
acceptance and H2
infrastructure

H2
FC Backup Power: PEM storage H2 storage NG grid Grid as Backup Power

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 Energy Management Solution Architecture
Any power source can be Any auxiliary AC
used as an input to the power source Intelligent Power Converter
UPS. • On-site diesel gen
• Natural gas gen UPS
The control logic needs to • Long duration LIB
decide which source is
best (in terms of cost or
other factors) and manage
UV Distrib.
Utility relay /
to IT
transitions between Freq.
sources.
Power meter
loads

We should no longer
assume that utility power Fuel Cell
is always primary. UPS Control
integration
Ideally, the energy
management application
High-rate, high BMS
would contain a library of Energy Mgmt.
functions for managing
cycle LIB
Controller
each source that might be Energy Mgmt
present on any given site.
(Micro Grid)
Application Layer

UPS Comm. Layer

Grid Support Enabled Protocol on Mod-Bus

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Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies

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PEM vs SOFC Fuel Cells
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
PROS
• Fast start-up and dynamic response since working at low
temperatures (>120°C)
• Zero-Emission of particulate matter and NOx;
• Zero-Emission of CO and CO2 in operation pure hydrogen;
• High power densities
• Suitable for mobile and backup applications or auxiliary
low/medium power
CONS
• Hydrogen proton conduction restricts fuel to pure hydrogen
• Reduced life due to frequent on-off cycles
• Low robustness due to polymer electrolyte with precious metal
catalyst
• Lower cell and system CAPEX cost, higher OPEX costs
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
PROS
• Suitable for cogeneration since working at high temperatures
• Mechanical robustness due to ceramic functional layers with non
precious metal catalyst
• Fuel flexibility
• High cell and system efficiencies
• Suitable for stationary applications with medium/high power and
auxiliary power
• Long lifetimes if limited on/off cycles
CONS
• Long startup/shutdown times
• Higher cell and system CAPEX cost, lower OPEX costs
• Not fully zero-emission when operating with natural gas
• Thermal cycles cause high temperature corrosion and breakdown of
cells components
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Integration with Fuel Cells: Backup Power and Prime Power
Data Center today
Server &
Main Power UPS Battery Storage Auxiliaries

Backup Power

Data Center with PEM FC as Backup Power Data Center with SOFC Prime Power
implementation
with growing FC Prime Power: SOFC
acceptance and H2
infrastructure

FC Backup Power: PEM Initial Focus:

Generator
H2 storage Elimination H2 storage NG grid

Grid as Backup Power

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Back Up Power- Diesel Generator Replacement & Upgrade
The Diesel Generator Upgrade and Replacement Solution

• Diesel Generator systems are being restricted or outlawed in multiple countries and regional
jurisdictions
• Both diesel fuel storage and emissions are negatively highlighted more and more every day during
the design and permitting process
• A Fuel Cell Integrated Inverter stand by Emergency Power system is the solution to this problem
• New installations or legacy retrofit and upgrade programs
• Reliable, environmentally responsible, clearly the correct way to proceed regarding Emergency
Power systems when on a path to CO2 free operation

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Application Summary: Backup Power Using PEM Fuel Cells
• PEM work at low temperatures (<100°C) and have short startup/shutdown times
‒ As a result, their on/off cycles can be more frequent even if can affect stack life
• Power regulation is faster than SOFC, as well as transients management, reason why the power dissipation
may be directly regulated by the batteries
‒ As a result, that dissipation through export or external load bank/long duration storage may be avoided if batteries are
properly sized
• PEM average net efficiency is lower than SOFC, declared around 50% as max
• PEM work only with pure hydrogen, resulting in zero-emissions applications but requiring hydrogen production
plant or large storages at site
• PEM systems need an external cooling system to dissipate the thermal load generated
• PEM cost is usually lower than SOFC due to the lower operating temperature

PEM costs for critical infrastructures such as data centers are currently a factor 10x higher than DOE 2020 targets
based on high volume automotive solutions. This is due to the improved lifetime (20 years for system components
such as pumps, blowers, mechanical/electrical connections) and 20,000 hours stack lifetime vs 5,000 automotive),
robustness and lower volumes. The expectation is price will drop in the coming years to match the increasing
demand.

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Hydrogen Generator Concept – DC Coupled to the UPS
• Couple long duration battery or hydrogen generator (fuel cell)
at the UPS DC bus level
‒ Start with EXL S1 with short duration 90 to 300 sec TPPL or LIB battery
‒ Extend LIB to what is needed to manage the fuel cell
‒ Apply long duration LIB: typical is 30 min or 2 hrs
‒ Or add hydrogen generator (PEM fuel cell): typical is 48 hrs to continuous
‒ Develop energy controller via PLC
• Develop and publish a hydrogen generator interface definition

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Long Duration Battery (BESS) or Fuel Cell?
• Typically long duration batteries
are sized for 30 min to 2 hrs
‒ This is done either because the utility
outage durations are well controlled or the
IT load can be shifted
• If the IT load cannot be shifted a
more continuous source like a fuel
cell is needed

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FC Suppliers Technical Comparison
PEM: SOFC:
Technical requirements Ballard Plug Power Technical requirements Bloomenergy Bosch SolidPower
Connection on LIB
DC/DC Converter included   Connection on LIB
DC/DC Converter included  
Connection on UPS DC Bus   Connection on UPS DC
Bus  
Integration readiness  Shutdown management  
Cost effective  Control Interface with UPS 
Shutdown management  tbd Container .

Control Interface with UPS  tbd Certification CE 

Container? .  Certification UL  
Certification CE  100% H2 supply within
end 2022 
Certification UL  100% H2 supply within
end 2023 

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Hydrogen Generator (Fuel Cell) Considerations
Near term:
• Vertiv has been vetting PEM and SOFC suppliers to determine most likely candidates for a “continuous battery”
hydrogen generator solution
• PlugPower (PEM), Ballard (PEM), Bosch (SOFC) and Bloom (SOFC) are emerging as the most likely for POC
development
• Vertiv is working thru operational definitions with the above FC candidates
‒ Requirements for startup/shutdown power, transient management, size to achieve 5 x 9s reliability as well as non-IT load support, and
balance of FC plant
• Vertiv is working thru hydrogen storage/generation options: discussions started with Linde, PlugPower
Next actions:
• Complete Proof of Concept (POC) one line and Sequence of Operation (SOO) including Energy Controller interface
definitions and command sequence
‒ Initial effort will focus on integration between the power converter and fuel cell (direct communications)
‒ Grid operations will require communication between the external grid controller and the power converter
‒ A single controller that can carry out both functions will be targeted
• Complete a stick built POC that uses the FC building blocks (250kW for PlugPower, 400kW from Ballard, 100/400kW
from Bosch, 50/300kW from Bloom)
• Adapt the stick built POC design into a drop in place container configuration that scales instances to 1MW+
‒ H2 storage and generation considerations need to be included for run times ranging from 24 or 48 hrs to continuous (“Bottomless” UPS)
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Fuel Cell Deployment Subsystems H2 Temporary Storage

Liebert EXL S1 UPS

Fuel Cell Modules 400kW DC-DC Converter

Junction Cabinet

Resistive Load

Fan Set & Cooling System Vertiv HPL LIB

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POC in Delaware, OH - Subsystems
FC Module Skid + DC-DC Converter Skid + cooling unit

Fully populated skid shown (1.2MW)

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Natural Gas or Hydrogen Fueled
Bloomenergy

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The Prime Power Solution to a Growing Problem
Bloomenergy

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Q&A On PEM Technology
• What is the rate of hydrogen consumption? 60 kg/hr/MW
• What hydrogen run time storage would be expected? ~ 3000 kg for 48 hrs @ 1MW
5 to 6 x 40’ tubes (cylinders)
• What H2 storage restrictions are there? Dependent on location and AHJ
• Can the FC run backwards to electrolyze water? No - PEM stacks are optimized
for power production

40’ Tube Truck

Each Tube Holds
500kG @ 500 bar

One truck contains 2 tons of liquid H2.

The sphere in the picture would hold 100 tons (50 truckloads).

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Q&A On PEM Technology
• What are the H2 pressures involved? 3.5 to 6.5 bar* at the fuel cell
• How much water is produced? 30 lpm @ 1MW
Condensate is drained
Water vapor is vented
• What can be done with this water? It is non-potable and de-ionized
• Is heat rejection needed? Yes
• What can be done to re-use that heat? It is low grade – 60C

Typical plumbing and valving

from H2 tank to fuel cell modules

*1 bar = 14.5 lbs/sq in Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 26

H2 Fuel Area Example

Image Compliments of Plug Power Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 27

Fuel Cell Integration

Image Compliments of Plug Power Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 28

Fuel Cell Integration – Plug Power 1.5MW Example

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Fuel Cell Integration – Plug Power 1.5MW Example

Image Compliments of Plug Power Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 30

Hydrogen Generator Pilot Project Specific Actions
• Generate Pilot Project one line
‒ Ballard, Plug Power and Bloom are targeted
‒ Close couple the fuel cell to the UPS 220 CM
‒ Optimize gear line up: 1 x 1500kW, 2 x 1MW or 2MW
‒ Add a mech load hydrogen generator to the mech load path
‒ Add fuel cell heat rejection as required 150 CM 360 CM
‒ Waste heat and water re-use is being analyzed Ballard MegaBlock - 1 MW PEM FC

‒ UPS + Gear + LIB container, Fuel Cell + System container: externally located
• Work with a hydrogen fuel delivery and storage provider on a proposed strategy
‒ Plug Power and Linde will be targeted
‒ Deploy 24 or 48hrs of storage
‒ 1MW for 48hrs requires 2,880kg of hydrogen
‒ This corresponds to between 5 and 6 x 500 bar 40’ cylinders
‒ Local to the data center or remote location needs to be determined
‒ Example: Project in India H2 storage is 3km from the data center
‒ Hydrolyzer capacity needs to be determined for local H2 generation
• Analyze legislative and tax considerations
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POC in Delaware, OH – Concept Layout
• UPS and batteries are located inside the Delaware
Plant 2022
‒ 1 external container holds the Fuel Cell, DC/DC
converter
‒ 1 external container holds the BESS
• Fuel cell DC power lands in switchgear near the
building SW corner
‒ Once inside the building it can be routed to
multiple stations
• BESS AC power enters the building near the
building SW corner
• Testing can take advantage of existing load banks,
DC simulators, generator feeds etc.
• Different UPS units can be tested with the fuel cell

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Dynamic Grid Support

• Bolster data center UPS

• Address the imbalance related to renewable
power generation
• Meet sustainability goals
• Generate revenues and monetize backup
capacity
• Reduce energy bills

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of Vertiv.
Property
Areas of Opportunity for Energy End Users
Demand & Response Services can be broadly categorized to target Frequency Management and Demand
Management

Frequency Management (Fast Frequency Response)

Power stations and their control systems are typically not able to regulate power output within a few seconds to
adapt to a sudden rise or fall in frequency; therefore, a faster acting balancing system is needed to provide a
quick response to sudden frequency variations and increase or reduce the electricity demand within a few
seconds (fast frequency response and primary reserves) or minutes (secondary reserve).
The faster the response, the higher the revenue opportunity.

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Areas of Opportunity for Energy End Users
Demand Management (Peak Shaving)
In times of low demand or high supply, energy is fed into storage, from which it is released at times of high
demand or low supply. Alternatively, consumers adjust their energy consumption according to the changes in
electricity market price or management of different auxiliary power sources .

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Grid Services Opportunities
Static & Dynamic Frequency Response

Static frequency response is a digital type

response where a site reduces its
electrical consumption based on one
frequency setpoint.

Dynamic frequency response is an

analogue type response where a site
tracks the grid variations and
reduces/increases its electrical
consumption based on the frequency.

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 DGS UPS Controls Performance – Dynamic Battery Regulation
5 sec/div 10 discharge steps with
Ibooster
120kW per step and 1
second duration each
(ramp down)
Sustain 1200kW
discharge for 5 seconds
10 discharge steps with
Controller
Command 120kW per step and 1
second duration each
(ramp up)
200 ms/div step zoom in

Ibooster The UPS response time

to reach the power
defined set point after
receiving the command
Controller
Command
is less than 200 ms.

200 ms Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 37

Intelligent Power Converter Operating Modes

Normal UPS Operation

60

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 Intelligent Power Converter Operating Modes

On Battery Mode Source Sharing Mode

60

Export Mode (Not Shown): The UPS is also able to manage energy export into the grid. When required, the UPS works as a bi-directional power converter, by discharging
the batteries to inject power upstream the UPS.

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Intelligent Power Converter Operating Modes

Battery Recharge Mode

60

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 UPS With Grid Support Capabilities As An Intelligent Power Converter
DATA CENTER «ACTIVE CONSUMER»

Grid Interactive
Service
Algorithms

Modbus
Liebert® EXL S1 Services System
Control

Mains Power

Critical
M IT Loads

National
Grid Service(s)

UPS Battery Storage

Primary Mission
* Frequency Regulation, Synchronous Reserve, Resource Adequacy, (UPS) State
Reactive Power, Flexible Ramping, Demand Response Machine
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Fast Frequency Response: Static and Dynamic Frequency Regulation
UPS

Critical Load
CT Connection

Dry Contact Interface Ethernet Switch

for Static Regulation

Modbus TCP Communication

Grid Controller for Dynamic Regulation

LIB diagnostic available on UPS for

accurate grid operation and optimized
Read/write commands between the battery life
ZDR and UPS, enabling the Modbus TCP
asset to participate in dFFR Communication
Communication
Wireless

(ZigBee)

LIB Batteries
Wireless
Communication
(Mobile Network)
Communications f(x)
Gateway

Static regulation via dry contact with predefined fixed power response activated at a predefined frequency deviation
Dynamic regulation via Modbus with dynamic power response based on frequency deviation
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Battery SOC Management for Grid Services

100% Available battery capacity to store additional

80% energy (over-frequency)
Maximum SOC threshold for grid services
(adjustable via UPS setting)
A
65% Energy stored for grid services
SOC Range

Real time battery SOC

(under-frequency and over-frequency)
B
50%
Minimum SOC threshold for grid services
(adjustable via UPS setting)
Energy stored for critical load (grid services
disabled)
0%

NOTE: Maximum SOC threshold for grid services is used to keep battery at partial SOC to prolong battery life. Reserve
energy space can be used to manage over-frequency conditions.
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Application case: Battery sizing for DGS in Ireland
The battery backup time for 1.2 MW UPS for a data center is 1 minute.
By adding to the existing capacity an extra investment in terms of energy storage of 5 minutes, the user
can benefit of this additional storage for grid support, gaining in both resiliency and revenues.
Sizing with HPL batteries:
- 6 battery cabinets for 1 minute backup time
- 8 battery cabinets for 6 minutes battery runtime (1min backup time + 5min dynamic grid support)
No DGS DGS

Revenues generated when customers are participating to Ireland’s DS3 programs: FFR, POR, SOR, TOR1.
At present, an asset with 1 MW capacity could earn ~€100,000 (90k operation + 10k bonus bundle) per year.
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Battery Sizing For Dynamic Grid Support Applications
1) What grid service do we need to target?
The most lucrative services are related to fast frequency response, requiring reaction time of 500ms to 1s in
response to over/underfrequency detection. The UPS is expected to discharge/recharge the batteries with a
demand response duration in the order of minutes.

2) How will this impact battery life?

In traditional back-up applications, life projections are mainly based on calendar effects.
In a grid service application, cycling degradation will add to the calendar degradation

3) How to properly size the batteries for grid services?

Number of Battery Strings Affects Many Parameters. Adding battery capacity increases initial battery cost but
substantially increases grid service duration and mitigates the life impact of grid service operation.
Grid Service Power 1200 kW 840 kW
# of Battery Racks 8 12 8 12
Grid Service Load per Rack 150 kW 100 kW 105 kW 70 kW
Total Usable Energy 75% 88% 87% 89%
Total BOL Capacity 304 kWh 456 kWh 304 kWh 456 kWh
Reserve Energy* 20 kWh 20 kWh 20 kWh 20 kWh
Demand Resp. duration** ~10 min ~19 min ~17 min ~27 min * Assumes 60 seconds of outage protection
at 1200 kW, excludes UPS overload condition
Eff. Discharge Rate (C) 3.94 2.62 2.76 1.84
** Estimated at beginning of life
Battery Life Impact Critical Severe Severe Significant Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 45
Roadmap for Enhanced
Energy Utilization
1. Increase the delivered UPS power from the available
infrastructure and use larger building blocks

2. Increase the N+1 utilization of a distributed reserve

power infrastructure

3. Adopt Lithium-Ion or alternate low TCO batteries

4. Value engineer the UPS plus gear line up Dynamic Online

Mode Operation
5. Cut the UPS losses by up to 50% by deploying
Dynamic Online mode
Current harmonics closed

6. Reduce generator oversizing by deploying minimum loop feedback

frequency-based walk-in and step response

7. Deploy condition based-maintenance

8. Apply Dynamic Power for Grid Services and Energy

Management

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Questions?

Tim Easterday
Technical Sales Manager

tim.easterday@vertiv.com
+1-614-674-4431 (M)

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