JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Experiment: Gunt ET 410 refrigeration demo model

GROUP 2 SUBGROUP 2

Submission date: January 10,2023

Submitted to Mr. Ali S.
Group Members

S/N Name ID no
1 Merera Worku RU 3358/11
2 Mebrat Merkos RU 3771/11
3 Melkamu Mulatu RU 3823/11
4 Mensur Seman RU 3233/11
5 Merga Moges RT 0080/11
6 Mesihib Gizachew RU 4146/11
7 Minase Amanuel RU 3870/11
8 Mulugeta Abera RU 4381/11
9 Muluken Tsegaye RT OO22/12
10 Nahom Petros RU 4123/11
11 Natanem Demene RU 4057/11
12 Natnael Jigsa RU 2023/11
13 Oliyad Abera RU 3778/11
14 Sagni Bazine RU 4376/11
15 Sofoniyas Feyisa RU 3253/11
16 Tadele Sertsu RU 4305/11
17 Tamiru Fufa RU 3812/11
18 Tolesa Tesgera RU 3806/11
19 Tsegaye Kebede RU 4182/11
20 Yerowak Gobena RU 3962/11
21 Yohannes Tsehaye RU 3624/11
22 Yonatan Tigabu RU 3939/11
23 Zeid Fenta RU 3628/11
24 Rabbira Tesfaye RT 0111/12
Table of Contents

Table of Contents..............................................................................................................................i
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................ii
List of Tables...................................................................................................................................ii
1.Objective.......................................................................................................................................1
2. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
3. Apparatus and Material................................................................................................................3
3.1 Description and Diagram of Apparatus.................................................................................3
4. Procedure.....................................................................................................................................4
5. Results and Discussion................................................................................................................5
5.1 Experimental Results.............................................................................................................5
5.2 Graphical Representation of Data..........................................................................................6
5.3 Discussion............................................................................................................................10
6.Conclusion..................................................................................................................................12
Referance.......................................................................................................................................13
Appendix........................................................................................................................................14

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Refrigeration Model System............................................................................................3

Fig 2: Graph of coefficient of performance against Volumetric flow rate of water........................6
Fig 3: Graph of Rate of heat Transfer against Volumetric flow rate of water.................................6
Fig 4: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 0 ml/s..........................................................7
Fig 5: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 41ml/s..........................................................8
Fig 6: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 51.4ml/s.......................................................9
Fig 7: Ideal T-S diagram and ideal P-h diagram............................................................................10
Fig 8: Actual T-S diagram.............................................................................................................10

List of Tables

Table1: Labelled components..........................................................................................................3

Table 2: Description of the labelled measuring points....................................................................4
Table 3: Raw data collected in lab...................................................................................................5
Table 4: Entropy values for refrigerant and mass flow rates...........................................................5
Table 5: Coefficient of Performance (COP) values for actual and ideal case.................................5

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1.Objective
The Objective of this experiment is:
 To use the vapor compression theory to find the coefficient of performance (COP) of
the Gunt ET 410 refrigeration demo model.
 To use the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system to find out how the
volumetric flow rate of water affects the efficiency of the refrigeration system.

2. Introduction
Vapour compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) are the most commonly used among all refrigeration
systems. As the name implies, these systems belong to the general class of vapour cycles, wherein the
working fluid (refrigerant) undergoes phase change at least during one process. In a vapour compression
refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained as the refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures. The input
to the system is in the form of mechanical energy required to run the compressor. Hence these systems are
also called as mechanical refrigeration systems. The actual vapour compression cycle is based on Evans-
Perkins cycle, which is also called as reverse Rankine cycle. Before the actual cycle is discussed and
analysed, it is essential to find the upper limit of performance of vapour compression cycles.

Assumption for analysis of VCRS: -

• Steady flow;

• negligible kinetic and potential energy changes across each component, and

• no heat transfer in connecting pipe lines

Components of Refrigeration cycle

1. Evaporator: Heat transfer rate at evaporator or refrigeration capacity 𝑄 = 𝑚r(h1-h4)

The evaporator pressure Pe is the saturation pressure corresponding to evaporator temperature Te.

2. Compressor: Work input to the compression 𝑊𝑐= 𝑚r(h2-h1)

3. Condenser: Heat transfer rate at condenser QC = mr(h2-h3) and pressure Pc Refrigeration effect

Pc =Psat(TC).

4.Expansion device: h3=h4, and the exit condition is two phase region, hence from the definition of

quality (dryness fraction), ℎ4=(1-𝑋4)ℎf,𝑒+𝑋4ℎg,𝑒=ℎ4 + 𝑋4ℎ𝑓𝑔 where X4 is the quality at point 4, ℎ𝑓,𝑒 ,

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ℎ𝑔,𝑒 , ℎ𝑓𝑔, are the saturated liquid enthalpy, saturated vapour enthalpy and latent heat of vaporization at
evaporator pressure, respectively.

Additionally in this experiment, we use the following equations;

Mass flow rate

Mass flow rate of water: mw = ρwvw, where, density of water, ρw = 1000kg/m3 and vw =volumetric flow
rate of water.

Vr
Mass flow rate of refrigerant: mr ¿ ❑ where, vr(ml/sec)=volumetric flow rate of refrigeration and v (m /kg)
3

v
= specific volume of refrigerant.

Rate of heat transfer

Rate of heat removed from water, QW = mwCPW(Tin – Tout) where, Cpw(kj/kg.k) = specific constant pressure
of water.

Rate of heat absorbed by refrigerant, Qr = mr(h1 -h4) where, h1 and h4 are enthalpy at point 1 and
4.

Work done
Work done in compression, WCom = mr(h2 – h1)

Work done in condensation, QC = mr(h2 – h3)

Performance of VCRS(COP)

h 1−h 4
COPideal =
h 2−h 1

QW
COPactual =
W Com

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3. Apparatus and Material
3.1 Description and Diagram of Apparatus
The experiment employs the Gunt ET 410 Demo Model Refrigeration Technology to do the vapor
compression analyzing of the refrigeration system. The system was set-up as figure 1 below and the
components are labeled in Table 1.

Figure 1: Refrigeration Model System

Table1: Labelled components
S/
Components
N
1 Condenser with fan
2 Switch for fan
3 Manometer
4 Press stat (Pressure monitor)
5 Exercise chart with graphical representation of refrigeration circuit
6 Compressor
7 Sight glass for refrigerant
8 Filter dryer
9 Refrigerant volumetric flowmeter
10 Expansion valve
11 Evaporator
12 Thermometer
13 Volumetric flowmeter: refrigerant circuit

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 14 Water drain valve
15 Switch for compressor

4. Procedure
The refrigeration model system was switched on and the volumetric flow rate of water, Vw was adjusted
to 40.0 ml/s by turning the volumetric meter adjuster. The system was left for 20 minutes to allow the
system to achieve a stable condition before recording the data. Once the refrigeration system reaches a
steady state, the corresponding volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant, Vk, the temperature value from
thermometer T1, T2, T3, T4, Tin and Tout , and pressure value from manometer P14, and P23 were
recorded and tabulated in a table. Table 2. below describes the measurements made at the corresponding
label points. The same procedure was taken for another two different volumetric flow rate of water of
500ml/39.54sec and 500ml/9.73sec.

Table 2: Description of the labelled measuring points

Labe Description
l
T1 Temperature of refrigerant between evaporator and compressor
T2 Temperature of refrigerant between compressor and condenser
T3 Temperature of refrigerant between condenser and expansion valve
T4 Temperature of refrigerant between expansion valve and evaporator
Tin Temperature of water going into the system
Tout Temperature of water going out of the system
P1/4 Pressure of refrigerant between evaporator and compressor
P2/3 Pressure of refrigerant between compressor and condenser

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5. Results and Discussion
5.1 Experimental Results
Table 3: Raw data collected in lab
Volumetri Volumetric
Sets T1(ºC) T2(ºC) T3(ºC) T4(ºC) Tin(ºC) Tout(ºC) c Flow rate,
Flow rate, Vk(ml/s)
Vw(ml/s)

1 0 32 28 -9 20 19 0 0

2 14 40 33 6 22 15 41 10

3 18 48 36 8 20 18 51.4 11

Table 4: Entropy values for refrigerant and mass flow rates

Set h1(KJ/ h2(KJ/ h3(KJ/ h4(KJ/ P1/4(bar P2/3(bar mw mk

s kg) kg) kg) kg) ) )

1 406 432 428 190 4.9 8.5 0 0

2 416 440 433 410 4.8 11 0.011388 0.0033342

9 7

3 418 448 436 412 4.9 12 0.014277 0.0036677

8
The values of entropy are obtained using the P-h diagram of refrigerant R134a by using the raw data
collected during the experiment. The mass flow rate is calculated using a formula that takes the product of
the density and volume flow rate.

Table 5: Coefficient of Performance (COP) values for actual and ideal case
Rate of heat Rate of heat Work done by Heat release
removal from absorbed by compressor, from condenser,
refrigerant,
water, Qin(KJ/s) Wcom(W) Qcondensor COP actual COP ideal
QL(KJ/s)
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.33324 0.02000562 0.08002248 0.02333989 4.16 25
0.1193624 0.0220062 0.110031 0.0440124 1.084 20

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5.2 Graphical Representation of Data

Fig 2: Graph of coefficient of performance against Volumetric flow rate of water

Fig 3: Graph of Rate of heat Transfer against Volumetric flow rate of water

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 Fig 4: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 0 ml/s

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 Fig 5: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 41ml/s

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 Fig 6: P-h diagram for water volumetric flow rate of 51.4ml/s

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5.3 Discussion
Discussion on results obtained and the trends From Fig 2, the trend of COP value versus the volumetric
flow rate of water can be seen from the graph. It can be seen clearly that the COP values decreases
slightly with the increase of volumetric flow rate. For the actual COP values, it can be seen that the COP
value of 4.164 decrease to 1.0848. For the ideal COP values, there is not much significant change in the
COP values. By comparing the ideal COP values with the actual COP values, it can be said that the actual
COP values has a more significant change in COP values when the volumetric flow rate increase compare
to the ideal COP values. Next, from Fig 3. shows that the Rate of heat transfer increases when the
volumetric flow rate of water increases for the actual and ideal cases. The rate of heat transfer for both
ideal and actual increases from 0 KJ/s to 0.0220062 KJ/s and 0 KJ/s to 0.0440124 KJ/s. The trend of both
actual and ideal rate of heat transfer can be seen to have a similar increase as the volumetric flow rate of
water increases. The COP value has a relationship with the rate of heat transferred and the power supplied
to the compressor. The value for the ideal COP values can be clearly seen to be much higher than the
actual COP values from Table 5. This makes sense as actual cases will have irreversibility that will cause
the COP values to be lower compared to the ideal case. The rate of heat transfer plays a part in
manipulating the COP values as well the work input of the compressor.

Fig 7: Ideal T-S diagram and ideal P-h diagram

Fig 8: Actual T-S diagram

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Now, the enthalpy values for the refrigerant are obtained by plotting 4 points on the P-h diagram of
refrigerant R134. The state of the refrigerant at each point can be compared with the ideal and actual
cycle. By carefully identifying the points on the P-h diagram and plotting them on the graph as shown in
Fig 4, Fig 5, and Fig 6, it shows that from point 1 to point 2 in the actual vapor compression refrigeration
cycle is in the super-heated vapor state. This due to the work done to compress the refrigerant that will
cause the temperature and pressure to increase. However, this is not the case for the ideal case as show in
the ideal P-h diagram as the refrigerant enters the compressor at point 1 in a saturated vapor state. The
actual entropy for the actual cycle increases from point 1 to point 2 due to the friction by fluid when
flowing in the compressor while the ideal cycle undergoes isentropic process that is adiabatic and
reversible which means that from point 1 to point 2 the entropy will remain the same. Next, the high
temperature and pressure of the refrigerant then passes through the condenser whereby heat will be
rejected from the refrigerant. For the actual cycle, there will be a pressure drop in the condenser due to
fluid friction but for the ideal cycle there is no pressure drop during this process. Since during the
experiment, there is no form of way to identify the pressure drop of the condenser, the pressure of the
inlet and outlet are assumed to be the same. After that, the refrigerant which has a lower temperature but
high pressure will enter an expansion valve and will exit the valve with a lower entropy value while
having the enthalpy values to remains the same for the ideal case. This process occurs between point 3 to
point 4. However, this is not the case for the actual cycle as it can be seen from the P-h diagram that is
plotted for the experiment. The value of enthalpy for the outlet is much smaller compare to the value of
enthalpy at the inlet of the expansion valve. The reason for this to occur because the expansion valve is
not fully adiabatic and because the temperature of the inlet of the expansion valve is higher than the
outlet, there is a possibility that heat is release to the surrounding which then causes the decrease in
enthalpy from point 3 to 4. Lastly, the low pressure and low temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator
and then receives heat for the evaporation process. This is the final step of the cycle where it is between
point 4 to point 1 and the pressure are to be assume constant for the ideal cycles but not for the actual
cycles as the actual case will have a lower pressure at the outlet of the compressor compared to the inlet.
As Fig 7. portrayed, the refrigerant for the ideal cycle exits the evaporator as saturated vapor state while
for the actual case the refrigerant exits the evaporators as in a superheated state.

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6.Conclusion
To conclude, the aim of the experiment was met. The vapor compression refrigeration cycle theory was
applied in studying the model refrigerator. Through the experiment, it is found that the highest Coefficient
of Performance (COP) for the ideal case is 25 at a volumetric flow rate of 41ml/s, whereas the highest
COP for the actual case is 4.164 at a volumetric low rate of 41ml l/s. However, it is also found that the
ideal COP values are consistently much greater than the actual COP values across all volumetric flow
rates. This is most likely due to the fact that the vapor compression cycle theory does not take into
account irreversibility that exist in the real world, such as friction due to pipe flow, as well as heat loss
and dissipation through the pipes. Human errors also contribute to the disparity in COP values between
the actual and ideal cases. However, this contribution is relatively small compared to the effects of
irreversibility.

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Referance
1. R. S. Khurmi, Joyeeta Gupta - A Textbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning-S Chand & Co Ltd
(2006)
2. Refrigeration_and_Air_Conditioning_4th_Edition_by_G_F_Hundy,_A_R
3. Property Table refrigerants_F01_20SI
4. Wikipedia,Refrigeration and air conditioning system,”2021.www.wikipedia.com.

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Appendix
Sample calculations of the results Assumptions
1.Mass flow rate of water From the property tables, density of water is 1000 kg/m 3

m˙w = ρwV˙w
= 1000x 41x × 1 m3 /(1000 litre 3600 s) 1 hour
= 0. 0113889kg/s2.

2.Mass flow rate of refrigerant From property tables, @ 700kPA the specific volume is 0.000833113

m˙ k = Vk/ v

= 10×0.001/(3600 ×0.000833113)

=0.00333427kg/s2

3.Rate of heat removed from water

The Cp is assume to be 4.18 J/kg.K

ΔQ˙ = m˙w Cp (ΔT)
Q˙in = ΔQ˙
= m˙w Cp (T in − T out )
= 0.0113889 kg/s × 4.18 × (22 – 15)
= 0.33324 KJ/s

4. Rate of heat absorbed by the refrigerant

Q˙L = ΔQ˙

= m˙k × Δh

= m˙k (h1 − h4 )

= 0.00333427 × (416–410)

= 0.02000562KJ/s

5. Work done by compressor

Wcompressor = m˙k (h2 − h1 )

= 0.00333427 × (440–416)

= 0.08002248 KJ/s

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6. Rate of heat loss from the refrigerant at condenser

Q˙condenser = m˙k (h2 − h3 )

= 0.00333427× (440– 433)

= 0.02333989 KJ/s

7. Coefficient of Performance

COPactual = Q˙ w / Wcompressor

= 0.02333989/0.08002248

= 4.164

COPideal = Q˙L / Wcompressor

= 0.02000562/ 0.08002248

= 25

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