10 Topic 5 b) Any two fom: eg, some people worry that if transplanted genes {escape into the environment, they may be picked up by other plans, resulting ia superwees. ’Somte people worry that GM erops could have a negative impact on foad chains/uman health [1 mark for each correct answer: Maximus of 2 marks} ow to grade your answer: Level 0: There is no relevant information, (0 marks) [Level 1: There is some information about the advantages of the scientist's findings or concetns about genetic ‘cgneering. The points made are basic and not linked together. [12 marks] There is some discussion about the potential advantages ofthe scientist Findings, a well as ‘concer about genetic engineering, Some ofthe points made are linked together. (3-4 marks) “There isa clear and dele discussion about patental advantages ofthe scientist's findings, a8 well asconcems about genotic engineering. The points ‘made are wel-tinked and the answer has clear and logical structure. (546 marks) Here are some poins your answer may inelude: Advantages ‘The hens may be genetically engineered to produce proteins used in drugs'o treat human diseases i heir eggs, These proteins ‘ight include insulin for diabetes or antibodies used in therapy for arthitiseancer MS The hens may be genetically engineered to produce proteins for medical research in ther egus. They may be genetically engineered to produce ewes with extra hatrents for human consumption, (Concerns: There may be unforeseen consequences of inserting human DNA into the hens’ DNA. For example, some hens may suffer fiom health peoblems later in life aa result of being genetically ‘engineered. Many embryos may not survive the genetic Level 2: Level 3: necting process hore may bean impact on food chains asa result of gonetcally engineering the hens Thore may be adverse consequences for human health ifthe eggs se used for human consumption, Page $2 — GMOs and Human Population Growth 1a) Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxin which kills many inseet larvae 1 marl. The gene forthe toxin ean be cut out of the ‘bacterial DNA and inserted into the DNA of the crop plant 11 mark}. The crop plant will then produce the toxin in its stems an lerves and the erop willbe resistant to the insect pests marks. Eg. the longterm effects of exposure tothe Bacillus ‘thuringiensis toxin are unknown fT mari]. There's a danger that the insects will develop resistance to the toxin 1 mah. (Crops may be genetically mauled to survive grow better in rough conditions 1 mark, leading to higher yields [7 mark) tnd therefore more food forthe population [1 mark. Advantage: biological eontrol methods ean have longer lasting fects than chemical pesticides, / They ean be less harm to wildlife than chemical pesticides. 1 mark Disadvantage introducing new organisms ean cause problems, anew organism may become a pest ise 2 mark ‘Topic § — Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Pages 53-54 — Health and Disease Warm-up CChalara ash dieback Malaria ta fungus, Ebola — virus, Toberculosis — bacterium, prot, Chole — bacterium Heath i a state of complet physical, mental and socal ‘well-being /1 mark, and not merely the absence of disease infirmity [1 mark Answers b) A communicable disease ean be trnsmited between individuals (bya pathogen), whereas a non-communicable disease can not mark} 2) CH mary 1) i) The pathogen is spread orally so could be transmited by drinking contaminated water 1 mark). Proper drainage systems should mean water sources are les likely to be contaminated Amar. ii) Eg cholera /2 mark) 3.8) Eg leaf loss /1 mark and bark lesions [7 mary. 1b) Eg. carried bythe wind /by import of diseased tees from affected areas in Europe (f marh. ©) Eg. young infected ees could be removed and new species replated in ther place / mara]. (The import of ash tres could be restricted to prevent any further infected trees entering the ‘county /f mark. 4 How to grade your answer: Level 0: There ino relevant information, [0 marks) Level I: There is some explanation about how mosquito nets could help to protect people against malaria. The points made re asic and not linked together [to 2 marks} ‘Thor is some explanation about why people in high alkitde areas should lear how to use mosquito nets. Some of the points made ae inked together. Brod marks} ‘There isa clear and detailed explanation about why people in high altitude areas should learn how to use mosquito nets, The points made are well-inked and the answer has a lear and logial structure 15 to 6 marks} Here are some points your answer may include Mosquitoes are animal vectors for Plasmodium ( Mos transmit Plasmadium between people when they bite them. “Mosquito nets prevent mosquitoes from biting humans at right. Climate change may mean that Plasmodium sable ta ‘mature a higher aliudes than was previously possible. This ‘means that Plasmodium may become mare common at higher des. Therefore peape at higher altitudes will be more at Fisk of developing malaria in the future. By learning how to use ‘mosquito nets, people ving at higher altitudes will be able to reduce this tsk of developing malaria in the four. Love 2: Level 3: Pages 55-56 — Viruses and STIs [tay abacterium [1 mark |b) Bysexual contact f mark. © Eg.usingacondom during ex /1 mark) 2 a) During the lysogenic stage ofits ie eyele the virus is dormant {1 mark, hich means thatthe virus i pot ative and so will not he causing any symptoms in thesnfeted person /1 mark} b) HIV kills white blood eels, which are an important pat of the immune response /T mark]. This means thatthe person is more ‘vulnerable to infection by other pathogens [7 marl. ©) HIVis spread via bodily fuids 1 mark. By sharing nodes thee sk of injecting infected bodily id/ood from the | previous user ofthe ned (1 mark. | Hv tj spread through esl contact, abheugh that 9 common mane 3 a) The vi inci its genetic material imo test ll 1 mar Tethen uss protein and enzymes in the host cll 0 replicate its genetic materia an proce the components of ew viruses [1 mark The vial components assemble ino new viruses 1 mari. hen the host cell splits open relessing he new vases M1 mart. Viruses do not have the componenspotcns and enzymes anccessry to reproduce by henseles/! mark] 4a) Thevirus has allysogenic pathway init cycl 1 marl tna sogeniepathmay the genetic material ofa vis becomes narpeatd into the DNA ofthe haste. »11 Topic 5 1b) The UV radiation acted asa tigge forthe viral DNA to exitthe | ‘genome of the host 7 mark). Thea the viral DNA entered the Inte eyele f mar, so the proteins and enzymes of the host cel were used fo make new components ofthe virus mark. The viral eomponents assembled into new viruses and the cells burst [1 mark Dont frgt that sore kind of bigger can eventual lead to ial genetic ‘material leaving the jsagenic ee and entering nto the tie eye — in hi case its UV radiation Page 57 — Plant Diseases Eg. it provides a barrier to stop pathogens entering leaf it provides a barrier to stop pests damaging a leaf it prevents ‘water from collecting on the lef and so reduces the risk of infection by pathogens transmit via water [7 mark. 1a) b) Eg plants produce antsepics which kill some Fungatibacterial) pathogens plants produce chemical that deter pests from Feeding on their eaves /7 mark} 2 2) He could add nutrients tothe soils ofthe affected plants [7 mark and observe whether or not the symptoms disappear (7 mark]. 1b) Different pathogens disperse in different ways, so the distribution ofthe infected plants may indicate what method of dispersal is used by the pathogen [7 mari. © Eg. monoclonal antibodies shat are complementary to antigens tthe bactoria [1 mark. Page 58 — Fighting Disease Ta) Eg. skin mucus/ cilia 7 mar. by Dit marks ©) —_Hydeochloric acid 2 mark 2 a) Theimmune response 10a specific pathogen /1 mark. 1b) —_Buymphocytes detect antigens ona pathogen inthe blond 1 mark. The B-lymphocytes produce specific antibodies [mark], wich lock onto the pathogen and destroy it mary. The antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow thoughout ‘he body to Find all similar pathogens (7 mar. 3 Cells that ine the airways inthe lungs have cilia 7 mark, which sweep mucus containing any trapped pathogens out ofthe lungs mark. Ifthe cilia don't work propery then pathogens will, remain in the lane and wil be more likely to cause infections Hacks, Pages 59-60 — Memory Lymphocytes and Immunisation 1a) DA marty b) Eg. sometimes people may havea bad reaction toa vaccine Mark. ©) Theirimmune system can respond quickly ithe pathogen which causes the disease enters their body again (mark. 2a) Af mark bb) tthe time ofthe second exposure the body has some memory Iymploeytes that wil recognise the pathogen’ antigens /F marhy and rigger more antibodies to be made /1 mark. This means antibodies are produced much more quickly following the second exposure (0 the curve is steeper) mary 3a) Itwould prevent the waveller from catching cholera whilst hey ate visiting the country [F markf and then bringing itback to | their own country /2 mark | 1) Keprevents anyone from bringing certain diseases into the country (7 mark 4 a) Tokilinactvate the vias £7 mark. b) Their body would respond to the vaceine by producing | aniodies ard memory Iymphosytes/F mark]. Because of| this, if the virus enters their body again, their immune system ill recognise the foreign antigens and respond more quickly [mark], meaning they wil be more likely to eradicate the virus bef it causes polo [7 mark) [many people in a population ar immunised then there will be fewer people who ae likely to catch te disease nd pass it ‘on to others f mark. This means that even if some individuals cannot be immunised, they are les ikely to come into contact with someone with the disease and soar les likely to cath i mark ° Pages 61-62 — Monoclonal Antibodies Warm-up lymphocytes, dye, attach to Va) Aff mark 1) Sothat the animal makes B-lymphoeytes/antigen-producing cells which produce antibodies /1 mark] that are complementary to the antigen thar’ injected (7 mark. CH mark] Tmour cells divide rapidly (1 markf so using them means the hybridoma ell will divide rapidly to produce many clones (1 mark}, which can produce mere ofthe moncclonal antibodies 1 mark To use the test, the woman should urinate on the patch containing the blue beads /1 mark]. 1f HCG is presen in er wine, then ‘he monoclonal antibodies on the be Beads will attach wo the hormone /7 markf. The urine carries the beads and the hormone to the test strip, where they bind tothe antibodies secured on the strip 1 mark. The test strip will then turn blue, showing & postive result /7 mark Monoctonal antibodies allow the specific targeting of drugs tocancer cals /1 mark}. This means that fewer body cells are affected compared with normal drug nd radiotherapy treatments 1 mark, so there are fewer side effects [1 mark) ‘Monoeloral antibodies have been developed that bind to the proteins which form blood clots 1 mark. These antibodies can be labelled with a radienctive element snd injected into the bloodstream /1 mark}. A camera whieh detets radiation ean then be use to visualise where the antibodies have accumulate, and so the position of any blood clots (1 mark. oa ip » Page 63 — Antibiotics and Other Medicines 1a) i) D/ marhy In precincts, onimals ae used to test the drug ana whole body or ‘multiple body systems 20 the animal neds to be alive. You would want to test on humans ct this stage jst n case the drug proves to be dangerous ii) Exe. tonicity / efficacy / dosage /1 mark Incase the deug has any harmful effets [7 mar To ensure that ny effect of the drug is due to the crug ise and not because the patient is expecting o feel better mark. A placebo is substance tha’ ike the drug being texted but doer do anything {i} So that neither the patents nor the doctors are able to subconsciously influence the ruts ofthe trials [f mark. In a double-blind tial neither the point nor the doctor ws wheter the patient isreciing the drug ora placebo » oD 2 a) Amibioceskillprevent the growth of bacterial cells 7 mart, bu they donot harm human cells 1 mar. ) Viruses can only reproduce inside their host’ cols /7 mark This means that its very hard to develop drugs which target the Virus but uot the cells ofthe host /7 mark] Pages 64-65 — Investigating Antibiotics and Antiseptics 1a) Aff marty by radius= 7.5 mm (= 1 mm) atea = 7° = 3.14 «7.52 177 mu? /3 marks for correct answer using a radius of 75 +1 mm, otherwise I mark fora radius of 7.51 mm and 1 mark for area = 21] ‘Make sure you ether measure Ue rds from exactly in the mide ofthe crcl, or that you measure the diameter ofthe cele aed vide it by 2 ©) The bacteria in culture 2 ate resistant to anuibiotie B /7 mar. so the anibietic doesn’t kil the bacteria to create a cleae zonelan inhibition zone [7 mark. Answers