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Q meter or RLC Meter or Quality Meter Working,

Construction, & calculation
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 1. Q meter:
 2. Working Principle of the Q or Quality meter or RLC meter: UM66 IC and U
Melody and S
 3. Construction of the Q meter or RLC meter circuit: August 12, 202

 4. Measurement of the Quality factor:

 5. Application of the Q meter or the RLC meter:
 6. Important Questions answer related to the Q meter:
Q meter:

The “Q” meter is also known as RLC meter, LCR Meter, or Quality meter which was developed in 1934 by William D. Loughlin.
This is used to measure the quality factor of coils and the resistance, capacitance and inductance of an electric circuit at
radio frequency. Quality factor is the ratio of inductive reactance to the effective resistance of the coil.

Q = XL / R

Now we know that we are measuring the inductive reactance and effective resistance at the radio frequency so inductive
reactance will be equal to:

XL= ω° L

Q=(ω° L)/R

So this is defines as the quality factor of the coil. This is quality factor is also known as storage factor. So if we want to find
the storage factor of any element which are storing energy like inductor, capacitor. So for them we are defining the storage
factor it is the ratio of power dissipated to the power stored in the element.

Q= Power dissipated / Power stored in the element

The storage factor defines us the goodness and performance of the coil. It is kind figure of merit of the coil. Now a point will
arise in our mind that why we are measuring at radio frequency why we are not measuring directly. The difference is that the
value of effective resistance in a dc circuit and in ac circuit are different. So if we are using the same circuit for measuring
the resistance or effective resistance in a dc circuit or ac circuit it will give us different value because the value of the
resistance it depends upon on the frequency in the ac circuit. Instead of measuring resistance directly we will measure the
resistance indirectly by first measuring the quality factor.

Q= (ω° L)/R

R=(ω° L)/Q

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Working Principle of the Q or Quality meter or RLC meter: Junior P on How to make
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The Q meter or the RLC meter is based upon well-known characteristics of series resonant R, L, C circuit. The circuit through
which we can understand the working of the Q meter is: Joao on ThingSpeak Nod
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Arduino Code, circuit, and
In this circuit we have resistor, inductor and capacitor which are connected with the AC source in series. The voltage across ARCHIVES
the resistor and inductor is collectively represented by EL and the voltage across the capacitor is represented by Ec, an the
September 2021 (1)
current flowing in the circuit is Io. Now this is series resonance circuit so at the resonance frequency we have condition that:
August 2021 (16)
If at resonant frequency the inductive reactance and the capacitive reactance are equal.
July 2021 (14)

Xc=XL—— (A) June 2021 (14)

May 2021 (23)
Now we know that:
April 2021 (39)
XC=1/(2πfo C) —- (1)
March 2021 (58)

XL= 2πfo L —- (2) February 2021 (26)

January 2021 (35)
Now put the equation 1 and 2 in equation 1 we will get:
December 2020 (28)
XC= XL
November 2020 (123)

1/(2πfo C)= 2πfo L October 2020 (30)

September 2020 (23)
By rearranging the equation we will get
August 2020 (26)
fo2= 1/(4π2 LC)
July 2020 (17)

fo= 1/(2π √LC) June 2020 (20)

May 2020 (25)
So this is the value of the resonant frequency.
April 2020 (27)
Now if we draw a phasor diagram for this circuit we know that the voltage drop across the resistor and source voltage are in
March 2020 (22)
same phase and inductor voltage will leading the current by 90° and in the case of capacitor the voltage will lag the current
by 90°. The phasor diagram will show the voltage drop through each element and the current flowing through it.
February 2020 (20)
So if we take current as reference phasor Io the voltage drop across the resistance will be in same phase and inductor lead
January 2020 (13)
the current and capacitor lag the current.
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November 2019 (9)

October 2019 (16)

September 2019 (15)

August 2019 (22)

July 2019 (43)

June 2019 (10)

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April 2019 (20)
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Output voltage = EC

Current at resonance will be = Io= E/R

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XC and Io R which is the voltage drop across the resistor.
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EC/E= (Io XC)/(Io R)
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XC= XL
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So we can write it as:
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EC/E= (Io XC)/(Io R) = (Io XL)/(Io R) PLC Projects (9)

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And we know that:
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XL= ωo L

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EC/E= (Io XC)/(Io R) = (Io XL)/(Io R) = (Io ωo L)/(Io R)
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Now cutting the Io we will get: raspberry pi (45)

EC/E= (ωo L)/R —– (3) RC Plane (8)

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Now we know that the Quality factor can be given as:
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Q=(ω° L)/R —— (4) STM32 (1)
Both the equation 3 and equation 4 are equal. So we can also write the quality factor as: Telecommunication (11)

Q = EC/E

EC=Q E

As EC is the voltage across the capacitor which is our output voltage so we can write it as:

Eo=Q E

So this equation show us that the output voltage will be Q times the input voltage. If we keep the voltage constant we can
read the value of quality factor directly from the output voltage or if we read the voltage across the capacitor by connecting
voltmeter and keep the input constant it will be gives us the output voltage which will be equal to the quality factor. This is
the principal of working of instrument Q meter.

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Construction of the Q meter or RLC meter circuit:

Q meter or the RLC meter consists of the following components:

 Variable radio frequency oscillator

 Thermocouple voltmeter
 Electronic voltmeter
 Shunt resistance
 Capacitor

This is the circuit for the RLC meter. The coil whose quality factor we want to measure is connected between T1 and T2.
Electronic voltmeter is connected parallel to the variable capacitor which will measure the voltage drop of the capacitor. So
the principal is saying that we have series resonance circuit and in this circuit we are measuring the output voltage.

Due to the shunt resistance emf will be induce in the circuit which will be measured through thermocouple voltmeter which
is the input voltage. This input voltage will cause the current to flow in the circuit and due to that current at radio frequency,
the series resonant circuit will be resonated and we will have:

XC = KL

We will adjust the frequency to this variable RF oscillator the frequency is adjusted so that we are getting the above
condition and this condition we will get:
Eo = QE

Measurement of the Quality factor:

1. First we will adjust the RF oscillator at the desired frequency

2. The tuning capacitor is adjusted to get the maximum voltage at the output

3. Under the resonance condition we have:

Eo=QE

4. The voltmeter across capacitor is calibrated to read the value of Q factor directly

5. The Q meter is also known as directly reading instrument.

6. In the given circuit the measured value of the Q factor is different from the true value of the Q factor. This will be due to
the distributed capacitance of the coil and the shunt resistance.
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Correction for shunt resistance:

As the shunt resistance is connected in series with the RLC circuit. So this shunt resistance will also be added to the
effective resistance of the capacitor.

Q= (ω° L)/(R+ Rsh )

As we have study the circuit and we know that the shunt resistance is very low. If the value of the shunt resistance is
comparable to the effective resistance it will affect the reading.

The true value of the quality factor can be given as:

Q= (ω° L)/R

The true value is equal to:

Qtrue= Q(measured ) ×( 1+ Rsh/R )

As we know that the Q(measured ) is less than the Qtrue value. If Q is very low then Qtrue– Q(measured ) is negligible for low Q
coils.

For high Q coils the error will be more.

Correction for distributed capacitance:

The coil which is under the test between the terminal T1 and T2 and it also has distributed capacitance. Some capacitance
will also be in the coil. This distributed capacitor will be added with the output capacitor. So the measured value of the Q
factor will be smaller than the true value of the Q factor.

Qtrue = XL/R = XC/R

Qmeasured= Xc+Xcd/R

Qtrue = Qmeasured * (1 + Cd/c)

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Application of the Q meter or the RLC meter:

 It can measure the quality factor of the coil

 It can measure the effective resistance, inductance and capacitance
 Also we can measure the bandwidth and the frequency with the Q meter
 The characteristics can be measured
 It is used for the measurement of the bandwidth

Important Questions answer related to the Q meter:

Now we will discuss several questions which will helpful in examination and gate test. These questions occur in gate test.
 A very low loss coil tested with Q meter and distributed capacitance of coil is found to be 820 pF. Resonance occurred at
angular frequency ω = rad / sec. With a capacitance of 9.18 nF. The inductance of the coil?

The solution for this question is:

As we know that

 A Q meter having an insertion resistance 0.02 Ω is used to measure the resistance of the coil. Resonance occurs at ω
=106 rad / sec with capacitance of 40 pF. The inductance of the coil is ?

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The solution for this question will be:

 A coil is tested with a series type Q meter resonance at particular frequency is obtained with a capacitance of 110 pF.
When the frequency is double of the capacitance required for is 20 pF. The distributed capacitance of the coil in pF is ?

As we know that:

C1 = 110pF

C2= 20pF

Cd = C1 – n2C2 / n2 – 1

Where
A high Q coil having Cd is tested with the Q meter. First resonance at ω1= 106 rad / sec obtained with C1=990 pF. The second
resonance ω2=2 × 106 rad / sec is obtained with 240 pF capacitance. The value of inductance in mH of the coil is ?

The solution to this question is:

ω1= 106 rad / sec

C1=990 pF

ω1=2 × 106 rad / sec

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About the Author: Engr Fahad

My name is Shahzada Fahad and I am an Electrical Engineer. I have been doing Job in UAE as a site engineer in an
Electrical Construction Company. Currently, I am running my own YouTube channel "Electronic Clinic", and managing
this Website. My Hobbies are * Watching Movies
* Music
* Martial Arts
* Photography
* Travelling * Make Sketches
and so on...

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