AConciseDictionaryofEgyptianArchaeology 10015538

A C O NC I S E D I C T I O NA R Y
E G YPT I A N A R C H A E O L O G Y
A
C O N C I SE D I C T I O N A R Y
OF
EG Y PT I A N A R C H A EO L O G Y
A H AN D B O O K FO R S T U D EN T S AND T R A V EL L E R S
M BRO D R I C K A AN D E R S O N M O R TO N
“
. . .
AND .
W I T H 80 I LL U STR AT I O N S A ND M A NY C A R TO UC H ES
M ET H U E N CO .
36 E S SEX ST R E ET W . C .
LO N D O N
1 0 2
9
PR EFA C E
H I S little b o ok has b e e n prepared for publication

with the idea of o ffering to students and to
t ravellers in E gypt a handy b o o k O f reference which ,
contain s in a condensed form information that would

otherwise have to be sought for in various large
volumes R eference s have only o ccasionally been
.
given but a bibliography of the works consulted h a s

,
been placed at the end of the b oo k .
A selection onl y of kings names has been inserted

’
.
In illustrating th e figures of the E gy ptia n gods

the form most frequentl y represented on the monu
ments has in each case been chosen It has not b een .
possible from want of space to depict more than one

, ,
asp ect or one s et of attributes .
The system of transliteration adopted w ill b e found

under the heading H ieroglyphs In the case o f
.
p articular names where the Greek or som e other form

,
has become familiar to the general reader the word h a s ,
not been transliterated but the more common spelling

,
has been used such as in Th o t hm e s Isi s S erap is & c

, , , ,
.
The scarab on th e cover i s C opied fro m a fi n e

green specimen i n the possession of M is s M ol y neux ,
Pitlochry .
M AR Y B R ODR ICK
ANN A AN D E R S O N M O R T O N
L I ST OF I L L U S TR A T I O NS
PA GE
A5 1} H a rm a khi s
Am a m H a rp e r .
Am e n R a
- H a rp o c ra t e s
Am su H a t hor
Amhu r H e qt
An i t H i e ra t i c
An t h a H i e r o g ly p h s
An p u H o rb e hut e t
An u k i t H o r u s ( 2)
A pi s I mhe t e p
Ar a r ( U r a e u s) I si s ( 2)
Ari h e s
-
n e fe r . K a fi g ur e
At e n K a b a n ne r
Th e B a I i h e n su
Ba v i si tin g mu mm y K he p e r
B a st K hn e m u
B e n n u b ir d Ma a t
B es M a st ab a
Th e f o ur G e n ii Me n tu
C a n o pi c Ja r Lun a r B a rk
C op t i c Mu t
C r o wn s N e f e r Tu m
C yn o c e p h a l u s Ne i t
D e mo t i c N e kh e b t
H a mhi t Ne p h t h y s
H api Ni l e
v ii i L I S T O F I L L U S T R A TI ON S
Nu t S eb e k
O si ri s S e kh e t .
P a k ht S e lk
Pe r se a Tr e e Se t
Pt a h Shu
Ra S i st r um
R en en et S op t
R e n pi t Ta -u rt
B ert Te f n ut
R e sh p u Te mp le ( Pl a n )
S a fe k h Th o t h
S a ti Tum
U a zi t
A C O N C I SE D I C TI O N AR Y
EG Y PT I A N A R C H A EO LO G Y
Aah ,who is purely a moon God share s with ,
Kh e n su and Thoth the emblems of the lunar cre scent

and solar disk H e is sometimes connected with.
Thoth (g m ) .
Aah he t e p
- I .
Wife of S e qe n e n Ré
III an -
.
,
obscure king of the end of

Dyn asty XVII and mother of .
Aa hm e s I first king of the

.
,
X V I I I t h Dynasty In 1 8 60 .
,
the diggers of M M ariett e .
discovere d at Thebes the co ffi n

of this queen but M M ariett e ,
.
being unfortunately absent at t h e

time the mummy was robbed of
,
many valuable articles The .
co ffin cover is in the shap e O f a

mummy and i s gilt from top
,
to bottom Th e articles found

.
in the co ffi n included a double

hinged bracelet with gold figure s ,
on a groundwork of blue enamel

B
2 A C ON C I S E D I C TI ONA R Y OF
a large bracelet op ening with a hinge ; an axe with a y

handle of cedar wood covered with gold leaf and - -
ornamented with lapis lazuli carnelian and turquoise ,
a dagger in a sheath of gold ; a gold chain with

p endant scarabaeus ; a large gold collar with hawks ’
heads at each end etc These obj ect s are now in ,

.
the Cairo M useu m .
Aa h h et ep II Sh e was the d a u gh t e i of
.
'
Q ueen
N e fe r t ari and Aa hm e s I and wife of A men .
, h e t ep I .
( Dynasty XV I I I .
Aah me s I . N e b p e kt i - R d
-
. First king of Dynasty
6 33
XVIII cir 1 5 8 7
.
,
. was his queen and he N e fe r t ar i -
,
had by her six c hildren A a hm e s began the great .
war of indep enden c e which resulted in the expulsion

of th e H yksos H e captured their capital H a t u m t
.
( Tanis and drove them into the Palestine desert H e .
then subj ugated the M entiu or Bedawin Turning ,

.
south he went up the N ile to S e m n e h and rep elled the

Ethiopians The body of A a hme s in a fair state of
.
,
preservat i on i s in the Cairo Museum H e appears

,
.
to have died I n the p 1 ime of life .
Aahm e s se- Ni t , K huem -

a h-R ZZ , Am a si s II .
,
Dynast y
XXV I ,
married the princess Ankhs
5 7 2 5 28 -
. He
e u R é N e fe r t
- - daughter of P sa m m e t i c hus II This
,
.
Pharaoh encouraged commercial enterprise by opening

N a uk r a t i s to Greek traders both as a free port
and as a place of settlement H e also conquered .
Cyprus and made an alliance with Croesus king of

, ,
L ydia in the hope of stemming the ti d e of Persian

,
invasion .
E G Y PT I AN A R C H A E O L O G Y 3
Aa l u F i e l ds of In the legend of the De struction

, .
of M ankind found in the tomb of S eti I and else

,
.
where we learn how that R a tired of ruling disobedient

, ,
p eople on earth retired to t h e sky ,

H i s desire was .
fulfilled an d having reached the upper regions he i n

, ,
sp e c t e d the territory which he had there chosen for
his own declared his purpose of gathering many m en

,
about him in it and created for their future accomoda

,
tion the various divisions of the heavenly world H i s .
’
maj esty spake : L et there b e set a great field and ,
there appeared the F ield of R est I will gather

plants in it and there app eare d the F ield of A cor n
,
’
.
( A a lu,) Therein do I gather as it s inhabitants things

which hang from heaven even the stars ( Erman )
’
.
,
It was to this part of the divine world that souls made

their way on the death of the body The Book of .
“
the D ead speaks O f it as the field which produced “
t h e divine harve sts which the blessed departed spent

,
their tim e in harvesting The barley here grew to .
seven cubit s in height The fields of A a lu were .
su1 r o un d e d by a wall of iron broken by several doors , ,
and traversed by a river ; the ways which led to i t

were mysterious The idea h a s b een compared to th e
.
Greek Elysian fields .
Aamu or A M U ,
The name given by the E gyptians to
.
the Asiatic tribes inhabiting the Sinaitic Peninsula who ,
were probably S emites They may b e seen depicted .
upon the walls of the tomb of K hn e m h e t e p II at B eni .
H asan ; wher e they have a distinctly S emitic typ e of

face a i e c o l o u1 e d yellow and wear the beard for
,
— ,
hi dd e n to the Egyptians Their clothe s are of a shap e .
and colour p eculiar t o themselves .
Aan i . The E g y ptian name for cynocephalus (g m ) .
Ab b ot t . S ee P A P Y R I .
Ab y dos Greek name for Abe t capital of the eigh t h

.
,
nome of U pp er E gyp t site near the modern Gi rge h , .

4 A C ON C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y OF
Chief deity An h ur S eti I and R amses II built fine

-
. . .
temples here Abydos was a burial place from time i m

.
memorial Petrie has found there the earliest known

.
royal tombs they appear to belong to the Ist and I I n d

Dynasties Tradition says that it was the burial place
.
o f O siris an d hence the custom of bringing the dead

, ,
if not to be buried at le a st to rest in the sacred pre

,
c i n c t s for a ti m e
( S ee T HIS
) . .
Ab y dos, Ta b l e t s of: O ne of these was discovered in

1 8 1 8 by Bankes and given to the British M useu m It .
is much damaged The other was found by D ii m i c h e n

.
in 1 8 64 and is still in t h e temple The first tablet

, .
gives the nam es of the chief kings who reigned over

Egypt from M ena to R am ses II The second tablet .
,
which begins with M ena and ends with S eti I gives .

,
the name s of seventy fi ve kings It is therefore not -

.
a complete list but it is valuable as g1 V 1 n g the kings

,
in their right historical or chron o logical Order .
Aca c i a There are now several kinds in E gypt but

.
,
probably those m entioned on the monument s as S hen tc

’
and Asha w ere resp ectively the Arab sont tree or ,
a ca ci a N i lo t i ca and the a ca ci a S cy a t
, The flora of .
E gypt being so limited these were of 1 m m e n se impor ,
tance as b eing almost the only trees a ffording wood fo l

carp enterin g purposes The wood was also used for .
making statues .
A chori s A king of D ynasty XXIX , who according

.
to Diodo 1 ns Si c ulu s, j oined forces with the K i n g of

Cyprus in an unfortunat e campaign against Arta
xerxes II .
Ade t . O ne of the names of the solar bark .
Agri c ul t ur e
The extraordinary fertility of the soil
.
rendered agriculture in on e s ense an easy matter .
The land uncovered a fter t h e inundation would pro

E G Y PT I A N A R C H A E O L O G Y 5
duce easily three or four successive cr e p s But a g reat .
amount o f irrigation w a s n eces sary in order to b ri n g

the later cr e p s to p erfection F o r this the S ha dooj
'
was largely used and m en also carrie d two pot s

,
attached to a yoke over the sho uld ers The implements .
in use in ancient time s were very much like those still

used by the F ell a hin The clum sy 11 o o de n plough
.
V
was attach ed to the h e i n s of a yoke o f oxen The .
Y
hoe s 1 1 ere of wood w ith broad blades and sho r t
,
handle s The seed ha 1 ing been sown it was then

.
,
trampled into the sti ff m uddy soil by sheep being

driven over it The corn when rip e was cut w ith a
.
small sickle not near the earth but j ust under the ears
, , .
Th e sickle is i n m ost case s short handled slightly -

,
curved and made of wood set with flint teeth so that , ,
the proce ss of reaping must h ave been one of sa w ing

rather than cutting As soon as th e corn was cut the
.
,
tax collector came to gather the offi cial tenth before the
gr ain w a s stored The t 1 e a di n g out the corn 1vas
.
’’
most f1 e qu e n t ly don e by donkeys u nder the O ld

E mpire but later oxen 11 ere usually employed .
Barley and w heat are both represented on the monu

m ent s and occasionally a or O p w hich is in all
,
“
probability the modern 6271 1 17 7 50 This crop was pulled .
up by the roots and the heads separate d from the

,
stalks by a p eculiar implement that look s like a comb K .
Vegetables must also have been extensively cultivate d ,
since they figure s o largely among the o fferings .
Vine s and olive trees w ere also grown the former being ,
trained over trellises supported by forked poles .
Certain papyri and tomb inscription s g1 1 e most dol e ful

account s of the hard life and miserable condition of
the agricultural labourer This poverty i s not neces .
sa r ily to be attributed to h arsh treatment from their
superiors but rather to their o w n improvidence

,
.
Ahi . A for m of H AR P O C R A T E S (g m ) son of H athor , .
Ahu . A variant of the name of t he god TU M Ol

‘
AT U M (g o ) .
6 A C O N C I S E D I C TI O NA R Y OF
Akhmi m The Ap u of the Egyptians Panopolis of

.
,
the Greeks and Sh m in or C h m i m of the Copts It was

, .
famous in ancient days for its linen weavers and ston e

cutters N estorius di ed there in banishment There
. .
is a 1 ery extensive n e cr a p o li s in which many interesting

—
,
M S S have been found notably t h e fragment of the

.
p seudo go spel of Peter .
Al a b a st e r
was used a great deal by the Egyptian s
for statues sarcophagi and vases of many kinds
, , .
The chief quarries were at a place called H a t Na b .
There i s another quarry in the desert behind D o w a di y e h ,
on the east bank near M inieh There is alabaster near .
Asy u t but it is not su ffi ciently compact to admit of

,
being quarried for use .
Alpha b et . S ec H I E R O G L P H S Y .
Alt a r . Although
small altars or tables of O ffer “
ings appear frequently in the pictures and wall

decoration s of te m ples and tom b s only one genuine ,
altar has been found in a temple It is in a court on .
the north side of the upp er court of the temple of

D er e l Bahri ( D nasty XVIII ) and i s a la 1 ge stone
‘
y ,
l a t I m m eas u r i ng about 1 6 ft 5 in s by 1 3 ft 9 ins

p . . . .
,
and about 5 ft 3 ins high There are step s up to it

. . .
on t h e west side by which the priest mounted and ,
thus faced the east This altar was discovered by .
M N a vi lle during his recent ex

.
c a va t i o n s ; u ntil then such a form ,
of altar w a s only known from th e

wall paintings at Tel e l Amarna
-
.
Amam The Egyptian name fo r

.
what i s usually called the De “
vourer A composit e creature part

.
lioness p art hippopotamus part

, , _
crocodil e frequently depicted seated

,
A m am
on a small pylon Sh e i s figured in .
the pictures of the j udgment before

.
E G Y PT I AN A R C H A E O L O G Y
O sirisin th e B ook of the D ead and on th e wall s “

,
at D OI e l M edineh S h e i s called she who des t r o ys

“ “
.
the wicked and it has been supposed by som e t hat

,
”
it was her function to devour those who could not

stand the j udg ment test B u t very little is known on .
this point .
Ama si s I I . S ee AAn M E s SE N
-
IT .
Amb e r B eads of amber have been foun d at

.
Abydos in th e V I t h and X I I t h Dynasty to m bs The .
nearest amber obtainable w a s from the B altic so that ,
intercours e of som e kind w a s possible w ith Europ e in

the earliest tim e a fact which is further proved by the ,
tin which w e know the E gyptians obtained for alloying

copper to make bronze .
Ame n god w h o i s more frequently found in

. A
conj unction with R a than alone H i s name signifies .
“
the hidden one O f all the gods p erhap s he was .
the one most universally worshipped though almost ,
always in conj unction with some other god Thus h e

“
w a s fused w ith R 51 w ith Am su O 1 Kh n e m u H is , ,

“
.
original r ole probably w a s as a god of the dead an d in ,
late times much mystic philosophy was evolve d out

“
of his name ( S ec A M E N R 1 AM
. S U ) ,
.
Ame n em h a t A name borne by four kings of .
Dynasty XII but not confined to the use of l oyalty

.
, .
It originated p 1 o b a b ly 1 n a w a r cry A men to the ,

“
front ! ” O ne of the finest tomb s at B eni H asan is that

of an A men em h at (variant Ameni ) -
Great chief of -
,
the O ryx N o m e and confidential frien d of the king ,

” ”
( U se r t se n F rom the inscriptions we learn that he

made expedition s with or on behalf of his royal , ,
master O ne of thes e exp editions was against th e

.
black people of Cush on the so uthern Egypt i an frontier , .
U nder M entu he t e p of Dynasty XI another -

.
,
A men em ha t received orders t o tran sport th e king s

’
- -
sarcophagus and it s cover fro m the quarry to the

eternal resting place of his lord -
.
8 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ONA R Y OF
Ame n em-h a t I S e ke t ep b Ra first king and
'
- .
,
- -
a -
,
founder O f Dynasty X II cir 27 7 8 27 48 B C probably .

,
.
-
. .
,
of Theban origin and most likely a descendant of the ,
A men em ha t (g o ) who was a prince under M entu he t e p

- - -
,
of Dynasty XI H i s wars of aggression in all quarters

.
have been recorded in rock inscriptions a n d papyri .
H e and his successors are known as much for their

wise home governmen t as for the glory of th eir victories
abroad S omething of the internal condition s of t h e
.
c o untry may be learnt from the S tory of S e N eb at -

.
The temple to A men at Thebes was founded by

A men em ha t I
-
and there he set up a red granite
-
.
,
portrait of himself D uring the last ten years of his .
reign he associated with him on the throne his young

son U se rt se n It was for this son that he wrote the
,
.
“
Precepts co n t a i n e d i n the S allier Papyrus II From .
a papyrus of B erlin ( L es Papyrus de B erlin par “

,
M Chabas ) it would seem that there was some

.
mystery about his death .
Ame n e m hat I I - -
Na b K a a R a
- -
, third king of Dyn
asty XII and So n of U se r t se n I with whom he shared

.
, .
,
the throne for s o me years H e followed the example .
of his predecessors in extending the southern boundary

of his possessions building well fo r t i fi e d places on the ,
-
frontier to protect the p eople from the incursion s of

negroes The region was important o n account of its
.
gold and precious stones An inscribed stone at .
Abydos commemorates certain exploration s in the

co n quered country in search of th e precious products .
O ne of these exp edition s led by a distinguished o fficial ,
named S e H athor penetrated beyond the S econd

-
,
'
10 A C O N C I S E D I C TI O N A R Y O F .
of this king and for it we are chiefl y dep endent upon

,
the inscriptions from the tomb s of A fi hm e s and Pen

n e kh e b at E l K a b F rom them we learn that the .
king m ade a short but e ffectual raid into Cush or Nubia ,
and after that under t ook a successful campaign against

t h e Am uk e h a k who were probably a L ibyan p eopl e
A men h e t e p I ha d two queen s—A ah he t e p II and
.
, .
- -
. .
S e n se n b b y whom h e had six children

fi
H e was .
succeeded by Th o t h m e s I the son of th e latter The .

, .
mummy of this king is in the Cairo M useum .

.
Amen -
h e t ep I I .
,
Aa khep era - -
Ra , Dynasty XVIII .
,
queen was Ta a a and he had

1 44 9 1 423 -
. His -
,
several sons by one of whom Th o t h m e s IV h e was

, ,
.
,
succeeded As usual h e made a raid into Asia the

.
, ,
success of which is chronicled upon the wall s of the

temples of Amada and K arnak H e appears also to .
have been into N ubia as we hear of th e other ,

.
“
enemy being hung upon the wall of th e town o f

”
N apata to show forth all the victories of the king amo n g

all the p eople of the negro land .
Amen -
h et ep I I I .
, N e b ma d t -R é
-
, the N i mm ur i y a of
th e Tel Am arna tablets Dynasty XVIII , cir

el ,
. .
1 41 4 1 8 79
- H i s queen s were Tyi daughter of Y u a a
.
,
and Th u a a , and K i rgip a H e had two son s and fi ve .
daughters H i s son Amen he t e p IV succeeded him

.
-
. .
In the fifth year of hi s reign h e went e n a campa i gn

'
into Ethiopia but ap art from this th ere is nothing to

,
record U nder him began the first signs of that

.
religious change which in h i s son s time became a ,

’
reformation .
Ame n-h et e p I V .
, c
- c r - khe
p e ra -
Ra ,
Dynasty XVIII .
Called afterwards K lza '

f
-
cn - At cn ,
cir. 1 3 8 3 1 3 65 H e married N efertiti and had six

-
.
daughters The fam e of this king rest s entirely upon

.
the reformation in the religion of th e country whic h ,
he brought about H e endeavoured to b 1 ing 1 11 a more

.
’
S piritual worship 1 n the adoration of the A ten or sun s ,
disk and finding the O pposition of th e Theban priests to

,
be insurmountable he removed his capital to a site now

,
known as Tel e l Amarna where aided by his queen h e , , ,
sought to inculcate these new tenet s an d to raise the ,
moral tone of the people O f the old deities M a a t the .

, ,
impersonation of truth alone app ears to have been ,
recognized U nfortunately for the move m ent the king

.
died y oung an d within a few ,
years of his death all traces of

.
the A ten w orship had p as sed

away .A successful endeavour ,
though only temporary was also ,

E
I
ma d e to fre e art from the

priestly convention alities which
were ruining it an d th e art s an d ,
crafts of this reign show distinct

e fforts to copy fro m nature .
The sculpture s and p aintings of

birds animals and plant s are r e
,
markable for their freedom from

the usual stilted representation s .
S e c AT E N
( .
Amen R i com bination of

-
A
the gods A men and R a The .
chief seat of his worship was at

Thebes H e is generally r e p r e
. Am e n -R a .
sented as standing and holding in on e hand the use ?
,
“
sceptre and in the other the dn kh O n hi s head are

, .
two tall plumes of feathers from the back of which ,
hangs a cord (S ec A M S U and R 1 )

. .
Ament A goddes s who occasionally takes the place

.
of M ut at Thebes Sh e was a feminine form of .
A men ,sometimes represented with a sheep s head ’
and sometimes with a human head and the crown of

L ower E gy pt .
Ament i The H idden L and

.
“
the other world , ,
which was in the west with the se t t t ing sun O siri s is .
its lord and he rules over the dead An idea of the

,
.
E gyptian conception of the A menti may b e gathered

from the picture s on the walls of the tomb s of S eti I .
and other kings where th e B ook of that which is

,
“
in the U nderworld is inscribed and fully illustrated

,
”
.
The di fficulties that have to be overc ome by the Sun

god (R a ) during his nightly j ourney through the
u n derworld are there described It is divided int o .
twelve section s defined by fi elds or cities or dwellings

-
, , , ,
through all of which runs a river on which in a bark , , ,
the Sun travels again to the eastern horizon M any .
demons of human and animal form especially those in ,
the form of serpents b eset his p ath H e who , .

“
dwells in A m enti is O siris in the form of a mummy .
Th e dead being identified with O siris overcame all

, ,
their adversaries and as the Sun god passed through

,
-
the night to rise again in the east so th ey expected in ,
like manner t o pass through H ades to the blessed life .
An inscription of the time of Cleopatra speaks thus :

F o r as for A menti it is a land of sleep and darkness ,
a dwelling wherein those who are there remain They .
sleep in their mummy forms t h ey nevermore awake ,
to see their fellows they behold neither their fathers

,
nor their mothers th eir heart is careless of their wives

,
and children Since I came into this valley I know

.
not where I am I long for the water that fi o w e t h by

.
me I desire the breeze on the ban k of the river that

.
,
it may refresh my heart in its distres s F o r the nam e .
of the god who ruleth here is U tter D eath etc ,

’
.
Amse t O1
“
hI E S T H A
one of the four funerary ,
whom th e canopic j ars were dedicated ,
and w h o represented the cardinal

points S ome texts say they were the
.
c hildren of H orus others that O siris ,
was their father F igures of these .
gods have been found in fai ence and ,
o ccasionally in bronze ( S ec C A N O P I O .
JA R S )
Amsu called also M i n Amsi Armes

, , , ,
or K hem the ithyp hallic nome god of

,
Panopolis the Ap u of ancient E gyp t

,
and the modern Akhm i m (g o ) .
As representing the generative p o w e r a /

of nature h e is som etimes identified
w ith A m en R a and called M i n A men
- -
or A men A m su H e is represented on
-
.
the monument s as a tightly swathe d

figure with only one arm free that being raised ,
as if waving the fl a ge llu m it holds ab ove the head .

.
F o r head dr ess he w ears the long plumes of A men

-
.
n d him there are usually gro w ing plants .
found statues of this god at C Op t o s and thinks ,
it probable that he was brought by his w orshippers

from the land of Punt .
Amt or PA U AZ The capital o f f l nz P c h a the

-
.
'
-
,
nin eteenth nome of L ower Egy pt The m ound of Tell .
Ne b ésh e h marks it s site U a z i t Am su and H orus .

,
formed the triad w orshipp ed there It was celebrat ed .
for its w ine .
Amul e t s obj ects to which were attributed magical

,
“
01
powers of protection were worn by the living and ,
disposed in and about the body of the deceased S o m e .
are inscribed w ith lzcka u i e words of po w er , . .

“
,
A C O N C I S E D I C T I ONA R Y OF
and several are mentioned in the Book of the Dead “
.
They were used from the earliest times Every k ind .
of stone or rock besides f ri t was used in their com

position but some were of more value made in one
, ,
particular stone or colour Amethyst garnet turquoise .

, , ,
agate j asper lapis lazuli felsp ar obsidian amber

, , , , , ,
hematite malachite granite serp entine and porphyry

, , , ,
were all u se d a n d the harder the substance the finer

,
‘
the work .
S ca ra b .
A n kh
symbolizes life possibly the life which
’
“
,
remain s to one even after death but it is di fficult ,
to tell what the figure repre sents It was one of the .
most important of the amulets and has been found in ,
large numbers in every kind of material It is some .
time s depicted i n combination with the d a d and has ,
an independent existence as c ribed to it .
Tha t The girdle bu c kle of Isis

. An a mulet .
usually made in some red m aterial such as ,
carnelian j asp er porphyry or glas s The colour wa s

, ,
.
typical of the blood of Isis which washed away t h e ,
sins of the wearer It was placed on the neck of .
th e mummy and frequently inscribed with chapter

,
1 5 6 of the Book of the D ead “

.
D ad amulet placed on th e neck of the

. An
mummy for its protection The word signifies .
firmness stability preservation,

The 1 55 t h chap ,
.
ter of the B ook of the D ead orders it to be made of

“
gold L ike the t he t it had to be dipped in water in

.
,
which d a hha m flowers h ad lain .
Ma t amulet usually ma de of gold and

. An ,
which the rubric in the 1 5 7 t h chapter of the

Book of the Dead commands to be place d O 11 the
neck of the mummy on the day of burial It sy m b o .
li z e d the protection of Isis the m other goddess ,

“
.
The collar of gold which was to be

Use kh .
placed 0 11 the neck of the mummy on the day of

burial to give him p o w er to free hi m self from his
,
bandages ( S ec R ubric of 1 5 8 t h chapter of Book of

.
“
t h e D ead .
Urs A11 amulet representing the pillows or

I head rests placed beneath the heads of t h e mum
‘
.
,
-
,
mies It is generally made of hematite I t is de

. .
scribed i n the earliest ritual of the Book of the “
D ead chap ter 1 66

,
.
O
” ’ Ab amulet representing
. t h e An
heart the foun ,
tain of life sometime s t ypifying the con science ,

.
The Symbolic Eye an amulet fastened

Uz a t .
,
to th e wrist or arm which protected the wearer ,
from the evil e y e against the bites of serpents and , ,
against w ords spoken in anger or malice .
The two were the E yes of H orus but in some ,
instances the left represent s the moon the right ,
the sun ( S ec E Y E TH E SA C R E D )
.
, .
N ef e r An amulet signifying
'
. good luck It .
probably represents a musical instrument .
Sa m . A11 amulet signifying union .
Q3 or K im A
A kh
n amulet representing the sun s
'
disk rising from the horizon F ound in the .
abdomen .
S h A n amulet th ought to represent the circle

Q e n .
’
of the su n s orbit and hence its obj ect was to secure ,
life to the deceased enduring as the sun , .
Ua z . An
amulet representing a lotus column .
It i s invariably made of some green substance and ,
is symbolical O f the gift of eternal youth .
H ez . Th e white crown of U pper E g y pt .
Te slzcr . The red crown of L ower E gypt .

1
Mena tsign of divine. A
protection t h e sight of
d which w a s supposed to drive away care M ost
,
frequent in S a i te times .
F N eh , symbolized protection and was laid on th e ,
breast .
The F r og
is not found in use until Dynasty
SQ XVIII It w a s probably symbolical of the re sur
.
rection The hiero g lyphic sign mea n s myriads

.
.
E The F i nger s . Generally found inside the

abdomen of mummies .
fl The S t a i r s
probably si gnify the throne of O siris
and the idea of raising up to heaven .
UserThe royal sceptre which gave dominion

.
,
over heaven and earth .
The P lumme t . To secure j ustice and moderation

for the deceased .
An a st a si . S ee PAP Y R I .
An ce st ors The names of ancestors of three and

.
four generations are O ften inscribed with the names of

the owner of a tomb F requently however they are .
, ,
only those o f the maternal side of the house the ,

’
des c ent through the mother s side being reckoned of
more importance than that through the father .
Although much attention was p aid by relatives to the

tombs of their fathers and festivals were held in ,
”
honour of the dead this never amounted to actual ,
ance stor worship .
The H A L L O F AN C E S T O R S is a small chamber

“
taken from K arnak to the Bi b liot h eque N a t i o n a le in

Pari s by M Prisse It i s so called because it contains
. .
a representation of Th o t h m e s I I I making o fferings t o .
sixty one of his predeces sors S imilar scenes occur at

- .
S a k k ft r a and Abydos .
18 A C O N C I S E D I C TI ONA R Y OF
and m ummy were found by Arabs at the foot of the
w estern mountain of the Theban N ecropolis The .
co ffin of Ant e f I I cir 29 4 5 surna m e d

.
, Aa .
“
,
“ ”
(.i e the.Great ) was found by Brugsch

, B ey in 1 85 4 .
It is now I n the L ouvre Another Ant e f .
cir . 29 4 0 bor e the second name R é seshes a p

, ,
- - v
ma a t H i s gilded coffin is in the British M useum

. .
Ant ef IV .
,
H or -a a h- a i zkh, cir . 29 02 ,
is only
known by h i s brick pyram i d at Thebes and the

mention of his name in the Abbott Papyrus A stela .
showing t h e ki n g with his four favourit e dogs was in

th e pyramid .
Ant ef v , N a b khep e r a
.
- -
Ré ,
cir . B C . . 28 5 2 . An i n
scription containing the decree for the degradation by

thi s ki ng of Tet a son of M i n he t e p probably on e of
,
-
the feu dal prince s or a very high o ffi cial for har ,
b o ur i n g en emies i s in the Gizeh Museum

,
.
Ant ef v1 S a n hh-ha -R a , cir 27 8 6 Ninth

’
-
,
. .
and last k ing of D y nasty XI An exp edition to th e .
land of Punt was undertaken in his reign .

An t ha godde ss imported
. A
from Asia probably of Pho enician
,
origin often m e n tioned in the

,
in scription s of R amse s II and .
R am se s I I I S h e is a kind of
.
war godde s s and is represented

arme d with helmet shield and , ,
lance and swingi n g a battle axe

,
-
.
S h e is called L ady of heaven “
an d queen of the gods and i s ,
u sually seen in the compan y of

R e sh p u ( q r ) .
An t h a .
An ub i s or Anpu .
Q
The god who
presided over
embalming and e sp e cially a god of
,
the dead H i s cult was very general

.
throughout Egypt but it seem s to,
have had its centre at L ycopolis

( A sy u.t ) There wa s also a L ycopolis
in the D elta wh ere he was wor
shipp ed and thi s fact may have
,
given rise t o the apparent doubling

of the god for the t ext s sp eak of
,
Anubis of the north an d Anubis of

the south H e i s .
said to be the son

of O siris an d N ephthys and to ,
have S wallowe d his father O siris .
—
As a nature god his father being
the sun—h e may represent the
twilight H e is depicted w ith
.
a hu man body an d the head of a

j a c kal O ne of hi s
. names i s
A p uat (q )
r -
.
Anuki t goddess wife of

. A ,
K H N E M U an d third in the triad of

An uk i t E lephantin e 3 H e r distinguishi n g
“
.
.
20 A C O N C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y OF
head dress is a crown of feathers though someti m e s
-
,
she wears only the crown of U pp er E gypt Sh e is .
c alled L ady of S ati

“
S ati being the name for the ,
island of S e h e l where there was a temple to the

,
goddesses S ati a h d Anukit Sh e 1 s possibly of Nubian .
ori g i n .
Anupt . A g oddes s f oun d a t D e n de r a . She re

p re
sent s the feminine principle of Anpu
Ap éum —
the of ten
but erroneously called the
—
, ,
S erap eum was the palace in which the sacred bulls

were lodged at M emphis .
Api s Ma usol e um the Th e excavated vaults at ,

.
S akk a ra in which the sacred Apis bulls were buried

,
after being embalmed These are often erroneously .
called the S e r a p éu m ( See SE R A P E U M ) . .
Ap epi ( Greek Apophis ) The great serp ent the i m .

,
p ersonation of spiritual evil and head of the powers of

darknes s against whom the sun under the form of R a
or H orus waged his daily war H e i s represented as .
a serpent of many folds having a knife stuck into each .
As the sun went towards the west he was confronted ,
by Apepi with his troops of fiends called Qe t t u ,
S ebau S heta & c

, and battled with them all n ight
,
.
,
until dawn The 3 9 t h chapter of the Book of the

.
“
Dead i s devoted to details of the combat There 1 s .
also a work entitled The Book of the O verthrowing

of Ap epi ( see below also N a sr AM S U ) which treats , ,
entirely of this opponent of R a who 1 s through R a the , ,
opponent of all souls of deceased p ersons Th e dead .
w ere iden tified with O siris who was another form Of ,
the sun god lord of the u nderworld therefore on the

-
,
sun s ultimat e victory dep ended their safety In some

’
.
.
instances we find Ap epi identified with Typhon .

,
and in Gra e c o R oman times with S e t Ap epi was .

“
never called a god H e therefore represents not a

re gularl y occurrin g phenome n on but an irregula r
.
,
,
E G Y PT I AN A R C H A E O L O G Y
and occasional one H e i s the strong dark storm .

, ,
cloud and is overcome by the fire and fl i n t y sword of

,
the S un god and forced back into his subterranean

cavern O ne of his name s is the R oarer ; h e 1 8 r e p re
.
sented as blind and another of his names U bar

, , ,
signifie s the blind one like the L atin Cacus or

‘
,
’
C a e c u lu s ( R enouf.
) .
Ap ep i I . and 11 .
( Apophis ) .
Tw o of t h e H yksos kings S hould be placed probably .
in Dynasty XV It is thought by many E g y ptologists

.
that Joseph served under the latter .
Ap e p i , B ook of t h e Over t h r owi ng of

which . A w ork
forms about a third of the funeral papyrus of N e si
A m su ( q u It tre at s of the daily battle between R a
. .
and Apepi ( g a r ) recalling certain chapters of the

,
“
B ook of the D ead notably chapters 7 3 1 , , ,
33 ,and 3 5 to 3 9 from which the author has ,
evidently borrowed The title tells us that the book

was recited in the temple of Amen R a in the Apt s
every day It contains fifteen chapters in some of
.
,
which there is a monotonous rep etition of phrase s .
They treat of the various method s for destro y ing the

fiend and are both mythical and magical The name
, .
of Ap epi was to b e written in green on a papyrus and

burnt ; wax figur es were also t o be made of several
fiends and after being d e fi le d were to be burnt The
, , ,
.
most interesting part of the w ork is th at which gives

a n account of the creation and of how m en and
wo men were for m ed by the tears shed by the god
,
K heper a It is called The B ook of K nowing the

.
“
Evolutions of R a .
That the wo 1 k is of some antiquity i s shown by the

variant readings which oc c ur but no other copy is yet ,
known It di ffe r s from other funeral papyri i n

.
speaking of the deceased as P -d a
Pharaoh ) instead of as t he O siris .

Ap es . A
tortoise headed deity -
sub stituted in
.
som e t exts for the serp ent A pepi (g m)

Ap es or Ap e t . Another n ame for TA -U E T
Ap i s.Th e name of the sacred bull which wa s

worshipped by the Egyptians from the earliest times .
The cult was said

to have been intro
du c e d by M ena
( I st Dynasty ) the ,
most ancient dis

c o ve r i e s of his
worship being at
M emphis though ,
another stor y s ays

that it was intro
d u c e d into M e m
Api s
phis from H e li op o
.
li s in the I I n d Dynasty But it was not until later

.
times that the Apis bull became of so m uch import

ance R enouf says :
. Th e triumph of the symbol
“
over the thought i s most sensibly visible in the

development of the worship of the Apis bull The .
Apis symbolized th e second life of Ptah the god of ,
M emphis H e was born of a cow to whom a deity

.
,
had desce nded in the form of lightning or a ray of

moonlight According to H erodotus he was black
.
,
with a square white spot on the forehead ; on h i s back

was the fi gure o f an eagle in the tail double hairs , ,
and on the tongue a beetle The priests searched for .
such an animal throughout Egypt and when found ,
he was brought first to N icopolis in L ower E gypt , ,
and then with great pomp and ceremony to M emphis .
When h e died the body was embalmed and put in an

,
enormous sarcophagus The so called S era p eum at

.
-
S akk ara is a great Apis m ausoleum where numbers ,
of these sacred bulls were burie d The stelae that .
covered a large part of the walls of this vast tomb

wer e of imm ense importance historicall y as giving the ,
date s of birth and burial of the bull s that is to say ,
t h e exact year in a king s reig n Apis w a s r e p r e

’
.
sent ed with a disk and uraeus bet w een the horns

It wa s supposed that at his death —li k e a human
.
bein g —h e became one with O siris

,
Ap i s Greek n ame for N zt t e n t H ap i th e capital

.
- -
,
of the third n ome of L ower Eg ypt the modern K o m ,
e l H i sm Chief deity H athor

.
, .
Aphrodi t op oli sThe Greek name for Tep a he t

.
-
,
capital of the twenty second nom e of U pp er E gypt -

,
t h e modern At fi h Chief deity H athor .

,
.
Aphro di t op oli sThe Gree k n am e for Te b t capital

.
,
of the t enth nome of U pp er E gyp t the modern I t fu , .
Chief deity H ath or ,

.
Ap olli n op ol i s Ma gn a
The Greek name for Te b t .
,
th e capital of the second nom e of U pper E g ypt the ,
modern Edfu Chief deit y H o r b e hu t e t ( q r )

.
,
~
.
Apt That p art of Thebes which la y 0 11 the east

.
bank of th e N ile It wa s divided into N orthern .

“
Ap t, represent ed by K arna k and S outhern Ap t ,

“
,
th e mo dern L uxor .
Ap ua t literall y the op ener of th e w ays

- -
H e is .
one of the forms of Anubis and was w orshipped at ,
Asy u t .H i s o ffi ce was to introduce the souls of the

departed into the divine hidden l and ( S ec
“
.
AN U E I s ) .
A r ar N am e of the U raeus
. the ,
serp ent which was worn on the fore

head o i gods and kings I t was an .
emblem o f divinity and royalty ( S ee .
UR AE U S ) .
Arch Although th e E gyptian s were

.
acquainted with the arch they but

rarely us e d it The earliest specimen .
of a true arch is found in a I Vt h Dynasty mast aba
at M ed u m .
Ar chi t ect s S ince

architecture was Egypt s princi ’
.
pal art all others being m ore or less accessory or

,
subsidiary it is natural that of all artist s the archi

,
te e t s should have been most honoured The names .
of many are recorded on stelae in museums and in

tombs Th e o ffi ce sometimes app ears to have been
.
h ereditary and sometim es even a royal prince did not

,
disdain to take the Office of chief of all the constru o

tion s of U pper and L ower E gypt the holder of ,
”
which was app arently highly honour ed by the king .
At times it was combined with the priestly o ffi ce a s ,
in the case of B ak e n K h e n su first prophet of Amen

- -
, ,
and princ i p al architec t at Thebes under S eti I and .
R amses II whose sepulchral statue is preserved at

.
,
Munich The most famous architect whose name has

.
c om e down to us is S e n mut the favourit e of -

,
H at shep sut and builder of D er e l-Bahri

,
-
.
Ari -he s n ef e r
This Ethiopian god is
-
.
a son of R a and B ast and was one of ,
the chief deities of the tenth nome of

U pp er E gypt There are the remain s
.
of a t emple to his honour on the Island

of Philae H e is represented with a
.
lion s head and the double crow n or

’
with a human head and a headdress con

sisting of th e disk ram s hor n s plumes ,
’
and two uraei .
Ari t O ne of the gates of H ades

“
.
,
guarded by a mu m miform creature

called A a n .
Ar i -h e s e fe r
WE A P O N S )
-n
Arms S
.
.
( ee .
Arrows . Wood and reed arrows from twenty

t wo to thirty four inches long tipp ed with hard
-
,
wood flint or metal have been found Those with

, ,
.
hard w ood and flint heads were probably only used

with such accuracy as in E gypt They have kept .
,
d ur ing an incredible numbe r of years registers where ,
these observations are recorded But unfortunately .

, ,
none of these registers have come down t o us .
Thoth was the god who taught men the science of

the heaven s An important part of the priestly college
.
was the school of astronomy The priests of R a seem .
to have been the first t o recognize the importance of

this study and their keennes s of sight is indicated in
,
som e of the title s t hey bear as great of sight the , ,

”
reader who k nows the face of the heavens the great ,
of sight in the mansion of the Prince of H ermonthis .
The astronomers attached to the temples were called

watchers of the night The y knew at least five of
.
our planets and some o f the con stellati on s have been

,
-
identified Jupiter S aturn M ercury M ars and Venus

.
, , ,
were depicted under various forms but were not ,
actually worshipped O rion ( S ahu ) and Sirius ( S othis )

.
,
according to our interpretation were supposed to be

“
the abode s respectively of the souls of H orus and

Isis They are repre s ent ed in various places as hu m an
.
beings standing in the little barks in which they sailed

the ocean of the sky or as at D e n de r a O rion as a
, , ,
man beckoning to Sirius a s a cow reclining in the

bark behind him .
The constellations were rec k oned to be thirty six -
in numbe r the thirty six de ca ri i to whom we re a t t r i

,
-
buted mysterio u s powers a n d of whom the star Sothis ,
was queen S othis transformed into the star of Isis

-
when O rion ( S ah u ) became the star of O siris .
( M asp ero
.
)
The c h ief map s of the sky preserved on te mple and
tomb walls are tho se at the R a m e sséum D e n de ra a n d , ,
.
in the tomb of S eti I at Thebe s Star tables are found

. .
in the tombs of R amses IV and R amses IX at Thebes . .

,
but the y are careles sly done a s probabl y the y were ,
only considered as p art of the decoration of the tomb .
The constellation s were represented as stars outlining

’
th e bodies of animals O ur constellation the Plough
.
, ,
was their H aunch B ehind the ha i mch came a

.
female hipp opotamus and 0 11 her back a cr o codi le

,
.
A couchant lion faced th e ha zmc h W I t h a c ur i ous ,
c omposite ammal underneath .
At ef . S e e C R O WN s .
At en The name given to the sola 1 disk the 1 1 O 1

.
,
“
-
ship of which under that name 1 1 as t h e chief cult under

Amen be t e p IV ( K h u e n Aten ) 1 1 ho tried to make
.
-
,
it the religion of the country U ntil this period the

Aten had rarely stood alone although th e phrase Ra ,
in his Aten is not uncommon The god is always .
represented as the solar dis k

with rays extendi n g from it ,
each terminating in a hand ,
and never in human form .
The hands usually hold the

hich t h ey present to the
k ing and queen The centre .
of his cult wa s at the modern

Tel e l Amarna and in the ,
hills behind are the tomb s of

his worshippers In one tom b
i s preserve d a v e 1 y fine hym n
to t h e At en (published by
B o ur i a n t in M émoire s de la
M ission a u Caire . ( S e e
K H U E N AT E N and H ymn s )
- -
.
At hr i b i s Gree k
nam e for .
B e t t a her a b t the
-
capita l of ,
the tenth nome of L owe r

Egypt the modern B enha e l
,
Asal The chief deity was H eru

.
-
Khent -
khati .
Ava ri s The Greek name of f l a t a mt a city men

.
-
,
t i o n e d by Josephu s (con t ra Ap i on ) as having been built

b y th e H yksos and eventually their last stronghold in
,
E gypt i t being the last place to give 1 1 a y b e fo 1 e the

,
new E gyptian dynasty whi c h drove out the invaders
,
.
Its site is doubtful some identifying it with Ta n is

,
possibly it w a s on the coast near P e lu siu m .
Ba In Egyptian pne umatology the Ba w a s the

.
a n i ma th e soul of m a n which at the death of the body

, ,
flew to the gods But it did not re m ain there entirely

.
,
fo r it came back at intervals to comfort the mummy .
Ba VI SI t I n g mummy .
It was represented in the form of a bird with human

head and hands whi c h frequentl y hold the a n kh
,
.
and the i i if Thus in one scene it is represented

as flying down the tomb shaft to the deceased In
“
another it is re sting with out spread w ings 011 t h e top

-
of the mum my In this form it is sometimes sculp

.
t ur e d 0 11 a sarcophagus lid The conception was not . ,
p erhap s wh o lly immaterial for a chapter in the B ook

, ,
“
O f the D ead assure s abunda n ce of food to the B a of

the deceased .
Ba a l S ee B AD .
B a hr Y u suf The great canal w hich run s parallel

.
with the Nile 0 11 the west side commenc i ng i n t h e ,
C ro c o d ilo p o li t e N ome nea 1 ly opposite Akhm i m a n d ,
j oining the N ile at the modern E l Wasta in the

Ar si n o i t e N ome a distance by river of 3 5 0 mi les It
’
.
,
is rather a continuous series of canals than one and it ,
is only navigable throughout its length during the inun

dation . It is evident from S trabo and Ptolemy that ,
in their time the important canal known as the B ahr

,
Y u suf did not flow as it does now If as is probably the .

,
case its bed is n atural and not the work of man a

, , ,
great part of it would have been silted up in the ti m e

of the Greek writers and according to an Arab ,
tradition it was reop ened by the famous Sultan S ala di n ,
who then gave it his name of Y u suf We are thu s .

”
led to th e conclusion that accordi ng to the Greek ,
writers the B ahr Y u suf in its pre sent course cannot

,
b e very old It is probably a work of nature enlarged

.
and modified by the hand of man Po ssibly the kings .
of the X I I t h Dynasty may have begun this system of

water regulation in connection with the works of L ake
M oeris which is always attributed to them
,
After .
D e r ut the Bahr Y u suf changes it s name successively

to I b r a h i m i y e h So h a g i y e h and R ai a n It s ancient
, , .
name is unknown .
B a k -en-r en-f . S e e B O OO H O R I S .
Ba l . A
form of B aal worshipped in the eastern ,
part of the D elta with a temple at Tanis H e was

, .
introduced from Phoenicia after the wars of the

X I X t h D y nast y H e is a form of the war god
. .
B all . S ee T OY S .
B a kh the Greek B aci s was the name of the sacred

. ,
bull at H ermo n t hi s (E rm e n t ) in w hich the god M E N T U

was incarnate ( S e e M EN T U ) . .
Ba The god of M endes H e is r e p r e

-
n e b -t a t t u . .
’
sented with a ram s head a fact which gave rise by , ,
a curious error to the statement of the classic authors ,
that the Egyptians called the goat M endes H i s title .
is living soul of R a .
Ba -n Third king of Dynasty II reigned

- n et er . .
,
forty years In his reign the fem ale succession .
to the throne was secured .
B a rk s, Sa cr e d
The heavens being conceived of as an .
ocean the solar gods were often spoken of as progress

,
’
ing in their b arks The sun s two bark s are the best .
known of t h ese At his birth in the morning he .
entered the S ek ti t fi g which too k him to h i s

most southern point at noon H e then travelled till .
sunset in the M a zi t or M a de t bark Duri g the

g n .
night he changed into di fferent barks until received ,
again into the S ek ti t bark next morning The picture s .
of thes e barks vary S ometimes the boat is extremely .
simple and contains only the sun disk A t others it is .
large with a cabin or shrin e in the centre for the chief

,
gods who are accomp anied by other gods before and

,
behind S ometimes there are rowers at others it i s

.
,
self propelled either with or without a helmsman to

-
guide it Tum and K heper a are the gods who

.
most frequently accompany R a The bark of Ptah .
S eker O siris was called H er mi t and that of N un

-
N eshme t The temple s had model s of these boats

.
,
in which in some cases the symbol of the god was

k ept These bark s were carried in procession round
.
the te m ple at stated ti m es (S ee M O O N ) . .
if E rm a n r e v e r se s t hi s o r d e r , a n d c a ll s t h e Ma c i t t he b a r k of
t he m o r n i n g , a n d t h e S e kt i t t h e b a r k o f t h e su n se t .
E G Y PTI AN A R C H A E O L O G Y 31
B a sa l t This volcanic rock wa s highly valued for

.
the making of statue s It was di ffi c ult to obtain not

.
,
being found in the Nile valley but in the de sert It , .
w a s too precious a material to be used for mere archi

t e c t u r a l purposes It is also extre m ely hard to
.
work yet the finish on statues and sa 1 c o p h a g i sculp

,
t m e d from this stone is as p e i fe c t a s could be produced

in these days The finest sp ecimen s belong to the
.
X XVI t h Dynasty .
B a st . A
solar goddess w h o r e p re
sented the gentle and useful heat of the
sun as opposed to S ekhet the fierce heat
, , .
S h e is repre sented cat headed holding in -
one hand a sistrum in the other —over

,
, ,
the arm of which she carrie s a basket ,
a shield The cat was sacred to her

. .
The chief seat of her worship was at

B ub a st i s the modern Tell B asta
where a great t emple was built to her .
H e r husband was H e r h e k e n n u a form -

,
of H orus .
B a st i n a do
This form of punishm ent
.
w a s used for men women and children , , .
Wall paintings show the victim held by

his arms an d legs to the ground by two men .
B e a r ds F or
purposes of cleanliness the Egy ptian
.
gentleman went clean shaven in everyday life but on ,
great occasions it was customary to wear an artificial

beard This was made of hair very tightly plaited and
.
fastened by strap s on to the head dre ss or behind the -
ears The king wore a longer beard than his subj ects
. .
F ig ure s of the gods are usually represented with a

p ointed b eard curled up at the end— and on the co ffins
of the mummies the same form is frequently found ,
the deceased having become an O sirian i e made one ,

. .
with O sir is O nly foreign slaves and sheph erds we 1 e

.
allowed to wear beards Prisoners were not allowed .
to shav e .
32 A C O N C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y OF
B eer The barley wine of the an c ient Egyptians
. .
There were four sorts in use under t h e old E mpire ;

in later times that from Oede in Asia M inor was , ,
estee m ed the most highly a n d during the Ptolemaic ,
p eriod the Z y t h o s beer was the favourite It was .
made from the corn of U pper Egyp t i e barley ;

“
, . .
but how prepared is unkn o wn O ne papyrus mentions .
a beer tax at M emphis which amount ed to 4 5 tal ent s

3 1 00 drachmae in one month .
B enn u The name of a sacred bird an emblem of

.
,
the resurre ction and con se c rated to O siris It seem s

, .
to have been the forerunner of

the Greek Phoenix It is r e p r e .
sented as a heron like bird with -
two long feathers flowing from

the back of its head It s name .
signifi es that which revolves “

,
”
or turns back The legend at .
H eliopolis was t hat the bird ros e

singing from the flames which
came out of a certain tree its ,
song being so beautiful that

even R a hi m self listened In .
B enn u b i d O ld texts the soul of the deceased

r .
w a s compared to the B ennu bird

“
B es . A
god whose worship dates
from remote times b ut who was of ,
foreign origin ha ving been introduced

,
from the land of Punt H e is a god of .
somewhat complex c hara c ter In the .
“
Book of the Dead he is identified
with S e t and in this asp ect would
,
seem t o be of an evil nature He .
also invariably figures in birth s c enes in

all the ma mmi si of Egyptian temples ,
where his function could not have been

evil In another form he appears to be
.
a kind of B acchus for he presides over ,

34 A C ON C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y O F
steering gear was of the most primitive kin d consisting ,
merely o f one or two enormous oars or paddle s The .
only sails represented are square There are many .
pictures of boats On the tomb and t emple walls ( S ee .
B AR K S ) .
B oc ch Ori s
The Greek name given by M anetho to
.
-
a S a 1 te king of the X X I V t h Dynasty
B a k eh r e n f - -
, ,
who it appears was scarcely indep endent of the

, ,
Ethiopian kings .
B ook of The name given to P er t em li ra

t he De a d .
,
which may be tran slated coming forth by day or ,

“
,
manifested in the light It has also been called th e .

”
F uneral R itual a n d m o re fa n cifully and ignorantly

,
”
the E gyptian Bible It has been found in many .
p apyri and chapters from it a r e i n sc r i b e d on the walls

,
o f tombs and pyramids and on sarcophagi and mummy ,
wrappings N o one copy contains all the chapters

.
( about and in no case is t h e same sequence

observed all through The chapters are as i n de p e n .
dent o f one another as the H ebrew Psalm s and like ,
them were composed at di fferent times The longest

,
.
known copy is in a Turin papyrus which contains 1 6 5 ,
chapters The di fficultie s of translating the work are

.
immense for even in the ear ly times the text had

,
become corrupt and the constant copying of it by the

,
uninitiated had rendered it most obscure This is .
increased by the fact that the work is mythological

throughout and assumes the knowledge of all current
,
myths on the part of the reader The lofty ideas set .
forth in some chapters seem to stand out in g reat

contrast with the apparently gro ss conceptions found
in others but in the latter case so m e esoteric mean
ing may be imagined of which the key is lost ,
.
The B eatification of the D ead i s the main subj ect

of every chapter The deceased w a s supposed to
.
”
recite the chapters in order that he might gain power

and enj oy the privileges of his n e w life H i s desire .
wa s t o hav e all t he powe rs he ha d l ost a t death

.
E G Y PT I A N A R C I I A EO L O C Y 35
re stored to hi m O f punishm ent almost nothing is

.
said The highest bliss was to be identified with the

.
gods and to have the p ower of tran sforming him self

,
into anything he plea sed .
Among the principal gods mentioned are R a S e b , ,
N u t O siris Isis H orus S e t N ephthys Ptah Thoth

, , , , , , , ,
K h n e m u and Tum , The Theban gods are con spicuous

.
by their absence .
The oldest papyrus copy of the w ork is of the

XV I I I t h Dyn asty The earlier copies are not so
.
copiously illustrated as later ones the vignette s ,
gradually becoming of more and more importance .
They are in many cases brilliantly coloured M ost of .
the version s agree in saying that the oldest chapter i s

the sixty fourth the Turin p apyrus adding that it w a s
-
,
discovered by a son of K hufu o f the I V t h D ynasty ,
another text ascribes it to the Ist Dynasty It i s .
called The chapter of coming forth by day in the

“
underworld O ther chapters are called

. of coming ,
forth by day and living after death of driving “
away sham e from the heart of the dece ased ; a ”

“
hymn of prai se t o R a when he setteth in the land of

life ; ”
of bringing w ords of magical power to the
“
deceased in the underworld of not dying a second

time of giving air in the underworld
“
of
changing into whatsoever form he pleaseth of “
making the soul to be united to i t s body of know

ing the soul s of the we st of making a man go “
into heaven to the side of R a There are dir ection s

that certain chapters shall be w ritten on certain amu
lets. The most valuable English translation s are
those by S i r P le P R enouf in the Proceedings of
. .
,
the S ociety of Biblical Archaeology vols xiv xv , . .

, .
,
xvi & c and by E W Budge

.
,
. . .
B OW It was made of a round piece of wood , from

.
5 to 5 5 ft in length either almost straight or curved

.
, ,
in at the cen tre A groove 01 notch at each end .

“
received the string or else it wa s fixed to a proj ecting

,
piece of horn The bow string wa s of hide catgut or

.
-
, ,
string O n the monuments the archers are represented
.
drawing the bow l n t w o di fferent ways either to the ,
breast or in the much more e ffective way when the

, ,
bow i s held so high that the arrow line i s level with -
the eye ( S ee AR R O W S )
. .
Br i ck s O rdinary oblong bri c ks were made simply

.
of clay m ixed with chopped straw and a little sand ,
m aterial s easily obtained an d suitable to the climate , ,
quickly drying by exposure to the sun Tomb , .
paintings shew 1 1 s brick m akers kneading the paste -
with the feet pressing it into hard woode n moulds

,
-
and laying the blocks out in rows to dry After an ex .
o su r e of about half a day these blocks were stacked

p ,
in such a manner as t o allow the air to circulate freely

.
about them and remained th us for a week or two

, .
F o r the p oorer d w ellings the exp osure was only for a

few hours before the building was co m menced In .
size the bricks usually measured but

a larger size was also used m easuring 1 5 0 x 7 1 x 5 5 , .
They were marked in various ways those made in the ,
royal b ri ck fi e ld s b eing stamp ed with t h e cartouche O f

the reigning Pharaoh A few glazed bricks have been .
found of the p eriod of the R amses at Tell D e fe n n e h ,
and N e b e sh eh Wooden brick moulds have also been

.
-
found The labour of bri c k maki n g was i m posed on

.
-
captives the H ebrews not being the only subj ect

,
p eople t hu s made use of A painting at Thebes .

,
executed long before the M osai c period shows 11 s ,
A siatic prisoners making bricks for a temple to Amen

and a p assage in a p apyrus (Anastasi III iii ) c o n .
,
.
firm s the suppo sition we are led t o by Exodus v 8 .

,
that a certain quantity of brick s wa s required daily “
from each worker .
B ri dge to the present ti m e we only know of

. Up
one bridge in Ancient Egypt and that app ears to have
c rossed a canal at Z aru a fron t ier town on the D elta , .
An illustration of it may b e seen on the outside wall

north end ) of the H ypost le H all at K arnak
( y ’
.
Bronze The favourite m etal of the Egyptian s

. .
Even after the i n vention or discovery of bronze flint ,
implement s were used The proportion s of the copper .
and t i n used by the Egyptian s in making this m etal

vary accordin g to the use for w hich it w a s destined .
Vases mirrors a n d weapons contain from 8 0 to 8 5

,
p art s of copper and 1 5 to 20 of tin Bronze was .
largely used for making statuettes and m iniature

figures but these do not occu r until after the X V I I I t h
,
Dynasty Th e bronz e intended for mirrors and

.
fine work h a s o ft e n an alloy of gold 0 1 silver No

'
repre sentation of the working of this m etal is seen

0 11 tomb walls ee C O P P E R A N D TI N )
( S . .
B ub a st i sThe Greek na m e fo r P ei B a st capital of

.
-
the eighte enth nom e of L ower E gypt the modern ,
Tell B asta Chief deity B ast a goddes s frequently

.
, ,
repr esente d with a cat s head ’

.
B ul l . O f all the sa cred animals in Egypt perhap s

the bull receive d the most attention In the .
ithyphallic cult he is represented by K hem A men is .
addres sed as bull fair of face Th e Theban kings

“
, .
”
took a t itle strong b u ll p ossibly from B akut the

“
, ,
name un d er w h ich the b ull sacre d to M entu w a s

worshipp ed in E r m e n t The bull w a s the emblem o f .
strength a n d c o ur a ge (S ec Ar rs and M N E V I S and .
S E R A P EU M ) .
B usi ri s Greek name for P a l usa r c api t a l o f t h e

.
-
x ,
ninth no m e of L ower Egypt the m odern Ab u si r , .
The c hief deit y w a s O siris ( q r ) .
Bu t o The Greek name fo r P a Ua zt the capital of the

.
,
nineteenth n ome of L o w er E g y pt the m odern N ebe

sheh Chief deity U a z i t ( q r )
. ,
.
B ut o . Godde ss of the N orth . S ee U A Z I T .

A C ON C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y OF
Ca l enda r . S ee YE AR .
Ca mb y se s . S ee P E R S I A N D YNA TY
S .
Ca n opi c Ja rsThe four j ars in which were placed

.
the e mbalmed viscer a of the deceased The name is .
said to have been adopted because of the resemblance

,
the jars bore to a form of Canopus worshipped in the

place of that name The cover of each j ar was in t h e
.
form of a he ad the h eads being those of the four genii

,
— children either of H orus or O siris according to

ff —
di erent t ext s who represented the cardinal points ,
and to whom the j ars were dedicated The j ar covered .
Th e f o u r g e n n .
by the man head of M e stha 01 Am se t representing the

- “
south contained the stomach and large intestines

,
.
That covered by the dog head of H a pi representing the

-
north contained the small intestines The j ackal

,
.
head of Tua m a ut e f who repre sented the east covered

, ,
the j ar contai n ing the lungs and heart while the ,
hawk head of e h se n n uf god of the west covered the

-
, ,
liver and gall bladder These j ars do not appear until

.
the X V I I I t h Dynasty and after the XX VI t h Dynasty

,
they grad ually fell into disuse In t h e earlier p eriod .
they were made of alabaster or som e fin e kind of stone

later on of green and blue glazed fa ience also of
'
wood and still later of t erra cotta O ccasionally -
solid wooden j ars are found An inscription —incised

.
,
on stone one s and p ainted on woo d en one s —was

.
usually placed on each and from these inscriptions ,
we learn that M e st ha was under the protection of Isi s ,
H a pi under that of N ephthys Tu a m a u t e f was guarded ,
by N eith and e hse n n u f by S elk The four j ars

, .
were very frequently placed in a sepulchral ch est .
Jars of the same shap e containing mummied b odies of ,
various sacred ani m als have been found at s everal ,
places ( British M useum : 2n d E g yp tian Gallery ;

.
wall case ) .
Ca r t ouch e The nam e given to the elliptical

.
enclosure w ith a li n e at the end in which was in scribed ,
the royal name It may be the repre sentation of an

.
elongated seal The cartouche of a Pharaoh is his

.
name enclosed by this line O nly royal names were .
written thus E ach king had at least two cartouche s

.
,
one containing his prenomen or divine name the o ther ,
his dynastic cognomen .
Ca st e It w a s supposed before the great advance

.
,
in Egyptology that wa s brought about by the de

c i h e r m e n t of the hieroglyphs that cast e ex i sted in
p ,
ancient E gypt But more recent discoveries have com

.
p l e t e l y done a w ay with this idea There were no .
imp assable barriers b etween class and class or between ,
one profession and another .
Ca t Thi s animal w a s sacred to B ast who is fre

.
,
quently repre sented w i th the head O f a cat Its name .
appears to be onom atopoetic . T he cat

often figures in vignette s i n the B ook of the D ead “
,
where it sometimes holds a knife w ith which to slay a ,

serpent But the meaning here is obscure That the
. .
animal was much venerat ed is shown by the fa c t of

th e numberless mu m mied cat s that have been found ,
esp ecially at B ub a st i s S akk a ra and B eni H asan , ,

.
It was perhap s a sy m bol of the S un god and day -

,
slaying the serpent the emblem of evil and darkness ,

.
O n tomb walls we see the cat accompanying his

ma ster in his lit t le ski ff when he goes fowling in the
m arshes and it has been sugge sted that th e anim al
,
was taught to retrieve M any figures of cat s of .
di fferent sizes have been found in bronze and fai ence ,

.
Chi ef t he Cha n cel l or s a n d R oy a l Se a l B ea r e r

of A .
c las s of o ffic i al s existing after the X I I t h and b efore
the X V I I I t h Dynasty They appear to have acted .
for the king in matters c onnec t ed with the treasury

and taxes and over the royal decrees and public
,
do c ument s bearing the king s seal L ight i s perhap s ’

.
thrown on the o ffi ce and power of these O fficials in the

story of the elevation of J o seph by the Pharaoh to b e , ,
the royal seal bearer and head of the civil administra

tio n .
C i pp i of Hor us
are small st elae or tablets from ,
3 in x 2 in to 20 in x 1 6 in in S ize h aving 0 11 them

. . . .
,
magical formulae and constituting a form of talisman

,
for initiates They are of lat e date probably later than

.
,
the XXV I t h Dynasty .
Ci r cumci si on
That this was a custom is a sserted
.
by H erodotus and confirmed by pictures 0 11 the

,
monument s Very little if any significance was

.
, ,
given to the practice from a religious po i nt of v i ew .
Cl eop a t r a
The name of several wives and daughters
.
of Ptolemies The first Cl eopatra was a

di fferent .
S yrian Princess who m arried Ptolemy E p i p h a n e s

,
Cleop atra II seem s to ha 1 e e n jo y e d a c o regency

.
with her brother h usband Ph i lo m e t O I Indeed the .
six or seven queens of the name a l l seem to have had

"
12 A C ON C I S E D I O TI O N A R Y OF
title s of the deceased also chapters fro m the B ook ,

“
of the D ead The scene s represent the deceased

. .
adoring the gods These c o ffin s were varnished with .
a thick yello w var n ish Co ffin s of X X I I n d to X X V I t h .
Dyna sties have scene s of the weighing of the heart in

the j udgment hall of O siris and pictures of th e B a ,
( )
g m visiting the body A fter this period the art de .
generated The lids were fast ened o n with woo d en

.
dowels the places where these were inserted being

,
plas t ered up and p ainted over .
Coi na g e . S ee M O N E Y .
Col o ssi These were placed in front of the temples

. .
There were two four or six representing the founder , ,
of the temple S o mu c h was thought of t hese figure s

.
that if a Pharaoh would not be at the pains to have

his own portrait executed he Would eras e the na m e s
of his predece ssor from some existing statues an d sub
st i t u t e hi s own But few of thes e a re left standing
. .
The most celebrat ed were the statue s of A men he t e p -
I I I at Thebes one of which was called the

.
,
Vocal “
M emnon ( g o ) They like most colossal stat u es are .

, ,
seated figure s Their height is 5 2 ft The colos sus . .
of R amses II at the R a m e sséum at Thebes was the

.
largest known being 5 7 5 ft high It lies shattered , . .
on the ground A head similar to that of this statue

was found near the south side of the R a m e sséum and
.
was transported to England It is now in the British .
M useum At M emphis lies another sta tue of R amses

.
II 3 1 % ft high The two seated colossi in front of

.
, . .
the temple at L uxor are 45 ft high All thes e figures . .
of R amses are of granite The colossal figures .
carved out of the gritstone hill at Ab u S imbel which ,
form the fa cade of the temple of R amses II are about .

,
6 6 ft high without the p edestal

. In a tomb now .
almost destroyed at E l B e r sh e h there was a r e pr e se n

t a t i o n o n the wall of the transportation of a colossus .
The chief colossi belong to the period of the N e w E m

pire after which time the taste for them seems to
,
have died out .

Comb s The earlie st form of comb known dates from

.
what i s usually called the Pre historic p eriod and i s -

,
made of ivory with rude but vigorous carvings of

,
animal s on the back S pecimen s of this period are .
very rare The later kind i s of wood with teeth on

.
,
both side s exactly like our modern tooth comb except ,
that the teeth are som etimes wider on the one side than
on the other The fl at surface along the centre is fr e
.
quently ornamented with carving or inla y .
Commer ce . S ee TR A D E .
Con e s . S ee F U N E R A R YC O NE s .
Copp er The copper used by the E gyptian s in t h e

.
making of their bronze came chiefly from th e Wady

M agh a rah in the p enin sular of S inai
,
M any traces of .
ancient mini n g operation s have been found among the

rocks of thi s district ( S ee B R O N Z E ) . .
Cop t i c . R oughly
sp eaking Coptic is th e modern
survival o f th e ancient E gyptian language and the ,
knowledge of it i s invaluable for the study of hiero

glyphs The Coptic c h aract ers are modification s of the
.
Greek letters to which six sign s were added from the

,
I I G PLU IJ H O TTI I PG Z LI ” T O lfl Ll T I]
Demotic in order that tho se sounds which had no

,
equivalent in Gree k could be expressed There were .
two d i a le c t s c a lle d the B o h e i r i c fro m B o h er a a

w
, ,
province in th e Delta and the S ahidic w hich last , ,
w a s the older and ful ler .
Cop t os Gre ek n am e for e t capital of the fifth

.
,
nom e of U pp er E gypt the modern K u ft Chief deity , .

,
Am su . It was one of th e m ost important to w n s of

ancient E gypt as it was to this town th at the trade
,
from K o sse i r on the R e d S e a came

, , .
Cosme t i cs
Perfumes to give an agreeable smell to
.
the body w ere much in request a s also diff erent kinds ,

44 A C ON C I S E D I C TI ON A R Y OF
of oils and unguent s for rub b ing into the skin S weet .
oil on their heads and on their new head dresses was -
required on great fe stivals by all who could a fford it .
Cake s of ointment were placed on the heads of gue sts

at feasts and to be anointed with the oil of Qemi was
,
considered an e special honour Alabaster pot s con .
taining unguent have been found in the tombs Black .
and green p aint were also in use for the eyes .
Cow This ani mal was sa c red to H athor the go d

.
,
.
dess who i s sometimes repre sented with a cow s ears ’
or even t he whole head The c o w also represented .
N u t the sky goddess (g o ) and at time s Isis i s also

, ,
con n ected with it In the Book of the Dead seven .

“
mystic n a m es are given to the divine c o w who is ,
there the wife of the bull O siris ( S ee M E H U R T ) 1/ . .
Cr oc odi l e
In old times there were innumerable
.
crocodiles in the N ile and the E gypt i an s went out to ,
hunt them But the re are no repre s entations o n

.
.
tomb walls of this hunting possibly b ecause of reli

-
,
gio n s scruples as the animal was sacred to S ebek

,
(g r ) The animal i s often depicted in the water he

.
neath boats and some scene s show him seized by a

,
.
hipp op otamus .
Cro codi l op ol i s Anciently called S he d

. It was the
.
capital of a province of the F ay u m known as Ta shc -

,
the land of the L ake , probably a reference to L ake

M oeri s .
Cr own .
Q
) ,
15
0
,
if are the crown s mo st frequently

seen on the m onuments The head dres s formed an .
-
’
I mportant and significant part of the king s royal
uniform and m any are the varieties of crown pictured
,
upon tomb and temple walls Th e fe stival crown .
seem s t o have been the P schen t ( No which was .
a combination of the white crown O f U pper E gypt

( N o 4 )
. and th e red crown of L ower E gypt ( N o .
O n wa rlike occasion s and even in times of p eace ,
the king i s seen wea rin g the K hep ersh ( No 3 ) o r .
war h elmet The keeper of th e king s diadem.

“ ’ ”
held a high position at court under the O ld E m p ire ;

but the offi ce w a s don e away with during th e N e w
E mpire The gods are always depicted a s wearin g
.
c rowns and m any of them are m ost complicated

,
as ,
N O S 1 5 and 1 6 N o 1 8 i s on e which is frequently seen

. .
on kings a s well as gods it is known as the A t ef crown , .
The queen s head dres s represented a vulture with h i s

’
-
win gs spread round her head in the act of protection .
Cub i t This m easure of length was approximately

.
20 6 inch es It varied slightly however at di fferent

.
, ,
periods a s employed by di fferent architect s .
Cusa e The Greek name for K es the capital of th e

.
,
fourteenth nome of U pper E gypt th e m odern K u si y e h , .
Chief deit y H ath or ,

.
ni
l
Cy n oce p h a us The dog headed ape sacred ( A a ) .
-
,
to Thoth under which form th e go d i s sometimes

,
represented Thoth being a moon .
god the cynocephali are frequently

,
represented w ith th e lunar disk

on their heads The H e r m o p o li t a n .
ennead was sometime s represented

by nine cynoc ephali that is Thoth , ,
and eight othe r deitie s ; but some

time s the eight apes attend Am en .
They are called watchers for “
the dawn N ine cynocephali cyn o c e p h a l u s

,
were said to open th e gate s in the

west for the settin g sun and each i s then called ,
”
b y a name : O pener of th e earth S oul of the
“
,
“
earth H eart of the earth etc They are thus

” ”
“
.
, ,
represented in the illustration s to a work frequently

inscribed on the walls of royal Theban tombs relating ,
to the passage of the sun d uring the hours of night ,
and c alled The book of that which is in the under

“
world . In the j udgment scene represented in

”
papyri of the B ook of the D ead “

and on the ,
walls at D er e l M edineh a cynocephalus i s seated on ,
the balance i n the middle of the beam o f the scales in

which the heart of th e deceased i s bei n g weighed ,
while Thoth stands by with palette and reed p en waiting

,
to record the result In thi s case the cynocephalus

.
may represent equilibrium which would naturally be ,
a quality of the god Thoth .
Da n ce D ancing as a spectacle was a favourite

.
-
amusement of the old E gyptians but it i s improbable ,
that it was a p astime at least a m ong the upper classes

-
,
.
The performers were usually wo m en and the dance ,
would se em t o have been more a rhythmic movement

than anything involving much energy Dan c ing .
women are usually seen in representatio n s of feasts .
They app ear also in funeral procession s and in every ,
case are accompanied by music and clapping of the

hands .
There were apparently war dance s and harvest

dances p erformed by men which were probably ,
.
national dances A picture on a tomb wall at B eni

.
H asan represent s such a war dance .
Da r i us . S ee P E R S I A N D YNA S T Y .
De cre e of stela in the Cairo M useum 0 1 1

Ca n op us . A
w hich i s inscribed in hieroglyphs demotic and Gree k , ,
the decree m ade at Canopus by the E gyptian priest s ,
in council assembled concerning the festivals which ,
were to be held in honour of Ptolemy Euergete s and

his queen B eren i ce M ention is also m ade of the great
.
benefits which thi s ruler had conferred upon the

country and a statement is added requiring that the
,
tri lingual copy of this inscription shall be set up i n

-
every temple in the country .
De l t aThe flat alluvial land in L ower E gypt lying

.
b etween the great arms of the N ile immediately n orth ,
of M emphis Thi s district from its likeness to the

.
Greek letter A received the n am e of the D elta

, .
Demon s in the modern sen se of the word —irre

d e e m a b ly evil S pirit s fi gu r e — largely in G ra e c o E gyptian -
magical papyri in which the greater p art of the spell s

are addressed to demons M uch importance was
.
attached to the nam es of the demons and their right

pronunciati o n .
( S ee M A AT K H E R U
) .
Demot i c The name given to a cursive modifi cation

.
of the hieratic ( g m) used for the vulgar dialect ; it i s not

found until the XXV t h Dynasty It was introduced .
about 9 00 and was in use u n t i l t h e fourth century A D . .
Compose d of the sam e m ixture of signs a s the hieratic ,
it is extremely difficult to decipher owing p artly to ,
the S imilarity of signs which have sep arate hierati c

equivalent s and partl y to the fact that the writing is
,
thick an d carele ss L ike it s parent the hieratic it

.
reads from right to left .
Professor H Brugsch has published a demotic gram

.
mar but very little advancement is made in the stud y of

,
48 A C ON C I S E D I C TI O NA R Y OF
the characters all the work in it being done by a few
,
m en N or are the subj ects of de m otic docu m ents as a

.
rule very intere sting S i n c e they consist chie fl y of ,
contracts of s ale and legal matters ; s o me magical

text s and a c urious tale being the O h i e f exception s .
Papyrus of S e t n a in the Cair o M useum e e tran s

( S . .
by B ru g sh R e v Arch S ep t 1 8 6 7 and by F L l
, . .
, , , . .
Gri ffith ) .
De r el Me di n eh
small templ e begun by Ptolemy
. A
IV and finished by Ptolemy IX It lies between the
. .
Colossi and M edinet H abu It 1 s specially intere sting .
as containing the only lapidary representation of the

P sy c h o st a si a ( q r ) .
Di g i t unit of measurement and like the cubit

. An
subj ect to slight variation s The mean value of it s .
length may be roughly e sti m at ed at 7 27 inch Pro “

.
fe sso r Petrie has pointed out that the cubit and the
digit have no integral relation one to the other .
Di odorus Si cul us Greek historian whose pon , A ,
derons work in forty b o oks was written it is supposed , ,
after the death of Julius Caesar . O n e section treats of

the mythic history of the Egyptians but its value to ,
students of E gyptology is lessened by t h e author s ’
evident want of discrimination .
The Greek name for P a K he n e h A me n t

'
Di ospoli s .
- -
,
capital of the seventeenth nome of L ower Egypt t h e ,
m o dern E bshan Chief deity A men R a

.
, .
The G reek na m e for H e t capi t al

Di osp ol i s Pa rva .
,
of the seventh nome of U pper E gypt the modern H o u ,
Chief deity H athor ,

.
Dog Thi s ani m al was used for hunting in the

.
desert and was occasionally made a pet of The

,
.
h u n ting dog was of the nature of a greyhound with ,
pointed upri ght ears and curly tail The S li t ghi used .
,
now a days for the same purpose in the S udan seem ,

certain dreams have been found but they are of a late ,
date Prophetic dreams sometime s required explana

.
t ion by a professional expert of whom there was a ,
recognized class the H e rsh e sh t a lasting until Greek , ,
times Among instances o f dreams in E gyptian lore

.
are — (a ) that recorded on the tablet in front of the

S p hinx in which Th o t h m e s IV tell s how t h e god
, .
( H armakhis ) appeared to him and made him many

r e m i se s on condition that he cleared away the sand
p
from around his image 1 e the Sphinx ; ( b) the , . .
S allier Papyrus II gives the counsels of Amen em h a t .

-
I to his son which were revealed to that son in a

.
,
dream (0) it was in a dream that the Prince of

,
B ekhten was vi sited by the god K h e n su and ordered

to return his statue t o Thebes ( see s t ory of the
possessed prince ss of Bekhten on a stela in the ,
Biblioth eque N ation ale ) ; ( d ) an E thiopian stela records

how the Pharaoh had a dream which was interpreted
to him to mean that he would unite E gypt and Ethiopia
under on e sceptre ; (c) the dream o f the Pharaoh
which was interpret ed by Joseph in G enesis xli .
Dy e i ng F rom
the fa c t that the E gyptians dyed
.
linen as well as wool we kno w that they understood

, ,
the use of mordants It i sto this process of preparing .
th e materials to receive the dye that Pliny refers .

,
when he says There exists in Egypt a wonderful

,
“
method of dyeing The white cloth is stained in .
various place s not with dye stu ffs but with substances
, ,
which have the property of ab sorbi n g (fixing) colours .
The se applicatio n s are not visible upon the cloth ; but

when th e pieces are dipp ed into a hot cauldron contain
ing the dye they are drawn o ut an in stant after dyed
,
.
The remark a ble circumstance is that though there be ,
only one dye in the va t yet di fferent colours appear ,
on the cloth ; nor can the colours be afterwards

removed A vat which would of it self only confuse
.
the colours on cloth previously dyed in this w a y ,
imparts several colours from a single dye stu ff painting ,

”
as it boils .
Dy na st i e s . Manetho of S ebennytos who wrote a ,
history of Egypt for the use of Alexandrine Greeks ,
adopted on some unknown authority a division of

, ,
thirty one dynastie s from M enes to th e M acedonian

-
conquest and his system has prevailed — not indeed

, ,
O 11 account of its excellence but because it i s the only ,
complete one which has come down to us .
These Dynasties were grouped together by L epsius

—
into three great division s usually called the Anc i e nt
Dynasties I —XI ; the Mi ddl e Emp i r e
,
Emp i re , . .
,
Dynasties X I I — XVII the Ne w Emp i re Dynasties

XVII I —XXXI
,
.
D YN A S TI E S . N AME . D UR ATI O N .
I —
II I Thi n i t e
I I I —V
. .
T
Me m p hi t e
.
N E
. .
R
E
I El e p h a n t i n e
—
c P
N M VI I . VIII . Me m p h i t e
A E
IX .
—X I . H e r a cl e o p o li t e
—
.
E E
L R XI I XI I I . . Th e b a n
D
XI V
I
K o rt e
’'
XV —
D .
M X VI I . . H y k so s ( D e l t a )
X V I I I — XX . .
XXI .
XX I I .
XX I I I .
XXI V .
XX V .
X XV I .
XX V I I .
XX V I I I .
XX I X .
XXX .
XXX I .
52 A C ON C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y OF
Ei l ei t hy i a s
The c ity of L u cina capital of the
.
,
third n ome of Upper E gypt the modern E l K a b and ,

-
,
the site of a very ancient city the oldest obj ect s dating ,
back to Dynasty VI The goddess N ekhebt was .
worshipped there .
El e ct ron An amalgam
. consisting of t w o fi ft h s gold
-
and three fi ft h s silver

-
.
El epha nt i n e
The Greek name for the capital of A b
.
,
the first nome of U pper Egypt an island opposite to ,
th e modern Asw an The chief deity worshipp ed there

.
wa s K hn e m u .
Emb a l mi n g to H erodotus the most

. According
elaborate and expen sive proces s c Ost £ 250 A .
body thu s mummified came through the following

processes — F irst an incision was made in the,
side —the operator bei n g ceremonially chased away

—and the viscera removed (see CAN O PI O JAR S )
, ,
The cavity thus made was cleansed with palm

win e and filled with myrrh cassia & c The brain , ,
.
was removed through the nostrils by means of a

bent instrum ent The incision sewn up the body wa s
.
,
placed i n a bath of natron for seventy days At t h e .
end of thi s period it was washed and swathed in ,
innumerable gummed bandages Amulets were pla c ed .
now and again under the bandages and on the breast ,
a scarabaeus F inally a canvas shroud was kept in

.
,
place by four or five broader bandages Chapters from .
the B ook of the D ead were sometimes written on

“
the wrappings .
In a less expen si ve m ethod costing about £90 the , ,
abdo m en was inj ec ted with O e da r tree pitch which ,
H erodotus states had a corrosive and solvent action

on the viscera The contents we r e afterwa r ds
.
allo w ed to escap e The n atron bath was common to

.
every method the bodies of the poore st being prepared

,
fo r it by simply rinsing the abdome n with sm y r n a e a .
Enchor i a l another n a m e for D E M O T I C (q r ) .
Enn e a d cycle of nine deities of who m one was

. A ,
chief and the others his assistant s Thi s cycle .
represents som etimes the entire Egyptian Pantheon

and at others the gods o f the particular locality The .
most important was the H e li o p o li t a n ennead It .
consiste d of Tum R i as c hief Sh u and Te fn u t their

-
, ,
children S e b and N ut and their grandchildren O siri s

, ,
Isi s S e t and N ephthys ; but t h e gods of the enneads

,
were not always thus related to on e another .
Ep a g omen a l Da y sThe fi ve days which w ere added

.
to the old E gyptian year of twelve months of thirty

days in order t o bring it to the length of the true year
, .
Th e legend was that Thoth had invented them for th e

convenience of Nu t F o r that goddes s having fallen
.
into the embraces of S e b was cursed by her husban d ,
R a who swore that on no day of any year should she

,
bring fort h her children but by the invention of

these days she was rescued from her pre dicament .
S e Y E AR )
( e .
Esn e h The E gyptian S n e t the Greek L ato polis

.
-
,
so called becaus e its inhabitants were said to have

worshipped the latus fish The rem ain s of th e .
temple are of the R oman p eriod though Th o t h m e s I I I , .
originally built one here .
Evil Ey e There i s distinct evidence that this super

.
st i t i o n existed a m ong the old E gyptians There is a .
record of a book store d in the library of the temple of

D e n d e r a which treate d of th e turning a w a y of the evil
’
eye A favourite w o man s name was S tau ar ban
.
- -
,
which means sh e who turns away the evil eye .

”
54 A C O N C I S E D I C TI O N A R Y OF
Ey e of Horus . An expressi o n denoting any
God sent gift
-
.
( Erman ) .
Ey e , t he Sa cr e d
The sacred eye or the eye .
,
of R a or heaven is
,
the Su n a poeti c symboli sm
, ,
used by poets throughout time heaven s eye being a ,

’
frequent Sh a k e sp e ri a n phrase H orus says I am he .

,
w h o resides in the middle of the eye But there are .
usually two eyes represented and called the eyes of ,
H orus a left and a right

, They sometimes represent .
,
the right the sun and the left the mo o n ; but some
,
other meaning must be inferred when it i s said of R a ,
Thou opene st t he tw o e y e s a n d earth i s fl ooded with

rays of light When R a says Call u n to me mine
.
“
eye he refers to the goddes s S ekhet (g m)

,
Another .
text speaks of K adesh as the eye of R a and eye ,

”
of Tum The E gyptian w o rd for this eye 1 s Ue a t

.
or Ut c ha t which signifies the heal t hy or

flourishing .
F est i va l Song s of I si s work prob a nd Ne pht hys A

‘
ably not older than the XX V I t h Dynasty the author

is unknown It for m s p art of the funeral hieratic
.
.
papyrus of N esi A m en ( N o 1 01 5 8 in the British .
Museum ) The title i s The Verses of the F estival of

.
the two Z erti and the papyrus tells u s it was to be

,
sung by t w o virgin s in the temple of O siris o n the

occasion of the annual festival held for five days in the
fourth month of the sowing season There is evidence .
in the text that other copies existed and that it was O ld ,

enough to allow of variant readings having crept i n .
With the L itanie s of S eker which follows consist , ,
ing of four columns it occupies twenty one of the

,
-
thirty three column s of the whole p apyrus The

-
.
second composition which was evidently intended to be

,
sung after the F estival Verses consists of three parts ,
I A L itany to the Sun God ; II A R ecitation by

.
-
.
Isis ; I I I A L i t a n y to the H a t h o r s D uring the six

. .
teen repetition s o f it w hich were required it was to ,
ha ve an accompaniment of tambourines .
A hieratic pap y rus of B erlin contains a work very

similar to the F estival S o n gs“
It has been trans .
lated by M de H o rr a c k a n d i s entitled L e s L am en
.
,
t a t i o n s d I si s e t N ephthys (q )
’
r .
“
The subj ect of the verses throughout i s the
destruction of O si ris by S e t and th e recon struction of ,
his body by Isis and N ephthys .
F e st i va l s
Innumerable festivals w ere held during
.
the year in honour of various gods H arve st fe stivals .
were held in honour of th e god M I N Part of the year .
wa s devoted to thos e held in ho n our of O siris at the ,
e n d of which on the 3 0t h of th e month K ho i a /

, c a ,
strange festival was held at Busiris to comm emorate

th e settin g up of the backbon e of th e god A mock .
fight was then carried on between priests of di fferent

sanctuarie s possibly symbolizing the fight between
,
S e t and O siris Perhap s the most universally acknow

.
ledged of all the festivals w ere thos e in ho n our of

H AP I the N ile god and O S I R I s Those of H A T H O R
, .
seem to have taken a somewhat bacchanalian form .
I n scription s tell of an Intoxication fe stival in her

“ ”
honour held at D e n d e r a At S a i s the fest ivals were

’
principally dedicated to N E I T H At M emphis that of .
P T A H S E K E R O S I R I S wa s celebrated with great pomp

- -
it fell on D ecember 22n d in late time s and was con ,
n e c t e d with the winter solstice A hymn to A men R a .

-
speaks of the festival of the quarter month and ,
of the 6t h and 9 t h days of the month F o r ever y act .
of i m portance to the people in the ye ar there was a

56 A ,
C O N C I S E D I C T I O NA R Y O F
spe c ial festival the cutting of the dyke Op ening the, ,
canals reaping the first sh e a f c a rry i n g the corn and

, ,
.
so 0 11 O n great fe stival o c casions the im age or symbol

.
of the god or goddes s was c arried in it s sp ecial bark

round the te m ple and about the precincts There .
.
was as well the festival for the dead 0 11 the 1 7 t h o f

, ,
Thoth called also the fire festival when the priests

, ,
kindled fi res in front of the statues in the sepulchral

“
c hambers and the whole country lighted new lamp s

, ,
and spent the night in feasting and visiting O ne of ‘
the most important of the fe stivals was that which took

place on the l st of Thoth ( i e the early days of Augu st ) . .
on th e day of the rising of S othis ( Sirius) which ,
marked the beginning of a new year .
F i sh The fi sh are amon g the best drawn a n imal s

.
0 11 tomb and temple walls H ence it i s that i c h t hy o .
l o gi st s have been able t o identify the fish represented

on the walls of D er e l B ahri with modern R e d S e a fish .
O f the m any specimens that were found in the N ile

s everal were considered good for food among which ,
Gardiner Wilkinson give s L a b ra s N i lo ti c us p e r ca ,
ii i lo t i ca be mzi , sil a rus sha ll si l ur us se hi l be

, cyp r i n a s ,
si lu rus b a j a d , si lm a s ca r m a t h
i zi lo t i c z s u
, S ome we r e .
considered sacred in di fferen t parts of the country

S uch were the o x y rhi n c h u s the latus the phag 1 us and
the lepidotus The t w o former gave their n a mes to
, ,
places That fishing was a great industry as well as

.
,
one of the chief sports and amusements may be ,
gathered from the pictures 0 11 to m b 1 1 alls N ets of .
1 a ri ons kinds h o oks and spears w ere used for catchin g

, ,
fish It I S evident that they were preserved and fed

.
fo r the table I n private ponds and here the E gyptian ,
gentle m an amused himself by fishing with a line or ,
going out in a s m all boat to spear the fish with a bident .
The ordinary fisher man who fished for his livelihood , ,
used a n e t a drag net i s often worked by two boats _

.
The fish thus caught were eaten both fresh and s alted .
The latter were split and opened out exposing the back ,
bone salted and hung out in the sun H erodotu s

, ,
.
5? A C O N C I S E D I C T I ONA R Y OF
which w a s com m anded sometime s by the nomarch of
Th ebes and sometimes by the superintendent of the ,
S outh At S e m n e h and K umm e h in N ubia j ust , ,
above the second cataract U se r t se n I I I (D y n a st y XII ) , .

,
erected two great forts i m mediately O pp o site to each

other to bar the water way against the southern tribes
,
-
.
M ost of the cities of ancient E gypt were strongly

fo r t ifi e d—notably Thebes O mbos O n S an and S ai s , , , .
E l K a b the ruins of which are still standing is the

-
, ,
oldest walled city i n E gypt The ruin s of m any other '
fortresses are still in existence .
F oun da t i on De p osi t s
The chief finds have been at
the following places —N a uk ra t i s at the four corners
.
of the great tem enos and two smaller one s at the

corners of the central hall —
,
I lla h un 0 11 the S ite of a

—
.
m
ruined pyra id five pit s Tell D e fe n n e h at the four
—
,
cor n ers of a for t Tell N e b e sh e h at the N E and S E . .
corners of a destroyed limestone building ; also at

“
three corners (not N E ) and centre of a temple buil t

by A a hm e s II of the X X VI t h Dynasty —G e m a iy e m i
.
, ,
. .
at thre e corners ( not N E ) and centre of a building

—
, .
D er e l B ahri beneath the temple of H atshep su t

- -
K ahun ; in the centre of area of temple built by

Use rt se n II a hole 3 1 i ns sq by 4 feet deep four
.
,
. .
,
—
sets of obj ect s Alexandria ; a Ptolemaic find A . .
gold plate with an inscription re co rding the fOu n d a

t iOn of the temenos at K a n o b o s to O siris is a lso of the ,
Ptolemai c p eriod .
The pits in which the deposits were placed were

usually closed by one slab of sto n e or as a t I lla h un by , , ,
two slabs with sand b etween The obj ects deposited .
were : plaques of gol d S ilver lead copper carnelian , , , , ,
green felspar lapis lazuli j aspar terra cotta and

, , ,
-
,
enamelled ware pottery of variou s kinds some ,
evidently ceremonial imitations of la rger ones ; mortars ;

corn rubbers ; bones of sacrificial animal s ; libation
-
cup s ; specim en s O f vario u s ores ; mud bricks ; strings of

carnelian beads At Tukh e l K armus thirty two blue
.
- - -
p orcelain saucers formed p art of the depo sit In the .

fou r deposits at the temenos of N a uk r a t i s 1 1 e r e sixty

eight obj ects In lat e r deposit s the re a r e no carnelian
.
beads but the model tools and corn rubbe r s are still
,
present (S ec me m oirs of t h e E g ypt Exploration

.
Fund ).
F rog . S ee A MU L E T S .
F une ra ry Con e s . R ough

terra cotta cone s about ten
inche s high and three inche s acro ss w ith ho r izontal ,
lines of in scription 0 11 the base w hich we r e u su a llv ,
colou r e d The i nscription give s the name of th e

deceased Various theories h ave been proposed a s to
.
the probable use of these O bj e cts but it i s most likely ,
that they were model s of le a ve s or cakes that were

placed in the tomb and neither seal s architectural
, ,
ornament s nor marks fo r sepu l chral S ite s “

.
Ga me s The game s that have been pictured 0 11

.
tomb walls have their analogie s in m odern ones O dd .
and even mom an d draught s are th e most frequent

, , .
S hooting with arrows at a mark throwin g j avelin s at ,
a block of wood and a form of l a grace also o ccur “

.
M any draught boards and men have been found but it

-
,
is impossible to recover the rule s of the game or to

know the way in which it was played It is evident .
from th e variety of boards discovered that there were

many ways Mo ra is the na m e given n e w in Ital y to a
.
game also played b y the old R omans which consist s in ,
o n e person suddenly holding up a certain number of
fingers for an instant the other player having to gues s

,
the number Games played with dice belong to late

.
times ( S ee S P O R T S )
. .
60 A C O N C I S E D I C T I ONA R Y OF
Ga rde n s A
garden w a s one of the most expensive
.
luxuries of the wealthy owing to the necessity for ,
perpetual irrigation There are several picture s o r .

,
plans of garden s 0 11 to m b walls They show r o ws of

, .
trees and shrubs one two or more ponds with water , , ,
plants fi sh and a boat vines on trellises and small

, , ,
kiosque s .
Gl a ssThe manufacture of glas s was early known

.
to the Egyptians b ut they n ever could make it quite ,
white and absolutely transparent from their inability ,
to eliminate certain chemical substan c es It has .
always a greenish tinge The manufacture was not an .
exact science their chemistry was empirical and the

, ,
results uncertain S trabo wa s told in Alexandria that

.
E gypt possessed an earth whi c h was p e c uliarly “ ”
suitable for the manufacture of g lass Possibly thi s .
“
earth was soda for in the m iddle age s we find the ,
Venetians importing soda from Alexandria for the

purpose of glass manufacture O n early tomb walls .
are seen men working glas s with a blow pipe Glass -

.
was employed for ve ssels of man y S hap es and also ,
very largely for enamelling In rare case s inscription s .
cut in the wooden sarcophagi were filled in with it .
Be akers figurines amulet s and beads were mad e of it

, ,
.
Gold In the hieroglyphs W ) It was in common

. .
use in E gypt vases cup s ingots plaques and rings

, , , ,
being depicted on the monuments The rings may be .
seen in s c ales being weighed doubtless a substitute for

, ,
coinage of which the ancient E gyptian s had n o know

,
ledge The gold was obtained from the se called

.
-
Arabian desert that is the country between the ”

“
, ,
N ile and the R e d S e a where the vein s of quartz in ,
the mountain s contain gold and fro m N ubia The ,

.
in scriptio n s speak of di fferent qualities such as ,
“
mountain gold gold of twice gold of t h rice
,
”
,
”
,
”
&c . Gilding or overlaying with gold was largely

,
“
practised obj ects in S tone wood and oth er materials

, , ,
as well a s the heads of mummie s being thus decorated ,

Even scarabs of lapis lazuli were sometimes gilded

ee J E W E L L E R Y )
.
( S .
Gra n a ri e s . L arge chambers buil t of bri ck and stand

ing in a r 0 1 1 of ten or t w e l1 e They w ere oven
1
.
shaped and h a d n o co m muni c ation w ith each other .
The corn 11 as poured l n through an op ening at the top

and removed through a s m all door at the bottom Th e .
granaries w ere kept carefully guarded and were under

the care of t h e S up erintendent of the Granaries .
Gra n i t e
or S yenite from S y e n e i e Asw frn whence
, , , . .
,
it was most extensively quarried i s found in great ,
variety in E gypt There are pink and red syenite s

.
,
porphyritic granite yellow grey black and white , , , ,
kinds ; and others veined with white or with black

are to be found within a small area round th e first
cataract Granite was largely u sed in all its varietie s
.
in the building of temples the m aking of royal sarco ,
phagi colossi obelisks tabernacles o ffi cial stelae and

, , , ,
stat u es Th e finer grained kinds were even used

.
for small O bj ect s such as a m ulets The principal .
pyramids w ere originally partly cased in this material .
Ha i r R e st or e r
There are several pre scription s in
.
the Ebers M edical Papyrus which are said t o be sure

remedies for baldness and for restoring hair to th e ,
original colour after it had turned white Q ueen S hesh .

,
the mother of K i ng Teta of the V I t h Dynasty found , ,
an excellent re m edy for the falling out of her hair in

th e f ollowing pomade m ade of the hoof o f a donkey a , ,
dog s pad and so m e date kernels which were to be

’
all boiled together in oil Another sovereign remedy .
was to be foun d in the use of the plant c c m T o .

prevent the hair from becoming white or to restore it
to it s youthful colour a remedy could be made of the ,
bl o od of a black calf that h ad been boiled in oil .
The blood of the horn o f a black bull boiled in oil ”
and made into an ointment was also useful for the

same purpose The fat of a blac k snake was also
.
“ ”
thought to produce excelle n t results It was equally .
p ossible to cause the hair of a hated rival to fall “ ”
out for which purpose it was n eces sary to boil together

,
in oil the flower sep e t and a particular kind of worm ,
and get it put on the head of the rival Against this .

,
however there w a s an antidote in th e fat of the

,
hippopotamus with which a boile d tortoiseshell h a d

,
been pounded up but then the head must be anointed

,
very very often

, .
Ha mhi t A
goddess spoken of on the
.
stela of M endes as H a m hi t the powerful

one of M endes the wife of t h e god i n the
,
temple of th e ram the eye of the sun th e , ,
lady of heaven queen of all the gods , .
Sh e is represented with a fish on her head .
H ap . N ame of the sacred bull at

M emphis .
( S ee AP I S )
.
Ha p i
The N ile deified .
under the form of a human

figure partly male and partly
,
female In his hands are .
H a m hi t sometimes
.
seen a table of
o fferings upon which are
l otus flowers and libation vases while ,
on his head is a bunch of lotus flowers .
Ha p i . O ne of the four son s of H orus ,
the funerary genii w h o al so represent

the four cardinal points and were pro ,
t e c t o r s of the four canopi c j ars (q r ) He .
i s represented with the head of a c y n o

cephalus ( See A M S E T )
.
E G Y PT I AN A R C I I A E O LO G Y 63
Ha r e m The H arem in the modern Tur k ish sense

.
of the word did not exist in old time s S ome of the .
Pharaoh s had several wive s ; but it seem s quite

incompatible w ith the language in which the mi s
tress o f the house i s spoken of that the practice of ,
polygamy and concubinage should have been common .
A few in stances occur in w hich we find records of men

with two w ive s .
H a rma kh i s The E gyptian

.
H o r e m
-
K h a ti
-~
or I f orma hh u
“
H orus of the two horizons .
H e is more e specially the rising

sun and as such was represented
,
by the great S phinx on the

pyramid plateau H e is also .
called R a H armakhis as god of

-
H eliopolis H e i s always de
.
pi oted with a hawk s head and

’
usually with the disk and uraeus .
( S ee H O R US
)
Ha r oeri s The Greek nam e
.
for a form of H orus called in ,
Egyptian the elder and son

“
Ha m khi s
, r a .
of one form of H athor H e wa s .
w orshipped at L etopolis ( g o ) and the double temple ,
at K o m O m bo was dedicat ed p artly to him an d

partly to S ebek In late r tim e s he was said to be a
.
“
son of R a ( S ee H O R U S )
.
Ha r p This instrument w a s in us e in E gypt from

.
t h e earliest tim e s m any varieties being depicted 0 11

,
the tomb w alls S ometimes it was played alone

.
,
sometime s with other in strument s and som etime s a s ,
an accompaniment to the voice The number of .
s t rings varied from four to twenty two S o m e w ere -

.
of gre at size the musician stan di ng to play M ore

, .
often he sat on his heels on the ground The i n .
strument either re sted 0 11 the ground or w a s sup

‘
ported by a kind O f prop It .
was often ornam ented with

elaborate designs in colours .
ee H A R P E R L
( S AY O F T H E
,
Ha rp er ; La y o f t he . A chant
or song that i s written before
th e harper which is inscribed
,
on th e walls of two tombs at

Thebes and transcribed in the
H arri s Papyrus It is not a .
religious chant but rather a ,
Ha rp e r
moralizing p oem in the strain
of the S criptural E cclesiaste s
.
O ne version ends thus :
F or n o o n e c a rr i e s a w a y h i s g o o d s w i t h hi m ,
Yea n o o n e r e t ur n s a g a i n w h o h a s g on e t hi t h e r .
A tran slation may be found in R ecords of the Past

vol iv. .
Ha rp ocra t e s
The Greek n am e for .
H orus son of Isis and th e avenger of

, ,
"
his father O siri s H e is always r e p r e .
sented in human form a nd usually with ,
his finger to his m outh .
Ha t a su . S ee H A T S H E P S U T .
Ha t h or . O n e of the most important

goddes ses of th e E gyp ti an Pantheon .
H e r name signifies th e H ouse of “
H o rn s and in one aspect she is a sky

”
goddess H orus th e sun rising and

,
setting in her H e r best known form .
is as the goddes s of beauty love a nd , ,
j oy As such S h e was in lat er time s H a r p o c a t s

.
r e ,
identified by the Greek s with their

Aphrodite M any festivals were held in her honour
.
,
and the great temple at D e n d e r a was devoted to her

66 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ON A R Y OE
and besides returning with some of the pr ecious trees ,
which were plante d in the garden of A men they ,
brought t o their queen the allegiance of the people of

Punt and ric h gifts of electron ebony ivory leop ard
, , , ,
skins incense and wild animals At K arnak she

, , .
er e cted two obelisks the greater one being to celebrate

,
the S a d festival in the sixteenth year of her reign It

, .
is nearly 1 00 ft high and is cut out of red granite it

.
,
was quarried at As w a n in scribed p olished and set up , , ,
in its place in the i ncredibly short period of seven

months .
H a wkThis bird was sacred to H orus and wa s

.
,
frequently mummified If any deity is represented .
with the head of a hawk it may be safely concluded

that he was one of the solar gods .
or Heh u The god of e t e i n i t y H e is r e pr e

H eh . .
sente d with the head of a frog A feminine form .

,
H e ht is
,
shown with di fferent heads sometimes a ,
uraeus sometimes a sheep or a cat

, ,
.
H e k en A
form of Ta urt represented with the body
.
of a hipp opotamus and the head of a vulture .
He qt Th e frog headed goddess the

.
-
,
mother of H a r oéms (g o ) and sometimes

'
’
spoken of as the wife of K hn emu H e r r ole .
is rather vague but it i s evident that she ,
was associated with the idea of the resur

rection and h e r symbol the frog was
, , ,
carried on into Christian time s being ,
often found upon t erra cotta lamp s -

.
Hel i opoli s
The Greek name for .
An n a capital of the thirteenth nome of

L ower Egypt near the mod ern M a t a r i y e h , .
The chief deity was R a the sun god , ,
from which fact the Greek name comes It w a s the .
S criptural O n when ce Joseph took hi s wife

, ( S ee .
ANN U ) .
EGYP T I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 67
K enun Th e sacred boat which was drawn through

.
the temples at dawn ( S e e B AR K S ) . .
Henot hei sm .
“
A
phase of religiou s thought in ,
which the individual gods invoked are not conceived

as l i mited by the power of others ( R enouf ) . .
E ach god is to the mind of th e suppliant as good

as all other gods H e is felt at th e time as a real
.
divinity as suprem e and absolute in S pite of the

,
nece ssary limitations which to our mind a plurality of

gods must entail on ever y single god All the re st .
disapp ear from the vision and he only who i s to

fulfil their desires stands in full light before the e y es
of the worshippers ( M a x Muller
) . .
Herme s Tri sme gi st os thrice great was . H ermes

the author of several works of which only fragm ent s ,
remain M uch mystery attache s to his name The

. .
Greeks had adopt ed the E gyptian god Thoth into their

pantheon under the nam e of H ermes Accordin g to .
Clemen s A lexandrinus Thoth wrote forty two books ,

-
,
the late st of which prob ably date s from the X XV I t h

D ynasty But only very small p arts of these work s
.
remain in the writings of St o b a e us and others of that

time. These again h ave b een claimed by some
authorities as post Christian b ecause of their similarity
-
,
to the works of Ne o platonic writers -

.
Hera cl e op oli s Ma gn a
Greek name for Se t en Zzenen .
,
the capital of the twentieth nome of U pper E gypt ,
the modern Ahn a si e h Chief deit y He r sh e fi .

,
.
Hept an omi s of Middle E gyp t con sisting

. A di strict ,
of seven nom es and the oas es lying b etween th e ,
Theba id and the D elta

'
Her h or -
. Dynasty XX L ,
circa 1 1 00.
The chief priest of Amen at
the end of the XXt h D y nast y , who wrested the

68 A C ON C I S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
th 1 one from the e ffete R am e ssides and proclaime d ,
him self king of U pper and L ower E gypt

“
His .
pow e 1 strictly speaking was l i mited to the Thebai d

, ,
an d Ethiopia .
Hermont h i s
Th e Greek name for A nn a gemd t t h e
.
,
S outh ern O n capital of the fo urth nome of U pper

,
E gypt the modern K arnak Chief deity M ent u the

,
.
, ,
war god .
H m er The Greek name for P a Te l mt i capital

op ol i s .
-
,
of the fif t eenth n om e of L ower E gypt the modern ,
E l B a k a l i y e h Chief dei ty Thoth.

,
Hermopol i s
The Greek name for K hemen m c the
.
,
capital of the fif t eenth nome of U pper E gypt t he ,
modern E sh m un én C h ief deity Thoth .

, .
H erodot us The s econd book of H ero dotus history

.
’
called Euterpe gives a history of E gypt m any

, ,
statement s in which appear extravagant M uch that .
h e has recorded from hearsay is doubtless incorrect ,
but in the cases where he sp eak s a s an eye witness he -
i s generally found to be accurate .
H ershe fi form of
,
Arsa p hes . A O siri s generall y
’
represented with a ram s head .
He sept i . The E gyptian name for th e division s of

ee N O M E S )
the country ( S .
He sept i F ifth king of Dy nasty I

. reigned twenty .
years H e is mentioned in the M edical Papyrus in

.
B erlin Books 6 4 and 1 30 of the

. B ook of the “
.
D ead are said to date b ack to his re i gn .
He t A
name of the chief town of Diospolis
. Parva ,
the seventh no me of U pp er E gypt .
Het -
sek he m . The sacred nam e of the metropolis of
EGY P T I A N A R C H A E O LO GY GS)
Diospolis Parva . H athor and N ephth y s were here

worshipped .
Hi e rat i c . The cursive form of writing the E gyptian

language , and used chie fly on p apyri and wooden
co ffins The characters are usually written fro m right

.
to left and very rarely in c olumns as hieroglyph s are

,
so often engraved H o w early hieratic came into u s e

.
i s unkno wn but fragments of papyri in scribed with

,
these characters have been found in the ruins of the

V I t h D ynasty town at El e p h a n t i n é The olde st .
hieratic document is the Pris se Papyr us (Biblioth equ e

N ationale Paris ) dating from about the K I t h D ynasty
, , .
This script was in us e until the fourth century A D . .
The Greek name for N u t e n t ba k

Hi e ra conp ol i s .
- -
,
capital of the twelfth nome of U pper E gypt the ,
modern K a n e l K eb i r Chief deity H orus .

,
.
Hi e r ogl y p hsThe hierogl yphic ch aracter employed

.
by the E gyptians w a s originally pi c torial a form it ,

70 A C ON C I S E DIC T I ON A R Y OF
retained more or less in the case of stone cut i n sc rip -
tion s until a late date The invention of this script

.
TH E AL P H AB E T .
kh
A 9
70
was attributed to th e god Thoth By about 3 00 A D . . .
all knowledge of th e m eani n g of the characters had

died out an d it was not until th e discovery of the
,
R osetta S tone (g o ) in 1 7 9 9 that any real progress was

made in their decipher m ent We now know th at the .
signs are of two kinds those representing so un d s and

—
,
those representing ide a s called p hon e ti c an d i deo

_
.
ra
g p h.i c O f the former the phonetic
, characters there ,
are two kinds the a lp ha be ti c and the sy lla bi c

,
The .
ideographic signs are pictorial representations of the o b

ject s spoken of which
, are placed aft er the pho n etically
written word to determine it and hence they are
“
,
d e t ermi n a t eve g
/
. Determinative s are of t w o ki n ds ,
ge n e ri c and s p e c ifi c the former being determinative of

a clas s —as for instan ce the picture of the hide of an
,
EGYPTI A N A R C HA EO L O G Y 71
animal indicating merely an animal —the lat t er of a

,
particular obj ect The texts read either from right to

.
left or from left to right or are arranged in columns

, , ,
there being no rul e Th e text commences from th e .
side towards which the bird and other animal

characters are facing There are a b out 500 characters .
in frequent use M any of th e syllabic signs are

.
polyphonous The cursive form of the hieroglyphi c

.
script is called hieratic (g o ) In later times this .
cursive form degenerated into a much simpler character

called demotic (S ee SE TE N B E TE F TA ) .
- -
.
Hi pp onus The Greek name for H e t be nn u the

.
-
,
capital of th e eighteenth nome of U pp er Egypt th e ,
modern E l H i b e h Chief deity Anubis .

,
.
Hi ser . A sp ecial name of the Temple o f Thoth at

H erm opolis .
Hi t . A form of B e s found at D e n de ra .
H i t t it e s .
( S e e K H E TA .
)
H oney The E gyptian s evidently succeeded in
.
keeping bee s in spite of th e scarcity of flowers for

, ,
honey enters frequently into their medical re c ip es .
There is some evidence that in lat e times it was used

for preserving the dead .
Hophra .
( S ee U A H AB R A
) - -
.
or - Ame n A
complex deity having the attribute s
.
,
of H orus added to those of A men H e is repres ented .
as H orus with the side lock and finger to th e mouth

, ,
and wears the di sk a n d plumes of A men .
Hora pol l o The author of a fourth c entury A D

.
, . .
,
work in Greek 0 11 hieroglyph s N othing i s known of .
th e aut h or exce pt that he i s called an E gyptian “

.
I t is probable that h e w a s a Copt and that the original ,

72 A C ON CI S E D I CT I ON A R Y OF
of his work was written in Coptic the Greek form ,
being a tran slation by one about whom we know

nothing except that his name was Philip .
Horb eh u The winged disk H e is also r e p r e

t et . .
sented with two uraei one on either side of the disk , ,
which are sometimes depict ed wearing the crown s of

U pper and L ower E gypt ; they represent the god
desses of th e N orth and S outh U a z i t and N ekhebt , .
Ho r b e hut e t
was a s olar deity who traversed E gypt
with the sun god R a warding o ff evil from him and ,
conquering his enemies H i s symbol was placed over .
the gates and chamber doors of the temples to protect

them from destruction E dfu was the place where .
he was honoured as the nome god .
Ho e
r -
m -
h eb ,
Eu -
ser - khep er a ,
X VI I I t h D yn asty ,
cir .
1 3 3 2 1 3 28 B o
- m arried N e z e m mut who was pro
. .
,
-
,
bably the sister of Amen he t e p I Vt h s queen Very

’
- .
little is kno w n of the reign of this king ; and his time

seem s to h ave been chiefly occupied in checking the
abuses that prevailed among the military clas s .
Hor me rt i
-
.
( S ee E YE S OF H OR U S .
)
Hor - sa m t a ui
-
form of H orus worshipp ed at
. A
D e n dera and E dfu H e is represented as human .
headed .
-
or Shemsa -Izem
Hor she su ,
The followers of 1
‘
.
H orus who according to the T uri n Papyrus are sup

, ,
A C ON CI S E D I CTI ON A R Y OF
who waged war against Se t his father s murderer ,
’
became identifie d with H oru s the rising sun the ,
G i e e k Apollo H e was worshipped in many for ms

.
and under many names t hroughout Egypt As a .
child he was represented With the side l o ok of hai 1 ,
and frequently with his finger to his mouth As a .
solar deity he figures either as a hawk or a man with

’
a hawk s head wearing a variety of crowns As the ,
.
“
sun in his full strengt h he i s sometimes m erged ,
in R a (
. S ee H AR M AK H I S H AR P O C R A TE S E Y ES O F , ,
H o a r1 s )
-
.
Hy k sos A word probably derived from fla g a

.
,
prince and S ha wn , th e tribes inhabiting the eastern

O f the H yksos — erroneously called S hepherd
, .
desert
K ings —
.
very little is known that is absolutely certain .
They appear to have been a barbaric p eople from

the east who taking advantage of a pe riod of weak
, ,
ness poured down into E gypt establis hed their own

, ,
government and after restoring H a a m t ( Tanis )

, , ,
governed from M emphis After 5 1 1 years they were .
expelled from L ower E gypt by Aahm e s I and fo r ced .
into the D elta Th o t h m e s I finally expelled them . .

,
and they retreated into t h e country from whence they

originally c a me .
U p to the present time there have only been found

t e remains of three H yksos kings K hian and
h ,
Ap epi I and II under the last of whom it is thought

. .
,
that Joseph served The genuineness of many of .
the so called H yk sos monuments found in museum s

-
has been doubted by emine nt Egyptologist s .
Hy mns Of
the number of hym ns that have been
.
preserved the g 1 eater n um b e 1 are in pr aise of R a the ,
sun god But the 1 e are also hymns to Ptah O siris

.
, ,
“
the N ile Amen and H athor According to R enouf

, , .
these hymns represent the henotheistic side of E gy p

tian 1 e li gi o n The ideas express ed i n them a 1 e often
.
very lofty and th e concept i on of the Deity 1 s in such

,
la nguage as would be employed in thes e time s But .

E G YPT I A N A R C H A EO L O G Y 75
invariably there i s m ixed up with these fine passages

a great deal of p olytheistic teaching The chief .
hymn s that have be en studied are H ymn to the Nile , ,
in th e S allier Papyrus translat ed by M asp ero ; H y mn

,
to Amen in a Cairo papyrus X X t h Dynasty trans

, , ,
lated by G r éb a ut ; H ymn to O siris on a stela in ,
Paris translated by Chabas a pantheistic hymn from

,
the temple of E l K h a rge h translated by B rugsch , ,
Birch and R enouf ; H ymn to the A ten in a tomb at

, ,
Tel e l Amarna tran slated by B o uri a n t and Breasted

,
H ymn to R a in the 1 5 t h chapter of th e

, B oo k of “
the D ead ( Turin Papyrus ) translated b y Weidemann ,
and others ( S ee H E N O TH E I S M )
. .
Hy poc epha l us A
disk of painted linen or of bronze
.
,
found under the heads of G r a e co R oman mummies -

.
It i s reall y a form of amulet and i s inscribed with

—
,
magical formulae and figures of gods the H athor c o w

—
being invariably among them and is designed to
obtain warmth for th e body An inscription run s .
round the border o f the disk the other representation s ,
being drawn across the field A scene frequently .
depicted is one consisting of cynocephalus ap es adoring

the solar disk in his bark Part of th e border i n sc ri p
.
tion runs as follows : Chief of the gods com e thou

“
,
to the O siris H o r [name of the owner of the h yp o c e

h l m khem Grant that there b e warmth under
p a u s
] a d t .
his head for he w a s one of thy followers

, ( W eide .
”
mann ) Another prayer run s thus : M a y the god

.
“
,
who himself is hidden an d whos e face is con cealed , ,
who shineth upon the world in his form s of existence ,
and in the un derworld grant that m y soul may live for

,
ever M a y the great god in his disk give his rays in

.
the underworld of H eliopolis Grant thou unto me .
an entrance and an exit in t h e underworld with o ut

let or hindrance ( Budg e ) .
Hyp ost y l e
The name given to any hall the roof
.
of which is supported by columns such as the great ,

76 A C ON C I S E DICT I ON A R Y O F
hypostyle hall at K arnak which was originally roofed
over .
Hyp seli s The Greek nam e for Sha g ke t ep capital

.
-
,
of the eleventh nome of U pp er Egypt the modern ,
Sh o d b Chief deity K hn e m u
.
,
.
Huma n Sa cri fi ce
It remains still a disputed .
p oint whether the pylon scenes representing the

Pharaoh about to kill hi s bound enemies indicates the
practice of sacrificing the captives to the god a fter a
battle N o r can it be positively proved that from
.
certain scenes in tombs we are t o learn that victims

were killed at the death of a rich man in order that
their spirit s or ha s (see K A) might follow him and
minister t o him in the other w o rld If this were so .
the custom did not survive t h e civilization of the

Theban E mpire M M aspero has written O n the
. .
,
occasional persist ence of human sacri fice real or ,
simulated even into the times of the se cond Theban

,
E mpire .
”
I a mb l i chus A S yrian N e o
platonist of the fourth
.
-
century A D to whom has been ascribed the celebrated

. .
,
book O n th e E gyptian Mysteries or An swer of

“
,
“
Ah A men the master to Porphyry s letter to Anebo and

’
-
,
”
solutions of the doubts therein expre ssed a work ,
interesting to the student of Egyptian religion .
Ibi s The bird sacred to Thoth that go d b e i n g

. ,
frequently represent ed with the head of an ib 1 s I t .

EGYPT I A N A R C H A E O L O ( }Y
” 7
wa s the I b i s Ae t hiop i ca which i s not foun d north of ,
Wady H alfa The b ird a s a hieroglyph forms p art o f

.
the n ame of Thoth .
I de ogr a ms . S ee H I ER O G L Y P H S .
I m h et e p
-
Eighth king of Dynasty
. IV ,
no , reigned nine years .
I mhet ep god called by the

. A
G eks I m and likened by them hes ,
e H e is the fi r st born of -
Ptah a nd Nut is his mother Powers

of exorcis m and healing were a t t r i
.
,
buted to him A te mple w a s built t o .
him between the S erap eu m and the

village of Ab u si r H i s cult increased .
in S a i te a n d Gree k times Statuette s .
and reliefs represent him a s a young

m
'
a nw e a ri n g a clos e cap and often with

an open roll of papyrus on his knee .
I mhe t e p .
I mut he s . The Greek form of I m he t e p
I n cub a t or . What most excites our wonder an d ,
deserves the greatest praise is the industry shown by ,
the rearers of fowls and geese who not contented , ,
with the course of natural procreation known in other

countrie s hatch an infinite number of birds by an
,
artificial process Disp ensing with the incubation of .
the hens they with the i r own hand bri n g t h e eggs to

,
matur it y ; and the young chicken s thus produced are

not i n fe rl o r in any respect to tho se hatc h ed by natural
means ( D i.o d o ru s i .
I nk . S ee P I G M EN T S .
I ron E gypt s eems to have had no iron age

.
“
analogous to that of many countries Examples of the .
metal are rare until about 8 00 B C The d iffi cult y of . .

78 A C ON CI S E DIC T I ON A R Y OF
obtaining it will account for this but according to ,
some authorities the metal was held in abhorrence by

the E gyptians and wa s dedicat ed to S e t which would ,
also account for the few examples found M oreover .

,
much may have disappeared simply from oxidation .
M any iron tools of t h e G ra e c o E gyptian period were

-
obtained during the excavations at N a ukr a t i s .
I si s The goddess Hest

.
or A se t is the daughter of
S e b and Nut and wife and ,
sister of O siris Sh e is always .
represented as a woma n and ,
wears on her head the seat or

throne which is also the
hieroglyph for her name But .
at times she wears other head

dress es p articu la rly the vulture
,
cap the disk and horns and

, ,
the double crown Sh e i s the .
mother of H orus and as such ,
seems to be merged in H athor

at times Sh e was the true .
typ e of wifehood and motherhood H e r husband .
O siris having been killed and his body hidden by Se t ,
she spared no pains in her search to

find him and was aided in her lamenta
,
tions by her sister N ephthys It i s there

.
fore because of every dead person having

,
becom e an Osi r i a n that these two god

,
desse s are so frequently represented

at the head and feet of the mummy in
the pictures on tomb walls and on ,
sarcophagi With O siris and H orus Isis

.
,
form s one of the best known triads The .
great temple at Philae was dedicated to

her In the legend of R a she figures as
.
a m agician ; and she is called also the

great enchantress .
E GY P TI A N A R C H A E O LO GY
I sra el St e l a A bloc k of black syenite , measuring

m high m
.
l 0ft 3. .
, 5 ft 4in a c 1 o ss, and 1 3
. . thic k found .
,
by Pe t i i e in the 1 nius of a temple of M e 1

Ptah at -
e n -
Thebes It was used 1 n the fi 1 st place by Amen he t e p

.
III who inscribed on it a r e c o 1 d of his 1 e li gi o u s

,
benefactions to the temple of A men H i s son K h u .

,
e n Aten erased
- a great part of it p a 1 t i c ul a rly the ,
names of Amen but the inscription was restored by ,
S eti I M e r e n Ptah took the stone and built it into

.
- -
his temple with the inscribed face to the wall Then .
on the blank side he carved a long account of his

defeat of the L ibyan invaders followed by a record of ,
a Syrian campaign with an enumeration of various ,
tribes and p eoples Among them occurs a nam e which .
is thought by many to refer to the Israelite s of th e

Bibl e The passage run s as follows — Vanquished
.
“
are the Ta h e n n u ; th e K heta (H ittites) are quieted ;

1 a va e d
go
is P a K anana with all violence ; taken is
Ask a d n i (Askelon seized is K a z m e l ; Yenu of the
S yr ian s is made a s though it had not existed ; the
p eople of Y si r a a l l s spoiled it hath no seed ; S yr ia has ,
become as widows of the land of E gypt ; all lands

together are in p eace The stela is in the Cairo .
museum The name I s r a e l u has been found on

.
- - - - - -
another stela of the time of M e r e n Ptah and identified - -

,
by Spiegelberg It is in the Cairo M useum . .
I t hy p ha l li c g od . S ee AM S U .
I vor y Though no great number of ivory obj ects

.
has been found we know that the elephant was well ,
known from the earliest times since the ani m al figures ,
as a hieroglyph in the name of E lephantin e as far bac k

as the V t h Dynasty The p erishable nature of the .
material probably accounts for the small number of the

finds It was used for i nl a y ing furniture and for small
.
,
obj ect s such as spoons orn aments combs dice and

, , , , ,
castanets boomerangs of ivory have also been found .
O ccasionally it was d y ed red or green an d sometimes ,
it was en graved with the point and filled in with black .

80 A C ON CI S E DICT I ON A R Y OF
H ands and arms of ivory have been found laid on the
breasts of mummies In 1 8 9 8 Q uibell in the course
.
,
of his excavations at N e k h e n opposite to El K a b , ,
found several figurines and other obj ects in ivory .
J
Jewell er y A
consid e rable amo u nt of j ewellery has
"
been found the greater part of it in the form of

,
beads of carnelian turquoise lazuli amethyst etc

, , , , .
,
and fai ence which were arra n ged in necklaces The

, .
custom of burying ornaments on the mummy has

preserved to us m any fine example s of the j eweller s ’
work the best of which may be seen in the Cairo

,
M useum The work of the N e w E mpire was very fine

.
,
as the beautif ul gold and i n la i d w o rk of the bracelets ’

,
collars and p ectoral of Q ue en A a h he t e p show but is

,
-
,
almost surpassed by that of the ornaments of the

X I I t h Dynasty found at Dahshur The c loi son s of .
gold are filled with carnelian turquoise lapis lazuli , ,
and other precious stones instead of paste though , ,
that also was used M ore recently . wonderful ,
bracelets of cast an d chased gold and amethyst and ,
lazuli he a ds have been found at Abydos which are ,
thought to ha ve belonged to the queen of Z e r of the ,
Ist Dynasty ( S ee R I N G S )
. .
Judgment . S e e P S YC H O S TA S I A .
82 A C ON C I S E D I CTI ON A R Y OF
and mummified Thes e were exact likenesses of the .
de ceased and one or more were placed in a serd a b

,
m
(g ) in the tomb for the use of the K a E ach king .
had a sp ecial K a name enclosed in a kind of square

cartouche on a banner It was not only human .
beings who h a d K a s but everything gods localities , , ,
furnishings and in order that the K a might be well

,
s erved obj ects he might be supposed to want were

,
broken to free their K a s and placed in the tomb The , .
idea is almost equivalent to Paracelsus theory of ’
astral bodies ( S e e SE TE N H E TE P TA ) .
- - .
Gre ek nam e for He be s ha capital of the

K a b a sos .
-
,
eleventh nome of L ower E gypt the modern H o r b e i t , .
The chief deity was Isis ;
K a de sh godde ss L ad y of H eaven governess

A
'
.
, ,
of all gods the eye of R a there exist s no second to

, ,
her .Sh e was one of a group of fo r e 1 gn divinities

introduced into E gypt at the time of Dynasty XVIII .
S h e was probably a Pho enician deity and synonymous ,
with Astarte .
K a -k a u ,
second k ing o f Dynasty II reigned thirty
-
.
,
nine years H e is said to have established the .
worship of the Apis bulls at M emphis the M nevis ,
bulls at A nnu (H eliopolis ) and the sacred rams at ,
M endes ( S e e AP I S )
. .
K a mi t T he ancient name of Eg y pt which means

.
,
the black land .
K ha t The corruptible dead body symbolized by

.
, ,
the ideogram of a dead fi sh This body it wa s .
necessary to embalm in order to preserve it from decay ,
so that it might in the future becom e a szi hi i or

glorified and incorruptible body po ssessed of know ,
ledge and power The khat probably stands to the .
S et hu in the same relation that the ( ma fi a (T p K o s doe s to

/ a
the c oo/ L a Wy e v
p r xo s
( S ee S AH U ) a
‘
c . .
EGY P T I A N A R C HA E O LO GY 83
K h af -
Ra the K h ep h re n of the
Gree k s third king of the I Vt h Dynasty H i s pyramid

,
.
stands between those of K hufu and M e n k au R a at - -
Gizeh Inscriptions say little of this Pharaoh but

.
,
his features are well known to us from the fine green

diorite statue discovered by M M ariette at the bottom .
of a pit in a temple near the Sphinx The S plendid .
w orkmanship of this statue indicates a very advanced

state of art There were several other statues in the
.
same place but all having been thrown in were

, , ,
broken F ragments of inscriptions t ell us that the

.
name of K h a f R a s wife wa s M eri s anch

-
( S
’
ee - -
.
P YR A M I D S ) The red granite temple usually but

.
,
erroneously called the Temple of the Sphinx was

,
probably built by this monarch .
K ha i b , t h e
The sha d ow of a man or woman which
.
,
left the body at death to continue elsewhere a separate

entity of its own It is represented under the form of
.
a sunshade .
K hem .
( S ee AM S U .
)
K hensu or Khonsu Th e third .
god in the Theban triad th e son ,
of Amen and Mut H e is a lunar .
deit y and as such is confused and

, ,
sometimes as at E dfu identified

, ,
w ith Thoth H e occasionally

.
assumed a solar character and ,
is then represented with a hawk

head and was emblematic of the
,
risin g sun H e was also an

.
e x o r c i so r of spirits in later times ,
as w e find from a tale of the

X t 1 D ynast y where we read ,
of his image being sent to

B ekhten to cure a possessed K h e n su .
81 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ON A R Y OF
princess there H e 1 s repre sented as tightl y swathed
.
,
wearing the side lock of youth H i s proper symbol .

,
worn on the head i s the sun disk in the crescent , ,
and he carries a S ta ff on which are the embl e ms of

life stability a n d dominion A .
or K he p er a O ne of the prin c ipal gods

K he p er . .
The actual word K heper signifies becoming or turning ,
i n the sense of transformation and ,
the god is a typ e of the resurrection .
H e is also a form of the rising sun .
H e is repre sented as a man with a

beetle for a head or with a m an s ,
’
head surmoun t ed by a bee t le The .
beetle being his emblem probably ,
became a symbol of the resurrect i on ,
and may thus account for the multi

tudes of beetles in stones and
fa i ence that have b een found in
'
E gypt O n tomb walls he is seen .
seated in the boat of the sun In .
later ti m es the scribes frequently

Kh pe played
e up
r
on
.
hi s name in the var i ous
mean i n gs of the word .
K he p ersh . The r o yal battle helmet of the Pharaohs .
e e C R O WN
( S .
)
K he t a A
powerful people on the north east of
.
Syria whose capitals of K adesh on the O rontes

, ,
Carchemish and M egiddo were looked upon by t h e

Pharaohs of the X VI I I t h and XI X t h Dynasties a s
important and favourite point s of attack R amses II .
,
after a keen struggle with K heta sar the then K heta -

,
king made an o ffensive and defensive alliance W ith

,
him which was ratified by the ma 1 r iage of the Pharaoh

,
with the daughter of th e K heta ki n g S ome E gy pt o lo .
gist s wish to identify these people with the H ittites of

the O ld T estament .
EGYPT IA N A R C H A E O LO G Y 85
K hi a n , Se -
i t se r-e h -
Ra . F rom the form of the
scarabs and cylinders foun d bearing this k ing s name ’
he may be placed with tolerable certaint y in Dyn ast y

X cir 3 1 00
.
, .
K hne mu or K huem A deity wor .
shipp ed c hi e fl y at Philae , w here he

is represented as making m ankind
out of clay upon a potter s wheel ’
.
H i s name signifie s the m oulder “

.
H e is represented as a ram headed -
god a nd is often found in conj unction

,
with A m en ; A m en Khn e m being

i d entified by th e Greek s with their
Z eus Ammon or Jupiter Ammon in
-
,
L atin sculptures .
K hn e m u
K huThe luminous the “ ‘
.
,
“
clear R enouf points out that
.
glory is p erhap s the true m eaning of it It is one .
of the immortal p arts of man and probably represents ,
the spirit ; it i s symbolized by a flame of fire .
S econd k ing of
D ynasty IV cir 3 9 6 9 R eigned 6 3 years

.
,
The . .
na m e of one daughter i s kno w n He n u t sen This ,

-
.
king was the builder of the Great Pyramid of G i zeh .
There i s a rock tablet at Wady M agh a rah containing

his cartouche .
K hu -
en -
at en . S ee AM E N -
H E TEP IV .
Khut At e n -
( T
The n ame that
EL EL AM AR N A) .
Amen h e t e p -
IV w h o took the n ame of K h u e n
.
,
-
a ten ,
gave to the n ew city th at he built and made
86 A C O N C I S E D I C TI ON A R Y O F
hi s capital O n account of the hatred with which
.
his successors regarded the new form of religion he

had started they completely destroyed t h e town
, ,
t emple and palace

, The few remains that have .
been recovered S how an e normous advance in art ,
in design a n d adaptation Petrie in the course of .
excavation s uncovered some beautiful painted pave

ment s with mo st charming decorative treatment .
These are evidently parts of the floor of the palace .
( S ee AM E N B E TE F IV
) -
.
K ohl and M eszemt Green and black co smetic

. Ua z .
used for painting the eyelids and eyebrows in order

to make the eyes look large H eali n g properties were .
-
also ascribed to th e use of i t ; for in the L eyden

M useum there is a toilet box with four division s and ,
the purpo ses O f the di fferent p reparations are thus

described ; for O p ening the S ight“
for expelling ,
” “
tears ,
for exp elling the flower
”
“
daily eye p aint ,
” “ -
.
S ulphide of lead sulphate of lead green carbonate of

, ,
copper appear to have entered largely into the composi

tion of kohl w hi c h point s distinctly t o commercial
,
intercourse with the east fro m the earliest period of

E gyptian history ( S ee S T I B I U M
) . .
K ummeh A
crude brick fort standing on a natural
.
eminence on the east bank of the Nile about thirty ,
miles above the first cataract It was built by .
U se r t se n III as a protection against the Nubians

. .
( S e e SE M N E H
) .
p
K y non oli s
The Greek name for K a.se the capital -
of th e seventeenth nome of Upper E gypt the modern ,
E l K e s The chief deity worshipped there was Anubis

. .
EG Y P I I A N A R C H A E OLO GY 87
‘
La b y r i n t h L a p e - ro hzt n t
Temple at the op ening
,
- -
.
of the canal (Brugsch ) H erodotus ii 1 4 8 says that

”
.
, .
,
it lay a little above L ake M oeris near the city named ,
after the crocodiles Strabo who visited it states .

, ,
that it lay between thirty and fort y stadia from the

first sailin g into the canal and t h a t Arsi n O e lay
'
about 1 00 stadia further on It must therefore have .
been situated between Arsinoe and the entrance to the

F a y a m and not on the further side of the Birket e l
,
K ur u n a s some have thought

,
H aw a ra is identified .
b y Petrie a s the site of the L abyrinth .
According to H erodotus the pyramids may ,

“
indi vidually b e compared to many of the magnificent

structures of Greece but even the se are inferior to the
,
L abyrinth It i s composed of twelve courts all of

.
,
w hich are covered ; their entrances are opposite t o

each other six to the north and six to the south one
, ,
w all enclose s the whole ; the ap artments are of two

kinds there are 1 5 00 above the surface of the ground
,
and as many beneath in all 3 000 The upp er , .
apartments I myself saw and I pronounce them among ,
the greatest e fforts of human industry and art The .
almost infinite number of winding p assages through

the di fferent court s excited my warmest admir ation ,
from spacious halls I p assed through smalle 1 ap art

ment s an d from them again to large and magnificent
,
courts almost without end Th e ceilings and walls are

, .
all of marble the latter richly adorned with the finest

,
s culptur e an d around each co ur t are pillars of the

,
whitest and most polished marble S trabo speaks of .
t h e long and intricate p assages which led to the

p eristyle courts all backing on to o n e wall—and of the
,
hall of twenty seven columns connected with the

-
,
courts the number of them being equal to the

,
88 A C ON CI S E DICT I ON A R Y OF
nomes of Egypt Pliny who app ears to have strung
.
,
together a number of traditional reports says there ,
were sixteen nome courts with forty statues of N emesis

in them H e also m ention s the crocodile burying
.
pla c es .
Petrie taking H erodotus and Strabo for hi s guides

, ,
carefully surveyed the ground in 1 8 8 9 and decided that ,
no other S ite than H aw a ra was possible for the

L abyrinth H —
ere he found an enormous area 1 000 ft
by 8 00 ft —
. .
w ell defined with a bed of limestone chip s

.
,
and traces beneath it of a foundation evidentl y ,
prepared to receive som e enormous building M ere .
figures will not signify readily to the mind the vast

extent of construction ; but when we compare it with
the greatest of other E gyptian temples it may be
somewhat realized O n that space could be erected .
the great hall of K arnak and all the successive temples

adj oining it and the great court and pylon s of it also
,
t h e temple of M u t and that of Kh e n su and that of ,
A men he t e p III at K arnak ; also the two great

-
.
temples of L uxor and still there would be room for

,
th e whole of the R a m e sseum In S hort all of th e .
temples on the east of Thebe s and one of the largest on

the west bank might be placed together in the one
,
area of the ruins of H aw ara H ere we certainly have .
a site worthy of the renown which the L abyrinth

F rom careful observations made on the
S pot Petrie has recovered this much of the arrange
ment of the L abyrinth —O n the eastern S ide may yet
,
be seen part of the limestone pavement which has ,
survived the needs of the French engi n eers who laid

the F ay u m railway and used it a s their stone quarry .
This pavement appears to have been double and ,
consisted of blocks of yellow limeston e with fine white

lim estone S lab s superimposed A few O f the blocks .
.
of the architraves still lie about bearing the cartouches ,
of Amen e m ha t III ( Dynasty XII ) and Se b e kn e fe r u

- - . .
( Dynasty as do also the fragments of a clustered

column and the remains of three red granite columns
,
.
F rom the levels it is clear that the building was square ,

90 A C ON C I S E DIC T I ON A R Y O F
a statue of O siris The first part of the papyrus .
contains some chapters of the funeral ritual in hiero .
glyphs The second part consists of five pages of

.
fine hieratic writing of the lower epoch probably of ,
the tim e of the Ptolemies The subj ect i s the resur .
rection and renewed birth of O siris and it ha s a great ,
analogy with the B ook of R espiration s ( S “

ee .
F estival S ongs of Isis and N e p h t h y s F o r trans .
l ation by M de H o rra ck see R ecords of th e Past

.
,
“
,
2n d edition vol ,
.
La ng ua g e The language of the hierogl y phs is

.
perhap s the oldest in the world It is closely related .
to no other with the exception of it s descendant Coptic ,
( g o
)
. It has a ffi nities however with many ; with , ,
H ebrew and other S emitic languages with E ast ,
African languages such as Bishari Galla and S omali, , , ,
and with the B erber languages O f N orth Africa .
D uring t h e thousands of years that it was n use it

'
n aturally came through di fferent phases 1/ or p r a c .
tical purposes students have divided t h e p eriod into

three sections called O ld E gyptia n M iddl e E gypt i an
, , ,
and L ate E gyptian corresponding to the historical ,
divisions of O ld M iddle and N ew E mpires In the

, ,
’
.
mo st ancient times it was wr i t t e n w i t h purely phonetic

‘
‘
S igns, and was very little inflected N o treatis e or .
grammar of a n y kind or of any p eriod has been found ,

.
La sso Tomb picture s at B eni H asan S how the

.
capture of wild bulls and gaz elles b y mean s of the

lasso The E gyptian las so app ears to have been a
.
long rop e with a ball at the end of it which would ,
give weight and enable the rop e t o catch more certainly

round the legs body or horn s of the animal
,
.
La t op ol i s . Se e E S N E H .
La t us . Se e F I S H .
Le a d This m etal has been found used as inlay on

.
doors and f urniture Also small statuettes were .

“
EGY P T I A N A R C [I A E O L O G Y 91
occasiona lly made in this metal especi ally those of ,
O siri s and Anubis .
Le g , t h e . A constellation identified b y R enouf with

Cassiopeia .
The Greek name for Se hhem the capital

Let op oli s .
,
of the second nome of L o w e r E gyp t th e modern U sim , .
Chief deity H orus , .
Li b r a ry Although
no great collection of books such
.
,
as the treasure of cla y tablets in As syria has ever been ,
found in E gy pt there is su ffi cient evidence t o S how

,
that collections of papyri were formed A chamber in .
t he temple at E dfu o ff the K he n t H a ll was a library , , ,
the catalogue of books being inscribed on its w alls .
The name of at least On e librarian has come down to

u s that of A men em hant di rector of the Theb an
,
- -
,
L ibrary under R amses II .
Lib y a ns . L ibya was the country lyin g north west -
Of E gypt inhabited b y tribes with whom the Pharaohs

,
kept up an intermittent warfare Th e L ibyan s of

classical geographies—the L a b u L a i i bi i L e bu of the
.
E gyptian monuments —are mentioned for the first time

, ,
in the X I Xt h Dynasty They are repres ented i n .
p aintings as rather fine men with fair h air falling in a ,
side lock having fair complexion s with blue eye s

, , .
Whenever there wa s a conspiracy among the p etty

kings against E gypt the L ibyan king w a s if not actual , ,
leader at least one of the chief ringleaders When

, .
R am se s conquered them they made splendid troop s

for him and formed an imp ortant p art of his auxiliary
,
army .
The manufacture of l i n en was one of the

Li n e n .
most important industries It was used for clothing .

,
b eing considered purer than woollen garments and ,
i m mense quantitie s were used in the mum m ifying of

men and animals In a tomb at M ed a m there is a list .
92 A C O N C I S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
of di fferent kinds of linen Three are mentioned and .
,
of each kind there are three qualities Pliny mentions .
four qualities naming them after the districts f rom

,
which they came The finest quality almost resemble s .
an Indian muslin Exami n ation shows that there .
were always many more threads in the woof than in

the warp ( S e e WE AV I N G and D Y E I N G )
. .
Li on In ancient times there must have been many

.
lions in the desert a n d in Ethiopia for there are ,
records of lion hunts with immens e bags as the result

-
,
.
S ome historical scarabs of A men h e t e p III record -

.
that during his reign he caught or killed a hundred

and two lions The animal i s O ften seen upon temple
.
and tomb walls The king i s fre quently accompanied

.
by a favourite tame lion into battle and the same ,
animal reposes under his chair at home It was also .
apparently used in the chase as seen on tomb walls ,

.
The E gyptian artist was more successful in dr awing

this beast than in many of his animal portraits In .
papyri two lion s seated back to back with the solar ,
disk between them is a frequent vignette O ver one , .
is written Ye sterday and over the other This

“
,
“
M orning Sh u and Te fn u t are a lso depicted as t w o

.
”
lions . The solar godde sses S ekhet Te fn ut Pa kh t , ,
and Bast are all at times repre se n ted with the lioness
head .
Li t a n i e s of Sek er . Se e F E S T I V AL S O N G S OF ISI S
A N D N EP H T H Y S .
Li t era t ur e . N umberles s
papyri have been found in
E gypt the greater p art of which relate to religious
,
m atters This I S n a t u1 a l S ince the se docum ents we 1 e

. ,
buried with th e dead and were then well preserved ,

.
But on account of the p erishable material on which

literature finds it s expression what is left to us m ust ,
be but a small proportion of the books of a n c I e n t “
E gypt There i s plenty of evidence that the art O f

.
literature was practised at a very early ti m e nor i s it ,

Asy u t Chief deity Ap uat This name
. the city
,
-
.
,
“
”
of wolves , came from th e j ackal headed form of the -
god worshipped there .
Ma at . O ne
of the mo st important goddesse s of the
E gyptian Panth eon Sh e is truth and j ustice per
.
so n i fi e d but more also for the word me a t signifies ,
order and law moral and physical Gods and kings

,
.
all confessed to a nkh en ma a t

“
i e living or ,
. .
“
existing by or up on rule as if they recognized the ,

”
unerring order which govern s the universe S h e is

”
.
as sociated with Thoth and i n the ,
conception of these two divinitie s

we find probably the loftiest ideas
that the E gyptian s had of th e deity .
M a a t i s S poken of as the daughter

of R a Sh e seems to have as sisted .
Ptah and K h n e mu at the creation .
S h e is mistress of heaven ruler of ,
earth and pre sident O f the nether

,
world H e r symbol is th e feather

.
,
which we see in the j udgment

scenes weighed in the balances
Ma a t .against the heart of the deceased .
The Greeks identified her with their

Themis Sh e i s represented as a woman with the
.
feather of truth on h e r head and sometimes with ,
a bandage over her ey es .
Ma a t K heru
C :
formula in inscriptions A
adde d after th e name of the deceased The ex act .
translation of it has for long been a subj ect of di s

c u ssi o n among scholars R enouf considers that one .
EGYP TI A N A R C H A E OL O G Y 93
whose word i s law approximate s mo st closely to

the original ; while M asp ero would translate it true “
o f intonation in allusion to the true voice require d

,
by t h e departed for the recitation of those magic

incantation s which would render them all powerful -
in the underworld .
Ma mmi si of giving birth

. H ouse
That chamber .
in a temple in which the goddess i s supposed to have

given birth to the th i rd p erson of the triad .
Ma net ho historian O f the Ale x a n di i a n school

. A ,
who under Ptolemy Philadelphu s (third c e n t u1 y B C

, . .
wrote a histor y of E g y pt with a list of its thirty

dyn asties which he p i o fe sse d to have dra w n from
,
genuine archives in the keeping of the priest s H e .
himself wa s an E gyptian priest living at S e b e n n y t u s , ,
in L ower Egypt H i s book i s now only known by .
some list s and fragments preserved by Josephus i n

his t 1 e a t i se Against Apion “
by Eusebius i n his ,
Chronica and by Sy ncellus O f these Syncellus

,
”
.
,
does not quot e from the original Though E gyptian .
monument s have a fforded confirmation of many of

his statement s it is not wise t o rely entirely on hi s
,
assertions since through transcriptions and r e t ra n

,
sc r i p t i o n s the o 1 i gi n a l has p I O b a b ly su ffered from

a lt e I a t i o n s H i s method was a pp a 1 e n t ly not strictly
.
c hronological the number of yea 1 s for each dynasty

,
being made up of the sum of the kings re i gns ’
without allowance being made fO 1 the overlapping of

some of these dynasties The work i s however .
, ,
invaluable to the student for comparative use S everal .
other works have been ascribed to M anetho .
Ma shua sha The name of a tribe of L ibyans t r e

.
,
quently occurring on the monuments against whom ,
the Pharaoh s waged war The y a l lied them selve s .
with other tribe s again st M e r e n Ptah and w ere - -

,
defeated .But again they caused trouble under

R amses III w hen they seem to have settled in the
.
,
96 A C ON C I S E D l C TI O NA R Y OF
D elta R amses however drove them out and sub

.
, , ,
sequently they seem to have become auxiliaries in

that Pharaoh s army ( S ee L I B YAN S )
’
. .
Ma son The builder O f walls ( S allier Pap

.
“
.
a trade which i s represented as bei n g one of t he

h ardest and least profitable .
Ma st ab a The Arabic word for the benches that

.
are usually placed at the entrance of Arab doorways ,
and applied by the Arabs to the tombs of the Ancient

E mpire found at S akk ara Med u m & c The name , , .
was adopted by M ariette and is recognized among ,
archaeologists The mast aba consists of a quad

.
r a n ul a r massive building with in c lined walls having

g ,
no opening but the door It is low and flat on the .

,
top having the appearance of a truncated pyramid

,
.
It was built of stone or of crude brick When of .
stone the fa cade was decorated with sculptures L ike .
every E gyptian tomb ( see T O M B S ) these ancient ones

consist of three p arts —the chap el th e pas sage (con ,
sisting in this case of a

vertical S haft ) and the sar ,
c o p h a gus chamber The .
c hapel of a mast aba takes

various forms In some .
case s it is no more than a

fa cade with a false door ,
m flm L
and a stela setting forth the
( “ m y
names and titles O f the

deceased the mast aba being ,
a solid mass of rubble The .
door is usually on the east

S ide the mast aba being ,
R k
“
oc
roughly orientated t o th e
four cardinal point s I n .
other examples as in the ,
tomb s of Thi and M era at

S akk ara the chapel con ,
Ma st ab sists O f a succession of
a .
98 A C ON CI S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
Me di ci ne There is su fficient evidence of the
.
practice of medicine among the a ncient E gyptians .
It seems that dissection w a s forbidden from reli gious

s cruples and surgical op erations were prohibited there ,
fore the knowledge that physician s had of the organs of

the body and their function s was necessarily limited .
The E bers p apyrus says t hat the head contains

t wenty two vessels which draw the S pirit s ( of life )
-
,
into it and send them thence through the body Th e .
heart was called the beginning of all the members“

,
because it s vessels lead to all the members and ,
perhap s some idea of the circulation of the blood is

indicated by the fact that the student is told that
w herever the doctor laid his hand everywhere does ,
“
he meet with the heart (pulse ) The medical papyri .
consist chiefly of prescript i ons mixed u p with magical

formul ae Against some of these rec i pe s the p r a c
.
t i t i o n e r has written comments as to their efficacy .
The drugs were chiefly composed of vegetable s but ,
parts of animals and insects were also used (S ee .
M E D I C AL P A P Y R I ) .
Me di net el -F a y fim
town in the F ay u m called . A ,
ancientl y S hed probably in reference to its being

,
“
saved or , cut out ; from the surrounding lake
“
district L at er on it w a s known as Crocodilopolis

.
,
from being the centre O f the crocodile worship In .
Ptolemaic times it was called Arsino e in honour of ,
the sister wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus There are

-
.
ruin s of a t emple .
Mehi t . A —
goddess t h e p e r so n i fi c a t i o n of th e n orth
wind .
Mehurt The name given to the great celestial

.
heifer of whom the sun was born and hence a p e r so nifi ,
cation o f that part of the sky in w hich the sun rises

and takes his daily course S h e is at times identified .
with N ut and again with H athor B esides being r e .
presente d as a cow she is portrayed as a woman , ,

EGY P TI A N A R C H A E O LO G Y 99
sometime s with a cow s head ’

. The j udgment scene
in the B ook O f the D ead
“
,
w a s supposed to take
plac e in the abode of M e h ur t .
Memnon An E t h o p i a n son of Tithonus and Au

.
,
rora who wa s sla i n b y Achille s at Troy The two

, .
.
colossal statue s of Am e n s h e t e p III at Thebes were .
said by the Greeks to be representations of this p erson .
These statues were originally monoliths of red breccia ,
a pebbly conglomerate exceedingly di fli c ult to work

The northernmost having been severely damaged —i t
.
i s supposed by the earth quake in B C 27 —presented a .
curiou s phenomenon emitting sounds at sunrise which

, ,
caused it to b e called Vocal M emnon and brought it

great fam e M any travellers came from far to hear
.
the musical sounds an d some have left records of ,
their exp erience s inscribed on th e legs and pedestal of

the statue The clum sy restoration by me an s O f five
.
,
courses of sandstone which was e ffected by S e p t i m i u s

,
S ev erus put a stop to the sounds

, Among those who .
left in scription s were Ask le p i o do t o s B a lb illa a court ,
poetess and several governors of E gypt The pheno

menon i s discussed by S trabo —who could not believe
.
,
that the sound a ctually proceeded from the ston e —b y

Pau sanias and J uve n a l ( S ee C O L O S S I ) . .
Memnoni um N ame
given by the Greek s to the
.
temple of Amen he t e p III at Thebes with its sur

-
.
,
rounding dwellings o f which little remains but the

,
two colossi Also called th e Am e n o p h i u m

.
( S e e .
MEM NON ) .
Me mp hi s Gre ek name for M e nn ef ei t the capital of

.
'
the first nome of L ower E g y pt the modern M i t ,
R a h i n eh Chief deity Ptah

.
,
.
Men a . cir . B C
. .
47 77 , of Tini [G r . This or Thi n i s] , w hose name

1 00 A C O N CI S E D I C T I O N A R Y OF
signifies the S teadfast “
was the first king of th e ,
.
Ist Dynasty All that i s known of him consist s

.
of a few statement s of doubtful credit found

in the c lassic writers there being no monument s ,
left of the p eriod These t ell us that he united .
E gypt under one sceptre and was its first law

giver ; that h e founded Memphis an d that in order , ,
to secure a suitable site for his capital he diverted th e ,
course of the N ile by the con struction of an enormous

dike The F rench e ngineer M L inant professes t o
.
,
.
,
have found this construction in the great dike of

C o ch e i ch e Tradition says that he was followed by
.
his seven sons in success i on .
Mende s The Greek n a m e fo r P a ba n e b t e t t et capi

’
- - -
.
,
tal of the S ixteenth nome of L ower E gypt the modern ,
El Amdid
-
Chief deity B a n e b Te t t e t
.
,
- n
.
Menhi t lion hea ded goddess akin to H athor and

. A
Bast representing some form or degre e of the heat of
,
the sun Sh e was worshipped at H eliopolis

. .
Me n k a R a - -
,
N i t -e ger ti . Probably the Q ueen
of Manetho and H erodotus

Ni t o c ri s . Sh e was the last
ruler of the V I t h Dynasty cir 3 3 4 7 , . B C .
Men k a u-Hor
- .
"
seventh king of the V t h Dynasty c ir 3 589 , .
There is a r o ck tablet of this king at Wady M agh a rah .
Me n -
k a u-R é . F ourth
ki n g o f the I V t h Dynasty c i 1 . B C 3 8 45
. R eigned
O f the t hi I d o f the
.
,
sixty three year s The b ui lde 1

-
1 02 A C ON CI S E DIC TI O N A R Y OF
Dynasty XI cir .
,
28 3 2 B C . Two queen s are known ,
Tu m e m ( )
2 and Aa h .
Me r -en - Pt a h , Dynasty XIX
cir E C 1 3 00 Th e 1 4 th son of R am se s II It i s
. . . .
generally believed that this king may be identified

with the Pharaoh of the Exodus H i s body was
discovered in the to mb of Amen h e t e p II in 1 899
.
-
.
and i s n o w in the Cairo M useum An irruption of .
the L ibyans into E gypt and their defeat at Prosopis is

the chief event of this otherwise uneventful reign .
M er- e n-R a , Me hti -e i n -

sa f
-
. F ourth king of Dynasty
VI cir 3 44 7 B C The imp ortant i nscript i on in the

.
, . .
tomb of H e r khuf at Asw a n date s from this king s

-
’
reign H i s pyramid M en fi n ish i s at S akk a ra

.
, ,
.
Mer sk er form of the goddess H athor H e r

- . A .
name signifies she w h o loves silence Sh e i s

“
.
“
regent of the west S h e i s represented with the .
disk and horns of H athor and i s sometimes pictured ,
in the mountain of the west .
Me skhent The goddes s of birth seen on her throne

.
pre siding over the birth scene on the walls at D er e l

B a hri S h e also figure s in the scen e of the weighing
.
of th e heart in the Judgment H all of O siris The .
symbol on her head is a straight stem split at the end

and c urling over on either S ide like the sign on the ,
head of A n i t (g m )
Me szemt S ee S T I B I U M and K O H L
. .
Me st ha . A nam e given to the god Amse t (g nu ) .
M et él i s . The Greek name for Sen t -

f
n e er t , the capital
EGY P TI A N A R C H A E O LO GY 1 03
of the seventh nome of L ower Egypt . Chief deity ,
Hu .
Mi n . S e e AM S U .
Mi zr a i m The H ebrew name of E gypt

. . It mean s
literally the two met e o rs or towers .
Mnevi s . N ame of the sacred black bull venerated

at H eliopolis .
( S ee AP I S
.
)
Moer i s . S ee L AK E M O E R I S .
Mone y In the sense of coin the ancient E gyptian s

.
had no m oney The first appearance of a coinage

.
was during the Persian occupation ; but no real

currency was established until the Ptolemaic time s .
Gold for purchase money wa s weighed U nder the

-
.
N e w E mpire it was made in the form of rings but ,
even then was weighed The rings seem to have .
varied in thickness though having a uniform diameter

,
:
of about 5 ins S uch a weighing out is frequently

.
depicted on the to m b and temple walls M r Poole s .

“
.
’
researches into the very complicated numism atics of

the Ptole m aic Dynasty S how that the first Ptolemy
established a silver coinage on the basis of the Attic
drachm a as the ordinary silver unit There was .
both silver and copper coinage ( S ee U TE N and .
T R AD E ) .
Mon og a my . S e e H AR E M .
Mo o n T h e
moon was sacred
u n d e r d i ff e r e n t
forms A a h Thoth
, , ,
K h e n su being the
m o st fre qu ent .
But especially is
it connected with
Tho th a s the “
Lun a r b a rk .
1 04 A C ON C I S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
measurer the moon being the m easurer of ti m e a n d
, ,
Thoth being god of a ll the exac t sciences I n later .
times O siris is identified with the moon As a sy m b o l .
it is represented as a crescent holding a disk in whi c h ,
form it m a y be seen o n the heads of Thoth K h e n su , ,
and others L ike the sun and all the planets the
.
,
moon w a s c on c eived of as sailing the celestial ocean

in h i s own particular bark .
Mummi e d Ani ma l s Certain animals that were .
e I t h e r emblems of or sacred to g o ds were carefully

, ,
mummified by the Egyptian s Those oftenest met .
with are the bull antelope j ackal hippopotamus , , , ,
cat monkey or ap e crocodile ic h neumon hedge h og

, , , , ,
shrewmouse ibis hawk frog toad scorpion beetle

, , , , , , ,
snake and the latus oxyrhynchus and silurus fishes , , .
O f these the Apis bulls

, were buried in sarco
phagi many of which have been discovered at
,
S akk a ra O ther animals were placed in rectangular

.
bronze or wooden cases each surmounted by a little ,
figure of the animal it contain ed ; or in cases whi c h

took the shape of the animals themselves Thus cat .
c o ffi n s were cat shap ed with eyes of obsidian

-
rock , ,
crystal or coloured paste

, L arge numbers of .
mummied cats have b een found at B ub a st i s the city ,
where the cat -headed goddes s was worshipp ed .
Ibises were placed in earthenware j ars while snake s ,
and fish were often merely bandaged and laid in pits

prep ared for the purpose .
Mummy (hu m an ) term probably derived from A

an Arab word mumia — bitumen meaning there
.
, ,
fore a bitumen preserved body

,
-
.
In hieroglyphs the word is
While the verb to make in t o a mummy is

q ,
e s lit to wrap up in bandages
.
, .
M ummifying the dead was practised fro m the

earliest ages and was in general use until the fourth
,
A C ON CI S E D I C TI O N A R Y O F
the tomb walls It resembles a funnel shaped vase .
-
of pottery with parchment strained over th e wide

m outh The C Y M B AL S were similar to modern ones
.
,
only smaller They were m ade of brass or a mixture

.
of brass and silver The C A S TAN E T S were in the form .
of slightly curved sticks of wood or ivory about a foot

l o n g terminating in a hu m an head
, The pictures of .
T AM B O U R I N E S on the tomb walls do not indicate the

metal rings w h ich we associate with the instru m ent .
But from the w a y in which the perfor m er is seen to

hold it up we may conclude that the Egyptian tam
b o ur i n e was provided with them .
O f Wi n d I n st r umen t s only wooden ones have been

preserved ; but pictures on the monuments S how
”
troop s accompanied b y men with T R U M P E T S The .
in stru ment represented is a simple one about 1 5 ft .
long made apparently of bras s The FL U TE w a s of

,
.
various kinds S ometimes it was of extraordinary

.
length — between 4 and 5 ft The specimens found .
vary from 7 to 1 5 ins in length They were made of . .
reeds chie fl y and had three four and sometimes five

, , ,
holes F lutes were also made of wood of ivory of

.
, ,
horn and bone The D O U B L E P I P E is m ore frequently

, .
depicted on the monument s than the flute oftenest ,
played by women and sometimes while the performer ,
dances It was made of the same materials as the

.
flute .
The S tri nged I n st r umen t s represented on the m onu

ments are of several kinds B esides the H AR P (g t ) .
there were lyres guitars or lutes and others of , ,
which we do not know the names The lyre is O f .
various forms and is d ecorated in many ways It

,
.
had fro m five to eighteen strings which were sounded ,
by the hand or with a plectrum ; and sometimes the

chords were touched With the left hand while the right
hand played with a plectrum The instrument was held .
in var i ous ways occasionally under the arm The ,

.
G U I TAR or lute is perhap s the instrument m o st fre

, ,
quently met with It was p layed chiefly by women . .
The oval body is of wood or of wood covered with ,

EGY P T IA N A R C H A E O L O ( {Y 1 07
leather perforated with several holes With its l o ng .
neck it must have measure d about 4 ft The thre e .
strings w ere fastened to the body by a triangular piece

of wood or bone and kept from contact with the neck
,
at the other end by a small cros s bar .
Musi ci a ns There must have been two kinds of

.
music and their exponents belonged to very di fferent

,
grade s in society The higher kind which was pro

.
,
bably very stereotyped w a s taught a n d p erform ed by ,
the priests and w a s more or le s s religious while the

, ,
popul a r music w h ich the p e ople loved to have at their

feasts was provide d by paid entertainers w h o were
.
usually accompa n ied by dan cers if indeed they did ,
not dance themselve s That the Pharaoh enj oyed .
singing and musical entertainments is evident from

the fact that there w a s a functionary w h o bore the
title Sup erintendent of song and of the recreation of
t h e king but the ki n g never seem s to have don e
particular honour to any performers nor do we hear ,
of any musician of high rank There were both men .
and women p erform ers ( S ee M U S I C and M U S I C AL .
IN S TR U M E N T S ) .
Mut . A goddess the second ,
of the Theban triad where sh e ,
is the wife of A men R a and the -
mother of K h e n su H e r name .
signifies the mother

“
the ,
vulture which stands for it also

meaning mother S h e is .
called mistres s of t h e gods

“
lady of he a ven eye of R a ,

.
Amen he t e p III built a te m ple

-
.
to her in Asher th e chief centre

,
of h er worsh i p which is a little

,
south of K arnak S h e is re p r e .
sented as a woman wearing

the vulture cap and t h e double
crown . S ometi m e s she i s
figured with a liones s head ’
.
1 08 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ON A R Y OF
Mut em na -
heiress with her S ister K hut of
-
. C O -
, ,
Amen he t e p I I wife of Th o t h m e s IV and mother of

- .
, .
Amen he t e p I II
-
S h e is repre sented standing to the .
left of the king her son in the Colossi at Thebe s and ,
on the walls of the temple of L uxor .
My t hol ogy . S ee R E L I G I O N .
Na t r on ,
i
neutral carbonate of sodium obtained
. e .
,
from the natron lakes which are in a valley in the desert

west of the D elta not very far from the river This , .
substan c e used in the prep aration of the body for

,
entombment (se e E M B AL M I N G ) was probably o b tained

by evaporation of t h e water of the lake s ; or by
washing the e ffl o r e sc e n c e from the earth on which it
app eared .
Na ha r or Na h a l
,
A S emitic word signifying .
river and by Brugsch it is thought t o be the origin

of the word N ile .
”
Na uk r a t i s . A
to w n in the north west of the Delta -
,
in the fi ft h nome of L ower E gypt not far from S a i s

'
, ,
about miles due north of the modern K o m e l H i sm .
S trabo s ays it was founded by M ilesian s in the fifth

century B C but this must be an error because in the
, ,
sixth century B C Am a si s gr anted privilege s to it . .
H erodotus sp eaking of Am a si s favour to the Greeks

’
, ,
says that he gave the city of N a ukr a t i s for such as

arrived in E gypt to dwell in During his reign i t .
enj oyed a monopoly of Greek trade and flourished . .

1 10 A C ON C I S E D I CTI ON A R Y OF
Dynasty and wa s really the foundress of that line
, ,
and as such S h e was adored until t h e XX I st Dyn asty .
H e r beautiful co ffin 1 0 ft 4 ins long i s in the Cairo , . .

,
M useum .
Tum or Ne fer at mu The third god in the

,
-
.
M emphis the others being Ptah and S ekhet

, ,
though his place is frequently taken by I m

he t e p H e was the son of S ekhet or P a kh t
.
, ,
or As a nature god he represent s the

heat of the rising sun In the Book of the .
“
”
D ead his function seem s to be to grant
continuance of life in the world to come ,
but he i s not very frequently mentioned .
H e is represented as a man with a lotus

S pringing from hi s head M iniature figure s .
of this god in various sub stance s are c o m

a r a t i ve l common
p y .
N ehe si
king probably to be pla c ed
. A ,
among those of the X I I I t h Dynasty H i s .
name suggest s th at he m a y have been a

Ne f e r Tu m negro
. .
Nehe si u . The E gypti an name for the negroes .
or Nei t h or Ni t A g odde ss
Nsi t , , .
who se name is found in the oldest

inscriptions although her cult doe s
,
not seem to have gained much ‘
prominence until the time of the

XX V I t h Dynasty and then it was ,
confined to S a i s There sh e formed

'
a
'
triad with O siri s and H orus Sh e .
is represented a s a woman wearing

the crown of L ower E g ypt and her ,
distinguishing emblem s are sometimes

the shuttle and sometimes t w o crossed
arrows S h e frequently carries a bow
.
and arrows in her hands and in this ,

EGYP TI A N A R C H A E O LO GY 1 11
form has been identified by the Greeks with their

Athene ( Minerva ) S h e may have been of L ibyan .
origin for we see her symbol the shuttle much used

, , ,
a s a decorative design by that nation H e r name .
signifie s the weaver or the shooter “

At time s “
.
sh e is identified with the sky goddess and is represented ,
as a cow At other times she assume s the attributes

.
of M ut or H athor S h e is s aid to be the mother of “
the gods particularly of R a and—i n a pyramid text

.
,
”
, ,
of S ebek .
Nek a n II .
,
Ne m—
ub -R d , XX VI t h Dynasty ,
B C
. . 612
596 . The Pharaoh N echo of th e O ld Testament

( 2 K ings xxiii 29 , Jeremiah xlvi a brave and ener
. .
getic ruler but wanting in prudence H e maintained

, .
a fleet at the mouths of the N ile and on the R e d S e a ,
and with the aid of Phoenician sailors circumnavigated ,
Africa .H e also attempted to r e cut the canal from -
B u b a st i s to the head
of the Gulf of S uez .
Nekheb t ( S i va n ) .
The goddess of the

S outh Sh e is usually
. N ek h eb t .
represented in the
form of a vulture S h e was worshipp ed at . E ileith y ias .
Nepht hy s . S ister goddess

to Isis -
,
and wife of Se t Sh e help ed

Isis in
.
her search for the body of the S lain

O siris and in her lamentations over
,
him Therefore S h e is always asso

.
c i a t e d with Isis in funerary sc e n e s a
The two stand facing each other with

wings outspread on either side of the
mummy or they are carved at each
,
N e pht h y s . en d of sarcophagi or painted on ,

1 12 A C ON CI S E D I CT I ON A R Y OF
co ffins and mummies N ephthys or N e b t h et i s the .
,
-
,
daughter of S e b and Nut and as a nature goddes s ,
represents probably the sun set S h e is depicted as

, , .
a woman her only disting uishing feature being her

,
head dress According to Plutarch s legend S h e was

-
.
’
the mother of Anubis .
Ne si -Amsu papyrus of found at Thebes in 1 8 60 ;

, ,
purchased by R h i n d and sold to the trustees of the “
British M useum by D avid Bremner O wing to the .
careless writing of the colophon it has been concluded ,
that the p apyrus wa s not written sp ecially for N esi

A m su but was one of a number prep ared by some
,
p erson whose business it was to supply funeral

p apyri to relatives of the dead for placing in t h e ,
.
tombs It consist s of three separate works first the

.
,
F estival S ongs of Isis and N ephthys (g t ) secondly ,
the L itanie s of S eker and thirdly the Book of ,
the O verthro w ing of Ap epi (g m ) Th e W hole p apyrus .

,
which is of very fine t exture and measures 1 9 ft by , .
9 % ins ( containing 3 3 column s and 9 4 0 lines ) has

.
,
been transliterated and tran slated by Budge in Ar c h a e o

logia vol 5 2 p art ii
,
.
,
. .
Ne t e r-k hert et na m e for the

. A
divin e under “
world ,
which frequently occurs i n the Book of the “
D ead and in tomb in scription s .
Net er-t a The Divine land. probably the

country along the R e d S e a extending from S uez on
the north to the mountains o n th e sou t h .
Ni f . The little sail was the symbol for

breath The . he .
(g o
) may be seen bringi n g it back to
the mumm y .
Ni l e . th e na m e of the river
6 N elAo g , N ilus , N i l ,
‘
of E gyp t It i s almost unne c essary to rem ark that

.
-
these na m es are none of the m ancient Egyptian The .
derivation of the word N ile is given by Brugsch as ”

1 14 A C ON CI S E D I C TI O N A R Y OF
of the N ile are very rare and are usually
S tatue s ,
painted green or red to represent the colour of the

river before or after the inundation .
The source of the Nile has been from tim e im m e

morial a myst ery ; m odern travellers place it in the
Victoria N yanza L ake but it is quite possible that it
,
rises even further south of the equator The river .

,
after passing through L ake Albert Nyanza proceeds ,
as far north as Gondokoro 5 N wh ere it is j oined ,

°
.
,
by the B ahr e l Gazelle and the S ob at from this point

- -
to K hart u m it i s called the Bahr e l Abyad ( White - -
N ile ) here the Bahr e l Az r e k ( Blue N ile) unites with

- -
it The stream then flows on to the sea receiving on

.
,
it s w a only one tributary the Atbara It s length i s

,
.
about 3 3 00 miles .
Every year the N ile overflows its ban k s About .
th e time of the summer solstice it begin s gradually to

rise and continues so to do until the end of S eptember
,
,
when it gradually subsides leaving behind it a deposit

,
of rich black mud The pro sperity of the cou n try

,
.
dep ends upon the height to which the flood Nile rises .
S hould there be an excessive overflow the dikes break

down houses are swept away and sometimes whole
, ,
villages damaged If there is a deficiency the lan d

. ,
EGYP T I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 15
which is lef t unmoistened is not fertilized and must

remain barren .
As long ago as the days of Am en em h a t III - - .
( Dynasty XII ) so much importance was

. attached to
the rising of the N ile that messengers were de spatched
fro m S e m n e h above the second cataract to carry the
, ,
new s through th e towns and villages There are .
some inscrib ed rocks at S e mn e h recording the average

height of the inundation during th e reign of this
monarch and it surpasses t hat of our days by 1 1 % ft
,
.
,
while the hi g hest rise recorded is 27 ft 3 in s above . .
the greatest inundation known in our times .
Ni t ocr i s S ee M E N K A- R A
’
-
. .
Noma r ch . S ee N OME S .
Nomes . 5555 35 B esep . The great di vision s of

the kingdom of ancient Egypt and dating ba ck t o t he ,
WI m 0—
t 1e e towns There were in all forty two -
n o m e sf t w n f
e y t w o in U pp er
t Egypt and twenty in ,
L ower each w a s placed under the protection of on e

p articular divinity ; and each a
g p ita l s o n e _ u
h
civil the other religi ous the former being the seat of
, ,
r n m e nT T h é Ofi
' ’
g o v e e of governor was hereditary ,
pas sing from the father to the eldest grandson on the

mother s S ide ( Brugsch ) There were four divisions
’
.
of the nome
( )
a N u t the chief
,
town .
1
( )9 The cultivated land .
( )
c The marsh land which under cert ain con
, ,
d i t i o n s could b e cultivated
, .
( )
d The canals sluices & c , , .
The following i s a list wit h the name s O f th e

modern t owns or villages that m ost nearl y mark their
sites
NOME S OF U PP E R E G Y P T .
I Ta K ens
.
-
A sw a n .
II Tes H o r
.
-
E dfu .
III Ten . E sneh .
IV U a st
. K arnak .
V Herui
. K u ft .
VI A a t i
. D e n dera .
VII S e k h e m
. Hou .
V I II A b t
. G i r ge h .
IX A m su
. Akh m im .
Ua zet I t fu .
XI . Set S h o db .
XII . Tu f-
K a u e l K ebir .
XIII Atef k h e n t
-
Asy u t
—
. .
XIV . At ef p eh K us i ya .
XV . Un E sh m u n én .
M e h m a h et
-
M inieh .
XVII . A nup El K e s
-
.
XVIII . Sep R l H ib e h
-
.
XIX U ab. B e h n e se h .
XX Am K h e n t
.
-
Ahn a si e h .
XXI Am peh
.
-
Ash m e n t .
XXII M aten
. Atfi h .
NO M E S OF L O WE R E G Y P T .
Aneb -
hez B e dr a sh en .
Aa Usi m .
Ament K o m e l H i sm .
S epi res -
S epi m e ht-
S a e l H agar .
K a set
- S akha .
N e fe r a m ent -
N e fe r a b t -
Tel el M a sk h u t a .
Az i Ab u sf r .
K a ka m
-
B enha e l -A sal
h
.
K a - ebes H orb e it .
Teb neter-
Sa m a n h fi d .
H k Ai n esh Sh a m s
’
e -
a t -
.
Kh e t abt
u -
S an .
118 A C ON C I S E DICT I ON A R Y OF
variations of the story of Nut O ne speaks of Sh u
.
as violen t ly sep arating Nu t from her husband Se b .
The other tells t hat her father R a was anxious to

, ,
leave the earth where men rebelled against his rule ,
and that Nu t of h e r o w n will left S e b and raised her ,
self from the earth in the form of a cow while Shu , ,
her son dutifully supported her in this position Still

,
.
as a c o w Sh e represents the S k y in which R a the , ,
sun was safe from hi s t ro ub le so m e morta l s :

,
l
Nut . goddess distinct from N u t the female prin

A ,
c i p l e of Nu S h e is depicted in the B ook of th e “

.
D ead with a snake s head surmounted by a di sk or

’
,
’
with a cat s head In tombs and on stelae she is
.
seen em erging from a sycomore tree and o ffering the ,
bread and water of the underworld to the deceased .
In this capacity she is sometimes confused with

H athor (g m ) .
EGYPT I A N A R C H A E O LO GY 1 19
C a se s . O wing probably to their inaccessibility th e ,
oases in early times were regarded with a certain

amount of sup erstition The G R E AT O A S I S had been .
considered a kind of paradise where the dead went in

search of happiness from which fact in all probability
, , ,
cam e its name Isle s of the Ble ssed found in H ero

, ,
do t us It wa s colonized in early times as were

.
,
several other oases but there are more Ptolemaic , ,
R oman and Coptic than E gyptian remain s i n these

desert islands It was to the oasis of Jupiter Am mon
—modern S i wa—that Alexander the Great went to
.
consult the famous oracle .
Ob eli sk A
long square tap ering shaft with slightly
.
,
convex faces and pyramidion at the top O belisks

, .
were ma d e O f varyi ng sizes and in di fferent m aterials .
The fine st are in granit e from the Asw a n quarrie s .
The largest and be st worked of thos e still stan di ng i s

that erected by Q ueen H atshep sut at K arnak It is .
1 09 feet high and an i nscri pt i on t ells how it was

,
quarried tran sported carved and set up in p osition in

, , ,
seven m onths The O belisk at H eliopolis which I S

.
,
the oldest is 6 8 feet high those at K arnak m easure

, ,
7 7 feet and 7 5 feet U sually they were capp ed with

.
bronze or gilt copp er They were place d in front of .
the colossi that were put on either S ide of the main

entrance to a temple There were always two of .
them though in point of height they might not be a

,
p air Although many have thought that the obelisk

.
1 e r e se n t s som e 1 e li i o u s emblem — a fin ger of God or

p g
—
,
m y of the sun i t i s m o i e probable that the idea in

the min ds of those who raised them was similar to that
of the raisers of menhirs or standing stones U nder .
the I Vt h Dynasty we find small O belisks in the tomb s

placed on either side of the stela At B e gi g in the .
,
F a y u m there is an obelisk of rectangular form having

, ,
1 20 A C ON CI S E D I C TI ON A R Y OF
a rounded top with a groove intended to receive some
obj ect possibly a hawk e mblem The pyramidion of
,
.
an obelisk was decorated with scenes of o fferings The .
S ides bore perpendicular lines of hieroglyphs contain
ing the king s names and titles and his praises The
’
, .
pedestal on which the obelisk stood was decorated

with inscriptions or figures of cynocephali ( a n ) .
Og doa d A
cycle of eight gods and goddesses a
.
,
number not freque ntly met with The example i s .
found in the eight gods at H ermopolis from which ,
the town got its E gyptian name the city of the ,

“
eight . They were four gods and their wives and th e ,
eight seem to have b een subordinate to Thoth and ,
—
figured as eight cynoce phali his sacred animal .
On S ee H E L I O P O L I S
‘
. .
Osi ri a n term applied to the blessed dead As

. A .
O siris died a n d cam e to life again so they hoped ,
t o live again ; and in that faith the epithet O sirian

applied by the E gyptian s to their dead The .
“
O sirian M or N is the . .
formula invariably used in

funerary I n scrl p t I o n s .
Osi ri s Ausa r . .
“
H ighest
of all the Powers and ,
”
the divine king of Egypt ,
who civilized m ankind ,
taught them agriculture ,
gave the m laws and i n ,
structed them in religion .
H e was the son of S e b

and N ut the o ffsprin g of
,
heaven and earth and the

husband and brother of
Isis . H e was treacher
o u sly murdered by h i s
brother S e t —the power of
( ) si r i s . darkness and evil — and
1 22 A C O N C I S E D I C TI ON A R Y O F
eggs som etimes form part of royal tribute . The ostrich
is represented on tomb walls at Thebes .
Oxyrhy n chus . The Greek name for P a m é ze t the -

,
capital of the nineteenth no me of U pp er E gypt th e ,
modern B e h n e se h Chief deity S e t In the fift h

.
, .
century i t was a stronghold of Christianity M any .
papyri have been found on the site .
Pa k ht or Pa sht A .
lioness headed godd e s s

-
of the sam e nature as

S ekhet and by some con
,
si d e r e d identical w ith her .
Sh e i s a solar goddess ,
and represents some varia

tion of the sun h eat H e r .
name signifies to rend “
in pieces S h e figures
”
.
largely in the S p eos Ar

temido s at B eni H asan ,
the centre of he r c ult

having been there .
Pa l et t e
The palette .
figured in picture s on
tomb walls exactly cor
responds with those
B a k ht , which have been found .
EGY P T I A N A R C H A E OLO GY 1 23
These consist of a re c t a n gula i block of wood

varying from 1 0 ins by 2 ins to 1 6 in s by 2 ins .
1 . .
-
.
and about of an inch thick At one end are .
small holl ows usually onl y two to hold the d iffe i e n t

, ,
pigments D own the c e n t I e i s cut a groove ending in

.
a kind of pocket for holding the I ced pen s or brushes .
S everal palettes I n oth e 1 m a t e I i a l s have been found ,
such as lim estone basalt ivory and sometime s they

, , ,
are inlaid or otherwise finely decorated These how .

,
ever were probably funerary obj ect s not int ended for
use S ometime s they hav e been found b m i e d with
.
scribes and the name of the o w n e 1 is frequently

,
engraved on them followe d by an inscription de di c a t

,
i n g the p alette to Thoth The 9 4 t h chapter of the .
“
Book of the D ead contain s a prayer to Thoth for ”
a palette and ink p ot .
Greek name for Apu capital of the

Pa nop oli s .
,
ninth nome of U pper E gyp t the modern Akhm i m , .
Chief deity Am su , .
Pa p y ri . A
p apyrus roll consi st s of several pieces of
papyrus from 6 ins to 1 7 in s wide j oined together to
. .
form a long sheet whic h being written on wa s rolled

, , ,
up usually from left to right The longest known is the .
H arris Papyrus in the British M useum which measures ,
1 3 5 ft in length
. B eing I olled up it was tied with a
.
,
piece of papyrus string and se a le d w i t h a lump of clay .
O ne of the most familiar h i e 1 o gly p hi c S ign s is

1 e r e se n t i n
p g t h e a
p py I u s r o ll The writing reads .
from right to left in most cases though o ccasionally ,
the signs are placed in columns The latter applies .
to papyri written in linear hierogl yphs such as the ,
p apyrus of An i in t h e British Museum The great .
numbers of p apyri found in museums all over E urop e

and in private collections cover a long p eriod of
Egyptian history and S how a great diversity of style
,
both in language and caligraphy The earlier one s .
are in linear hierogl y ph s and hier a tic (g nu) the later ,
in demotic and Greek The papyri of the B ook o f .

“
1 24 A C ON C I S E D I C TI ON A R Y OF
the D ead (g wn ) which form a large number of the
o
known papy1 1 are fre quently elaborately illustrated

, ,
in som e case s with coloured pictures These are .
found buried with the mummies sometimes under the ,
bandages at others between the hands on the chest

, , ,
o r under the arm s or legs They were also placed .
in wooden statues of gods hollowed out for the purpose .
When found they are extremely dry and brittle and ,
require immen se care in handling The scribes wrote .
with a reed p en using an ink which to this d a y retains

,
it s S plendid black Pliny says it wa s composed of .
smoke black or the calcined dregs of wine added to

,
gum .
There can be little doubt that the m aking of papyri

was a kind of trade and since no burial was considered ,
complete without a copy of at least some chapters of

the B ook of the Dead it must have been a lucrative
“
,
On e . E xamination shows that some o f these papyri

were not specially prepared for the deceased with
whom they were buried as the name h a s been filled in ,
last The follo w ing i s a li st of some of the best known

.
papyri many of which are called by the names of

,
their finders or possessors :

AB B O TT P A P Y R U S in the Brit ish M useum S ubje c t .
,
a j udicial I nqu iry at Thebes .
AM H E R S T P AP Y R I in the possession of L ord Amherst

of H ackney S u bjec t s j udicial inquiry at Thebes
.
, ,
t ale of S e k h t i and He m t i tale of S a n e h a t Tr a n sla

,
.
t i on s by M r N e w b e rr y and F L l Gri ffith

. . . .
AN A S TA S I P AP YR I in the British M useum S u bje c t .
( of longest ) j ourney ,
of an Egyptian o ffi cer to S yria
and Palestine D a t e about 1 4 00 B C
. Tr a nsla t i on .
by Chabas .
B E R L I N P A P Y R I N O 1 Tale of S a n e h a t D a te
. . .
,
M iddle Empire Tr a n sla t i on s by Chabas Good w in , ,
M aspero N O S 2 and 4 contain t h e Tale of S e k ht i

. .
and H e m t i .
E B E R S P A P YR U S M edical p apyrus Tr a nsla t i on s

. .
b y G e o r g e E bers and L udwig S ter n

. .
H AR R I S P A P YR U S in the British M useum S ubje c t s . ,

readers in his “
E gyptian Tales ,
fi rst and s econd
se rI e S .
Pa py rus It was the cyp er us p a p y ru s a plant not

.
,
now found I n E gypt from which t h e papyrus for ,
writing on was made It grew i n marshy pla c es and .

,
t h e cultivation of it seem s to have been a

g o ve 1 n m e n t
monopoly That there were other varietie s of this
.
useful plant seems evident from the reference s to it

in the classic auth ors Strabo calls the first kind the .
hi era ti c by b lus to distinguish it from the common sort

, .
Pliny says it wa s cultivat e d chiefly I n the S e b e n n y t i c

N ome Ac c o rding to hi m the triangular stalk of the
.
,
plant was 1 5 ft high and it wa s crowned as with a

.
,
“
thyrsus Every part of the plant was used The

. .
root w hi c h w a s large and thi c k provided fuel and

, '
.
material for making certain utensils and out Of the ,
stem were made small boats S ails m ats rope .

, , ,
bedding and clothes were all made of it beside s the

, ,
famous writing m aterial H erodotus t ells us that the .
you n g shoots were gathered topp ed and cooked ,

“
,
“
for food being con sidered a delicacy The papyrus

, .
now growing in S icily is said to be identical with t h e

Egyptian papyrus .
The papyrus upon which the S cribes wrote their

books was prepared by removing t h e outer rind and
then S licing the stem into very thin layers S everal .
widths of this were laid side by side other layers put ,
o n acros s these with a thin solution of some unknown
adhesive sub stance between then the whole was ,
pressed and dried The result when a good plant of .

,
pap yrus had been used was a very fair surface for ,
writ i ng upon The specimen s that have come down

.
to us vary in colour from a rather dark brown to a

dark cream colour and are of di fferent textures ( S e e , .
P A P YR I ) .
A conventionalized form of the plant was frequently

used for decorative purposes and figures largely on ,
tomb and temple w alls It was also a s y mbol of .
L ower Egy pt .
E G YPT I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 27
Pa ra schi st e s The . man w h o with an E thiopian

,
“
stone ma d e the slit

,
in the side of th e de ceased in
order to withdraw t h e inte stine s before embalming t h e
body .
Pa seb kh a nu king of the XX I st Dynast y

I . A ,
b rother of M e 11 kh e p e r R a high priest of A men a n d so n

- ~
, ,
of P a i n e z e m I H e was king of Tanis while Sh a sh a n q

.
sat 011 the throne at B u b a st i s H e i s chiefly known .
fr o m the w all which h e built round Tanis (q r ) th e ,
bricks of which are stamped with his cartouch e .
Pa sht . S ee P AK E T .
Pens . S ee R E E D .
Pent a ur . A
scribe who has becom e celebrat ed a s
the writer of th e gr eat epic poem of E gypt But h e .
w a s probably not th e author as was for long suppose d , ,
but only th e transcriber of th e papyrus copy (S e e .
P O E M O F P E N TA U R ) .
Pep i , M eri -R a . Third king of Dynasty VI t h , cir .
3 46 7 B C F rom th e immen se number o f inscription s

.
,
gra ffiti , and monuments bearing his na m e , we gather

that Pepi must have been a vigorous monarch From .
th e inscription of U n a s (gm ) which i s the earliest his ,
t o ri c a l document of any length we learn th at in this ,
rei gn the E gyptian s began to make exp edition s for

con ques t and travel Pepi s pyramid M e n n e fe r i s at
.
’
,
-
,
S akk a ra .
Perse a t ree This tree , called in Egyptian Ast was

.
,
either the b a la n i t es A egyp ti a ca (R a ffe n a n D e li le ) t h e -
Arab le ba kh or the mi musop s S c hi mep e ri ( S chweinfurth ) .
It was on e of the principal sacred trees of ancient

1 28 A C O N C I S E DIC T I ON A R Y OF
E gypt It frequently occurs in scene s in which the go d
.
Thoth or the goddess S a fe kh is seen inscribing the

, ,
P e r se a Tr e e .
nam e of some ki n g w h o stands near on it s leaves

, ,
, ,
thus securing to him everlasting life .
Persi a n Dy n a st y Cambyses
. at the battle of P e lu si um
defeated P sa m m e t i c h u s III and took possession of
.
E gypt H e i s said to have c a u se d t h e destruction of many

.
of the wonderful monuments of E gyp t a n d made himself ,
particularly odious to the E gyptians by killing their

n e w Apis bull B ut another account shows that he
.
restored the temple of N e i t h at S a i s and performed the

rites as other Egyptian kings H e was succeeded by .
Darius H y st a sp e s w h o tried to improve the condition

,
of the p eople and country H e e stablished a coinage

.
,
completed the R e d Se a to M e diterranea n canal and ,
improv e d the s y stem of taxation Towards the end of .
his reign Egypt again m ade itself independent but was ,
again subdued by Xerxes I H i s successor Arta .

,
x er xe s I had great trouble there but finally conquered

.
, ,
1 30 A C ON C I S E DICTI O N A R Y OF
fir st surgeon B one setting seemed however to h ave
.
-
, ,
be en under the protection o f S e kh e t fractures being '
cured by int ercession with her .
The royal physician s enj oyed considerable di st i n c

tion A certain king S ahur a presented his c hief
.
physician with a costly false door for his tomb the ,
making of which he personally sup erintended .
Pi ank hi .The E thiopian ki n g who lived at N a p a t a

d uri n g the eighth century B C and conquered Egypt ,
.
The celebrated S tela of Pi a n khi

“
a granite block ,
covered with an in scription telli n g of his victories in

Egypt was set U p a t G ebel B arkel in Nubia H i s
,
.
_
queen Am e n i r i t i s is well k n own from her beautiful

alabast e r statue n ow i n the Cairo M useum .
Pi ct ure fra me . U ntil the present ti m e there has

been but one sp ecimen only fou n d and that was dis ,
covered by Petrie when excavating in the cemetery of

H awara in 1 8 8 9 It is m ade of painted wood an d
.
contains a portrait ; the corners are j oined with

mortises and te n o n s There is a S lit run n i ng down
.
both the top S ide s evidently for the purpose of allow

,
ing a S liding cover to pass and as a sheet of clear glass

,
has been discovered among the ruins of Tanis it is not ,
impo ssible that the picture m ay have been covered

with that m aterial This unique specimen i s now in
.
the British M useum .
Pi g This
. animal figures but rarely on the
monu m ents , an d was probably not used for food “
H erodotus S peaks of seeing a h erd of pigs treading “
ec AG R I C U L T U R E F
in th e seed ( ) rom the Book of
”
S
. .
“
the D ead we learn that S e t t h e e n e m y of O siris , ,
o nce took the form of a pig .
Pi gment s AS fa i
back as the Vt h Dyn asty seven
.
colours were in use yellow 1 c d blue brow n black , , , , , ,
white a n d green and m the X VI I I t h Dynasty three ,

yellows thre e browns t w o blues t w o reds and two

, , , ,
greens ; making about fourteen or sixteen di fferent

tint s The composition of the chief colours was as
.
follows VVh i t e — sulphate of lime or gypsum Yellow ,
— ochre or sulphate of arsenic our modern orpim ent

R e d—ochre or cinnabar ; D ark R e d— oxide of iron
, ,
with a small admixture of sand ; Blue— pulverized

lapis lazuli or a cheaper kind fI O m glas s coloured by
—
,
silicate of copp er and p o w de 1 e d ; P i nk sulphate of

lime coloured by some O i ga n i c substance probably ,
m a dde r ; B la c k— fi o m calcined animal bone s .
The c o lo uI s we 1 e so well p re p a 1 e d that to this day ,
much of t h e work of E gyptian artists retains almost

all its original brillian cy The pigments we 1 e mixed .
as required with water and a little gum tragacanth .
Varnish was not used until about the time of the X I X t h

Dynasty It was probably made from the gum of
.
som e kin d of acacia This method however was .

, ,
found to b e unsuitable a s it b oth cracked and darkened

,
the paintings and so was discontinued about th e close

,
of the same Dynasty (S ec C O B AL T ) . .
Pi thom of E xodus i the P a Tum of ancient . II .

,
E gypt R uins of this

. town have been identified in
excavation s at the modern Tel e l M a skh ut a h by ,
E douard N a vi lle The nam e has been found on a

.
statue and on the great tablet of Ptolemy Philadelphus

discovered at this spot The name is also wri tten Ha .
Tum 0 1 H a ne t er Tum and wa s known through the

, ,
lists of nome s to be the capital of the eighth nome of

L ower E gypt It i s situated about t en mil es w est of
.
the southern end of L ake Timsah .
In all probability Pithom was built by R amses II .

,
no monument s more ancient than tho s e which bear his

mark having been unearthed There is no royal .
stamp on the bricks R emains of the XX I I n d

— —
.
Dynast y S a s a q I and O so rk o n II have been

h h n . .
found N e ct a n e b o I also built at Pithom In the

. . .
time of Ptolemy Philadelphus it was th e starting p oint

of commercial expeditions to the R e d S e a Various .
papyri asso c iate Pithom with a region called Thu hu ,
z : 5;s
or Tha b e t ;
U
Q C 6 a .
(Pap . An astasi Vi . 4
line 1 3 ) which has been identified with the H ebrew

S uccoth ( Exodus xiii S uccoth was the distri c t
.
in which the Israelites encamp ed and in which the ,
town Pithom was built .
U nder th e Greek Dynasty Pithom became ,
H e r o Op oli s a name abridged into Ero by the R omans

, .
The portions of the walls and chambers that have

been excavated are of a very substantial character i n ,
d i c a t i n g a good epoch S uch is the construction of these

.
c hambers that M N a vi lle says : I believe them to have “

.
,
been built for no other purp ose t h an that of storehouses

or granaries into which the Pharaohs gathered the pro
,
visions necessary for armies about to cross the desert ,
or even for caravans and travellers whi c h were O 11 the

road to S yria It is also very likely that the Ptolemie s
.
used them as warehouses in the trade with Africa ,
which took place through the H e r o iip o li t a n Gulf .

”
The S tore City of Pithom by E douard N a vil le )

-
,
.
S e e statue of Ankh r e n p n e fe r in British M useum

- -
S outhern Egyptian Galle r y N o 1 007 , . .
Pla ne t s . S e c AS TR O N O M Y .
Po e m of Pe nt a ur
The name w hi c h was given by
.
E . great epic of Egypt H e studied

de R oug e to the .
it from the p apyrus copy which was made by a scribe

called Pentaur and hence he concl uded that this w a s
the name of the author The poem is found 0 11 the .
“
walls of the temples at K arnak Abydos Ab u S imbel , , ,
and L uxor It was first discovered amo n g the S allier

.
Papyri ( NO 3 ) of the British M useum Its subj ect is

. ;
the campaign of R amses II against the K heta .
( H ittites The style is most graphic as if the story

were told by an eye —
,
witness The m ost dramatic part .
de scribes t h e hero R amses left almost alone amo n g

the enemy whose serried rank s of c hari o ts each con
, ,
134 A C O N CI S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
Port ra i t s Th e introduction of painted por traits
.
into E gypt dates from about 1 3 0 A D and succeeded . .

,
t o the moulded and stucco cartonn ages with which t h e

heads a n d bust s of the mummies were at that p eriod
covered The portrait s come f rom the cemetery of
.
H awara in the F ay u m which was excavated by Mr , .
Petrie i n 1 8 89 and S how a strong Greek influence

'
,
.
.
This i s to be accounted for by th e fact that there was

at this period a large Greek colony in the Fay u m .
The portraits are executed in colours which have been ,
ground t o a very fine po w der and were then rubbed ,
up with heated wax This was applied with the brush .
to a panel of cedar or fine wood varying in thicknes s ,
from 1
to 3, inch and about 9 by 1 7 inches in S ize
1
, .
The portra i t was laid over t h e face of the mumm y ,
and kept in place by the bandages F rom the con .
v e n t i o n a l style of these p ortraits it i s thought that

they were executed after death and finished from ,
memory There are good sp ecimen s of t hese Gra e c o

.
E gyptian picture s in the N ational Gallery and the

B ritish Mu seum .
Pr a efe ct s . F o r t h e b e st list of Praefects of E gypt

see Profes sor Milne s E gypt under R oman R ule
“ ’
.
Pre -hi st ori c . A term applied by some E gyptologists

to all O bj ect s wh ich they b elieve to be anterior to the
Ist Dynasty The reason s for considering them to
.
be of this remot e period are hardly su ffi c iently cogent

at present to permit of this definition being accepted
in all cases It must b e remembered that the dyna stic
.
E gyptians were not aboriginal an d that traces of what ,
were i n all probability the native races survived until

long after the commencement of the Pharaonic period .
It is therefore more than probable that many of the

so called pre historic o bj ects belong not to the ante
- -
Pharaonic but to the aborigin al inhabitants of the

,
country .
Pri e st s . The E gyptian priesthood seems to have

EGY P T I A N A R C H A E O LO G Y 1 3 71
been a ver y large and elastic order K ings and gover .
nors queens and princesses all held prie stl y o ffices

, , ,
and below tho se of high rank there were numberle s s

grade s of o fficials in connection with th e various
temples and services of the di fferent gods The ritual .
and services of the temples were elaborat e and there ,
w ere perpetually recurring festival s which entailed a

great amount of labour F rom the earliest tim es we .
find that the priesthood was of imp ortance but the ,
po w er of the priestl y faction gradually increased during

the M iddle E mpire and under the N e w E mpire it
,
form s one of the most imp ortant element s of the king

dom There were many priestesses w hos e chief
.
,
function s eem s to h ave been to sing and recite .
Among priestly title s the fo llowing are the best known

—The S a m priest was the chief priest at M emphis .
The H ershesh ta w a s the diviner The K he r he b was .

-
a m aster of ceremonies The S e t em the prophet .

,
“
,
”
the purifier and the divine father

“
, all ranked “
,
above the ordinary priest .
Pri sse Pa p yr us . S ee P T AH - H E TE P ; PR E C E P TS OF .
Psa mmet i chus I . Ua h a b R a

- -
. The founder of t he
X X V I t h Dynast y at S a i s B C 6 66 6 1 2 H e m arried ,
. .
-
.
S hep e n ap t the daughter and heires s of th e E t hi o

- -
,
pia n king Pi an k hi and h i s queen Am e n iri t i s and ,
brought P a t o ri s to her husband as a wedding gift .
P sa m m et i c h u s made a successful military expedition

into N ubia ; but hi s reign is chiefly rem arkable for
the revival of art which fl ourished under his fostering
,
care S a ite art shows a strong H ellenic influence

’
.
,
though the ideas are the sam e as thos e w hich pre

vailed under the a n cient Empire This king employed .
Greek mercenarie s in his army a n d permitted Greeks ,
t o e stablish themselve s in the D elta .

1 36 A C ON C I S E DIC T I ON A R Y OF
Psa mmet i chus I I I .
H u hh - ha -e n - R é , X X V I t h Dynasty ,
B C . 5 25 of Aa h m e s II wh o galla n tly resisted

. So n .
,
the inva sion of his country by Cambyses After a .
stern re sistanc e first at P e lu si um and then at M e m

, ,
phis h e w a s taken prisoner and put to death within

, ,
six months of hi s ac cession .
Psy chost a SI a It was an accepted belief from the

.
very earliest ages that every one must b e brought into

the H all of Double Truth and there be j u dged by ,
O siris for their course of conduct during life .
The soul after first ma king the negative confession

,
before the F orty Two A ssessors of the D ead i s con

-
,
ducted into the presence of O siris The heart or .
conscience in the form of a small vase is placed in the

, ,
scale opposite to the feather of Truth upon the beam

of the balance sit s the little cynocephalus (a n ) the ,
att endant of Thoth A npu is usually standing close by .
to examine or test the indicator Above is seen the soul .
of the deceased resting up on the top of a pylon

N ear at hand sta nds S hai or D estiny and behind him , ,
M e skh e n t and R e n e n e t the two goddesses who pre ,
si d ed over the birth and education of children B e .
yond i s Thoth the scribe of the gods reed p en and

, ,
-
p alette in hand ready to inscribe the result of the

,
weighing of the heart B ehind him is a hideous com .
p o si t e animal Am a m with
, the bo dy of a lioness t h e
, ,
head and forequarters of a crocodile and the hind ,
quarters of a hippopotamu s ; she is called the D e

v o ur e r of the Wicked The soul is then taken by .
the hand by H orus and co n ducted to O siris who i s , ,
seated on a thron e beneath a canopy ; before him are

the four children of H orus standing upon an open ,
i n g lotus flower ; and behind him are Isis and N e p h t h y s .
Judgment is then pronou n ced and the deceased i s ,
either permitted to j oin the cycle of the gods in the

1 38 A C ON CI S E D I C T I ON A R Y O F
easily understood Th e moral teaching is of the same .
kin d a s that found in the B ook O f Proverbs The .
pious son i s extolled and duty to parent s and superiors ,
in c ulcated The path of the virtuous is shown to be

.
advantageous and by c o n t r a st t h e evil of disobedience

, ,
pride laziness intemp erance and other vices i s

, , ,
pointed out F o r tran slation see R ecords of t h e

.
,
“
Past .
Pt a h-Sek er- Osi ri s

form of the god Ptah under . A
which he symbolized the inert form of O siri s the ,
mummy with its possi b ilities and certainty of resur

rection L arge numbers of Ptah S eker O siris figures
.
- -
have b een found They are m ade of wood and .

,
mounted on a little pedestal w h ich proj ects so m e ,
distance in front This p edestal and the statuette .
itself are frequently hollow and contain papyri i n ,
scribed with certain chapters from the Book of the “

'
D ead The figures and pede stals are gaily p ainted

.
,
and are usually inscribed with the ordinary prayer

formula for sepulchral meals .
Pt ol emi e s th e de ath of Alexander the Great in

. At
3 23 B C his empire was divided among his generals
.
,
Egypt falling to the lot of his favourite and famili ar

companion Ptolemy a man who had risen from an
, ,
obscure position in the army H e founded a dynasty .
which lasted nearly three hundred years ending with ,
the death of Cleop atra in 3 0 The history of the

fourteen Ptole m ies and the seven Cleopatras i s a
record of small camp aigns murders and immorality , ,
.
At the same time there was great literary and scientific

activity during the early p art O f the p eriod M any .
temples were built the well preserved remains of ,

-
which form some of the finest examples of architecture

extant the style of art had however altered consider , ,
ably from that of Pharaonic times At Philae K o m .

,
O mbo E dfu and D e n de r a there are Ptolemaic t emples

, ,
.
S C E O P A TR A )
( e e L .
EGYPTI A N A R C H A E OLO GY 1 39
Punt calle d also Ta net er th e

, land of God -
,
“
.
This region is identified by Maspero M ariette an d , ,
Brugsch as that part of the African coast w hich ex

,
tends from the S traits of B ab e l M andeb to Cap e - -
G a r d a fui It was a country rich in balsam and i i i

.
cens e b earing trees in precious woods lapis lazuli

-
, , ,
ivory and amber To thi s blessed land . Q ueen “ ”
H atshep sut sent an expedition buildin g and equipping ,
a fle et of five large vessel s for the purpose O n their .
arrival they were received in the most friendly way by

Pa r i h u Prince of Punt his wife At i and their daughter
, , ,
and two sons After an interchange of gifts the fleet

.
,
returned to E gypt laden with o doriferous sycomore

,
trees i de n t ifi e d by M ariett e w ith t h e myrrh tree

— “ ”
of Pliny— ivory skins logs of ebony apes gold dust

, , , , ,
gold and metal rings and heap s of th e precious g um , .
The whole story of this exp edition i s vividly depict ed

upon the walls of the great temple of D er e l B ahri .
Py l on The colossal gatewa y forming the fa cade of a

.
temple It consisted of a large ordinary entran ce

.
, ,
with enorm ous masse s of masonry on either side ,
having sloping faces and an overhanging cornice ;
S ometimes these two massive towers contained s mall

chambers sometimes only a staircase O n the face
,
.
of each were four vertical grooves in which were held ,
great wooden masts bearing floating streamers of ,
di fferent colours Inscriptions and sculptured picture s

.
covered the sloping fronts ( see P E N TAU R ) an d ,
statues or ob elisks were placed before them The .
statues of which there were four or six were some

, ,
time s o f enormous dimensions The y represented the .
royal founder of the temple .
Pyr a mi ds There are remains of at least seventy

.
more or less ruined pyramids on the long plat eau ,
extending from Ab u R oash in the north to Med u m in

the south These di vide themselve s int o group s viz
. ,
.
,
Ab u R oash G i zeh Ab u si r S akk a ra D ahshur L isht

, , , , , ,
and the F ay u m group that of M ed u m standing alone ,

.
1 40 A C O N CI S E D I C TI O N A R Y OF
But of all the se less than twenty have been identified
as tombs of di fferent kings M any theories have been .
advanced as t o their age purpose m ethod of c o n st ruc , ,
tion etc and much excavation and measuring have

, .
,
proved that they were built between the period of the

Ist and X I I t h Dynasties solely as tombs for the ,
preservation of royal mummies The method O f con .
struction has been a puzzle to the engineering mind

S ince classic time s H erodotus and D i o do r us both
.
record what had been told to them on the p oint but ,
neither theory i s conclusive It has been recently .
proved that it would be quite possible with the unlimited

manual labour at the command of the Pharaohs to
construct a p yramid without any complex or ela b or at e
m achinery The finer examples are built of n u mm u
litic limestone from the quarr i es of Turah and M asarah
on the other side of the river O thers as some at .
,
Dahshur were b uilt of mud brick only the p assages

, ,
and chambers inside being of limestone In some .
cases only th e accidental discovery of such chambers

has led to the knowledge that the mound of detritus
above was once a pyramid The great pyramid at G i zeh .
in its original state p resented four smooth surfaces to

the beholder , as it was entirely faced with granite and
limes t one blocks most beautifully j oined But the .
whole of this outer casing has disappeared the place ,
having for centuries served as a quarry The p assages .
inside were arranged w ith an intricacy designed to foil

the e fforts of plunderers In S pit e of the great care .
thus taken to conceal th e mummy the pyramid was ,
opened m any times by Pe rsians R omans an d Arabs

, , , ,
and when investigated in more modern times nothi n g

remained in the chambers but a lidless sarcophagus
without inscrip tion In some of the chambers above
.
the name of K huf u was discover ed conclusively ,
proving that this was the tomb of the second king of

the I V t h D y nasty O f the two other pyramids that
.
Se e “
Me c h a n i c a l Tr i u m p h s of t h e An ci e n t Eg y p t i a n s .
C o m ma n der B a rb er , U S N . . .
1 42 C ON CI S E D I CT I ON A R Y O F
Ra The creator of gods m e n a n d

.
, ,
the world According to some i n sc rip

.
tion s he was more ancient even than

the fi rm a m e n t The sun emblem of .
,
life light and fertility is his symbol

, , , .
The chief seat of the worship of R a

was A nnu the H ebrew O n or B eth
,
shemesh the Greek H eliop olis H e is

, .
usually d epicte d as a hawk headed -
human being crowned with the sun s ’
disk and uraeus and grasping the user ,
sceptre in his hand .
R a me sséum
The name given to the .
great temple of R amses II built on .

,
the plain of Thebes on t h e western ,
bank of the N ile It served as a mortuary chap el to

.
his tomb in the valle y behind ( sec T O M B ) The .
Greek s called it t h e M emnonium by a corruption of ,
the E gy t i a n word men n u which word they observed ,
frequently in the inscriptio ns turning th e simple word ,
meaning monum ent or memorial into a proper

“ “
name The y also called it the tomb of O sy m a n di a s

.
,
who according to Di o do ru s was U ser ma a t R a that is

, ,
- -
,
R amses II The walls a re covered with inscr iptions

.
and illustrations many of which relate the story of

,
the king s wars against the K heta

’
.
R a mse s I M en p eh t e t R a
-
,
Dynasty XIX .
, cir .
( )
B
1 4 00 W ith the incoming
. of this new d y nasty
c ame also the revi val of the ancient w orship of A men ,
EGY P TI A N A R C H A E O LO GY 1 43
and Th ebes became once more the seat of government .
The ris e of the powerful K heta p eople becam e a source

of danger t o th e Egyptian king dom The fame of .
R amses I rests in the fact that h i s son S eti I

. and ,
.
,
his grandson R amses II were two of the most

,
.
,
celebrated of the long lin e of Pharaohs .
R a mses II .
, Use r-ma a t R a ,
-
S e t ep -e n -D a , Dynasty
XIX cir B C 1 3 3 3
.
,
. The S e so t h i s of M anetho
.
and S esostris of th e Greeks an d one of th e most ,
celebrated of all th e E gyptian kings The first care of .
this monarch on ascending the throne was to finish

the beautiful temple of Abydos begun by his fath er ,
Se ti I H e added also to the temple s of K arnak and

.
L uxor restored that of Ptah at M emphis and built as

, ,
a lasting memorial of his fame the rock c u t temple of -
Ab u S imbel and the R a m e sseu m before which he

, ,
placed the largest colossal statues that are known In .
Nubia are also many of his buildings This king did .
not hesitate to appropriat e th e work of his predeces sors

to hims elf and both on temples and statue s their
,
names m ay be seen chiselled out and his own cut over ,
them .
During the reign of R amses II th e powerful K heta .

, ,
under their king K heta sar waged war against E gypt ,

-
, ,
K adesh being the rallying point and although in the -

,
Poem of Pentaur (g ri n) the king s courage and prowess ’
are loudly sung he comes out of the war but a very ,
doubtful conqueror Peace was ratified b y the marriage .
of the K heta king s dau ghter with the Pharaoh In ’

.
S yr ia however the E g yptian army Wa s more success

, ,
ful and there are long lists of the conquered p eoples

,
to be seen upon R amses I I s monuments at Thebes .

’
.
F rom an inscription at K u ban it is clear that the w ork

ing of the N ubian gold mines which w a s begun during ,
the reign of S eti I w a s continued under his successor .

, .
1 44 A C ON CI S E DICT I ON A R Y OF
The treasure cities of Pithom and R amses built
“
,
by the forced labour O f t h e I sr a e li t e s da t e from this ‘

‘
reign ; and Z a a n or P a R a m e ssu became one of the -

,
capitals of the kingdom .
R amses II is by most Egyptologists considered to

.
be the Pharaoh of the O ppression ; he reigned sixty

seven years a nd was succeeded by his fourteenth son
, ,
M e r e n Ptah
-
The mummy of this Pharaoh is in the
-
.
Cairo M useum .
R a mse s I I I .
, Use r ma d t R d ,
- -
the Rh a m p si n i t u s of
the Greeks Dynast y XX cir B C 1 200 The reign of

,
.
, . . .
this king marks an era of great commercial prosp erity

for E gypt he is more celebrated for his buildings and
his rich gifts to the already existing te mples of Abydos ,
H eliopolis ( O n ) and Thebes than for any great , ,
milit ary victories Th e peace of his reign was dis .
t urb e d by the famous H arem conspiracy described in

the Turin th e L ee R ollin and Amherst papyri
, , , .
R a messi de s, t he The name usually given to the

numerous kings of that nam e—from R amses III to
.
XIII —who occupied the throne of E gypt during the

.
XXt h Dynasty cir 1 200— 1 1 00 O f them there is

,
. .
little to say but that in th eir hands the greatness of

the country steadily declined and the p ower of the ,
high priest s of A men at Thebes steadily rose .
R a-t goddess not frequently met with Sh e

. A .
represent s the feminine prin c iple of R a and was rather ,
an ab stract idea of the priests than a distinct deity .

.
S h e is represented as a woman with the sun s disk and

’
cow horn s on her head and also as a uraeus with the

-
,
same head dress -

.
R a zors . B ronz e razors , somewhat resembli n g

1 46 A C ON CI S E DIC TI ON A R Y O F
recurrence —the sunrise and sunset the return of day ,
and night the battle between light and darkness

,
.
R en li t N ame
,
The Egyptians considered the name
. .
—
to be a most important p art of a human being i n fact
they practically looked upon it as a separate entity .
A man s nam e was thought to exist aft er him and to

’
be known in heaven .
or R a nen The goddess of

R enen et .
good fortune the harvest goddess In

,
.
the B ook of the D ead S h e is usually

“
connected with S h ai and M e skh e n t S h e .
i s represented with a human body with

the uraeu s for head and s o metimes with ,
a head dr e ss o f two plumes and other

'
divine insignia .
R enpi t
or R epi t A goddess r e p r e .
senting the p ersonified year r enp i t being ,
the Egyptian word for year Sh e b e .
longed to the M emphite c ycle of gods .
S ometimes Ta ur t a n d H a t hor are i d e n t i -
R en en et fi e d with h er
. Sh e is pictured in human r
form the symbol on her head being a

,
notched p alm branch F requently she .
carries a long notched branch in her

hand .
B ert . A
late form of the goddes s
Ta urt (g a ) Th e word r er t is merely
-
.
t h e E gyptian for hippopotamus Sh e .
i s S poken of as dwelling in the “
H ouse o f Suc k ling .
R e shpu A
god imported from Asia
.
in later times probabl y the same as,
the Phoenician war god R e se f H e , .
is called great god lord of heaven

“
, ,
ruler of eternity lord of might in the , R enpi t .

E G Y P T I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 47
mi d st of the divine circle H e i s repres ented with .
a S e ml t i c face and natural beard a n d instead of the ,
B e rt . R e sh p u .
uraeus wears the miniature head of a gazelle on his

forehead .
R h a mp sini t us
The Greek name for R amses III
. .
H erodotus however in one o f his numerous mistakes

, , ,
places him before K hufu ( Cheop s ) .
Ri ng s . Many have been found in gold

silver , ,
bronze iron enamel or frit and stone S ome of the

, , , .
design s are very charming S ome consist of a single .
wire with a scarab set so that it can turn round .
R ohes . A form of S ebe k worshipped in the F ay u m .
R oma n Emperor s B etween the years B C

. and . 30
A. D. 6 40 E gypt formed part of the R oman Empire .
The emperors governe d the country through a praefect .
It was an uneventful period on the whole ; The em

e r o r s had their name s translate d into E g y ptian an d
p ,
m any of their cartouches ma y be seen on th e w alls which

they b uilt or re stored those most frequ ently occurring
,
bei n g Tiberius and Claudius ( S ee P R AE F E C T S ) . .

R oset t a St one lab of black basalt bearing a
. A S ,
trili n gual inscription which has proved the key to t h e ,
decipherment of the hieroglyphs for it is inscribed

with a decree written first in hieroglyphs then in ,
demotic and thirdly in Greek It was found near the

,
.
R osetta mouth of the N ile by a F rench artillery o fficer

named B o u ssa r d in 1 7 9 8 and at the capitulation of
, ,
Alexandria came into the possession of t h e British

Govern m ent who m 1 8 02 placed it in the British
,
a
M useum ( S outhern E gyptian Gallery ) Part of the .
top has been broken O ff also a portion of the righ t

“
hand lower corner so that it now measures 3 ft 9 ins ,

. .
by 2 ft 7; in s by 1 1 in s There are 1 4 lines of

.
1
. .
h ieroglyphs 3 2 lines of demotic and 5 4 lines of Greek

, ,
.
The subj ect is a decree of the prie sts of M emphis con

ferring divine honours on Ptolemy V E p iph a n e s (B C .
, .
F o r translations see Inscriptio R o se t t a n a by ,
Brugsch B erlin 1 8 5 1 L I n sc r i p t i o n hi éroglyphique

’
, ,
de R osette by Chabas Pari s 1 8 6 7 F o r r e p ro duc

, , , .
tion see L ep sius Auswahl B 1 1 8

, , ,
. .
R oug e . R ouge
was in use among the Egyptian s as
an article for the toil ett e s of ladies of fashion for the ,
dead and for the statues o f the gods A papyrus in

“
.
,
the Turin M useum contain s an amusing cari cature of

a lady m irror in hand r o u ge in g her lip s S o long ago
, , .
as th e O ld E mpire two sort s of rouge are m entioned

in the lists of o fferings for the dead and according to
an Abydos ritual the priest of the day on first entering
the temple was to incen se the statue of the god and
then proceed to commence i t s toilette by removi ng the
O l d rouge from the face .
R ut ennu of t he Ea st , w a s the old Egyptian name for .
Syria An U pp er R uten or R u t e n n u is S poken of in

“
distin ction from the L ower R ut e n n u The country and .
p eople figure largely in i n scriptions of the XV I I I t h

D ynasty , Th o t h m e s III having warred a gainst them . .
A C O N C I S E DICT I O N A R Y OF
monuments at S akk a ra are the Pyramid of D egrees “
or S tepp ed Pyramid the M astabat e l F a r f m the

,
- -
,
”
S erap eum and the tombs of Thi and Ptah he t e p

,
-
.
Sa kk ara , t he Ta b l et tela of great historic of . A s

intere st discovered by M M ariette during the excava .
tions at S akk a ra and now in the Cairo M useum It was

, .
found I n the tom b of a priest named Tunari and re p r e ,
sents him p aying homage in the name of R amses

II to a se I i e S of forty S even kings man y of whom
.
-
,
belong to the first six dynastie s It agrees closely .
with the list of kings given on the Tablet of Abydos .
M e r b a pen the S ixth king of Dynasty I

- -
, is the first .
,
mentioned on the Tablet of S akk a ra .
Sa m-t a , or Sa m t a ui -
. U niterof the two worl ds ,
a name given to Th o t h m e s III after his accession

. .
Sa nda l s . F ormed generally of p apyrus palm bast , ,
or leather They Were fastened on with two strap s

.
,
one passing over the instep and the other between the
"
toe s It was not etiquette to wear them in the
.
presence of a superior The use of sandals was almo st

.
entirely confined to men .
Sa r cop ha gi The sarcophagus was the outer stone

.
casing in which the mummy with its one two three , , , ,
or more wooden co ffins was placed S evera l may still ,

.
b e seen i n si tu in the tombs and many have been ,
brought to museums The workmanship displayed in.
the fashioning of them is unsurpassable even in these

day s They were usually made of the finest and
h a I d e st kind of stone procurable Various kinds of .
granite basalt and breccia were u sed also limeston e

, , , ,
and I n the case of S eti I a beautiful semi t 1 a n sp a re n t ,
alabaster The design varied with the dynasties At

. .
first it was rectangular with a flat or vaulted lid ,

.
F rom the V I I t h to X V I I t h Dynasty time the custom

of using sarcophagi seems to have been in abeyance .
I n the X V I I I t h Dynasty we find them made in t h e

form of a mummy S ome in succeeding dynasties
.
were S haped like a cartouche ; then in the XX V I t h

rectangu lar shape again comes into favour F rom .
thi s period up to Ptol emaic times the numerous

example s were massive finely worked and decorated ,
.
The inscriptions 0 11 early one s were short recor di ng ,
the names and title s of deceased and the S e t e n ne tep t a -
formula (a n ) O ccasionally however the side s were

.
, ,
sculptured to represent a building with doors and

various openings L ater the decorations became
.
more and more elaborate usually incised or in relief ,
en c l e a r but sometimes entirely in relief S cene s

,
.
and long extracts from the B ook of the D ead form “
the main subj ect of the decorations .
Sa t i
O ne of the Elephantin e triad of
. gods She .
was wife of K h n e m u , wh o with his other wife An uk it

formed the triad Sh e is pic t uresquely
.
Spoken of as the archeress who shoots

forth the current (i e the cataract ) . .
straight and swift as an arrow L ittle .
is k nown about her but on the island ,
of S e h el there have been found the

remains of a t emple to the two
goddesses Sh e i s mentioned in some
.
texts as the daughter of R a and also ,
a s a form of Isis and i s repre sented

,
wearing th e vulture head dre ss and -

,
the crown of U pp er E gypt with the

cow s horns
’
Sca ra bThis i s an amulet made in the form of the

.
beetle known as S c a r a b e u s sacer It is the symbol of .
the god K heper a i e h e who turns or rolls for

, . .
“
,
the conception was that K hep era caused the sun to

move acros s the sky as the beetle causes its ball to
roll A scarab inscribed with the 3 0t h (B ) chapter of
.
”
the Book of the Dead took the place of the heart
1 52 A C ON C I S E D I C TI ON A R Y OF
in the body of the deceased The prescribed form for .
such heart scarabs was gold plated with a S ilver ring

-
,
for attachment S cara b s have been found in great

.
number and variety They were made in amethyst .

,
crystal lapis lazuli carnelian granite an d many

, , , ,
other stones The maj ority w ere comp osed of

.
fa i ence
'
Sca ra b eus Sa cerlarge beetle of black metallic

. ,
A
colour common in E gypt It is remarkable for the .
p eculiar position and shap e of the hind legs which are ,
placed very far apart and at the extreme end of the

body This i s to enable the insect to roll the ball of
.
refuse containing it s eggs into some pla c e of safety .
At first these balls are soft and shap eless but as ,
they are pushed along by the scarab s hindlegs they ’
be c ome firm and round and increase in S ize until ,
they are sometime s an inch and a half in diameter .
This insect is looked upon by the Arab s as an emblem

O f fertility .
Scep t re
There was no one s ceptre proper to
.
royalty K ings a n d gods are alike represented holding

.
the user sceptre with the greyhou nd (2) head and though ,
goddesses are more frequently shown holding one

wit h a lotus flower at the top they also often carry ,
the other .
Scorp i on
This insect must have been fairly
.
common in ancient times for numbers of magical ,
formulae have been found for protection from its sti ng .
It was the emblem of the goddess S elk who is ,
represented with the scorpion on her head .
Scri b e s
To b e a scrib e was the g reat desire of th e
.
ambitious E gyptian youth almost a n y rank could b e ,
attained by a clever membe r of the profession Th e .
most frequentl y recurring phrase in the scholars

-
’
exercise s of the N e w Empire was O ne has only to ,

“
1 54 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ON A R Y O F
was the son of Shu the husband of ,
Nu t the sky and father of O siris S e t

, , , ,
Isis and N ephthys H i s symbol is a

,
.
goose and he i s represented in human

,
form with that bird upon his head .
H e is called the great cackler and “

,
by some was supp osed to have laid the

egg from which the earth and all
things sprang In t h e later texts the .
“
back of Se b i s a common nam e for

the earth .
Se b ek . A
god represent ed either as
a crocodile or as human with the head
,
of a crocodile H e seems t o have .
played various r eles one e sp e c ially as an ev i l deity ,
in antagonism to the other deities ,
and as such at times confused with S e t .
The double te mple at K o m O mbo was

p artly dedicated to hi s cult and th e ,
F ay u m was also a great centre of his

worship That he Wa s one of the .
oldest gods of the E gyptian Pantheon .
is evidence d by the fact that hi s name

has been incorp orated into many royal
na m es of the X I I I t h Dynasty The .
sacred lake of the temple to S ebe k in

the F a y fi m contained n umbers of the
sacred crocodiles which according to , ,
S trabo were decorated with j ewels and ,
fed by the priest s Sukh o s is the Greek .
S e b ek
name of the god .
Seb ek -
e m sa f I
-
.
,
Ra -
se hhe m-ua z hh a u -
. P rob abl y a
X I I I t h D ynast y k ing
name is found at H a m . H is
mam a t and a statue and statuette have been found
,
bearing his name .

EGYP T IA N A R C H A E OLO GY 1 55
S eb ek -
e m sa uf
-
II .
, R a -sehhem -
s
-
h
s edi -
ta ui . Thi s
king is o n ly known to u s fro m th e Abbott and

Amherst p apyri H i s queen w a s N u b kh a S h e
.
- -
,
app ea rs t o have had three children .
Se b ek het ep I
-
.
, Ra -
schhc m- hh u .
Se b ek h et e p I I
-
.
, R a - selche m-sua z - t a ui . Two kings
of Dynasty XIII cir 24 20 B C whose n ames are of

.
,
. . .
,
frequent o ccurrence but of whom little is known at ,
present .
Seb ek h et ep-
III .
, R a lc lza -h ef e r
-
A king of
Dynasty XIII There are more monumental remain s

.
of this king than of any other of this dynasty .
S e b ek -
ne feru ( Quee n) .
Eighth and last mona r ch of Dynasty XII ci 1 ca

S h e W a s the d a u gh t e i of A m en em lia t III
,
25 6 9 B 0
. .
-
.
and S ister of Amen em ha t IV .
Seb ennyt hos G 1 eek name fO 1 Thc b ne t cr t capital

.
,
of the t w elfth nom e of L o u e i E ) pt the m o de m 0
S a ma n h 11d The chief deity w a s An b e I

. .
1 56 A C ON CI S E D I C TI ON A R Y OF
Sek er . S ee P TAH -
SE KE R -
O SI R I S .
Sek er Eighth king of Dynasty II Ac

-
h ef er - k a . .
cording to tradition this king wa s a giant being 5 cubits ,
3 palms in height or j ust over 8 ft ,

.
S ek hemThe most sacred place .
in an E gyptian templ e in which ,
was placed th e s hrine containing

the emblem of the titul ar deity .
Sekhet A godde s s second . p er ,
son o i the triad at M emphis wh o ,
was considered to be the wife of

Ptah and mother of N e fe r Tum a n d
I m he t e p
-
S h e i s represented with
.
’
a lioness head with the disk and Sek he t .
uraeus L ike the other lioness or

.
cat headed deities she represented the power of th e

-
,
sun But S ekhet must h ave represented its great

.
heat for a text at Philae says of Isis that she i s

,
“
terrible as S ekhet In the legend of the destru o .
tion of mankind it was S ekhet who helped to destroy ,
them .
Sekht et The boat of the sun in the morning

. .
( S ee
SA C R E D B AR K S ) .
Selk or . Ser qet . A goddes s of like nature with

Isis also a protectress of
,
the canopic j ars Sh e is .
figured with a scorpion on

the top of her head or ,
sometimes as a scorpio n
with a human head Sh e .
was a daught er of R a i s ,
at times identified with

S a fe kh and p erhap s sym,
b o li z e d the scorching heat

of th e sun .
1 58 A C ON CI S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
Sera peum This name is in correctly given to the
.
Apis mausoleum at S a k k ar a The S e r a p éum proper j
was the temple built over the S ite of the excavated

tombs of which the very few remains are covered with
,
sand The ruin s were discov ered by M ariette in 1 8 60

. .
The wor d is a combi n ation of the two Egyptian words

—O siris Apis a combination of which the Greeks
-
,
made thei 1 god S er a pis (q The huge vaults opened .
by M ariette cons i st of three parts on e which originally ,
co n taine d the bulls of the p eriod from Amen he t e p II I -

.
to the XX t h Dynasty another those of X X I I n d to ,
XX Vt h Dynasties and the third part those from the ,
reign of P sa m m e t i c h u s I (X X V I t h Dynasty ) to the .
time of the later Ptolemies Thus the burials cover a .
period of about 1 4 5 0 years i e from about 1 5 00 B C ,

. . .
to 5 0 B 0 . .
O nly the third part is op en t o the public the t w o .
first being c overed with sand This part c o nsi sts of .
o n e long gallery excavated in th e rock and so m e ,
S horter o n es O n either side of the long gallery are

.
deep pits in which are the enormous sarc o phagi .
These are m onoliths of red or black granite or lime ,
,
—
stone the average me as ure m ents being length 1 3 ft ,
.
,
width 8 ft height 1 1 ft M ari ette found the covers

“
. .
, , ,
of most of the sarcophagi pushed aside and the cont ents

gone O f the twenty four that are there only three
.
-
,
bore any inscription .
The Sera p eum or Sera p ei on at Alexandria was

te m ple of S era pis founde d by Ptolemy S oter which ,
wa s said to be only s urpassed i n splendour by the

Capitol at R ome It was destroyed by order of Theo .
d o si u s in A D 3 89 . . .
or Ausar Ha pi Thi s god si

O i s Api s,
r -
.
is a combination of the Api s with O siris and was ,
introduced into E gypt by the Ptolemies H e i s .
accounted to be the second son of Ptah a n d is r e p r e ,
sented with a bull s head surmounted b y a disk and ’

EG Y PT I A N A R C H A EO L O GY 1 59
uraeus H i s W O I S hip extende d all over the kin g dom

.
,
and was ve l y p o p ula 1 u n de I the R oman domination .
Serd ab hidden chamber or cell in the tomb ;

. A
from an Arabic word for a hidden chamber In “
.
the S erd a b w ere deposited K a statues of th e

deceased U sually it was co m pletely sealed up but
.
,
sometimes a small aperture w a s left communicating

w ith the tomb chap el through which incen se or ,
perfum e might reach the statues The walls of S erd a bs .
w ere not decorated .
Serp ent s AS
with all early civilizations the cult of
.
serp ent s enters largely into E gyptian religion L arge .
numbers of them appear on tomb walls some of evil ,
portent but perhap s as many of good They were

,
.
enemie s of the sun god opp osing hi s progre ss during-

,
hi s j o urney through the underworld through the

twelve hours of night and a s such B e s and Ta urt are ,
-
their foes and are often s een strangling them In the

,
.
tomb of S eti I at Thebes many scenes with serp ent s

.
, ,
are depicted In one the ithyphallic god N e h e b ka in

.
, ,
the form of a serp ent with arm s and legs O pp oses the ,
i o 1 e ss of the sola 1 bark in which is H orus standing

p g
up on a winged snake The chief of all th e evil .
serp ent s was Ap epi or Apophis (g who seem s to have .
been a p ersonification of spiritual evil There is a .
1 li gi o u s work called the B ook of the O verthrowing of

“
e
A pepi ( a n ) A sp i I i t of fear an d the idea of p i o
”
p i t i a t i o n probably led to the

g reat p O p u l a 1 it
y t o w hich
this cult at on e time attained .
Three kinds of serp ent s are represented on the

monuments ( a ) The co br a di ca p e l lo (ura eus) — the
.
ba si li sk of the Greeks which was the symbol of divine ,
and royal sovereignty and is se e n o n the forehead of

'
gods and kings ( b ) The a sp or cera stes a poisonous

.
,
viper possibly the

, cockatrice of S c rip t ui e ()
c .
A great co lu b er of what specie s not yet d e t e i m i n e d .
It was this last that represented t h e T yphonian Ap epi .

1 60 A C O N C I S E DIC T I O N A R Y OF
M any magical formulae against snakes have been
found .
Se r va nt s Th ere i s a word in the inscriptions which

.
has been translated S lave but it is not imp ossible ,
that it means servant more in our modern sense .
S laves in the real sense of the word were importa

tions having either been bought from som e foreign
,
merchant or been captured in war They were the

,
.
actual property Of their masters serfs attached to ,
the soil but there is no good evidence that they were

cruelly treated There must have been great numbers .
in E gypt for we find that in thirty years R am ses III

, .
presented of them to the temples alone The .
Directors of the R oyal Slaves at all p eriods occ upied ,
an important positio n at the court of the Pharaohs .
’
Then as now a man s I mportance was partly
, ,
measured by the number of servants he kept A high .
o ffi cial under U se rt se n I of the X I I t h Dynasty had .
S ixty three O ffi cers and servant s enum erated on the

-
wall s of his tomb at B eni H asan O f these there were .
nine food providers five scribes seven maid house

“
,
”
messengers a superintendent of canals four herdsmen

, , ,
and nine priests Among the chief servants were .
tho se who had to do with food providing In the -

.
tombs at Tel e l Amarna we find among other servants

the followi n g : S uperinte n dent of th e provision
house sup erintendent of the dwelling superintendent
, ,
of the bakehouse scribe of the libations bearer of cool , ,
drinks preparer of sweets

,
.
Se sht a The goddess of learning her name is often

.
,
but incorrectly written S a fe k h ( g m ) ,

.
Se sost ri s ee R AMS E S
.
( S II ).
S et The god whom the Greek s identified with

.
their Typhon H e was the son of Nut and Se b born.

,
of N ut on the third of the epagomenal days (a t ) ,
h enc e brother to O siri s H i s Wif e is N ephth y s .

1 62 A C ON C I S E D I C T I ON A R Y O F
of the n O 1 t h wind and to d rink from the depth of the
,
river About the time of the X I I t h Dynasty and

.
on w ards this p 1 aye1 is distinctly for the K a ( q of .
the deceased .
l u
S e t e n t a h et ep
fij
A sa r ne b n e t er da neb
O si r i s l o rd (of ) Ta t t u Go d g r e a t , l or d ( of )
A bt u
63 O
p er k he ru
X 6 l
an n er me n k h
Ab y dos m a y g i ve h e se p ul ch r a l m e a l s o xen , b i r d s, cl ot h e s.
Se t i I M a a t men E u Dynasty XIX cir 1 3 66

' ‘
- -
. . .
, . B C . .
The early years of this king s reign were troubled ’
b y the con stant I ncursion s of the tribes from the neigh

b o urh o o d of the D elta and on the walls of the temple ,
of K arnak may be seen a vivid representation of the

principal events of the successful campaign against the
S hasu H avin g been vic toriou s in the D elta S eti I
.
, .
pushed on to K adesh on the O rontes to punish

M a ut h a n a r the K heta king w h o had broken the treaty ,
m ade between himself and R amses I After this we .
fi n d the Pharaoh waging war against the L ibyan s and ,
the Cushites in the south The temples of Abydos and .
G urn a h and the Great H all of Column s at K arnak are

among the m o st las t ing m e morials of this king s fa m e ;
,
’
and his tomb in the Biban e l M o lo uk is the largest of

the celebrated rock cut burial places The mother of - .
his son and successor R amses II was Tiu a grand ,

.
, ,
daughter o f K h u e n aten The mum my of S eti I is in

- -
. .
the Cairo Museum .
Set hroéGreek name of the capital of one of the

.
nom es of L ower Egypt which has not yet been ,
identified D e R oug e thin ks it must have been i n the

.
E GYPT I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 63
fo ur t e e n t h , K he n t -a b t . It ma y be The ku t . Th e chief
deity was A t mu .
Set na , t he p a p y r us of in the Cairo Museum written , ,
in the second or third century B C was found at . .

,
Thebes with some other m anuscripts in a wooden box , ,
which w a s taken from the tomb of a Coptic m onk and ,
probably con stitut ed the library of this E gyptian .
Though unlike the Tale of Two B rothers it is written

, ,
in demotic the style of it is very similar to that of the

,
earlier p apyrus the gramm ar being Brugsch s ays , , ,
quite th e same The colophon which doe s not give

.
,
the author s nam e reads thus : This i s the end of

’
,
“
th e manuscript which tell s the story of S e t n a

K h a r m e s and of P t a h n e fe rk a an d of Ahura his wife
, , ,
and of M e rh u his son written in the year 3 5 the , ,
day of the month Tybi that is the thirt y fi ft h year -
of one of the Ptolemies S e t n a i s twice called the .

“
son of the king U ser m a a t that i s R amses II The -

, .
story tells of a s earch for the sacred book of Thoth and ,
of the calamities it s po sses sion brought on the finders .
( S ee R ecords of Past vi p 1 3 1 translated by ,

.
, .
,
Goodwin ; also translations into F rench by M asp ero

an d into English by Gri ffith ; Brugsch in R evue ,
“
Arch éologique S eptembre 1 8 67 ; M

, S oury in , .
,
R evue des D eux M ondes F ebruary 1 5 t h 1 8 7 5 ) , , .
Sha b a k a S uba co or S 0 ,
2 K ings xvii 4 K ing of
,
.
, . .
Ethiopia B C 7 00 D yn ast y XXV

, .
,
.
Sha doof The ordinary shadoof such as that still

.
,
use d in the country wa s the usual means employed in ,
ancient E gypt for lifting water from th e Nile It .
consist s of a pole resting on an upright p ost or on a ,
horizontal beam supported on two columns of brick or

mud having at on e end a weight which serves a s a
,
counterpois e to the bucket .
Sha iThe god of destin y associated with R e n e n e t

.
, ,
go ddess of fortune H e decreed what should happen .
to men H e figure s with R e n e n e t and M e skh e n t in

.
1 64 A C O N CI S E DIC TI O NA R Y OF
the scenes of the weighing of the heart in t h e j udg
ment hall of O siris H i s name signifies to divide or .
portion out ( S ee P S Y C H O S TAS I A )

. .
Sha sha n q . S ec S H I S H A K .
Sha su A trib e
. inhabiting the deserts of north
Arabia a n d Syria with whom the kings of Egypt ,
were perpetually i nc o n fli c t lit erally B edawi n Thus '

-
, .
their name figure s among those of conquered p eoples

on temple walls in inscriptio n s of Th o t h m e s II Amen .
,
h e t e p II A men he t e p IV
.
, S eti I and R amses II
-
.
, .
, .
In campaign s carried on in S yria it was inevitable

that th e marching Egyptian armies S hould com e into
collision with these p e ople since they were obliged to ,
pass through their territory .
Sh ent hi t F uneral form of I sis

. At Busiris Abydos .
, ,
and D e n d e r a were sa n ctuaries dedicated to her .
Shepherd Ki ng s . See H Y K S O S .
Shepses k a f - -
. Sixth king of .
Dynasty IV cir 3 7 5 9 B C R eigned twenty t w o

.
,
. .
-
years F rom the to m b of Ptah Sh ep se s at S akk ara

.
-
, ,
we learn that his eldest daughter was M a at kh a -

.
Shi sha k I . Dyn as t y xx 1 1 .

, cir . 96 6 .
This king is chie fl y known as the monarch to whose

court J e ro b o a m fled ( 1 K ings xi 26 In the fifth .
year of R ehoboam s reign and possibly at the i n ’
st i g a t i o n of J e r o b o a m S hishak marched against Judah ,
and pillaged Jerusalem ( 1 K ings xiv 25 28 ; 2 Chron .

-
.
Among the name s of the conquered S yrian

district s and towns engraved upon the walls of the
1 66 A C ON C I S E DIC T I O N A R Y OF
S ilver was sometim es used for making the eyes of
statu ettes .
Si st r um .musical instru m ent formed of a loop

A ,
of bronz e ribbon fastened t o a handle cro ssed by ,
three or four metal bars p assing through holes i n

each side of the loop These bars were quite loose .
,
being merely b ent at each end t o keep them from

S lipping out and t h ey sometimes bore
, metal rings ,
which con siderably added to the sound when the

instrument was sha k en S ometimes the bars were in .
the form of litt l e serp ents The sistrum was one of the .
usual attributes of the goddess H athor and was used ,
as a design for the capitals of columns over the h ead of

H athor The handles of the instrument s were almost
.
always in the form o f the head of that goddes s and ,
were usually of bronze sometime s inlaid with silver , .
E namelled handles have also been found Th e length .
of the whole varied from eight to sixteen or eight een

inches Plutarch mentions (de I si de .
,
s 63 ) that the sistrum was suppos ed

.
by some to have the power of

frightening away Typhon or the evil ,
S pirit S istr a were used in the mo st.

~
solemn religious services when they ,
were often carried by women of high

rank M odels of S istra in enamelled
.
ware were often deposit ed in the

tomb s but were first broken in S ign ,
of mourning (S ee Brit M u s 4 t h . .
,
E gyptian R oom table cas e A )

"
.
,
Si va n . S ee N E K H E B T .
S i st r um .
Sl a ve s . S e e S E R V AN T S .
Sneferu . F irst king of
D y nast y IV .
,
cir 3 9 9 8 B C reigned twent y nine
. . .
,
-
y ears .Tw o queens are kno w n M e r t i t e fs a n d ,

EG Y PT I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 67
M eri ankh and one daughter Ne fe rt ka u

-
s- , The ,
-
.
pyramid and temple at Med u m belong to this king .
F rom th e S inai tablet it is evident that S n e fe r u sent

an exp edition against the B e da w i ( S e e M E D UM ) . .
Sok a ri s or Sok ar or Sek er A god of w hom little

, ,
.
i s known excep t w hen in combination with others .
H e was a sun god at one time and his emblem was-

,
carried round at festival s in the sacred bark calle d

k e nun .The gre at festival of S o k a ri s w a s h e ld at
M emphis in connection with th e winter solstice
, To .
him it seem s e sp ecially belonged the fourth an d fifth

, ,
hours of the night through which R a th e sun nightly , , ,
p as sed duri n g his j ourney from sunset to dawn H e .
i s repre sented as a mummy with a ha w k s head ’

.
( S e e P TA H S E K ER O S I R I S
-
) -
.
Sop t or Se p d the god of the

, ,
Arabian nom e and , ,
according to VVi e d e m a n n so m e ,
time s identified with B es

H e i s described up on the monu
ments at S aft c l H enneh a s -
S opt the S pirit of the E ast

, ,
the H awk the H orus of the ,
E ast ,
and as connected w ith
Tum (g e n) N a ville considers
.
him to be the herald of the

sun . H e probably represent s
the zodiacal light the long ,
pyramidal shaft of light seen

after the sun has set or before
he rise s The fact that hi s symbol
.
is a high narrow pyramid 00 11

,
fi r m s this supposition .
Sot hi sThe Greek form of the E gyptian w ord for

.
S irius the brilliant star in the constellation Canis

, ,
from whence its name the dog star p erhap s the most -
,
important star k n own t o E gyptian astronomers It s .
importance also to the modern chronologer can hardly

168 A C ON C I S E DIC T I ON A R Y OF
be over e stimated for the E gyptian calendar was
-
,
arranged by th e heliacal rising of S othis The star .
was personified as a go ddess and frequently r e p r e ,
sented esp ecially in the G ra e c o R oman temples as a

,
-
,
cow Sh e is queen of the thirty six constellations

.
-
recorded in old a stronomical tables and was the star ,
of Isis Part of the temple at D e n d e r a was devoted

.
to the festivals in honour of the rising of S othis .
( S ee Y E AR
) .
Soul . S ee B A and KA .
Sp eos A
Greek word used t o designate a small
.
rock cut temple or S hrine

-
.
Sp e os Art emi dosThe Greek name given to a small .
ro ck cut temple at B en i H a sa n It was begun by

-
.
Q ueen H atshep sut and Th o t h m e s III of the X VI I I t h .
D ynasty It i s dedicated to B ast o n e o f the lioness

.
, _
headed goddesses whom the Greeks identified with

—
,
A
their rtemis the R oman Diana .
Sp hi nx The oldest k no w n monument in Egypt

.
.
standing on the Gi zeh p latform about a quarter of a

mile S E of the great pyramid Its date is unknown
. .
but an inscription of K hufu mentions it and possibly it ,
was restored by this king ; though some E gyptologists

consider that i t i s of much later date It is hewn out of .
the solid rock the deficiency in contour bei n g supplied

,
by masonry The body i s about 1 50 ft long the p aws

. .
,
50 ft the greatest height about 7 0 ft the head being

.
, .
,
3 0 ft long and the breadth of face 1 4 ft

.
, The features .
have been spoiled by M ohammedan fanaticism that

made a target of the face But som e of the original .
red colouring still remains on the cheek Parts of .
the beard and uraeus are now in the British M useum

[N E
. gyptian Gallery ] M ore than once the monu .
ment has been cleared from the sand which constantly

drifts round to and buries it O f late years the Egyptian .
Government has made extensive excavations here .

to the great slab of black s y enite 1 0 ft 3 ins high , . .

,
called the Israel S tela ( q a ) They have been found . .
in a va ri e t y of materials— granite limestone wood and , , ,
pott ery The m aj ority are sepulchral bearing I n sc rip

.
,
tions relati n g to the life of the deceased his titles and ,
relatives They contain also for m s of prayers These

. .
stelae were placed in the tomb in vari ous po sitions .
The earliest examples are square at the top the later ,
ones rounded The latter are frequently decorated

.
at the top with the disk and wings In the early .
dyn astie s they usually bear pictures of the deceased ,
accompanied by his wife an d family and are often ,
coloured while in the time of the X VI I I t h Dynasty

,
the relatives gave place t o representations of gods .
The biographies on these stelae have been of the

greatest importance to chr o nologers and historians ,
and in som e cases are the only authorities for certain

p eriods .
S telae other than sepulchral are inscribed with

, ,
-
records of important event s in certain reigns decrees , ,
religious hymns & 0 S ometimes these are given in

,
.
two or three languages which renders the tablet of ,
great value S uch are the R e setta S tone (q ) and

.
one found at Philae I n hi erogly phs Greek and L atin , , .
St ib i um A
cosmetic in frequent u se for painting
.
th e eyes The be st kind is known in the hieroglyph s

.
under the name of mese em t B esides being used for .
purpo ses of adornment it was probably used for ,
the eyes in cases of ophthalmia on account o f i t s ,
healing prop erties that dise ase being frequent in

,
ancient times .
St ra b o The famous Gre ek geographer of the fi st

.
century B 0 In the year 24

. . he visited Egypt ,
an d ascended the N ile as far as Syene and Philae

with the prefect Ae liu s Gallus H e then spe nt some .
years in Alexan dria which was then the g1 eat W O I Id

,
centre of learni n g amassing materials for his great

,
work This geography is the mo s t important work

.
EGYPTI A N A R C H A E O LO GY 171
on the subj ect that has come down to us from classic

times It i s in the last ( XV I I t h) boo k of his geo
.
graphy that he describes E gypt Ethiopia and the , ,
n orth coast of L ibya .
St r e a m, The Gre a t . U nderstood b y R enouf to

mean the Milky Wa y ; here according to th e ,
“
B ook
o f the D ead
”
purification was obtained
,
.
Sun The sun was p ersonified under the form of

.
R a ( gnu ) M any of his attributes and di fferent

.
,
aspects were also p ersonified O siris was the night .
sun Tum the s etting sun H orus at times the rising

, ,
sun Th e lioness and cat headed goddesses represent

.
-
varying d egree s of th e heat of the sun Th e Egyptian .
conception of the sk y being that it was a vast ocean they ,
represented th e sun disk sailing acros s this in a bark .
Sut ek h . A name given to S ET ( a n

) .
Sy comore Th e p crsea and sy ca mo re trees were

.
the most important of the sacred trees of E gyp t It was .
sacred to Nu t and H athor w hose doubles were supposed ,
to inhabit it The S ycomore of th e S outh wa s ”

.
regarded as th e living body of H athor on earth“

,
the M emphit e H athor bei ng called L ady of th e

S outhern S ycomore The peasants made o fferings of
.
fruit s and vegetable s and water in j ars to such tree s as ,
may be seen fro m pictures in the tomb s The L and .

“
of the Syco m ore was a name given to the M emphite

and L e t o p o li t e nomes The tree is the w ild fig ( S ee . .
T R E E S SAC R E D )
, .
Sy en e The S criptural nam e for A sw an It give s

. .
its name to a particular form of granite found there

and hence called s y enite Th e name is derived from .
the hierogl yphic sun It owed it s ancient imp or .
tance t o its granite quarries whence material for ,
temples obelisks and statues was taken and on account

, , ,
of its being a frontier town between Egyp t proper and

N ubia .In P t olemaic times it was considered to he
immediately under the tropic because it was noticed ,
that duri n g the summer solstice the rays of the sun

fell vertically to the bottom of a well in the town .
This well h a s not been discovered Erato sthenes .
made use of this fact in his calculation s for the

measurement of the earth .
Sy eni t e . S ec G R AN I TE .
Ta b a r qa Ti rha ka h ( 2 K ings
,
king of E thiopia XI X .
Dynasty X XV , 69 3 He
i s best known to h i story
.
for havin g rescued H ezekiah king of Judah out of the , ,
h ands of S ennacherib king of Ass y ria whom he , ,

”
conquered L ater on Tab arqa was in t urn defeated by

.
the son and gra n dson of the Assyrian king .
Ta hp a nhe s the Greek Da phn a e, the

, present Tell
Defenn eh .The ruins of an old frontier fortress and
camp known a s The Palace of the Jew s Daughter ’
.
Probably the original garrison of the Oa r i a n and Ionian

mercenaries by whose aid P sa m m e t i c h u s I fought .
his way to the throne of Egypt and who se foundation ,
deposits were discovered beneath the four corners of

the fort (H erod ii 3 0 and ii . It wa s the home of
. .
Z e d e ki a h s daughters after Jerusalem had been besieged

’
and taken by N ebuchadnezzar king of Babylon B C , , . .
588 ( Jer Xliii

. 6 7 ; Josephus
. Ant
,
ix In the , . .
reign of Am a si s (Aahm e s II ) the whole Greek .
garrison was deported to Memphis and its place

the time of the early P t olemies But when at reg ular .
intervals several times a year the tax collector came -

,
each v illage would be a scene of distress and uproar

until each debtor had paid up his due probably only ,
induced to do so by the stick In Ptolemaic time s .
there was an elaborate and crushing system of taxa

tion the inj ustice arising probably from the fact that
,
the collection of the taxes was farmed out Ptolemy V . .
instituted a five p er cent tax on all s ales . .
Tefnut twin sist er to S H U and

,
daughter of B a and H athor As a .
nature goddess she probably r e p r e

sent s the dew Philae E le p h a n.
,
tin e M emphis D e n d e r a & c were

, , , .
,
centres of her cult but the c o n ,
c e p t i o n s of her functions varied .
S h e is represent ed with a lion s

’
head with the disk and uraeus

,
above In the pyramid t ext s sh e

.
is supposed to carry away thirst

from the deceased .
Tel el Ama rna

The name of .
Te f n u t .
the modern village which m arks .
t h e site of K hu t A t e n (gm) -
Tel -
el Ama rna Ta b l et s
-
E ast of the R oyal palace of
.
K hut A ten- was discovered the H ouse of the “
R oyal R olls O ne of the most i m portant a r c h a e o

.
logical finds o f modern times was made here in 1 8 8 7 ,
in the shap e of thre e hundred clay tablets inscribed in

the cuneiform character They proved to be despatches
.
and letters from the neighbouring ki n gs of B abylon ,
Assyria M itanni,
and Cappadocia also from the
, ,
E gyptian rulers in Jerusalem Canaan the fi eld of , ,

“
B ashan and Syria They throw a great deal of light

, .
,
not only on the history of the reign of K h u e n A ten - -

,
but on the state o f Pal e stine and the relations existing ,

EGY P T I A N A R C H A E OLO G Y 1 75
bet w een the powers at that time Among the letter .
wri t ers are B urn a bury a s king of Babylonia D ush ra t t a , , ,
king of M itanni and Ebed tob the vassal king of

,
.
-
,
Jerusalem (S ee A M E N H E TE P IV )
.
-
.
Te mp l e The E gyptian temple was not built a s a re

.
Christi an c hurches or Moh amm edan mosques for the ,
purposes of public worship and instruction ; its very

arrangement at once precludes such possibilities It .
was generally erected by a monarch as a shrin e for

the tutelary deity first and then as the p ersonal ,
monument raised by him to himself on which may ,
be seen his deeds of prowess the sla ughter of his ,
enemies his dedication of gifts to the presiding

,
deity & c ,
.
The earliest temples were evidently of wood or wattle ,
and were merely the shrines enclo sing the symbols of

the god ; under the O ld E mpire they were built of
stone i e temple s of the S econd Pyrami d at Gizeh
,
. .
,
and of K ing Sn e fe ru at M ed u m but were severely ,
simple ; under the N e w E mpire the temple becam e

much more complicated from the fact that successive ,
kings enlarged their predecessors buildings by adding ’
halls of columns chambers & c The e ssential plan of

, ,
.
every temple was practically the same a crude brick

surroun d ing w all the pylon or entrance gateway with
, ,
flanking towers before which generally stood two

,
colossal statues of th e king and two obelisks and th e ,
naos containing the innerm ost sanctuary where was

,
kept the divine symbol In co ur se of tim e thi s simple .
plan became expanded into a most complicated st r u c

ture reached sometimes by as many as three pylons
, ,
separated by three avenues of sphinxes and followed ,
by columned courts a hypostyle or columnar hall and , ,
flanked by numerous chambers where the books vest , ,
ments and treas ur e s of the temple were kept ; all of

,
which led up to the sek hem or holy place The roof was .
always constructed of flat slab s of stone while light ,
was admitt ed either by stone gratings or by small

shafts in the roofin g slabs .
TH E T E ME N O S .
20 40 80 100 720 110 150
Plan of very simple form of an Egyptian Temple

a the Pylons Z) the Dromos flanked by Sp h inxes f ;
e, the Adytum —which in
, ,
0 screen ; d the Pro naos

, ,
-
this example i s within the N aos In some cases th e .
Adytum or sanctuary fills the Whole of the N aos .
Tena i t . O ne of the feast s com m emorative and r e pr e

se n t a t i v e of the death of O siris held on the seventh day ,
of the month In the great text from th e temple of Den

.
dera there are directions for its celebration Tenait i s .
also the name of the fifth hour of the day and of certain
days in the m onth .
The Greek name fo r Ta e n t a r e r t capital

Tent y ri s .
- -
,
of th e sixth nome of U pp er Egypt the modern D en ,
dera Chief deity H athor

.
,
.
E
EZ Te sheri t The “
red land or region of the Arabian
‘
.
,
desert .
Te t a I F irst ki n g of Dynast y VI cir 3 5 03

“
. . .
,
1 78 A C O N CI S E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
deity and wears the lunar crescent
and disk Tw o animal s are especially .
sacred to him the ibis and the ,
cynocephalus S ometimes the god is .
represented as an ibis but most fr e

‘
quently he appears in human form

with the head of that bird surmounted
by the crescent and disk and carry ,
ing either a palette and p en or the ,
notched palm b ra nch H e is always .
found in the j udgment scenes where ,
he records on his palette the result

of the w eighing of the heart of the
Th o t h .
deceased H e was the inventor of all .
the exact sciences letters learning and , ,
the fine arts H e wrote the s acred books and h a d as

.
great knowledge of magic as Isis The Greeks ide n t i .
fi e d him with H ermes ( S e e H E R M E S TR I S M E G I S T o s

.
) .
Thot hme s I .
,
A a - khep er -ka -R d , Dynasty XVIII .
, cir .
1 5 41 — 1 5 1 6 I t is from the tombs of the two

Court o ffi cials , A ah m e s an d Pen n e k h e b at E l K a b -
,
-
,
that we learn that this king sub dued th e Nub i a n s the ,

“
An n of K h e n t and the p eople of U pper M esopo
,
tamia as fa 1 as the city of N i y situated near Aleppo

, ,
and on the Euphrates .
Th o t h m e s I married Aa h m e s and M ut n e fe r t and

.
,
h ad three children H e was succeeded by hi s son .

,
Th o t h m e s II H i s mummy i s in the Cairo M useum

. .
Thot hme s I I .
, Aa lz khcp e r
- -
cn - R d , Dy n asty XVIII .
,
1 51 6 —1 5 03 . M arried his half sister Ha tshep sut ,

EGY P TI A N A R C H A E OLO GY 1 79
and Aset not of royal blood by who m he had thre e

, ,
children H i s only son Th o t hm e s III was hi s

.
, .
,
successor Perhap s it was owi n g to his delicat e health

.
that this king seems t o have left th e government of

the country chiefly in the hands of Q ueen Ha tshep sut .
H e appears to have maintained his predeces sor s

’
authority in Cush in the lan d of the F e n kh u ,

“ ”
( Phoenician s ) and round the shores of the M e di t e r

,
ra ne a n H i s mummy i s in the Cairo M useum

. .
Thot hme s I I I .
, M en khep er - -
Ré, Dynasty XVIII .
,
c ir . 1 5 03 — 1 4 4 9
H i s two queens are M e ry t R é .
-
Ha tshep set his cousin and N e b,

t u H e had on e
-
son ,
.
,
who su cceeded him an d s everal daughters The , .
actual pe digree of thi s king has for long been a matter

of doubt Th at he w a s the son of Aset who w a s a
.
,
concubine and not a queen i s ab solutely c e 1 t a i n but , ,
whether he was the son of Th o t h m e s I or II has been . .
under grave discussion and E gyptologists a 1 e not yet ,
unanimous upon the p oint Probably h e was the son .
of Th o t h m e s II .
Thot hme s I V M e n khep er a R ci , D y na sty XVIII

‘
- -
.
, .
,
ci 1 B C 1 423 —1 4 1 4 H e m a 1 r i e d M ut em n a and
. . . .
,
had two son s one of w h o m Amen h e t e p III ,

.
,
succeeded him H e a sse i t e d th e p o w e 1 of E gypt in

.
N ubia an d Syri a but is bette 1 known f i om t h e r efe 1

,
'
ence to him self upon the stela bet w een t h e p aws of

t h e S phinx O n this the king relates how in couse
.
,
q u e n c e of a dream he remove d th e sands of the ,
de sert w hich w a s spoili n g the im age of t h e god .
Ti n . Very little tin has been di scovered in E gypt ,

1 80 A C O N C I S E DICT I ON A R Y OE
and no word for it in the hieroglyphs has yet been

found N o traces hav e y e t appeared of the source s
.
whence the tin used in making bronze was o btained .
O bj ects in pure tin are extremely rare Professor Petrie .
disco vered a p ure tin ring set with glass at Guro b .
( S ee B R O N Z E
) .
Tomb E gypt is a land of tombs Yet with all the

. .
care bestowed on the tomb but little remains of any

, ,
house s of the E gyptians This fact is easily accounted

.
for if D i o doru s is correct in saying The E gyptians ,

“
call their houses ho stelrie s on account of the short ,
time during which they inhabit them but the tombs ,
they call eternal dwelling places H ence the elabora

-
.
tion in every detail of the tomb The tomb s of Egypt

fall naturally into two classe s—those excavated in the
.
rock and those which were built O f the former kind .
there are examples covering the entire historic period .
The latt er b elong to t h e time of the early dynasties . .
They are of two kinds pyramids and mast abas ( gm)

, .
The great group s of rock cut tomb s are those of the -
V I t h and other d y nasties at Asw an those of the X I I t h ,
Dynasty at B eni H asan those of the XV I I I t h and ,
successive dy n a st l e s of P haraohs at Thebes t h ose of

‘
K hu e u aten and his p eople at Tel e l Amarna

- - But - -
.
b esides these main group s there are tomb s in almost

every availabl e hillside throughout the country The .
idea in the con struction of all these tombs was essen

t i a lly the sa m e though carried out in di fl e r e n t ways
E ach consisted of three p arts — (a ) a chamber or serie s
.
,
of chambers forming a kind of chap el ( b) a p assag e or ,
shaft leading to (c) the sepulchral chamber Th e

, .
tom b was prep ared during the lifetime of the man .
The scenes with which the walls of the chambers were

decorated represented in the maj orit y of case s the o c c u
t i o n s of its owner If for instance he was an admiral
p a .
, , ,
we find pictures of ship s and the spoil brought from

foreign lands There are fishing and fowling scene s
.
,
representations of the chase and other amusement s , .
In a secret chamber ( S erd a b gm ) in the wall were , .

1 82 A C ON CI S E DIC TI O NA R Y OF
horses and some domestic animals The rareness of

, .
any trading exp edition beyond M editerranean w aters is

evidenced by the extreme importance attached to the
exp edition to the L and of Punt ( g m) o rg a n l z e d
“ ”
and sent out by Q ueen Ha tshep s ut and afterwards ,
recorded with many illustrations on the walls of her

temple at D er e l Bahri The obj ects desired and .
obtained were incense trees incense gold ivory , , , ,
precious woods (including ebony) eye paint dog ,

-
,
headed apes long tailed monkeys greyhounds and

, , ,
leop ard skins All these were obtained by barter the

.
,
Egyptian ship s having brought daggers battle axe s ,

-
,
and gay ornaments ; though the record puts it m ore

pictur e squely callin g the obj ects obtained tribute
,
“
,
”
and the article s brought for exchange an o ffering “
put there for th e goddes s H athor O f home trade .
we are well i nformed by the pictures on tomb walls .
S ince everything in dail y use was made in the country ,
th e class of craftsmen and tradesmen was very large .
B ut trade seem s never to have developed beyond the

ordinary bazaar mar k eting business such as one sees
in any eastern town nowadays There were no .
m erchant princes nor did any mere tradesman win

,
hi s way to notice though one or two of the profes sions

,
enabled a man to climb the ladder of rank E ach .
trade had its chief its master mason or master shoe

, ,
maker o r master smith According to a writer in the

,
.
Anastasi Papyrus the lot of all craftsmen was a hard

one but the hardship s he enumerates would s eem to
,
be merely the necessities of the conditions of their

labour ; for instance the blacksmith s fingers are as
,
’
rugged a s the crocodile the barber has to run from ,

”
“
street to street seeking custom the mason i s ,
“
exposed to all the winds while he builds & c The ,
.
principal craftsm en represent e d on tomb walls are

sculptors p ainters carpenters masons boat builders
, , , , ,
metal workers glass blowers potters w e a ve r s sa n da l

-
,
-
, , ,
'
makers and confectioners There was in early times

, .
,
and later among th e poorer classes no recognized ,
medium of excha n ge so that business was done by ,

b a r t e i and apparently , as at the pre sent da y , much

h a ggli hg took place .
Tree s, Sa cre d a p art do certain trees

. S o i m portant
play in the religious cult that some E gyptologists have ,
accepted tre e worship as a fact \Ve read of a very .
ancient sacre d tree in the great hall at H eliopolis ,
on the leaves of which Thoth and S a fe kh write th e

name s of the monarch to secure to him immortality ;
but here the tree is rather a symbol than an O bj ect O f
worship The nearest approach to a ctual w orship
.
wa s under the Ptolemies when every temple seems ,
to have had i t s sacred tree Ten kinds of tree s are .
m entioned ( S ee P E R SE A
. T R EE S Y C O M O RE and ,
F L O R A) .
Tr i a d A
cycle of three gods arising from the fact
.
,
of other deitie s being associated with the chief god of

the place It consisted fre quently O f the god a
.
‘
goddes s h i s wife and their son The most important

,
.
triad was that of Th ebes which was worshipp ed in most ,
of it s t emples They were Amen Mu t his wife and

.
, ,
their son K h e n su The triad honoured at M emphis .
was Ptah S ekhet I m h e t e p ; th at at K o m O mbo S ebek

, ,
-
, ,
H athor and Kh e n su .
Tua ma ut e f or Dua maut ef one of

, ,
the four fun e 1a 1 y genii the four ,
c h i ld1 e n of H orus who a i e so fr e ,
quently represented standing upon a

lotus flower Tu a m a ut e f ha s the
.
head O f a j ackal They are th e four .
cardinal p oints and preside over th e ,
fo ur Canopic j ars ( g m)
Tum . called Tm u At m u and

Also ,
Atum wa s the chief O f the gods of

,
Annu (H eliopolis ) H e may be con .
si d e r e d a s an aspect of R a for he ,
repre sent s the night sun H e is . Tu m .

1 84 A C ON CIS E DIC TI ON A R Y OF
H
called creator of men ;
“
mak er of the gods ; “
self created
-
The ancient city of Pithom too k it s
.
name from the fact of there being a temple p a (lit ”

.
house ) of Tum there H e is represented as a man .
wearing th e double crown O f E gypt .
Ua h ah R a - -
. H ei d -d b -R a , Dynast y XXV I ,
5 9 1 —5 7 2 The Ap ri e s O f the Greeks the Pharaoh

.
,
H O p h r a of the O ld Te stam ent who leagued un success ,
fully with Z edekiah agai nst N ebuchadnezzar king of ,
B abylon The E gyptian fleet however was successful

.
, ,
against th e B abylonian and wi th its help Ty re he ld ,
out against N e b uc h a dn e z z a r for thirteen years .
H O p hr a built a beautiful temple at S a l s in the D elta

'
.
,
H i s soldiers revolted against him shut him u p in his ,
o w n capital and made Aa hm e s II

,
a man of low origin .
, ,
but who had married the daughter of P sa mm e t i ch us II

his successor .
Ua st . The name for Thebes generally and ,
the capital of the fourth nome of U pper E gypt . Chief

deity Amen R a
, .
U a -ua st . A district of Ethiopia east , Of K orosko .

1 86 A C O N CI S E DIC TI O NA R Y OF
Ur h The ek a
instrument used in .the funeral
ceremonies for s y mbolicall y O pening the eye s of the
mummy .
User sceptre with greyhound

. head found
A
almost always in the hands of the gods It i s .
symbolical of p ower .
Use k a
r-
f
-
. The first king of
Dynasty V .
,
cir . 3 7 21 reigned twenty eight years -
.
Usert sen I .
,
K hep er lca -R ZZ -
. S econd king of Dynasty
XII cir 27 58
.
, reigned forty four years p erhap s
.
-
“
longer Carried on building work s throughout Egypt

. .
At B e gi g in the F ay u m lies a red granite O belisk of

, ,
this reign which is unique as it di ffers in shap e from ,
all other O belisks as yet found _

.
In the tomb of Amem at B eni H a san we have an ,
admirable picture of the life of one of the g 1 eat here

di t a ry noble s of this p eriod .
Usert sen II . K lt ri lclc- /

er - R fi . F ourth king of
Dynasty XII , cir 26 8 4 A queen N e fe rt and

. .
, ,
three daughters are known .
The pyramid of I lla h un at the entrance to the F ay um , ,
mark s the burial place of this Pharaoh The work .
men s town lay a mile to the east ; and was completely

’
excavated b y Petrie who published plan s o f b o t h streets ,

'
and houses .
EGY PT I A N A R C H A E O LO GY 1 87
Usert sen III .

,
—
I f hd k du I t d , -
’
fifth king of Dy
nasty XII cir 26 60 H i s queen H e n ut ta ui is

.
, .
,
-
,
k nown from her sandstone sarcophagus in th e N .
pyramid at Dahshur It wa s in thi s pyramid that de .
M organ found in 1 8 9 4 th e beautiful j ewellery O f th e

Princess S e t H athor probabl y a sister of U se r t se n III
-
, .
This Pharaoh according to a tablet at S e h el first , ,
cataract ordered a channel to be m ade through the

,
cataract 3 4 ft wide and 24 ft deep preparatory to the

,
. .
,
conquest of Nubia At S emueh and K um m e h about .

,
thirty mile s south of the cataract are two fortifications ,
erected by U se rt se n III for the protection of his .

,
southern frontier against the Nubian s .
Ush a b t i u The nam e given to figurines in the form

.
of a mummy deposited with the dead Their business .
was to act as the servants of the deceased in the

'
underworld The 6 t h chapter of the Book of th e

.
“
D ead is usually inscribed on them and run s thus ,
O Usha b t zu if th e O siris ( deceased ) i s commanded

'
to do any work what soever in t h e n e t e r M a r t let all

O b structions b e cast down from before him .
H ere am I ready whenso ever ye call

”
.
,
B e ye ready always to plough and sow the fields ,
t o fill the canals with water and to carry sand from ,
the east to the west .
“
Again here am I when ye call
, .
Ut en . measure of value or standard O f

E A ,
exchange more recently translated ta bnu It consiste d

, .
of a piece of O opper wire weighin g from 9 1 to 9 2 ,
grammes S O uniform was its weight that it was also

.
used in the scales a s a weight The uten was only a .
standard the piece it self did not necessarily change

,
hands in tran sactions ( S e e M O NE Y ) . .
U za t . S ee E Y E ,
TH E S A C R E D .
V e t eri n a ry Ar t . F rom
various tomb paintings with -
,
their inscriptions it has been found that th e Egyptian s

,
w ere in th e habit of doctoring their animals O ne .
painting represent s a m a n forcing a bolus which he

'
has t aken out of a vase in front of him down the ,
thro a t of an ox the inscription above reads

,
doctor ,
”
ing a young ox Careful examination O f the left
.
humerus O f a mummied ibis fractured and reunited ,
in a particular way convinced the learned Cuvier,
t hat it had undergone surgical treatment .
Vi ne . Throughout the country vines were grown

from the D elta to Nubia We are told (H arris papy .
rus ) that R amses III planted numerous Vine y ards in the

.
northern and southern oases as wel l as others having ,
ponds with lotus fl owers Another p apyrus sp eaks of.
a c e le b r a t e d m o un t a in vineyard which belonged to the

Temple of Amen at Thebes The vine as pictured .
,
on tomb walls was train ed over trellises which were

, ,
supported either by wooden pillars or more simply , ,
by wooden forks ( S e c WI N E )
. .
Vult ure Thi s bird was the s y mbol of maternity

.
,
and as such i s sacred to Mu t the second in the ,
divine triad of Thebes The vulture is the ideo .
graphic hieroglyph for her name has the value of

,
ma t M any goddesses wear for head dress a kind of

.
-
cap in the form of a vulture The goddes s N ekhebt is .
sometimes represented in the form of a vulture .

1 90 A C ON C I S E D I C T I O N A R Y O F
They w er e usually made of h um a n hair mixed with
sheep s wool
’
.
Wi ne A
favourite drink among th e E gyptian s
. .
F our sort s were in use under the O ld Empire e g , . .
1 ed, white black and northern wine This last

, , .
answered t O t h e M areotic wine which was considered ,
the best Under the N e w Empire several kinds were

.
often mixed together When made the wine was .
stored in carefully stoppered j ars and sealed by the

treasurer Pi c tures of the m aking O f wine m ay be
.
seen on tomb walls The men are depicted treading.
the wine press from which the wine run s out at the
-
,
bottom ; other men put it in amphorae and the

treasurer seals them A curious scene of mixing
.
wines shows three siphons in separate j ars being

brought down to one large one (S e e V I N E ) . , .
Wi ng ed Di sk ,
The . S e e H O R B E H U TE T .
Wool was to a cer t ain extent considered impure and ,
hence was never used for burial wrappings exception s ,
in th e case O f so m e w o rk m e n s bodi es have been ’

'
found at To ur a h F o r t hi s r e a so n the priests did not

.
wear it next their skin ; an d always removed their

O uter woollen garment before entering the temple .
O nly the poor m ade much use of woollen garments .
But that wool was one O f the chief articles O f

, .
co m merce is certain from the fact that large flock s of

sheep were I eared in the Th ebai d where according , ,
to S trabo mutton was un lawful food E ach sheep

,
.
yielded two fleeces in the year An except i on to the .
rule that wool was regarded as impure i s the case of

th e two women who were to recite the F estival “
songs of Isis and N ephthys ( g m) The directions in .
the p apyrus are that they were to wear garlands of

ram s wool
’
.
Xerx e s . S ee P E R S I AN s .
Xoi s or Choi s The Greek name for C ha sa nt the

, .
,
capital of the sixth nome of L o w er E g ypt the modern ,
S akha .Chief deity Am en 3 é , .
Ye a r ( ) .The aCivil or V ague year consisted of

twelve months each of thirty days to which were
, ,
added five intercalary days at the close These months .
were divided into the three seasons of S het inundation , ,
Pert growing and Shat sowing The 20t h July which

, , ,
.
,
was about the beginning of the Nile rise was looked ,
upon as Ne w Year s D ay ’
.
( )
b The S othic y ear of 3 6 5 }
3 days This p eriod was .
calculated by the rising of S othis on th e first day of

the first month of S hat when it coincided with t h e ,
rise of the N ile .
( )
c The solar y ear which was to all
, intents and
purposes the same as the Civil year .
Do cuments were dated from the d a y month and , ,
year O f the reigning monarch Professor H Brugsch . .
was of opinion that the great y ear corresponded t o

a lunar year with the addition of the int erc alary days ,
and the little year t o a lunar year thus giving five ,
di ff erent methods O f reckoning th e year .

1 92 A C ON C I S E DIC T I O NA R Y OF
Z a an ( the m o dern Sa n Greek Tanis ; and H ebrew , ,
Z oan ) is a kind of island in the swamp of the Delta on

the branch O f the river flowing into L ake M e n z a l e h and ,
is about twenty miles north of Tel e l K ebir The - -

.
e a r li e st l o c a l remains disco vered are of the X I I th

Dynasty ; the few inscriptions bearing the name of
Pepi M eri R a being on blocks probably b r o ugh t fro m
- -
D e n d e r a and used here for the second time S tatues .
O f Amen em h a ts and U se r t se n s have been found

- -
the
temple which was later enlarged and b e a u t ifi e d by
,
R amses II was the work of thes e m onarch s

.
,
M ost .
of the H yksos antiquities which have been recovered

came from Sa n They are all either O f black or dark
.
grey granite .
A gre a t feature o f the temple precincts was a statue

of R amses II which was between eighty and a .
,
hundred feet high a nd was p robably a monolith

“
.
,
.
O nly fragments remam Sh a sh a n q of the X X I I n d

.
,
Dynasty probably destroyed much of the work of

,
R am ses for his pylon i s largely built of the fragments

,
.
To thi s day S a n has served as a quarry for the neigh

,
b o urh o o d .
of the XX I st Dynasty built an

P a se b k h an u , ,
enormous wall enclosing the temple It was eighty .
feet thick Portion s twenty fi ve feet in height still

.
,
-
,
remain .
U nder the XXVI t h D y nasty when S a 1 s became the ,
capital of the D elta the temple fell into disrepair , .
But houses were built I n the shelter O f the great wall

during the X X I Xt h Dynasty and N e c t a n e b o II O f ,
the X X Xt h Dynasty sought its protection against the ,
Persians Three S phinxes of this peri o d have been

.
discovered .
U nder the P t o le m 1 e s more houses were bu 1 lt As .

B I BLI O GR A PHY
C LAS S I C WR I TE R S .
H e ro d o tus . B ook i i .
St ra b o. B o ok x vi i Se e vol i i i . . . of t h e Geogra p h y o f St r a b o ,
’
in B o h n s C l a ssi c a l L i b r a r y .
D i o d o r us . B o ok i . S e e b e l o w , F r a gme nt s, etc .
M a n e th o S e e b e l o w , F r a g me n t s,
. et c . , an d C h ro no l og i e d es
M a n et h o , b y C F U n g e r . . .
P l ut a r ch . D e I si d e et Osi r i d e .
F ra gm e n t s o f M a n e t h o , D i o d o ru s, P t o l e m y , E r a t o s
t h e n e s , E u se b i u s , S y n c e ll u s , a n d C h a e m e r o n , t h a t
h a v e b e e n p r e se r v e d i n t h e w r i t i n g s o f o t h e r c l a ssi c
a u t h or s , w i l l b e f o u n d i n A n c i e nt F r a g me n t s, et c , b y J P . . .
C or y .
H I S TO R Y .
M a sp e r o ; G a s t o n a H i st o i re A n ci e n n e d.es P e u p l es cl e
.
Z Or i en t C la ssi q ue , i n t h r e e v o l s I L es Or i g i n es
’
II . . . .
L es P r e m i er es M élées d es P eu p l es I I I L es E mp i r es, . .
t r a n sl a t e d i n E n g l i sh u n d e r t h e n a m e s : I The D a w n .
of C i vi l i za t i o n II Th e S t r ugg l e of t h e Na t i o ns
. III
. . .
The P a ssi ng of t h e E mp i re3 b Hi st oi r e An ci en n e d es

’
. .
’
Peup l es d e Z O r i e nt .
B u n se n ; C C J Uni versa l H i st or y
’
. . . Eg yp t s P la ce in . 5
vol s .
B r u g sc h ; H . E g yp t und e r t h e P ha ra o hs .
P e t ri e ; W M . . F . Hi st or y f Eg yp t
o , f r o m D y n a st i e s I . to
X VI I . In 2 v ols .
M a h a ffy ; J P . . Eg yp t u nd e r t h e P t o l e ma i c D y na st y , sa me
se r i e s a s Pe t r i e .
M i ln e ; J . G . Egyp t u nd e r R o ma n R ul e, sa me se r i e s a s
Pe t ri e .
1 96 B IB L I O GR A PHY
M a ri e t t e Ou t li n es of An ci en t E g yp t i a n Hi st or y , t r a n s
A ug .
l a t e d w i t h n o t e s b y Ma r y B r o d r i c k .
De C a ra ; C A . . G li Hy ksos 0 re Pa st o r i ol e E gi t t o . 1 8 89 .
Ab d -e l L a t if
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Edw a r ds .
P e rrot a nd Ch i p i e z . Th e Ar t of An ci en t Egyp t . 2 v o l s.
R a y et . L es Mo n u men t s Ol e l Ar t An t i qu e ’
.
Soldi . L a S c ulp t u r e Egyp t i en n e .
G o od y e a r . The Gr a mma r o f t he L ot u s .
RE L I G I O N .
La n z on e ; R . W . Di z i on a r i o ol i Mi t o logi a Egi zi a . 3 vols .
Wi e dem a nn ; A R e l i g i on of t h e A n ci.e n t E g yp t i a n s .
Th e A n ci en t Egyp t i a n D o c t r i n e of t h e I mm or t a li t y o f t he
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1 98 B I B L I O GR A P H Y
C I V I L I Z AT I O N AN D GE N E R AL .
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E rm a n ; A d o l f . L if e i n An c i en t Eg yp t .
B r u g sc h ; H Di ct i o n na i r e geogr a p hi g ue cl e l Eg yp t e
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Eb e rs . A egyp t e n un d d i e B i t ch e r M oses .
Ma sp e r o G . Un e E n qu et e J udi ci a r e a Theb es .
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'
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Cl a k R us ll F u t h E di t i on
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3 6> M ES S R S M ETH U E N UE
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A M AN O F
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.
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.
B ens on ( E D OD O . .
AN T ON I O .
T H E V I N T A GE .
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’
.
El i o t ( Ge o rge ) T H E M I LL ON T H E A M .
O M E N T S E RROR ’
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Marr y at ( Ca p t a i n) P ETE R SI .
F i n d lat er (Ja n e I I ) T H E G R EE N J A C O B FA ITH FUL .

.
G RA VE S O F B AL G O WR I E 1 Marc h ( Ri c h a rd ) A M ETA M O R
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Ga llon (To m) R I C K ER BY S FOLLY TH E T W IC K E N H A M PEE R A G

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Gera r d ( Do r o t h ea) H O LY M A TR I Mat h ers (He l e n ) H ON E Y

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G R I FF O F G R I F F I T H SC O U R T
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M A D E O F M O N EY T H E F ERR Y M AN .
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Mi ll er ( Es t h er ) i LI VI N G L I ES .
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Mo rri s on ( Ar t h u r T HE
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Ru sse ll ( W Cl ark ) A B AN D ON E
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Ne sb lt T H E R ED H OU SE .
A M ARR I A G E A T S EA .
M Y D AN I S H S \VE ET H EA R T
No rr i s ( W G RA C E
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H I S I S LAN D P R I N C ES S
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GI L ES I N G I LBY
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T H E C R E D IT OF THE C OUN TY . S ergean t ( Ad el i n e ) T H E M A ST .
LOR D L EONAR D TH E LU C KL ES S .
B EE C H WO O D .
M A T T H E\V AU ST E N B A LB A R A S M O N EY
'
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C LAR I SS A FUR I O SA .
T H E Y E LLOW D I A M ON D .
T H E LO VE TH A T O VE R C A M E
Oli p h an t T H E LA D Y S WALK
.
'
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’
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T H E T WO M AR Y S .
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Parker ( Gi l b er t ) TH E P O M P O F T H E
.
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L A V I L E T TE S
Warf o r d (Mr s L M R S M IT
.
WH N E VA L M O N D C A M E T O P O N TI A C .
C OU S I N S
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T RA I L O F T H E S WOR D
.
THE
T H E B A BY S G RAN D M O TH E R
. ’
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Pem b er t on ( Ma x ) T H E FOO T S T E P S . T ROU B L ES O M E D AU G HTE R S .
OF A TH RON E .
I C ROWN TH EE K I N G . Wal lace ( Ge n era l Le w) BE N H .

-
T H E FA I R G O D
Phi l l p o t t s (Ed e n ) T H E H U M AN B O Y
.
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CHI L D R E N O F T H E M I S T .
Wat s on (H . THE A
T H E P OA CH E R S W I F E
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T H E R I VE R .
C A PT A I N FOR T UN E
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‘ ’
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.
.
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Weekes (A P R I S ON ER S O F
.
ge (W Pe t t ) A S O N OF T H E ST A T E
Ri d . . .
We ll s ( H T H E S E A LA D Y
. .
LO S T P RO P E R TY .
W h i t e ( Perc y ) A P A SSI ONA T E .
GE OR GE a nd TH E GE N ERAL . G RI M .

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A C O NC I S E D I C T I O NA R Y

H I S little b o ok has b e e n prepared for publication

contain s in a condensed form information that would

given but a bibliography of the works consulted h a s

been placed at the end of the b oo k .

A selection onl y of kings names has been inserted

In illustrating th e ﬁgures of the E gy ptia n gods

possible from want of space to depict more than one

asp ect or one s et of attributes .

The system of transliteration adopted w ill b e found

p articular names where the Greek or som e other form

has become familiar to the general reader the word h a s ,

not been transliterated but the more common spelling

has been used such as in Th o t hm e s Isi s S erap is & c

The scarab on th e cover i s C opied fro m a ﬁ n e

Aah ,who is purely a moon God share s with ,

Kh e n su and Thoth the emblems of the lunar cre scent

obscure king of the end of

Aa hm e s I ﬁrst king of the

the diggers of M M ariett e .

discovere d at Thebes the co fﬁ n

being unfortunately absent at t h e

many valuable articles The .

co fﬁn cover is in the shap e O f a

to bottom Th e articles found

in the co fﬁ n included a double

on a groundwork of blue enamel

a large bracelet op ening with a hinge ; an axe with a y

ornamented with lapis lazuli carnelian and turquoise ,

a dagger in a sheath of gold ; a gold chain with

heads at each end etc These obj ect s are now in ,

the Cairo M useu m .

had by her six c hildren A a hm e s began the great .

war of indep enden c e which resulted in the expulsion

( Tanis and drove them into the Palestine desert H e .

then subj ugated the M entiu or Bedawin Turning ,

south he went up the N ile to S e m n e h and rep elled the

preservat i on i s in the Cairo Museum H e appears

to have died I n the p 1 ime of life .

Aahm e s se- Ni t , K huem -

Pharaoh encouraged commercial enterprise by opening

Cyprus and made an alliance with Croesus king of

L ydia in the hope of stemming the ti d e of Persian

Aa l u F i e l ds of In the legend of the De struction

of M ankind found in the tomb of S eti I and else

where we learn how that R a tired of ruling disobedient

p eople on earth retired to t h e sky ,

fulﬁlled an d having reached the upper regions he i n

sp e c t e d the territory which he had there chosen for

his own declared his purpose of gathering many m en

about him in it and created for their future accomoda

tion the various divisions of the heavenly world H i s .

there appeared the F ield of R est I will gather

( A a lu,) Therein do I gather as it s inhabitants things

It was to this part of the divine world that souls made

the D ead speaks O f it as the ﬁeld which produced “

t h e divine harve sts which the blessed departed spent

their tim e in harvesting The barley here grew to .

seven cubit s in height The ﬁelds of A a lu were .

su1 r o un d e d by a wall of iron broken by several doors , ,

and traversed by a river ; the ways which led to i t

Greek Elysian ﬁelds .