Name :

Class : At Tabari/Ibnu Haitham/Abul Wafa

Grade :7
Date :

Read the information about arthritis. Then answer the questions.

Many people get arthritis as they get older. Arthritis makes joints feel painful and stiff.
Arthritis happens when the cartilage covering the bones at a joint gets damaged. It
becomes rough, instead of being smooth and slippery. Sometimes, the cartilage is so
badly damaged that it does not cover the ends of the bones. Each time the bones move,
they rub against each other.
The joints that are most often affected are the knees, fingers and hips.
Artificial joints are sometimes used to replace damaged joints. Artificial joints are made
of metal and plastic. One metal that is often used is titanium. This metal does not react
with the fluids inside the body. The surfaces of the artificial joints are very smooth.

1 Describe what happens to a joint to cause arthritis.

The ends of the bones get damaged and rough. This may happen because the cartilage is damaged.

2 Explain why arthritis makes it more difficult to move a joint.

There is more friction at the joint, because of the rough surfaces rubbing against one another.

3 Explain why titanium is used to make artificial joints.

Titanium does not react with fluids inside the body

4 Explain why the surfaces of artificial joints must be very smooth.

To reduce friction, which would make it difficult to move the joint, and would damage its surfaces.

BIOLOGY 1


Antagonistic muscles in the leg

This diagram shows the muscles in a person’s leg.

1 What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A hinge joint (a moveable joint)
2 On the diagram, label a ball-and-socket joint.
3 Look carefully at the diagram. What will happen at the knee joint when muscle A contracts?
The leg will bend at the knee
4 What will happen at the knee joint when muscle B contracts?
It will straighten – the lower leg will be pulled forward
5 Which of these pairs of muscles are antagonistic pairs? Underline the two correct answers.
A and B A and D B and C C and D C and A

BIOLOGY 2