DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS/CONCEPTS

** Order of Differenti al Equation : Order of the heighest order derivative of the given differenti al
equation is called the order of the differenti al equation.
* * Degree of the Differenti al Equation : Heighest power of the heighest order derivative when powers
of all the derivative s are of the given differenti al equation is called the degree of the differenti al equatin
dy f1 x , y 
* * Homogeneou s Differenti al Equation :  , where f1 x , y & f 2 ( x , y) be the homogeneou s
dx f 2 ( x , y)
function of same degree.
* * Linear Differenti al Equation :
dy
i.  py  q, where p & q be the function of x or cons tant.
dx
Solution of the equation is : y . e   e
 .q dx , where e  is Integratin g Factor (I.F.)
p dx p dx p dx

dx
ii.  px  q, where p & q be the function of y or cons tant.
dy

Solution of the equation is : x . e   e

 .q dy , where e  is Integratin g Factor (I.F.)
p dy p dy p dy

SOME ILUSTRATIONS :
Q. Solve(3xy  y 2 )dx  (x2  xy)dy  0.
dy y 2  3xy
Sol.  is a hom ogeneous differential equation
dx x 2  xy
dy dv
Put y  vx  vx
dx dx
dv v  3xvx v 2 x 2  3xvx v 2  3v
2
v  x   
dx x 2  xvx x 2  xvx 1 v
dv v 2  3v v 2  3v  v  v 2  4v
x  v 
dx 1 v 1 v 1 v
1 v  dx 1 dx
  dv  4    dv   dv  4
 v  x v x
y y
 log v  v  4 log x  C  log .x 4   C
x x
 
 xlog x y  Cx
3

Q. Show that following differential equation is homogeneous, and then solve it :

 
2yex/ydx  y  2xe x / y dy  0, given that y  1, when x  0.

Sol.2ye dx  y  2xe
x/y
 x/y

dy  0 
dx 2xe x / y  y
dy

2 y.e x / y
2xe x / y  y
Let Fx , y  
2 y.e x / y
2xe x / y  y 0  2 xe y 0
x/y
Fx , y      2 y.e x / y    Fx , y 
 
2y.e x / y  

57
 dx dv
 given Diff. Eq. is homogeneous. Put x  vy  vx
dy dy
dv 2vye vy / y  y 2 ve v  1
vx  
dy 2 y.e vy / y 2.e v
dv 2ve v  1 2ve v  1  2 ve v 1
x  v
 v  v
 v
dy 2.e 2.e 2.e
dy
2 e v dv     2e v  log y  C  2e x / y  log y  C
y
y  1 when x  0  C  2
 required sol. is 2ex/y  log y  C
dy
Q. Solve : xlogx  y  2logx
dx
dy dy y 2
Sol. x log x  y  2 log x    is a linear differential equation.
dx dx x log x x
1
 dx
1 2 x log x
P , Q  , I.F.  e  elog(log x )  log x
x log x x
2
Sol.is y. log x   log x dx  C  2.
log x   C 2

x 2
 ylogx  logx2  C
dy π
Q. Solve :  2ytanx  sinx; y   0
dx 3
dy
Sol.  2 y tan x  sin x
dx
P  2 tan x, Q  sin x, I.F.  e 
2 tan xdx
 e 2 log sec x  sec2 x
Sol. is. y.sec2 x   sin x.sec2 xdx  C   sec x. tan x dx  C

 y.sec2 x  sec x  C, y  0, x 
 C  2
3
 y.sec2 x  sec x  2  y  cosx  2cos2 x

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :

3
 d2 y 
 
4
 2   4   sin e x  y  0 .
dy
 dx   dx 
 
2
 d3 y   dy 
4
2. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  3   sin x   cos y  0 .
 dx   dx 

58
3. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :
2
 d2y 
 
 2   sin   sin e x  y  0 .
 dx 
dy
   dx 
2
 d2 y 
dy
4. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2   e dx  y  0 .
 dx 
3
 d 2 y  2  dy 2
5. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2      1
 dx   dx 
2 1
 d2 y  3  dy  2
6. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation :  2    y  
 dx   dx 
7/3
  dy  2  d3y
7. Write the order and degree, if defined, of the differential equation : 4     
  dx   dx 3
3
 d2y   dy 
4
 
8. If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation x 2   y   x 3  0
 dx   dx 
respectively, then find the value of 2p – q .
9. Solve : dy + sin x sin y dx = 0
dy y
10. Solve : 
dx x
dy
11. Solve : (1 + x2) =1
dx
dy
12. Solve :  ex  y
dx
13. Solve : sec2 x tan y dx  sec2 y tan x dy
dy
14. Solve : =1 + x + y + xy
dx
dy
15. Solve : = e x - y + x2 e-y
dx
dy
16. Solve : (ex  e – x )  (ex – e – x )
dx
17. Solve : y log y dx – x dy = 0
18. Solve : cos x1  cos ydx  sin y1  sin x dy  0
19. Solve : 3ex tan y dx  (1 – ex ) sec2 y dy  0

20. Solve : x  2 
dy
 4x 2 y
dx
21. Solve : x 1  y2 dx  y 1  x 2 dy  0

 1  x  y  xy , y1  0
dy
22. Solve :
dx
23. Solve : (1  e2x )dy  (1  y2 )ex dx  0, y0  1

59
 ANSWERS

1. Order : 2 , Degree : 3 2. Order : 3 , Degree : 2

3. Order : 2 , Degree : Not defined 4. Order : 2 , Degree : Not defined
5. Order : 2 , Degree : 3 6. Order : 2 , Degree : 4
7. Order : 3 , Degree : 3 8. 4
y
9. e  cosx tan  c 10. y = kx
2
11. y = tan –1 x + c 12.  e y  ex  C
x2
13. tan x. tan y  C 14. log (1 + y) = x  c
2
x3
15. e y  e x  c 16. y  log ex  e –x  C
3
17. y  ekx 18. 1  sin x 1  cos y  C
 x2 
19. (ex  1)3  C tan y 20. log y  4  2x  4 logx  2  C
2 
x2 3
21. 1  x 2  1  y2  C 22. log1  y  x  
2 2
 
23. Ans. tan 1 y  tan 1 e x 

2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Show that following differential equation is homogeneous and hence solve it

1. Solve (x 2  y 2 )dx  2xydy  0, given that y  1, when x  1.

dy x 2 y  x 
2. Solve  , given that y  1, when x  1.
dx x 2 y  x 
3.Solve (3xy  y2 )dx  (x 2  xy)dy  0.
dy y  y
4.Solve   cos ec , given that y  0, when x  1.
dx x x
dy  y
5.Solve x  y  x tan  .
dx x
6. Solve (x 3  y3 )dy  x 2 ydx  0
7.Solve x 2dy  (xy  y2 )dx  0, given that y  1, when x  1.

8. Show that following differential equation is homogeneous and hence solve it x  y 

dy
 x  2y
dx
 y
9.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it ydx  xlog   2xdy  0
x
10.Solve xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx

60
 dy
11. Solve 2 x 2  2 xy  y 2  0
dx
dy  y
12. Solve x  y  sin   0, given that y  , when x  2.
dx x
13.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it
 
2yex/ydx  y  2xe x / y dy  0, given that y  1, when x  0.
14. Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous, and then solve it
dy  y y 
x . sin   x  y sin   0, given that y  , when x  1.
dx x x 2
15. Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous , and then solve it
xe 
 y dx  xdy, given that y  1, when x  1.
y/x

16.Show that following diff. eq. is homogeneous , and then solve it

 2 y   
 xsin  x   y dx  xdy  0, given that y  4 , when x  1.
   

ANSWERS
1. x  y  2x
2 2

 2 y 2  xy  x 2  6  4y  x  6  3 
2. log 2

 tan 1    2 log x  log 2 
 tan 1  
 x  7  7x  7  7

 
3.x log x 3 y  C
y
4. cos  log x  1
x
y x3
5. x sin C 6.   log y  C
x 3y 3
 2y  x 
7.3x 2 y  y  2x 8. log x 2  xy  y 2  2 3 tan 1 C
 3x 
 y 
9.log  1  Cy 10.y  x 2  y 2  Cx 2
 x 
2x  y y
11.  log x  C 12. cosec  cot   2
y  x x
y
13. 2e x / y  log y  C 14. cos  log x
x
y y
1 y
15.e x . log x  e x  1  0 16. log x  cot  1  0
x

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Solve the following differential equations :
dy
1. Solve cos2 x  y  tan x
dx
dy
2. Solve x  y  x log x ; x  0
dx

61
 dy
3. Solve (1  x 2 )  y  tan 1 x
dx
dy
4. Solve x log x  y  2 log x
dx
dy
5. Solve :  y  cos x  sin x
dx
dy  
6.Solve :  y cot x  4x cosecx, ( x  0), given that y   0.
dx 2
dy 2
7. Solve : ( x 2  1)  2 xy  2
dx x 1
dy 2
8. Solve : x log x  y  log x
dx x
dy
9. Solve : ( x 2  1)  2 xy  x 2  4
dx
10. Solve : xdy  ( y  x3 )dx  0
dy  
11.Solve :  2y tan x  sin x; y   0
dx 3
12.Solve : (1  x 2 )dy  2xydx  cot xdx ; x  0
dy 1
13.Solve : (1  x 2 )  y  e tan x
dx
 e 2 x y  dx
14.Solve :    1
 x x  dy
ANSWERS
x 1
1. ye tanx  e tanx tan x  1  C 2. y   log x    C
2 2
4.y log x  log x 2  C
1
3. y  (tan 1 x  1)  Ce  tan x

2
5. y  cos x  Ce  x 6. y sin x  2 x 2 
2
x 1
7. y 
1
log  2
C
8.y log x  
2
log x  1  C
x 1
2
x 1 x 1 x
x x4
9. ( x 2  1) y  x 2  4  2 log x  x 2  4  C 10.xy  C
2 4
log sin x C
11.y  cos x  2 cos2 x 12.y  
1 x 2
1 x2
1
e tan x 1
13.y   Ce  tan x
14. y.e 2 x
2 x C
2

62