HORTI 7 – FINAL EXAM REVIEWER

POTTING, DE-POTTING, AND RE-POTTING

Pots- are used for growing house plants (indoor or outdoor).
Potting mixture- this must be light in weight and have an adequate water-holding capacity.
Potting- is the process planting of new plants in pots.
De-potting- is a removal of a plant from a pot for planting in soil, bed or another pot.
Re-potting- the first step in re-potting is de-potting. A de-potted plant needs to be re-potted in a
fresh pot.
TYPES AND METHOD OF MANURE APPLICATION
Timely application of fertilizers and manures in adequate quantity is important for the growth of
plants.
1) Bulk manures- Farmyard manures (FYM) or other bulky manures must be broadcast over
the entire area and mixed well with the soil by harrowing.
2) Concentrated manures- oil cakes, fish manure and blood meal are known as
‘concentrated organic manure.’
APPLICATION OF SOLID FERTILIZERS
Broadcasting
1) Basal application- is carried out prior to sowing or planting just before the last ploughing
is carried out in a field.
2) Top dressing- it is when fertilizers are broadcast in a standing crop.
TYPES OF FERTILIZER PLACEMENT
1) Plough furrow or single band placement- application of fertilizers in narrow band beneath
and by the side of crop row or furrow.
*Double band placement- when fertilizers are applied on the side of the planted row.
2) Deep placement- practiced for the application of nitrogenous and phospathic fertilizers and in
fields. Commonly recommended in dry land agriculture.
3) Ring placement- the quantity of fertilizers per plant is calculated and applied at some depth
around the plant circle.
APPLICATION OF LIQUID FERTILIZERS
1) Foliar application - this method can be used with fertilizer nutrients readily soluble water.
2) Fertigation - refers to the application of fertilizers though irrigation water.
Handling of plants - care must be taken care in nourishing them in order to ensure their growth
and development.
Shading - newly grown sapling must be protected from adverse weather conditions. Shade-nets
polyethylene sheets are used.
Thinning - it is important to maintain plant density in rows so as to ensure adequate light and air
to the plants.
Watering - nursery beds must be watered carefully with the help of a fine nose can.
Weeding - refers to the removal of all unwanted plants (weeds) from the nursery.
Hardening of seedlings - seedling must be hardened-off (acclimatized) in partial shade before
planted in the main field so that they can survive the harsh open climatic conditions. Generally,
done before transplanting.
Staking - is a practice to support plants growing straight and saving them from bending or
lodging.
De-shooting - refers to the removal of all side shoots (offshoots and keikis).
Disbudding - is the removal of floral buds when a large number on a plant is desired.
Pinching - refers to the removal of growing tips f vegetative buds to promote bushy growth for
more lateral formation.
COMMON DISEASES IN NURSERY PLANTS
Damping-off – it is a common and serious disease in nursery plants which even cause their
death.
4 fungi that causes damping off; Pythium, Phytopthora, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium.
Wilt - leaves become yellow. Plants often show discolored and wilted appearance.
Leaf spot - big black or brown spots on leaves.
PLANT PROPAGATION
-defined as the multiplication or reproduction of plants. It has 2 types;
1) Sexual propagation – it is a type of propagation that propagates through seeds.
2) Asexual propagation – type of propagation based on the utilization of vegetative parts of
plants e.g. shoots, leaves, stems, toots, buds and underground parts.
 Plants that undergo asexual propagation are more prone to biotic and abiotic
stresses.
SEED – it is a ripened ovule developed after fertilization.
PLANT PROPAGATION BY CUTTING
Cutting – is a detached vegetative part of a plant. it is an inexpensive and quick method of
propagation.
4 TYPES OF STEM CUTTING
1) Hardwood cutting – such cutting is taken from a woody plants e.g. grapes, bougainvillea,
rose, etc.
2) Semi-hardwood cutting – is taken from 4 to 9 month old shoots of current season woody
plants e.g. croton, acalyphas, etc,
3) Softwood cutting – such cutting is taken from herbaceous or succulent plants e.g.
alternanthera, coleus, duranta, etc.
4) Herbaceous cutting – such cutting is taken from herbaceous plants e.g. dahlia,
chrysanthemum, etc.
5) Leaf cutting – Plants with thick fleshy leaves having buds are propagated by leaf cutting
e.g. snake plant, cathedral bells (kataka-taka), blackberry, etc.
Layering – it is an attached method of propagation. It has 5 types;
1) Simple layering – a partial tongue-like cut is given on a branch.
2) Compound layering – similar to simple layering except branches are alternately covered
and exposed along their length.
3) Trench layering – it is primarily used in fruit plants. Covering the shoots with soil results in
etiolation (growth excluding sunlight), so it is also known as ‘etiolation layering.’ This
method is followed in apple, cherry, pear, jasmine, and rhododendron.
4) Mound layering or stooling – this method is followed in plants whose branches are firm
and difficult to bend.
5) Air layering – it is also known as ‘gootee’ e.g. citrus fruits, lychee, etc.
Grafting – it is the method of joining parts of two plants in a manner that they form a unit and
function as one plant.
Rootstock – the part of the graft that provides root system to the grafted plant.
Scion – the upper portion of the graft combination taken from the desired plant to be multiplied.
Approach grafting – it is also known as ‘inarching,’ 2 independent self-sustaining plants are
grafted together.
2 METHODS OF APPROACH GRAFTING
1) Sliced approach grafting
2) Tongue grafting
Scion detached method – this method is a more popular method of grafting and comparatively
easier to perform.
6 TYPES OF SCION DETACHED METHOD
1) Veneer grafting – it is a simple and economical method of grafting.
 2) Side grafting – the operated scion is inserted into the side established rootstock e.g.
hibiscus.
3) Wedge or cleft grafting – is comparatively a simple and an easy method of grafting, it is
widely used in fruit trees e.g. mango, jackfruit, etc.
4) Stone or epicotyl grafting – commonly adopted for the rapid multiplication of mango
plants.
5) Whip or splice grafting – it is the oldest method of grafting. This method is commonly
used in fruit trees like apple, pear, walnut, etc.
In selection of material, the rootstock and the scion must be of uniform thickness.
6) Bark grafting – a plant graft made by slitting the bark of the stock and inserting the scion
beneath. It is commonly used in top working.
GRAFTING FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
- It is done for quality improvement and repair.
Bridge grafting – this method is used for repairing wounds in trees made by implements, frost,
rodents or diseases.
Top working – in this method, inferior or older plants are rejuvenated into superior or new ones.
PLANT PROPAGATION BY BUDDING
Budding – it is the process on inserting a single mature scion into the stem in a way that results
into a union and continues to grow as a new plant.
6 TYPES OF BUDDING
1) T-budding – it is also called ‘shield budding.’
2) Patch budding – a rectangular patch of bark is completely removed from the internodes of
the stock plant.
3) Ring budding – a ring formed bark is removed from the stock.
4) Flute budding – this is a slight modification of ring budding.
5) Forkert budding – a horizontal cut at the internodes of the selected rootstock is given.
6) Chip budding – this method is followed when the bark is thin and cannot be removed
easily.
Tissue culture – it is a technique for growing plant tissue isolated from the parent part in an
artificial medium.
Callus - is produced on explant in vitro due to wounding and growth substances.
PLANT PROPAGATION BY SPECIALIZED ORGANS
- Specialized organs are modified stems or roots, developing above the ground surface or
underground.
Bulb – is a specialized underground structure having a flat basal system and surrounded by
fleshy scales e.g. onions, tuberose and amaryllis.
Corm – is an underground modified solid or compressed stem oriented vertically in the side
having nodes and buds e.g. gladiolus, crocus, etc.
Tuber – it is an underground storage organ having special swollen modified stem or roots e.g.
root tuber like dahlia, caladium etc. and stem tuber like begonia, potato, etc.
Rhizome – modified stem of some plant growing horizontally just below the ground surface
e.g. canna, ferns, ginger, iris, etc.
Runner – it is a modified stalk which is creeping in nature. it grows horizontally along the
ground e.g. dobb grass, strawberry, chlorophytum etc.
Sucker – it is a special shoot arising from the root or stem portion of a below the ground level
e.g. chrysanthemum, anthurium etc.
Tuberous root – it refers to a swollen tuberous growth that functions as a storage organ e.g.
satavar, dahlia chlorophytum, etc.