Tr OE EUR ete ut a) cis Pere Dee eer tae es SN UC anne USUm D211, + CuSOa(aq) > ZNSOa(aq) + Cu Peele Cees Cl Paterna) er en eae Ae ee ee Cen Cee Sate) Ree eur Cec ane ests CS ee ure) tron tre Pee RUE eee seo ree et lec POEL MER UTM teem (1c) Ceo oe cURL ee) ICH3CH20H “+ CHsCHO Ni ICoHa(q) + Haq) Gar C2Hera) 150°C Zns) > Zn?* (aq) + 26° Cu?* (aq) + 2e° > Cus) Per em R wT Rel mes Geeukciocae okie utes cine Cr Wren a eel Rea <1) Cara Like Sas oxidation is loss oxidation is gain oxidation is loss Fe203s) + 3COig) > 2Fejs) + 3CO2e) ereecrenei Me eyes (a Mer iycroren Cee R ee clue Neel reduction is gain reduction is loss_reduction is gain Ze Pee od ys Remco of electrons of oxygen of hydrogen ion state is the hypothetical charge an atom ff Elements have an oxidation state of zero. would have if the bonds are assumed to be 100% ionic with no covalent character. PCE CCUM CUR Un UR aie eee eee ee ae oe Ce Uae Cues Reduction is a decrease in oxidation state. Zn\s) + CUSO¢(aq) > ZNSO(aq) + Cus) 0 +2 +2 0 Oxygen in a compound has an oxidation state of Se tn Coan ee aPeat el Banat Hydrogen in a compound has an oxidation state eee cn aC oR una cee NaH Na +1H -1 OT ene a tata OCR ecice rca «Fluorine in compounds always has an oxidation cca os Lee Roe St Cue eee rc Ce Eee Recs CHs C-4H +1 NHz_N-3 H +1 BR eee COR UE elles CORR aol Lea techa Cem es eee) Ce nee ec cL) Cc Cu20 CuO copper(I) oxide fi copper(II) oxide FeClz FeCls lron(IL) chloride fi lron(III) chloride} Pe Cite Rainy Deduce the oxidation state of Cr in K2Cr2O7 K +1 (2x +1 = +2) No charge on compound therefore Cr = +6 potassium dichromate(VI) Oxidation states BUC Uee e eeeCR oe Cece PCa ees 1, #1, 42, 43, 45, 46,47 1,41, 43,45,47 141,43, 45, 46,47 4, $1,43,45,47 ce Chlorine Bromine lodine Astatine Oxidation states eC Cc eat) Pe ee ute kaka ae NaCl Na*C CCla Na +1 Cl-1 iC +4 Cl -1 Pe ue LC Ce cc Cent Oe ee ee eae) Rise ee ier ee eo race POG malty Deduce the oxidation state of S in H2SO4 H=+1(2x+1= +2) O=-2 (4x -2=-8) No charge on compound therefore S = +6 eee arn eae nc Oxidising and reducing agents Reduicing agent (or reductant) 0 -+Oo-— 0 42 e + e Alsoxidised Bis reduced (Oxidisinglagent (or oxidant)bey et Peel ell a Mg.) + CUSOg(aq) > MSOgiaq) + Cus) Mgjq) + Cua) M*(aq) + CU 0 +2 +2 0 Mg,,) is the reducing agent Cu?*(,,)is the oxidising agent sui. RE eee tee teenie SFe2* aq) + BH 42 4 (aay + MMO aay > MN? aq) + 4H;0 1) + SFO aq) # 1-2 43 47-2 + Fe2*,,q) is the reducing agent Mn0,"iaq) is the oxidising agent yy elec elma lately A disproportionation reaction is a redox reaction in RLS eee cure ont eB Pee 2H,0, (99) > 2H,0,) + O24) +11 +1 Se ene ead aie CMe RC cay ee 22233... [ec eneee Peliate) Ce UR Rocca) that includes only those species that participate in the Tote MBs) + Cu aq) a Me" ag) Cu.) 2n1y+ PH (aq)? ZN aq) Pb, Feta + 2AB (aq) Fe aq)* 2AB iy Cus) + 2AB"aq) > CU” ag) 2ABis) Coa Reat a eee tala Clyjaq) + 2KBriaq) —* Brziaqy + 2KClraq) Claaq) + 2B (aq) > Brajaq * 2h (aq) 0 1 0 7 Clyaq) is the oxidising agent Braq) is the reducing agent POCA eee Nal eet ad feet as Is oxidised in a redox reaction (undergoes oxidation) Oxidation state increases Oxidising agent Is reduced in a redox reaction (undergoes reduction) Oxidation state decreases Loses electrons Causes the reduction of another species Gains electrons Causes the oxidation of another species Peer leslesas llc ite Baa iatiel iy 2CUCl oq) > Cy) + CUCL 59) +1-1 oO 42-1 BUR OU ECR oe a: Cu*fag > CU ag) + € Curjjq) + &° > CU 2 ) > CU) + CU" ag) Pen VVriting net ionic equations Fes te neue eur acta} SIC ue ee eure ria Chun Tse 1 RU Cae uC ace PA Sut eae Cun ureueee pete cet eur et etary ions. Se ey eeu Ree Pe eau eae es RUT aC eaeWriting net ionic equations Mgjq) + CUSOgioq) MESO ging) + CU Mg + Cu aq) + S04 faq) > MB (aq) + S04” fag) * CU Mga) + Cua > MB ag) + CU) 25) + PbSOsjaq) > ZASOgjoq) + Pb Zr) + PH (aq) + 5QZ (aq) ZN" (aqy + SOR” faq) + PBs Znyq)+ Pb aq) > 200g) + PPIs) The activity series Rec See eeu ta Pe eee De USE oes stronger reducing agents (more readily eee Wee Reus eu -weaker reducing agents (less rea or Sen ue Per Ree CLT Papeete Cais) + ABNOs(aq) > ? Cay.) + ZAENO3,.4) > Ca(NO3)2/aq) + 2A8() Cat 2A8" (aq) Sa Ca?* (aq) + 2A8(<) A displacement reaction will occur because Ca is Pees eeu TE ae cued ea ene CUL Ta Peers ict OE Oe ue r ) Caio oe Mg,.) + 2HCl,4) > MgCla.q) + Hae) MBs) + 2H%(aq) > MB (aa) + Hote ZN() + ZAClaq) > ZNCljaq) + Hoye) " 2 ZN (5) + ZH" aq) > 2N*(aq) + Haye) Writing net ionic equations Fey, + ZABNO3 (aq) > FE(NO) (09) + 2AB (4) Feta) + 2AB"(aq) + 2NO5 jag) Fe’ (aq) + 2NOS jag) + 2AB) Fey + 2AB ag — Fe™ (ag + ZAR.) 2Crig + 3CU(NO) aq) > 2Cr(NO5)3/0q) + CU) PCr y+ 3CuM aq) +6NO; (aq) RC aq) - BOS (aq) he 3Cu a) > 2CF* a) + 3CU, Pye eee eaten Ee cum inca uel CRUE ee Rue eer ol ree obd Exel) Mg Highest in activity series ray a (Eres eens Tee aa ony Cuj, + Fe(NO5)a(aq) > ? Cu, + Fe(NO5)(4q) > No reaction DS Tes Roe ee le ECan es ee Mec eg eed nad eerte tN SUP Ne aeenei atest Dee Sa uu ce uLcd Ce ee Leuk a ae Cu.) + HCl/,4) > no reaction Ag(.) + HCl/,q) > no reaction Ree Une Rac) in a different video (only required for option A)Balance the following redox equation in acidic solution. 2+ 3+ 2+ Fe? 49) + MNO,” (aq) > FE* (aq) + MN) 42 42 47-2 43 MnO," (aq) > Mn?*(.q) Metals at the top of the activity series are stronger reducing agents (more reactive). Dee eae een ec reducing agents (less reactive). Metals higher up in the activity series can displace Ree me seo Deen cutie eae er cana from solution to form hydrogen gas. 1) Balance for atoms other than H or O. 4) Balance for charge by adding e Mn0, (aq) > Mn?*(,4) Se + 8H*/,,) + MnO, "(44 > Mn (49) + 4H,0,) Ete hed Oa eeu eae 2+ 3 “ MNO, taq) —> Mn?"iaq) + 42019 5Fe2* 49) > SFO aq) + SE oe ae Se + 8H*(.) + MNO," aq) > Mnn?*(.4) + 4H,0,) 8H" (4) + MNO, (gq) —> Mn?*(.q) + 4H30,) SFe2 + BH") + MMO, iu) —> Miu) 4H,Opy + SFC a susetwas Rn ee cua ec manganate(VIl) or potassium dichromate(VI). A redox titration is used to determine the concentration CU eeu ee eo ed ees This analytical technique can be used to find the Cae In these titrations Fe”* is oxidised to Fe®* by an MnOq'(aq) + 8H*(aq) + 5€ > Mrn?*taq) + 4H20(0, C207” (aq) + 14H" (aq) + Ge” > 2Cr?*(aq) + TH20 (1) CeCe RC eg Cane [SFe*(aq) + MNOa (aq) + 8H"(aq) > Mn?* (ag) + SFe* + 4H20,) Nt Re ur a ke cn n(MnOq) = 2.152 x 10? x (22.50 + 1000) tal burette reading / cm n(Mn0z) = 4.842 x 104 molele asa eeu CO ua rd Peer Oe toes 5Fe*jaq)+ MnOs aq + BH"(aq) > Mn aq) + SFE” + 4H2On) The Winkler method See aC ES uc cand et eRe oe Itis used to measure the biochemical oxygen demand ire) 2Min™ (aq) + O2ig)* 4OH aq) > 2MNO 2.) + 2H20 yy Mn0,,.)+ 2K aq) - 4H aq) 7 Mn aq) + Vyfeqy* 2H,0,) 7 7 2 25205" (a9) + Iajaq) > 2" (aq) + $405" 100) The Winkler method A eRe ta tats One sample is immediately tested for [0,]. The second sample is stored in the dark for 5 days Beane s cur ction After 5 days the [0,] is determined. To calculate the BOD, subtract the final [0,] from ial (0,]. SOC ee eee The Winkler method Se a Re sample was tested for the concentration of dissolved O, immediately and the other was stored in a dark place to be Pee eee Ter er ko Lo eC required to react with the I, produced. Calculate the Ces er ace n(S,0,7) = 0.0200 x (15.20 / 1000) eu a Aste ey De RUE eu Rae cd in the 3.682 x 10" g sample of iron ore. x 100} mass of iron mass of sample 0.1352 RECrries 100 = 36.72% The Winkler method Le Ecko 2M aq) + Orig) + 40H jag) > 2MINO 214 + 2H2Oy Pen er eke : + 2 M0245) + 2F aq) + 4H"(aq) > Mag) * bajaq) + 220%) Se un ke 25,05” (oq) + lajaq) > 2M (ag) S05" (aa) Bice lea ermcrets 2Min*,.q) +[Oniq)}t 4H aq) > 2MNOz,,) + 2H,0,y : anes M094.) + 2k (aq) + 4H*(aq) > MN (aq) + tajaqh + 2420 2S,03* aa) lajaq) > 2h aq) + $20 tag) usveuen BURT ir ler Ratio of O, to S,0,7'= 1:4 n(O,) = 3.04 x 10 / 4 = 7.60 x 10° mol m(O,) = 7.60 x 10° mol x 32.00 g mol? m(O,) = 2.43 x 10° g = 2.43 mg [0,] = 2.43 / (300.0 / 1000) [O,] = 8.11 mg dm? or 8.11 ppm Pe een Keay Cec ST enorBN i amills i The Winkler method After 5 days, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was determined.,The second sample ee aa ot a CRO Pon Un Ue cso n{S,0,2) = 0.0200 x (8.75 / 1000) n(S,0,) = 1.75 x 104 mol .75 x 104 / 4.38 x 105 mol 4.38 x 105 mol x 32.00 g mol? 1.40 x 103 g = 1.40 mg 1.40 / (300.0 / 1000) 4.67 mg dm? or 4.67 ppm The Winkler method Electrolytic cells eee ete ese BOD = initial [O,] — final [O,] eee ee ee ce arse = a 3 An electrolytic cell uses a single container in BOD = 8,11 mg dm? — 4.67 mg dm ‘hich an ionic compound is heated until it BOD = 3.44 mg dm? or 3.44 ppm Sema) melts (becomes molten). CRU Lend move around in the electrolyte. Very good Lee Cad Materstely diese Peery ieee) ‘Somewhat polluted Prot Polluted oe Water quality MeeVee A voltaic cell (galvanic cell) uses a spontaneous redox CEC edi ut Electrolytic cells ere ENaC! (> Naty + Chip —— i) "xox [MEAT the anode (oxidation) [At the cathode (reduction)| Naty +e — Nay 2NaClw — 2Naw + Clo) node ( Ssitodge NOs.) IN cathode (+) | A oh 7 7 » Po cu zine copper creed een Rea Oa half-cell half-cell eure The metal lower down in the activity series Rates zn woWe een At the anode (negative electrode) The Zn, undergoes oxidation. IM) > Zn gq) Ze Anode (-) The electrons flow in the wire to the cathode (copper half-cell). The mass of the zinc electrode decreases. Abele At the anode: Zn.) > Zn?* aq) + 2€ (aq) At the cathode: CuPi_q) + 2" > CUyy) Overall equation: ZMq) + CU (gq) > ZN? oq) + CUlg) (oa) Wea ‘The salt bridge allows movement of ions between half-cells which balances the charge and completes the circuit. Salt bridge (KNOsjq) Negative ions (anions) arial | Positive ions (cations) migrate to nod %_ the cathode La rate ie eal Voltaic (galvanic) cell Electrolytic cell Alice At the cathode (positive electrode) £ Electrons flow to the cathode from . the anode. cathode «) The Cu? gq) undergo reduction. ) Cu?*.q) + 26 > Cu, The mass of the copper electrode increases. Voltaic cells phase boundary salt bridge ZN ZN (aq) [| CU?* fac) |CU4s) anode cathode Slag ee UR eu ae eee Der ee asus c The metal higher up in the activity series is oxidised Cee eee sr ta Be ues Beer See See Ce eR et Des tere ile Raley ol aie) ol spontaneous reaction Electrical energy drives a produces electrical energy non-spontaneous reaction Chemical energy is Electrical energy is converted to electrical _ converted to chemical energy energy Reaction is exothermic Reaction is endothermicSaree) ee Current is conducted by Current is conducted by electron flow in wires and electron flow in wires and movement of ions in salt movement of ions in bridge electrolyte Anode is negative and Anode is positive and cathode is po: cathode is negative leary Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode Cee) Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode