TLE- MASONRY

*MASONRY - Art of building of stone, bricks, concrete blocks or similar materials. Common materials of
masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, limestone, concrete block, glass block,
and tile.

-STONE TYPES AND VARIETIES OF BOND PATTERN-

*ASHLARS - worked and joined blocks laid in parallel horizontal courses.

*RUBBLE STONES - irregular stone with good face for wall surfaces.

*BRICKS - from clay.. Molded to standard sizes.

a. COMMON BRICKS - sold at market.

b. FACE BRICKS - use for exterior and interior walls.

c. CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS - used for furnaces and structures that requires higher temperature (up to
178°C); made in aluminum and silicon.

*CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS (CHB) - most widely used masonry material for construction works.

-MASONRY TOOLS-

A. ROUGHING UP TOOLS - needed in preparing, arranging, forming, laying, and shaping of bricks, stones
and masonry blocks.

*BOLSTER - aka "Blocking chisel". has a wide blade edge.

*BRICK HAMMER - used for dressing and cutting bricks, stones or concrete blocks.

*COLD CHISEL - used for dressing or cutting stone and metal.

*CRANDALL - used for dressing concrete, it has sharp pointed steel pikes.

*CROSS PEN HAMMER - used for various striking need.

*MASON'S AXE or HAMMER - aka "Ax-Hammer; axes serves as chisel and hammer use to drive nails.

*PATENT HAMMER - head, composed group of chisel used for dressing stones or concrete.

*STAR DRILL - use for boring or drilling hole (for hard surface).

*WREKING BAR - used in demolition work... pulling large nails.

B. SURFACE FINISHING TOOLS

1. FLOATS - flat with handle at the back.

*ANGLE FLOAT - for finishing corners (plastering).

*BULL FLOAT - used to smooth newly placed surface.

*COMMON FLOAT - for producing smooth textured surfaces on cement plaster.

*DEVIL or NAIL FLOAT - use to rough the surface of plaster.

2. TROWELS - flat hand used for applying, spreading, and shaping plaster or morta to produce a smooth
finish on concrete surface.

*ORDINARY TROWEL - similar in ordinary float but with a steel blade.

*POINTING TROWEL - used in pointing or removing and laying mortar in masonry joints

*BRICK TROWEL - offset blade.

*BUTTERING TROWEL - small trowel use to spread mortar on bricks.

*EDGER - used on the edges of the fresh concrete or plaster.

*MARGIN TROWEL - its side has a box like appearance especially used for working corner angles.

-COMMON MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY-

1. AGGREGATES - bound together into a conglomerated mass by cement and water to form concrete,
mortar, or plaster.

*FINE AGGREGATES - sand.

*COARSE AGGREGATES - crushed, rocks, gravel.

2. ADMIXTURES - used as ingredient... Added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing. Its'
Function:

*To improve consistency of concrete mixtures.

*To improve durability of concrete.

*To increase the strength.

3. CONCRETE - artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, cement, gravel, and water.

4. CEMENT - a bonding agent reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance.

*PORTLAND CEMENT (Approx 24 Hrs Curing Period)

*POZZOLAND CEMENT (Approx 72 Hrs Curing Period)

5. MORTAR - mixture of cement, sand and water used for binding stones, bricks, etc. or for plastering.

6. PLASTER - mixture applied wet to wall or ceilings and hardened to produce smooth surface.

7. STEEL REINFORCEMENT - steel bar... Used to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension.
*SQUARE or ROUND BARS - plain.

*DEFORMED BARS - with uneven surface.

-WORKING STATION-

*THE 5s - an integrated concept of action, condition, and culture.

1. SEIRI (Sort) - take out unnecessary things.

2. SEITON (Systematize) - Arrange items in proper order.

3. SEISO (Sweep) - always clean working station.

4. SEIKETSU (Sanitize) - Maintain high standard of housekeeping.

5. SHITSU (Self-Discipline) - Do things without being ordered.

*The 5s improves: Creativity, Communication, Human Relation, Comradeship, and Vitality.

-CONCRETE MIXING MIXTURES-

*CLASS AA - Cement (1), Sand (1 ½) and Gravel (3).

*CLASS A - Cement (1), Sand (2), and Gravel (4).

*CLASS B - Cement (1), Sand (2½) and Gravel (5)

*CLASS C - Cement (1), Sand (3) and Gravel (6)

-MORTAR MIXING PROPORTIONS-

*CLASS A - cement (1) and sand (2)

*CLASS B - cement (1) and sand (3)

*CLASS C - cement (1) and sand (4)

*CLASS D - cement (1) and sand (5)

-MEASUREMENT CONVERSION-

#ENGLISH TO METRIC EQUIVALENTS

*Inches × 25.4 = Millimeters

*Inches × 2.54 = Centimeters

*Feet × 30.48 = Centimeters

*Feet × 0.3048 = Meters

*Yards × 0.9144 = Meters

#METRIC ENGLISH SYSTEM

*Millimeters × 0.0394 = inches

*Centimeters × 0.3937 = inches

*Centimeters × 0.0328 = Feet

*Meters × 3.2808 = Feet

*Meters × 1.0936 = Yards

-FIND THE VOLUME-

*1 cu. ft. gravel = 95% of the volume of concrete.

* Cement = cubic feet of gravel/Quantity of gravel in the proportio

*Sand = cubic feet of gravel/2

*Volume = T" × L' × W'

#Example: How many bags of cement, sand and gravel are needed for the construction of a concrete
flooring with 6 inches thick and dimensions of 10 × 15 feet of class B concrete mixture?

• Class B - 1:2.5:5

• Volume = 6/12 × 10 × 15 = 75 cu. ft.

• Gravel = 75 × 95% = 71.25 cu.ft. of gravel

• Cement = 71.25/5 = 14.25 bags of cement

•Sand = 71.25/2 = 35.63 cu.ft. of sand

-CHB QUANTITY-

*Find the area of the wall (sq.m.)

*12.5 (given number of HBs per sq. m with 1/2" thick mortar)

Example: How many CHB's are needed for the construction of 8 meters high and 8 meters long fence?

•CHB = L × H

•CHB = 8m × 8m = 64 sq. m.

•CHB = 12.5 × 64 sq. m.

•CHB = 800 pcs (CHB needed for construction)

-MASONRY TOOLS-

**LAYING OUT TOOLS

*BATTER BOARDS - temporary wooden frameworks used to suspend the layout strings for a foundation.

*CHALK LINE - used for snap guideline.

*FRAMING SQUARE - consist of long and shorter arm, which provide an accurate angle.

*LEVEL HOSE WITH WATER - use for checking horizontal alignment of structures.

*LINE LEVEL - designed to hang on a builder's string line.

*MASON'S BLOCK AND STRING - the string stretches tightly to guide all blocks in course.

*MASON'S LINE - aka "Mason's Twine". Use to create straight lines and a level surface.

*MEASURING TAPE - measure vertical height.

*PLUMB BOB - used to check the vertical alignment of a structure.

*PLYWOOD - serves as scafolds and forms to support concrete.

*STAKES - permit easy nailing to forms or braces.

-MASONRY TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT-

*MANUAL HAND TOOLS - most basic for of equipment.

*PNEUMATIC HAND TOOLS - performs operation task at the push of a lever compresed by air.

*POWER HAND TOOL - hand held but are powered by electricity.

-CUTTING TOOLS-

*ANGLE GRINDER - used for polishing.

*BRICK CHISEL - use to make smooth cuts on bricks.

*BRICK HAMMER - used to chip off edges or small pieces of stone.

*CIRCULAR SAW - power-saw using a toothed or abrasive blade to cut different materials using a rotary
motion spinning around an arbor.

*COLD CHISEL - electril drill...uses rechargeable batteries.

*JIG SAW - with a bevel function on the sole plate allows cutting angles of typically 45 degrees.

*RECIPROCATING SAW - a push and pull cutting motion of the blade.

*SLEDGEHAMMER - used in destruction work, for breaking through drywall or masonry walls.

*TILE CUTTER - used to cut tiles to a required sizes or shape.

-MIXING TOOLS-

*CEMENT MIXER - combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.

*WHEELBARROW - distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator to make the
convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads.

*MASON HOE - is a digging tool used to move, shape or mix sand, cement, mortar and concrete.

*MIXING TUB

-TILING-

*Way of arranging identical plane shapes without overlapping.

**TYPES OF TILES:

1. IMPERVIOUS TILES - density completely resist the absorption of liquids; commonly used in wet areas,
hospitals, and restaurant.

2. NON-VITREOUS TILE - low density tile, easily absorb liquid. Used in dry and indoors location.

3. SALTILLO TILE - handmade; dried in the sun.

4. SEMI VITREOUS TILE - moderate density; partially parmeable.

5. TERRA-COTTA - low density; unrefined natural clay; fired at low temp.

6. VITREOUS TILE - extremely dense; generally used in indoors or outdoors wet or dry location.

7. STONE TILES - natural stone cut identically. Examples are granite, limestone, marbles, sandstone, shell
stone, slate, and quartzite.

-TILING TOOLS-

*GROUT FLOAT - used to spread the grout.

*HEAVY DUTY DRILL - for cutting holes or drilling holes.

*MARGIN TROWEL - small, beveled, rectangular trowel designed to fit into tight spots.

*MASONRY STONE - granite, limestone, marbles, sandstone, shell stone, slate, and quartzite.

*MIXING PADDLE - is a shaped device... Used in mixing ingredients for construction products.

*TILE NIPPER - used to remove small amount of a hard material.

*TILE SPONGE - used during and after tiling to get a professional finish.

-TILE QUANTITY-

*How to compute the number of tile needed in a room or an area?

* Tq= Tile Size/Area of the room

Example: How many tiles are needed in a 10 sq. m. room, If you use 40cm × 40cm ceramic tiles?

•Tq= (40/100 × 40/100) / 10

•Tq= (0.4 × 0.4) / 10

•Tq= 0.16/10 (reverse)

•Tq= 10/0.16

•Tq= 62.5 pcs. of tiles.

-SETTING CONCRETE-

*Requirements before setting or depositing concrete;

1. Adequate preparation of steel reinforcement.

2. Preparation of the various embedment threats.

3. Strong forms, equipments, and the materials for the activity.

-POURING OF CONCRETE-

*Discarding unsound materials... That adversely affect the durability and strength of concrete.

*Should be done early in its final place.

*When its started, it should be continuous; until panel completed.

*Concrete should be consolidated by means during placement.

*If adversities encountered... The concrete must be deposited first in the forms with a depth of 25mm
then followed by the regular batch of concrete.

-FACTORS THAT REGULATE THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE-

*Adequate protection... During curing period.

*Correct methods of mixing.

*Proper depositing of concrete inside the form.

*Quality of the materials

*Right proportion of the materials.

-CURING OF CONCRETE-

*Concrete must be moistened at all times within curing period.

*Hardening of concrete continues whereas moisture is present.

*It depends upon the chemical reaction between the cement and water.

*Initial setting (2 or 3 hours) after the concrete has been mixed; must be protected from moisture to
avoid breaking.