Design for

Wind Loading
Masonry Structures
Question Statement

• Solid masonry 8 inch thick

• Fundamental basic wind velocity = 90 mph

• Terrain category = III

• Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and opening ratio of the
building. So Cpi should be taken as the more onerous of + 0.2 and – 0.3.

Objectives?
1. Determine wind load on the entire structure?
2. Determine wind pressures?
3. Check if wall thickness is adequate?

Parapet wall

Slab

22’-8”

Cross Wall

Façade Panel

25’ 1
Solution
Using EN.1991.1.4.2005

Basic values (Section 4.2)

𝑣𝑏 = 𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑣𝑏,0

𝑣𝑏,0 = 90 𝑚𝑝ℎ

𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑟 = 1 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑛 = 1 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

𝑣𝑏 = 90 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 = 90 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Mean Wind (Section 4.3)

𝑣𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑐0 (𝑧) ∗ 𝑣𝑏
𝑧
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗ ln (𝑧 ) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
0

𝑧0 = 0.3𝑚
𝑧 = 22′ − 8” = 6.91𝑚
0.07
𝑧
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 ∗ (𝑧 0 )
0,𝐼𝐼

0.3 0.07
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 ∗ ( )
0.05

𝑘𝑟 = 0.215
6.91
𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 0.215 ∗ ln ( 0.3 )

𝑐𝑟 (𝑧) = 0.674
𝑐0 (𝑧) = 1.0

2
 𝑣𝑚 (𝑧) = 0.674 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 90
𝑣𝑚 (𝑧) = 60.66 𝑚𝑝ℎ

Peak Velocity Pressure (Section 4.5)

1
𝑞𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝑝 ∗ 𝑣𝑏 2
𝑘𝑔
𝑝 = 1.25 𝑚3 Standard air density
1
𝑞𝑏 = ∗ 1.25 ∗ 902
2

𝑞𝑏 = 5062.5
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 𝑞𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑒 (𝑧)

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 1.4 ∗ 5062.5

𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 7087.5

3
Wind Pressure on Surfaces (Section 5.2)
1. Wind Pressure acting on External Surfaces
𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

1.a. Verticals Walls of Rectangular Plan Buildings (Section 7.2.2)

ℎ 22′ −8"
𝑑
= 25′
= 0.9

4
𝑐𝑝𝑒 (max) = −1.2

𝑤𝑒 = 7087.5 ∗ (−1.2)
𝑤𝑒 = −8505

1.b. Flat Roofs (Section 7.2.3)

𝑤𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑒

5
 ℎ𝑝 223 𝑓𝑡
ℎ
= 20 𝑓𝑡
= 0.134

𝑐𝑝𝑒(𝑚𝑎𝑥) = −1.2

𝑤𝑒 = 7087.5 ∗ (−1.2)
𝑤𝑒 = −8505

2. Wind Pressure acting on Internal Surface

𝑐𝑝𝑖 = +0.2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 0.3 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

𝑤𝑖 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑖 ) ∗ 𝑐𝑝𝑖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑖 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑤𝑖 = 7087.5 ∗ (−0.3)
𝑤𝑖 = −2126.25

Wind Forces (Section 5.3)

𝐹𝑤 = 𝑐𝑠 𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑐𝑓 ∗ 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧𝑒 ) ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓

Section 6.2; clause 1(a)

Section 7.7; Structural elements with sharp edged section

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑙 ∗ 𝑏 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 7.12

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 6.91 ∗ 7.62

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 52.65 𝑚2

𝐹𝑤 = 1 ∗ 2 ∗ 52.65 ∗ 7087.5

𝐹𝑤 =746373

Wall Deflection Through Cantilever Approach

𝑤 𝑥4 ℎ3𝑥 ℎ4
∆= 𝐸𝐼1 ∗ (24 − 6
+ 8
)
1

𝑤
𝑤1 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝐼1 total uniformly distributed wind load/unit height
1 +𝐼2

𝑏ℎ 3 7.62∗6.913
𝐼= 12
= 12
= 209.5 𝑚4
𝜎 19 𝑁 𝑁
𝐸= 𝜖
= 0.0028 = 6785.71 𝑚𝑚2 = 6.78 𝑥 109 𝑚2 Fig 3.5

6
 ℎ = 6.91𝑚 height of the building

𝑥 = 6.91𝑚 distance of section under consideration from the top

𝐹𝑤 746373
𝑤= = = 108013
ℎ 6.91
108013
𝑤1 = ∗ 209.5 = 54006
209.5+209.5

54006 6.914 6.913 ∗6.91 6.914

∆= 6.78∗109 ∗209.5
∗ ( 24
− 6
+ 8
)

∆ = 0𝑚

Lateral Load Design of Panels without Pre-Compression

Panels subjected to self-weight and lateral loads only
ℎ2
𝑀𝑦 = 𝜔𝑘 ∗ 𝛾𝑓 ∗ 8

𝛾𝑓(𝐿.𝐿) = 1.5 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.4; 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝐹𝑤
𝜔𝑘 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓

746373
𝜔𝑘 = 52.65
= 14175

6.912
𝑀𝑦 = 14175 ∗ 1.5 ∗
8

7
 𝑀𝑦 = 126905 𝑁𝑚

Fracture Line Analysis (BS 5628 or EC6)

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1.5
𝑂𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝜇 = = = 3.0
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 0.5

8
 ℎ 6.91
𝛼= = = 0.91
𝐿 7.62
𝐸𝑥 8.8
𝐾= 𝐸𝑦
= 6.2 = 1.42

1
3.33∗0.912 3∗1.42 2
𝛽= 2∗1.42
∗ {(3.33∗0.912 + 1) − 1)}

𝛽 = 0.578
𝑤 = 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = 7087.5

7087.5∗0.912 ∗7.622 1.5∗0.578−0.5782

𝑚= ∗( 3.33∗0.5782
)
6 2∗0.578+
1.42

𝑚 = 15607 𝑁𝑚
ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜇𝑚 = 3.0 ∗ 15607 = 51971 𝑁𝑚

Flexural Strength of the wall

𝑁
𝑓𝑘𝑥 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚2 from Table 3 BS 5628

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 52.65 𝑚2 = 52650000 𝑚𝑚2

ℎ 6.91
𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 2
= 2
= 3.455

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑓𝑘𝑥 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.5 ∗ 52650000 ∗ 3.455

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 72762300 𝑁𝑚

Capacity Check
𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 > 𝑀𝑦 𝑖. 𝑒 72762300 𝑁𝑚 > 126905 𝑁𝑚

𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 > ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠

Conclusion
Since, Flexural Moment is greater than My and horizontal moment from
fracture line analysis and also, ∆=0. Therefore, wall thickness of 8 in is
suffice.

9
 Checklist Status
1. Determine wind load on the entire Done
structure?

2. Determine wind pressures? Done

3. Check if wall thickness is adequate?

Done

10