Patterns of Diffusion and Adoption of Conservation Agriculture

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×àÖßÅàÌ ÀßÅéÀçà ãÖß ÎñàæÓò, ÅßÍèÍËê 23
Patterns of expansion and adoption of sustainable agricultural production
techniques (ÿÿÿÿ) Case studies: District ÿÿÿÿ, ÿÿÿÿÿÿ and ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ1,2, ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿ ÿÿ2,3, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ2,3, Etienne Jobard2 ,
Guillaume Lestrelin2,4, Jean-Christophe Castella2,4
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural production is a new technique for Lao people in the northern part
of Lao PDR. Research on the expansion and adoption of sustainable agricultural production
techniques this time was implemented and actual data was collected within 20 villages, 3
districts of Xiengkhouang Province, which were divided into 4 agricultural ecological zones,
namely: District District, North District, District District, Lower District and District District. The
purpose is to study the implementation and acceptance of sustainable agricultural production
techniques, as well as the various limitations in implementing such techniques. In that, we
collected data on the citizens of a total of 1463 households (20 villages), and we also interviewed
sample households and organized a discussion group to evaluate the level of acceptance of
the new technology.
From the research study, it can be seen that: the limitations of mountain conditions,
difficult conditions and various facilities are the reasons why the adoption of sustainable
agricultural production techniques or "ÿÿ-ÿÿ" techniques of each agricultural environment is
different. The results of the household survey showed that the expansion of sustainable
agricultural production techniques in 2009 in the district of Phang accounted for 12% of the
number of households, in the district of Kham North District with 13%, the District of Kham
District 11% and the district of Nakhon Khet 16%. However, the expansion of such techniques
is also limited because farmers do not have enough capital for production. Because there are
difficulties in accessing bank loans as well as high interest rates and short loan periods. Also, most of the fa
ÓèÃÀÜÌ - ÓéÊîÌà 2011 127

The Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, No. 23
Experience with detailed techniques (use of grass, equipment and others). So, to make them not
care about the problem of environmental degradation from land clearing activities during land
preparation so they continue to prepare land in a way that has land preparation as it used to be
done in the past.
1 Department of Agriculture and Forestry,
Xiengkhouang Province 2 Catch-Up Project Program, NAFRI-
IRD-CIFOR 3 National Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute, National Agricultural and Forestry Research
Institute (NAFRI) 4 Development Research Institute (IRD), International Forestry Research Institute (CIFOR)
128 January - June 2011

Patterns of diffusion and adoption of

Conservation Agriculture
Case studies in Pek, Kham and Nonghet district, Xieng Khouang province, Lao PDR
Khamla Nanthavong1,2, Anousith Keophoxay2,3, Chanxay Khambanseuang2,3, Etienne Jobard2 ,
Guillaume Lestrelin2,4, Jean-Christophe Castella2,4
Abstract
Conservation agriculture is a new technique in Northern Lao PDR. This study on the
patterns of diffusion and adoption of Conservation Agriculture was conducted in twenty
villages of three districts in Xieng khouang province, covering four agro-ecological zones:
Pek, northern Kham, Kham basin and Nonghet. The main objectives of this research were
to study the adoption of Conservation Agriculture practices and the constraints to its
diffusion. The data were based on an exhaustive survey (1463 households), random
samples, smaller samples and focus group discussions for assessing the level of adoption.
The results of this study revealed that: the four agro-ecological zones impose various
geographic constraints to the adoption of "no till" systems. The household survey showed
that the diffusion of Conservation Agriculture (no tillage) has reached 12% of the house
holds in Pek, 13% in northern Kham, 11% in Kham basin and 16% in Nonghet. However,
the diffusion remained constrained by the important initial financial investments required for
establishment and by the limited access to bank credit (quite high interest rate and too short
refund period). Furthermore, most villagers do not understand the details of technical
aspects (herbicides, equipments, etc.). Adoption is therefore constrained by villagers' relative
lack of experience and non-perception of environmental degradation linked to tillage.
1
Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Xieng Khouang Province, Lao PDR
2
Catch-Up Program (Comprehensive Analysis of Trajectories of Change in the Uplands), NAFRI
IRD-CIFOR, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3
Agriculture and Forestry Policy Research Center (AFPRC), National Agriculture and Forestry Re
research Institute (NAFRI), Vientiane, Lao PDR
4 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France), Center for International Forestry Re
search (CIFOR, Indonesia)
ÓèÃÀÜÌ - ÓéÊîÌà 2011

129
But raising animals is also difficult, especially during

1. Presentation
the rainy season, when animals don't have enough
grass to eat.
This research study studied all 4 agricultural
ecological zones within the province of Xieng Khuang, The northern part of the District of Kham is
consisting of the district of the district, the district of an area with a geographical feature consisting of
the northern district, the district of the northern district many steep mountains, people in this area lack
and the district of the district of the North. At the suitable flat land for farming and it is also an area
located far from the city as well as far from the
same time, the area is also a region with different
geographical conditions, specific characteristics of economic center of the province. The agricultural
production system in this area is still based on the
agriculture, facilities and restrictions depending on
traditional production that has been implemented for
the region. Overall, agriculture within the district is
a long time, especially ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ In 2009, the
characterized by large plains with poor soil conditions,
average amount of cultivated land in this area was
because the soil is relatively dry, compared to other only 1.3 per family. For rice varieties that have a lot
areas, it can be seen that there is very little arable of cultivation, there are many rice varieties and some
land per household (<0.3 ÿÿÿÿÿ/ÿÿÿÿÿ, 2009). of them also have traditional rice cultivation in
Agricultural production in this area is mainly focused addition to rice. In the next year, it will be left as a
on animal husbandry and farming. The production of forest for about 3-15 years, then it will continue to
produce new crops (depending on the proximity or
other products is still limited, because most of the low-
distance of the land to the road or village and the
lying areas in the city are used for agriculture.
need for each family's land use). In addition, forest
However, the increase in rice land as well as rice
products and forest products of Dong have been a
yield is also a challenge to the livelihood of people in very important source of food for the local people for
the lowlands as well, which currently rice yield each a long time and it is also required by the market to
year has started to decrease due to the depletion of enable people to generate income for their families
nutrients in the soil. soil improvement that can be from collecting forest products of Dong.
done and ensure that it is sustainable is the expansion
of animal husbandry to increase manure used for rice
The lower part of the district is an area with

hot and humid climate, relatively fertile soil and close
to the center of the country

The land of the city is a condition that Adjust the relationship between humans and
facilitates the cultivation of upland crops, the diversity of the natural environment within
a variety of products such as fruit trees, 3 districts (ÿÿÿ, ÿÿÿ and ÿÿÿÿÿ) in the province
vegetables, chilies, rice, etc., which of Xiengkhouang. In particular, the activities

of creating a garden, experimenting, training
average up to 2.5 hectares/household in
and guiding people in animal husbandry,
2009. However, along with those good
planting grass for animal husbandry and the
points, there are also many weaknesses
in the environment, especially the quality use of plant cultivation systems. The cropping
system that has been tested by the agricultural
of the soil begins to deteriorate due to
ecology project is to give farmers knowledge
overcrowding and overcrowding every
and understanding of the cropping system
year, because it will gradually destroy the
directly planted on the area covered with
nutrients in the soil. At the same time,
various crop residues or ground cover crops
the area of ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ which is located which is called: the use of the DMC (Direct
on the east side of the district of Kham, seedling Mulch-based Cropping sys tems)
the lower part of the area is mostly technique. The use of DMC techniques is a
covered by Phuÿ Hÿn Phún and has a cropping system with soil preparation and
large amount of agricultural produce. In planting with plants covering the surface all
addition, the activities of animal husbandry the time. in which the plants that cover the
and agricultural production in the surface of the land, in addition to being
highlands of the local area are also the
ground cover plants that are planted together
main activities related to their livelihood
with the main plants, there are also various
for a long time, especially the production
dead plants (ÿÿ, ÿÿÿ or dead plants). The
of rice and the cultivation of rice as a
system of crop cultivation using soil cover
commodity. If compared to other areas, it
plants and various waste plants which is
can be seen that the area of ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ has a relatively high average crop area
effective in controlling soil erosion and
2.7 people
increasing soil fertility (Montgomery 2007,
From 2003 to 2009, the Agricultural Triplett and Dick 2008) also helps to maintain
Ecology Project, the National Agricultural and soil, reduce degradation and create a
Forestry Research Institute and the biological balance as well as chemical and
International Agricultural Research Center for organic matter in the soil (Rhoton 2000,
Development (CIRAD, France) have played Chivenge et al. 2007) and also helps maintain
an important role in developing and promoting soil moisture well. (Govaerts et al. 2009)
techniques for sustainable agricultural production Also, thetouse of DMC techniques in the field of research
in order

Cultivation of rice only by using DMC This type of plant has many benefits, in addition
technique: refers to cultivation of only one to helping to increase opportunities for

generating economic income, it also helps to
type of rice that uses the same technique in
the same area as well as management of increase food supply for livestock, helps to
various wastes from the crop before planting improve soil fertility and agricultural biology,
helps to absorb carbon and reduce the amount
and does not combine or rotate with other
of weeds by controlling them with biological
types of crops. The use of this type of technique
methods.
is not a production in the sense of sustainable
agriculture at present, but it is a promotion of
Cultivation of grass for livestock:
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
refers to the initiation or use of new methods
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) in 2007.
to improve natural grasslands by improving the
variety and yield of grass to provide sufficient
Cultivation between rice and rice
ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ”: Model production system feed for livestock in terms of quantity and
quality. which after 3 years of harvesting rice,
This means crop rotation in the same area
we can also harvest other crops to generate
between rice and fodder crops, which after
income (rice, rice, and other crops) by using
clearing the fodder crops, then the rice crops
various useful crop management techniques.
fall into it by keeping the remains of the dead
fodder plants to cover the soil as fertilizer (rice

+ grass hay and others). which is the cultivation system

Between October 2009 - April 2010, the in order to present the results of the research
National Agriculture and Forestry Research and provide basic information for the creation of
Center, which is one of the centers affiliated with appropriate policies in the future.
the National Agricultural and Forestry Research
Institute (NA FRI), collaborated with the National

2. Equipment and methods
Forestry and Agriculture Research Institute

(NAFRI) in the catch-up program (NAFRI-IRD- In this research study, it is aimed at the
CIFOR) which surveyed and studied the socio- target villages of the Agricultural Environmental
economic impact of the use of new agricultural Project (PRONAE) that have been promoted in
production techniques in 3 districts of the the past and other surrounding villages, a total
province of Xiengkhouang. whose main purpose of 20 villages divided into 4 agricultural ecological
is: (i) to evaluate the use of sustainable zones, namely: 6 villages in the outer district, 5
agricultural production techniques in the province villages in the North District, 5 villages in the
of Xiengkhouang and study the opportunities Lower District and 4 more villages in the North
and limitations in the use of new agricultural District.
production techniques and (ii) Figure 1: Map of the scope of education
133
It took a total of 6 months which

3. Expanding and
started from October 2009 - April 2010
implementing sustainable
and was carried out according to the study plan:
production techniques in the study a
1) review various statistical data and
second-hand data, 3.1 The use of DMC
techniques in rice
2) Survey all actual citizens cultivation, rice cultivation
number of 1463 households within 20 villages,
number of households using DMC techniques
3) Hold and organize a

discussion group: About participatory The use of sustainable agricultural
production techniques in the 4 regions is different
village mapping, the history of the
as shown in the case of the district of Pang in
village, land tenure issues, resource
2005, there are a number of farmers who use the technique
management and others.
DMC is only 4% of the number of households
studied and increased to 24% in 2008, 4) ÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ which are mostly used in the
on the activities
system of ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
of planting grass forÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
livestock
and raising livestock within ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ, ÿÿÿÿÿÿ and agricultural
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ. Inproducts
2009, a were
total of 600 pairsand
produced, of the
half in 20 households (30 households/village). Yearnumber

2009. Inofthe
households
city of Khÿm
used
Nÿng
wasNÿi
reduced
District,
by
technology users but not much until 2009. The number
there
ofisusers
also is
anabout
increase
13%inofthe
thenumber
numberofofDMC
households studied, especially in Bÿn Vÿng
5). Mÿn and Bÿn Nÿngÿ. At the same time, the
number of people using the technique decreased
from 15%
6) Analyze and use information from the

in 2005 to 11% in 2009 and in
opinions and comments from the meeting at the
the conditions of the district
Department of Agriculture and Forestry in
similar to that of the district,
Xiengkhouang province with the participation of the number of DMC users
experts in the field of agriculture and forestry, increased from 4% in 2005 to 16% in
the head of each village and various researchers. 2009.

Figure 2: Percentage of households that use sustainable agricultural techniques from 2005-2009
Strange town District of Kham North District of the lower district

District
Agricultural production sites that use techniques The average amount of land planted per household
DMC is very small. For villages and villages, there is an
increase in the use of DMC techniques, especially
Overall, it is seen that the area of
for raising livestock and growing crops and
agricultural production in the district is not changing livestock with DMC techniques, as for land crops,
much. During the said period (ÿÿÿÿÿÿ 3), this area
there is very little or almost no cultivation in the
is an area that is covered with large grass fields villages that are being studied in the district.
and the ground is not suitable for growing plants.
At the same time, most of the people's occupations
are general retail trade, small-scale business and

government employees rather than occupations,
the agricultural sector that is different is rice

cultivation, which uses the traditional techniques
of the village, there is an increase in the area of
cultivation, but if
135
Figure 3: Comparison of production patterns in rural areas
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ is an area with hilly areas, The lower area is very different, because the
the majority of which are mountainous, making people have the production of many kinds of
agricultural production in this area limited and crops and it is convenient, especially the area of
most of the agricultural production techniques are rice cultivation can replace the cultivation of rice.
still traditional, such as: In addition, the production Along with those limitations, some villages in
area is also an area where it is difficult to transport Dÿÿng Kÿm Không Nÿi also have a tendency to
produce because there is no road to access the increase the use of DMC techniques, such as Bÿn
production area and it is far from the market. If ÿÿnÿn and Bÿn Nÿng Hÿi, because they have
compared to ÿÿÿÿÿÿ created a path to the production area with
individual capital that is collected together by each

family within the village (Figure 5).

Figure 4: ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
In the similar situation of the district of The most prominent use is seen only in the
Nÿng Hÿt to the district of Khÿm in the lower southern village where the use of DMC
region, which has relatively rich soil, more techniques is increasing and relatively more
suitable agricultural production area than other than other villages in the district (Figure 5).
areas and the economic conditions are also
more favorable, so it made the district of Nÿng

Hÿt have more crops as a commodity during the
years 2005-2009, especially the cultivation of
rice. in which most of the rice cultivation area is

replaced by rice farming, forestry and expanded
to a number of forest areas. As for the use of
sustainable agricultural techniques, there is still little use, which is shown
137
Figure 5: Comparison of production patterns in the district of Nÿng Hÿt
3.2 Methodology of growing grass for Houses that grow grass for livestock increased (Figure
animal feed from 1999-2009 6), clearly showing during 2005-2006, the number of
people who grow grass for livestock increased

Planting grass for livestock is one activity that dramatically and since 2006, the average number of
has recently been developed because the people of those who grow grass for livestock is higher than the
the country have seen the importance of such work. northern part of Kham district in 2007, reaching 31%
Therefore, the task of growing grass for livestock has of the number of households studied. Because they
been gradually improved, from the natural way of find it difficult to farm because it is a hilly area, there
raising grass to raise more animals. which from are many high mountains and about 80% of the
1999-2009 in the study area has an average percentage households in this area are primarily engaged in
of the number of households animal husbandry. So it makes those who plant grass
covered

the percentage is relatively higher than other areas. The promote the cultivation of grass for livestock, but there are
also people who grow grass up to 50% of the number of

lower district has an average percentage of the number
households studied, because they consider the profession
of households that grow grass (<10%) while in the district
of animal husbandry to be important, with the number of
of Phang Nang and District Nong Hsad are almost equal
people raising animals up to 93% of the number of
to half of the district of Nong Kham in the north, although
households studied. Other villages are less cultivated.
the houses in the district Nong Hsad are not the villages
promoted by the agro-ecology program.
35
30
25
ÿÿÿÿÿ
20 ÿÿÿÿÿ
households
percentage
average
number
the
of
of
15 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
10 ÿÿÿ
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
produced by farmers. Most of the people who use this

4. discuss DMC technique are those who have gone through training,
are closely related to the actual work of the project,
4.1 Risk assessment and understand the technique well and are those who have
production decision making at the local levelto loans from the bank. Because the capital
easy access
is an important factor in the implementation of sustainable

Sustainable agricultural production is one of the agricultural production.
new technologies for farmers, so awareness and
understanding of technology, capital investment and

income from production are the main factors in deciding Most farmers still don't understand the detailed
whether to do business. techniques and don't have the knowledge
139
Regarding the problem of deep environmental Large and suitable nature for the use of DMC
degradation, which is shown in the city of Khÿm techniques but there are limitations due to
Khÿn Kÿng ÿÿi, which has been prepared for competition for land ownership, the land owned
many years. Most farmers have a simple by private companies also covers a large area
mindset and don't like to use quite complicated and some areas must be used for forest planting
techniques and often want to see the results of Bring again.
other neighbors' use first.

opportunities for development planning
For the activities of growing grass and Based on sustainable agricultural production
raising livestock, there are also restrictions activities that have many potential directions.
because farmers must use a large amount of The most important factor is the access to
capital to make fences, buy grass seeds, herbal information and the provision of technical
medicine, etc. However, in some areas where knowledge in sustainable agricultural production.
they can produce grass seed, but the lack of a in which the agricultural promotion organization
market makes it difficult for them to continue is an organization that plays a very important
expanding their activities in the future. In addition role in spreading the word, providing
to this, farmers in some areas that are suitable environmental protection and providing
and suitable for growing grass, but they are techniques to the local people to promote
interested in growing rice to generate income possible options in sustainable agricultural

for their families, rather than the activity of production. For example: In an area with
"grazing grass". environmental problems, the local residents will
not recognize anything, so the promotion efforts

4.2 Contingencies and opportunities for may be beneficial for strengthening the
sustainable agricultural production
environmental regulations (ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ).

opportunities and limitations in the use
of various sustainable agricultural production
techniques, when we look at the local level, we
see that: the use of DMC techniques in the city
In addition, the factors that change the
of Kham Nakhon is limited because the ability face of important agricultural production are the
to generate agricultural income and capital to improvement of infrastructure, such as the
be used in production is limited. At the same creation of roads, the development of marketing
channels for the importation of production and products.
time, in the district of Danang is an area with grassland

and the adjustment of the systematic as a percentage of the number of

supply model because the supply of credit households studied in each area: ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
can be said to be a very important factor in 12%, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ 13%, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
accessing the area, as is the case in the 11% and ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ 16% of the number
district of Piang, which is an area that of households studied. Those who
receives credit with a very high interest rate participate in the use of such techniques in
and the period in which the loan is sent is the district are mostly in Bÿn ÿÿ and Bÿn
very short, creating pressure for the farmers Phÿÿÿÿÿÿ Kÿm Nÿi Nÿi Bÿn Phÿÿng Mÿÿn
to pay serious attention to the activities of and Bÿn Nÿngÿ. Part of the district is Nÿng
improving their pastures to bear fruit. Hÿt Hÿi Bÿn Pÿng Nÿng. Although the
expansion and use of sustainable
Also, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ agricultural production techniques will have
to empower small-scale producers and to
many favorable conditions and advantages,
facilitate agricultural production (to create
there are also limitations such as farmers'
opportunities to access the market,
lack of experience in the use of techniques,
information).
limitations in borrowing money from banks
(relatively high interest rates and short loan
Land use planning, forest land periods), causing farmers to lack capital for
allocation and land registration will help production. In some areas such as: ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
farmers and small-scale producers have ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ and ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
the right to hold land according to the law, Therefore, it makes them not see the
while areas suitable for agricultural importance of using a sustainable production system.
production will be designated as land.
Sustainable agricultural production
5. summary techniques are a good choice in agricultural

production, because in addition to saving
The difference in the conditions of time and labor, it can also improve soil
the four agricultural regions makes the use fertility, reduce soil erosion and create a
of agricultural production techniques limited. balance for the environment. Therefore, a
which is shown in the rate of the use of possible option to expand sustainable
sustainable agricultural technology agricultural production techniques in ÿÿÿÿ
ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ
141
Regarding the use of technology for the thank you

people, closely monitor the staff of the
Department of Agriculture and Forestry, as
well as the management of the village in the I would like to express my gratitude to
management of the people. To help farmers the Environmental Research Support Program
use tools that are easy and convenient to
active in various countries (PAMPA) of the
use, such as: various hand-made equipment, French Development Agency (AFD), the
seeding equipment, spraying equipment and French and European Ministry of Foreign
others. ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ Affairs (MAEE) and the French Global Fund
Also, there should be a solution to the rapid (FFEM) for providing financial support for this
expansion of cotton cultivation in some areas
research study. Once again, I would like to
that may lead to unsustainability in the
express my gratitude and gratitude to the
cropping system, especially should avoid the
cultivation of areas that are sloped because Department of Agriculture and Forestry in
it will cause rapid erosion and poor soil quality. Xieng Khuang Province, as well as the
Agriculture and Forestry Office of all three
districts, as well as the village authorities and
the residents of each village for their
cooperation, facilitation and information in
At the same time, the cultivation of livestock this research study.

can be successful.
grass also has limitations because the farmers do
not have enough capital to implement it, so it is
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Sciences Society of America Journal, 64,
700-709.

Patterns of Diffusion and Adoption of Conservation Agriculture

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Patterns of Diffusion and Adoption of Conservation Agriculture

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×àÖßÅàÌ ÀßÅéÀçà ãÖß ÎñàæÓò, ÅßÍèÍËê 23

Patterns of expansion and adoption of sustainable agricultural production

techniques (ÿÿÿÿ) Case studies: District ÿÿÿÿ, ÿÿÿÿÿÿ and ÿÿÿÿÿÿ

ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ1,2, ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿ ÿÿ2,3, ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ2,3, Etienne Jobard2 ,

Guillaume Lestrelin2,4, Jean-Christophe Castella2,4

ÓèÃÀÜÌ - ÓéÊîÌà 2011 127

The Lao Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, No. 23

1 Department of Agriculture and Forestry,

Xiengkhouang Province 2 Catch-Up Project Program, NAFRI-

128 January - June 2011

×àÖßÅàÌ ÀßÅéÀçà ãÖß ÎñàæÓò, ÅßÍèÍËê 23