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Elasticity
Elasticity
1 Elasticity
6 Poisson’s Ratio (σ )
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Elasticity
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Stress and Strain
Deforming force F
Stress = = (1)
Cross-sectional area A
SI unit of stress is the pascal. 1 Pa = 1N · m−2 .
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
Change in dimension
Strain = (2)
Original dimension
It measures of degree of deformation. It is the result of stress. It has
no unit.
Normal Stress and Strain: In this stress the force acting on the body
is normal to the surface. This is of three types e.g
Tensile Stress: The net force on the object is zero, but
the object deforms as shown in figure 1.
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
Shear stress and strain The stress responsible for changing the shape
of the object. The force acts tangential to a surface
which is opposite to the rigid surface. As as result the
surface displaces by a distance parallel to the force.
The angle in radian through which a side of a body
originally perpendicular to the fixed surface is turned is
called shear strain.
The force per unit area of the surface is the shear stress
as shown in figure 4.
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
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Stress and Strain (contd.)
x
Shear strain(θ ) =
h
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Hooke’s Law and Modulus of elasticity
Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length
Tensile stress F⊥ /A
Young0 s Modulus (Y) = =
Tensile strain ∆l/l0
SI unit of Young’s Modulus is the pascal. 1Pa = 1 N m−2
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Hooke’s Law and Modulus of elasticity
Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity
Bulk stress ∆p
Bulk Modulus (B) = =−
Bulk strain ∆V/V0
1 ∆V/V0 1 ∆V
Compressibility (k) = =− =−
B ∆p V0 ∆p
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Hooke’s Law and Modulus of elasticity
Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity (contd.)
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Hooke’s Law and Modulus of elasticity
Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape
Shear stress Fk /A
Shear Modulus (S) = =
Shear strain x/h
It is also defined
Shear stress Fk /A
Modulus of rigidity(η) = =
Shear strain θ
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Hooke’s Law and Modulus of elasticity
Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape (contd.)
9 3 1
= +
Y η K
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Stress-versus-strain curve for elastic solid
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Stress-versus-strain curve for elastic solid (contd.)
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Stress-versus-strain curve for elastic solid (contd.)
Ductile Material
A ductile material is one that can be stressed well beyond its elastic
limit without breaking [a large amount of plastic deformation takes
place between the elastic limit and the fracture point]
A soft iron wire – Ductile material
Brittle Material
A brittle material is one that breaks soon after the elastic limit is
reached.
A steel piano string – Brittle material
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Energy Stored in a Stretched Wire
Figure 7
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Energy Stored in a Stretched Wire (contd.)
F
Tensile stress =
A
x
Tensile strain =
L
Tensile stress
Young0 s Modulus (Y) =
Tensile strain
F/A
=
x/L
FL
=
Ax
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Energy Stored in a Stretched Wire (contd.)
YAx
∴F=
L
The work done in stretching the wire by an amount x from its original
position 0 is
Z x
W= Fdx
0
Z x Z x
YAx YA
= dx = xdx
0 L L 0
1 YA 2
∴W = x
2 L
1 YAx
i.e. W = x
2 l
1 1
=⇒ W = Fx = × force × extension
2 2
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Energy Stored in a Stretched Wire (contd.)
Energy stored in the wire (U) = Work done in stretching the wire [W]
1 (x)2
∴ Energy stored in the wire (U) = YA
2 L
2
1 (x)
U 2 YA L 1F x 1
Energy Density = = = = × stress × strain
V AL 2AL 2
1
∴ Energy density = 2 × stress × strain
NOTES:
Elasticity decreases as the temperature increases. Steel is more elastic
than rubber: For a given stress, the strain produced in steel is much
smaller than that produced in the rubber. This implies that Young’s
modulus Y for steel is greater than that for rubber.
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Poisson’s Ratio (σ )
D
L L’
D’
Figure 8
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Poisson’s Ratio (σ ) (contd.)