NS ELEC 4 - HUMAN

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Name: Onglengco, Wilson Jake V.
Instructor: Mr. Jepee Commendador
Section: BS Psychology 3-D
 ACTIVITY:
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

General Function
None of the body system is capable of functioning alone. All are interdependent and work
together as one unit so that normal conditions within the body may prevail. Control of the
body’s billions of cells is accomplished mainly by two communication systems: the nervous
system and the endocrine system. Both systems transmit information from one part of the body
to another, but they do it in different ways. The nervous system transmits information very
rapidly by nerve impulses conducted from one body area to another. The endocrine system
transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands into blood steam
and circulated from glands to other parts of the body.
The nervous system serves as the chief coordinating agency. Conditions both within and
outside the body are constantly changing; the purpose of the nervous system is to respond to
these internal and external changes (known as stimuli) and so cause the body to adapt to new
conditions. It is through the nerve impulse sent to the various organs by the nervous system that
a person's internal harmony and the balance between the person and the environment are
maintained. The nervous system has been compared to a telephone exchange, in that the brain
and the spinal cord act as switching centers and the nerve trunks act as cables for carrying
messages to and from these centers.

Cells of the Nervous System and their function

The two types of cells found in the nervous system are called neurons or nerve cells and
neuroglia, which are specialized connective tissue cells. Neurons conduct impulses, whereas
neuroglia supports neurons.
Each neuron consists of three parts: a main part called the neuron cell body, one or more
branching projections called dendrites, and one elongated projection known as an axon.
Identify each part on the neuron shown in figure 7-1. Dendrites are the processes or projections
that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies, and axons are the processes that transmit
impulses away from the neuron cell bodies. Neurons can be classified structurally and
functionally. The three types of functional classification of neurons are according to the
direction in which they transmit impulses.
1. Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons)
2. Motor Neurons (efferent neurons)
3. Interneurons (central neurons or connecting neurons)
 ACTIVITY 1
Answer each question with the best of your ability. (3 pts each)

1. Explain the primary functions of the Nervous System.

The nervous system receives, analyses, and responds to information from our
surroundings. Sensory and motor functions are split into two categories in the nervous system.
It is the body's overall control system. It functions as a decision-maker, and whatever it
commands the body to do, the body will obey through the use of nerves.

2. In which ways is the Nervous System interact or coordinate with other organ
system?

The nervous system, particularly the brain, has direct control over the body's organs.
The brain also receives signals as information from these body organs, and then sends signals
to other organs to ensure correct functioning and information circulation to meet human needs.
For example, the Skeletal System provides calcium to the Nervous System in order for it to
function properly. The brain, which is part of the Nervous System, is protected by the skull,
which is part of the Skeletal System.

3. What are the two types of cell which consist the nervous system? How do these
two types of cells work?

Neurons and Neuroglia or Glial Cells are the two types of cells that make up the
nervous system (or Glia). Glial Cells will offer metabolic and mechanical support to neurons,
while Neurons will process information. The neurons will be supported, enhanced, nourished,
and protected as a result of this. In a nutshell, neurons transmit impulses whereas neuroglia
provides support to neurons.
4. Enumerate the different kinds of neurons. Describe their function.

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons), Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons), and

Interneurons are the three types of neurons (Central Neurons or Connecting Neurons). Afferent
Neurons (Sensory Neurons) are found in the spinal cord. They're in charge of transmitting
impulses from receptors to a specific portion of the nervous system. On the other hand, Motor
Neurons (Efferent Neurons) are the polar opposite of Sensory Neurons. They are also found in
the spinal cord, but they convey nerve impulses to receptors all over the body. Interneurons
(also known as Central Neurons or Connecting Neurons) are in the middle. It links and
transfers impulses between sensory and motor neurons.

5. Base on your answer on No.4, Explain vividly how these neurons

work together in terms of signal transfer

Neurons and their components work together to transmit and receive chemical and
electrical impulses throughout the body. Other neurons provide information to the dendrites.
The cell body then performs the majority of the neuron's basic cellular functions. The axon, on
the other hand, transports nerve impulses to other neurons. Neurons interact through both
electrical and chemical impulses, to summarize. When a neuron receives strong enough input
from other neurons, it will convey the signal to downstream neurons.
 ACTIVITY 2

Axon
AXON

Axons are extremely small neural fibers that transmit nerve impulses from one cell
to the next. Axons aid in the transmission of information between neurons. They develop
axon collaterals, which are side branches that allow them to relay messages to multiple
neurons at once. Axons allow nerve cells to communicate internally by sending electrical
and chemical signals to other neuron, gland, and muscle cells.

DENDRITES Dendrites

Dendrites are a neuron's projections that receive messages from neighboring

neurons. Chemical signals and electric impulses, or electrochemical signals, are used to
transport information from one neuron to another.

Cell body
CELL BODY

The cell body connects to the dendrites that carry information into the neuron and
the axon that distributes information to other neurons.
 SCHWANN’S CELLS Scwann’sc
ell

In the peripheral nervous system, these are the most common glial cell type. These
are in charge of peripheral nerve growth, maintenance, function, and regeneration.

Myelin
sheath
MYELIN SHEATH

These are fatty tissue sleeves that protect nerve cells. These cells are part of the
central nervous system, which relays information from the brain to the rest of the body.

NODE OF RANVIER Node of

ranvier

These are the specialized axonal segments that lack myelin, allowing the saltatory
conduction of action potentials.

Cell
Membrane CELL MEMBRANE

Acts to control the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Signal proteins
respond to the binding of specific substances (often hormones) by sending messages into
the cell to activate particular cellular mechanisms.
 AXON HILOCK Axon
Hi]lock

The axon hillock is located at the end of the soma and controls the firing of the neuron.

Axon
Terminal AXON TERMINAL

The axonal terminals are specialized to release the neurotransmitters of the presynaptic
cell. The terminals release transmitter substances into a gap called the synaptic cleft between
the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron.

NUCLEUS Nucleus

The Nucleus of a neuron is an oval shaped membrane-bound structure found in the

soma or body of the neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the
coded production of proteins within the cell.

How are impulse generated?

When the stimulus is intense, a nerve impulse is produced. The electrical and chemical
changes in the cell are triggered by this stimulation. On opposite side of the cell membrane, as
previously stated, there are distinct ions. The sodium ions on the outside are positively charged
and in greater numbers. More potassium ions are negatively charged on the cell's interior side.
There is an electro-chemical difference as a result of the charge difference. The permeability of
the cell membrane changes when a nerve impulse is created. The charge reversal is caused by
sodium ions flowing inside and potassium ions flowing outward. Depolarization has occurred
in the cell. The action potential that arises from this depolarization causes the nerve impulse to
travel along the length of the axon. The membrane depolarizes as it travels along the nerve. The
potassium ions flow back into the cell and the sodium ions leave the cell through a sequence of
events. The cell is polarised and the charges are restored as a result of this entire process.
The sodium ions leave the cell. The cell is polarised and the charges are restored as a result of
this entire process.When a nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, substances from the
neurotransmitters are released. They diffuse through the synaptic gap, the narrow region
between the axon and the receptors. The electrical synapse or the chemical synapse are both
used to transfer nerve impulses.

ACTIVITY 3
Objective of the Activity - Calculate the reaction time on different responses. Different
responses are auditory response, Visual response and tactile response. (Must provide
documentary photos of you doing this experiment)

Materials

Stick with 50 cm length.

Procedure

First part - Auditory Response

1.Rest your forearm on a table with your eyes closed.

2.Put your two fingers, the thumb and the index fingers in a parallel direction forming a pinch
positions.

3.Ask someone from your relatives to hold the meter stick. Make sure that your index finger
touches the “0 cm” side of the ruler while your relative holds the “50cm” mark or the opposite
side of the meter stick.

4.With a go signal from your partner, he will drop the meter stick. As for you who are
conducting the experiment you must catch the falling meter stick after the signal.

5.Record the measurement (where your fingers landed on the meter stick). Do it 3 times. Get
the Average of the 3 trials.

6.Follow this formula after getting the average.

Formula for the response time:

√2

Where a = average of the trials

Where G = Gravity but converted into seconds. (981cm/sec²)

Second part - Visual Response

Repeat the steps above but in this time your eyes are now open. Go signal for this trial is when
your partner/relative drops the meter stick. Record the result within the three trials and get the
average and also follow the same formula.

Third part - Tactile Response (Sense of touch)

Repeat the same procedure, but at this time your response will base on tactile response. Your
relative will touch your arm and will drop the meter stick at the same time. Record the data and
get the average. Also follow the same formula to get the response time.

I. Tabular Presentation

Auditory Response Visual Response Tactile Response

Trial 1: 10cm Trial 1: 09cm Trial 1: 06cm

Trial 2: 13cm Trial 2: 10cm Trial 2: 12cm

Trial 3: 07cm Trial 3: 08cm Trial 3: 09cm

Average: 10cm Average: 09cm Average: 09cm

II. Computation for the response time

Please attach a photo of your solutions in each response trials. Follow the formula above. (3pts
per solution)
 Question (6 pts)

1. Among the reaction responses, which response is the fastest? Explain

your answer.

Based on the results of the experiment, I believe there is no fastest reaction because
Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Responses all have the same Average Response Time (ART) of
0.14s.

2. Among the reaction responses, which response is the slowest? Explain

your answer.

Based on the results of the experiment, I believe there is no slowest reaction because
Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Responses all have the same Average Response Time (ART) of
0.14s.

DIVISONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the two major
divisions of the nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the Central Nervous
System (CNS). Nerves make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Because nerves extend
to outlying or peripheral portions of the body, the word "peripheral" is suitable. The peripheral
nervous system is further divided into two components: the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
and the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) (SNS).

SENSORY ORGAN RECEPTORS

We can classify the receptors found in each of our sensory organs in two ways, by modality
and by the origin of its stimuli.

Modality – Receptors are classified base on the type of sensation that each sense organs
pick up.
 Chemoreceptor – They pick up changes in chemical reactions. (Changes in pH level
and metabolites are examples of stimuli)
 Thermoreceptor – They pick up changes in temperature. Hot, Warm, Cold are the
examples of the stimuli.
 Mechanoreceptor – They pick up Physical distortions such as pressure, vibration and
touch.
 Photoreceptor – They detects photons or light.
 Nocicereceptor – Picks up pain signals. Commonly connected with Chemo, Mechano
and Theremoreceptors.

Origin of stimulus – Receptors are classified whether the stimuli came from internal,
external etc.
 Interoceptors - Detect internal stimuli
  Proprioceptors - Sense position and body movement.
 Exteroceptors - sense stimuli from outside the body. All the sensory organs in the
human body are classified as Exteroceptors.

ACTIVITY 4
Complete the table below. (25 pts.)

Sense Organ Function Anatomical Location Modality or type By origin of

of receptor stimulus
Eyes It gathers light and Lateral to the nose, Photoreceptor Exteroceptors
turns it into anterior of the head.
nerve impulses,
which are then
used by optic
nerves to send
messages to the
brain, forming a
Figure and
allowing us to see.
Ears Maintains Lateral to the nose, Mechanoreceptor Exteroceptors
equilibrium by anterior to the head
detecting and
analyzing sounds.
Nose It lets air into Medial to the ears, Chemoreceptor Exteroceptors,

beforeREFERENCES
the body

filtering, warming,
anterior to the nose. Interoceptors

and moistening
it. It elicits an
olfactory response.
Skin It shields and All over external body. Nocicereceptor Exteroceptors,
covers the body. Proprioceptors
It provides a
sense of touch or
sensation.
Tongue It makes it Posterior to mouth. Thermorecpetor Exteroceptors,
easier for food to Interoceptors.
travel around.
It provides a
sensation of taste.
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