Chapter I

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

A. Introduction

The alarming huge number of waste that was produced by humans has been one of the
biggest problems that the world has been facing today. The World Bank (2018) stated that the
whole worlds’ rates of waste have been rising. The worlds’ cities produced 2.01 billion tons of
solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74 kilograms per person per day in the year of 2016.
Annual waste generation is expected to rise by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion tons in 2015
due to rapid population growth and urbanization (World Bank, 2018). It was also supported by
the study of Simmons (2016) which stated that each year back then the nations were generating
1.3 billion tons of waste. In line with this according to Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez the senior director for
the World Bank’s Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice it was expected to reach 4
billion tons by 2100. The leading trash generators were United States, China, Brazil, Japan and
Germany (Simmons, 2016).

In line with this Sinha et al. (2014), stated that rapid growth, urbanization and increasing
population have caused materially serious resource consumption to increase and the non-stop
release of large amounts of waste to the environment. His study concluded that the effort that
was given was not enough upon waste reduction. In line with this Bradford (2018) states that the
United State produces more than 30 percent of the planet’s total waste, even though it only
consist of 4 percent of the world’s population. A Columbia University study estimates that
Americans throw out 7 pounds of material s per person everyday which is equivalent to 2,555
pounds of materials per American every year. America’s garbage was largely consisting of goods
that are used only briefly. In India over 377 million urban people live in 7,935 towns and cities
and generate 62 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (Lahiry, 2018).

Only 43 million tons of the waste is collected 11.9 is treated and 31 is dumped. In line
with this Mandaha (2018), in Africa 4% of the waste that were generated were recycled, thus
Africa is becoming a dumping ground for waste which often comes from the developed
countries. Still in Africa in Nairobi’s uncollected solid waste is one of the most visible
environmental problem (Ombis, 2018). The Nairobi country government according to Ombis
(2018), has concluded that the place generated 2,475 tons of waste every day. The UNEP (2018),
also stated that 90% of the waste that was generated in Africa is disposed of to land, particularly
to uncontrolled and controlled dumpsites. The weak collection system in Africa also results unto
leakage of waste into the environment (UNEP,2018).

In line with this the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has released a
224 page report about Africa’s Waste Management Industries. The report said that the Africa’s
population in urban is increasing more fast than any other continents in the world. As a support
to this Bello et al. (2016), states that as a result of the increase of population the number of solid
waste in Africa have increased extremely. Different types of waste have been released over the
years but the approaches implemented are insufficient.

Asia has been experiencing an overpopulation problem according to Morioka (2017)

which also states that nowadays waste management is a major challenge in Asian countries.
Asia’s cities are the engines of incredible economic growth (McIntyre, 2017). For many
countries, they generate over 80% of GDP and improve the lives of millions of people. But this
prosperity comes with a price. McIntyre, (2017) also take for example the more than one million
tons of solid waste that cities generate every day as they grow. Without proper management, the
deluge of solid waste causes severe pollution, helps diseases spread, and generates greenhouse
gas emissions. It can also exacerbate urban flooding, which can endanger lives and compromise
livelihoods particularly for the poor and marginalized.

In the Philippines, Metro Manila is now with more than 12 million people (Plaza, 2017).
Just like with other megacities in Asia, waste collection and disposal is a major environmental
issue here (Plaza, 2017). Currently about 35,000 tons of municipal solid waste were produced by
the Philippines daily, and more than 8,600 tons per day in Metro Manila Alone (Plaza, 2017). A
large proportion of the refuse were burned further deteriorating the quality of the city’s already
heavily polluted air (Plaza, 2017). Daily garbage generated in northern Baguio City increased by
more than 20% from 2008 to 2013 (Plaza, 2017).
 In line with this Tantuco (2018), stated the Philippines still suffers from a trash problem
despite of the strong environmental activism among Filipinos. The data shows that the local
government units were struggling to implement the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000”or RA 9003 which was signed in 2001 (Tantuco, 2018). A study of Solid Waste
Management office (SWMO) of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) as
cited by Bandilla (2017), showed that the actual volume of waste in Metro Manila that disposed
properly in its area has reached only 29,645.44 cubic meters per day, out 54,084.86 cubic meters
of garbage collected per day. In line with this Marajas (2018), stated that Manila is considered as
the most densely populated city in the proper world. The most recent census found that Tondo
has become the most populous district accounting for 38% of the population, followed by 20.7%,
and Santa Ana 10.7% (Marajas, 2018). District 1 and 3 have the biggest amount of waste
gathered every day, especially in Divisoria, Quiapo, Binondo, San Nicolas, Sta. Cruz, Moriones,
Capulong Highway, and Road 10 at the port area (Marajas, 2018).

DPS collects 75 truckloads of waste with 1,200 cubic meters daily in district 3 alone
(Marajas, 2018). Per district the daily average volume of garbage produced is at 7,500 meters
(Marajas, 2018). According to Umali as cited by Marajas (2018), one of the major problems that
were encountered until now is the human and cultural behavior. The act to clean the environment
cannot be done alone, the community participation is needed. Especially barangay officials the
cooperation and support is badly needed.
 B. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the extent difference of the Implementation of Republic
Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal among Senior High School Students in Holy
Cross of Malita Incorporated.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of;

a.) Section
b.) Gender

2. What is the level Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste
Disposal among Senior High School Students in terms of;
a.) Reduce
b.) Reuse
c.) Recycle

3. Is there an extent difference on the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice

Proper Waste Disposal among Senior High School Students in terms of;
a.) Section
b.) Gender
C. Hypothesis of the Study

Ho – There is no extent difference on the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to

Practice Proper Waste Disposal among Senior High School Students.
 D. Conceptual Framework

IV DV

RA 9003

 Reduce GUIDELINES
 Reuse
 Recycle

E. Scope and Limitation

This study aims to determine the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper
Waste Disposal among Senior High School Students in Holy Cross of Malita Incorporated in
terms of reuse, reduce, and recycle.

F. Significance of the Study

The result of this study will help the government, teachers, parents and school
administrators and future researchers in making the environment clean and to manage the waste
properly. Additionally the developed instruments will assist the school administrator and future
researchers in identifying areas that need to be given attention for faculty development and
direction for future studies.
G. Definition of Terms

Republic Act 9003. This Act is also known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000.” The Act makes provision for the efficient solid waste management, for the volume
reduction of the waste, its environment friendly disposal, and composting, recycling, reuse,
and recovery, green charcoal process, for the collection, treatment and disposal in
environmentally sound solid waste management facilities whereas it shall be possible to
correctly dispose the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal
of solid waste. This refers to the main goal or focus of the research to be implemented.

Senior High School. A secondary school typically comprising the three highest grades. The
curriculum that was being focued on the study.

Students. A person who is studying at school. The term is used to describe the respondents in
the research.

Holy Cross of Malita. It is located at Manuel Peralta Street Poblacion Malita, Davao
Occidental with a population of 800 students. This private institution was run by Pm Sisters
headed by Sister Elizabeth L. Garrote PM, offers Preschool, Elementary, Junior and Senior
High School. The locale where the survey will be conducted.

3Rs.This refers to three terms often used when talking about waste: Reduce, Reuse, and
Recycle. Reducing is cutting back on the amount of trash we make, reusing is finding a new
way to use trash so that we don’t have to throw it out, and recycling is using trash to remake
new goods that can be sold again. The indicators being used in the study.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDY

This chapter presents the review of related literature which supports the study. It
presents the important information in order strengthen the study. It also shows the
difficulties, issues and problems that are related to the study.

A. Reduce

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is considered to be one of the

most serious environmental problems in the Philippines (Kurniawan et al., 2014). The
annual waste generation was estimated at 10.6 million tonnes in 2012 and this is
expected to increase in double in 2025. The Republic Act (RA) No. 9003 or was also
called as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. It provides required
policy Framework, institutional mechanisms and order to the Local Government Units
(LGUs) to achieve 25% waste reduction target. It will be done through establishing an
integrated solid waste management plan based on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycling)
(Kurniawan et al., 2014). In line with this Singh et al. (2016) states that with rapid
increase in population and economic growth, the republic of the Philippines is facing a
major challenge for effective management of its growing municipal waste.

The reduction of food waste is seen as an important switch for ensuring food
security and lessening environment problems (Braugtigam, 2016). In context of the
forthcoming revision of the European Waste Directive the EC planning to commit its
member state to reduce their food waste by 30% until 2050 (Braugtigam, 2016). In line
with this Lange (2015) states that the Local Government implements a suited measure
for waste avoidance, material recovery and recycling in order to reduce waste disposal.
Hauschil (2014), states that life cycle assessment (LCA) is increasingly used in waste
management to identify strategies to prevent or minimize negative effect in human
health or natural resources. In china there has been a different way to handle waste in
which they have develop a system dynamic model of construction waste reduction
management at the construction phase to simulate the environmental benefits of
construction waste reduction management (Huang & Ding, 2016).

Human activities inevitably result in wastes (Rechberger & Brunner, 2014).

Waste incineration presented originally for volume reduction and hygienic reasons to
undergo a long and intense development (Rechberger & Brunner, 2014). Along with the
prevention and recycling measures, waste energy (WTE) facilities contribute
significantly to reach the goals of waste management (Rechberger & Brunner, 2014).
Incinerators are crucial and unique for the complete destruction of hazardous organic
materials, to reduce risks due to pathogenic microorganisms (Rechberger & Brunner,
2014). Somehow the study of Eriksson & Eriksson (2017), showed the waste
management in terms of food waste and how it is being measured under the basis of
reduction. The study showed that preschools had a lower waste level, possibly because
of preschool cares eating together with the children (Eriksson & Eriksson, 2017).

Kitchens that received warm food had 42% higher waste level than the kitchens
preparing all food themselves (Eriksson & Eriksson, 2017). It was possibly because of
the latter having a more flexibility in cooking the right amount of food (Eriksson &
Eriksson, 2017). The large variation between kitchens shows that they have different
causes of food waste, but also different ways to reduce it (Eriksson & Eriksson, 2017).
Detailed waste quantification for each kitchen can therefore be the first step in the
process of waste reduction (Eriksson & Eriksson, 2017). The Malaysia government has
been implementing various policies that could help the advancement of renewable
energy technology and increase its contribution to the national energy mix to reduce the
country dependency on fossil fuels (Lee et al., 2017).

According to UNEP as cited by Nicart et al. (2014) in the Philippines an average

of one-half kilo of trash was generated by a single Filipino each day. All of these were
considered hazardous to health, habitat and environment (UNEP as cited by Nicart et al.,
2014). To address this problem this problem Republic Act 9003 knows as Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was enacted to put these principles into practice
 (Nicart et al., 2014). The study revealed an overall mean of 3.63 means that the
respondents were moderately aware, observed and recognized RA 9003 at a rate of 61-
80% (Nicart et al., 2014). Moreover the result showed that both household and market
occupants were moderately aware of the rights and responsibilities of the local
government unit and their own rights and responsibilities (Nicart et al., 2014). But they
are only aware of the prohibited acts, fines and penalties (Nicart et al., 2014).

For compostable materials the result showed that sometimes the respondents
burned, buried their food waste, animal, human and garden waste (Nicart et al., 2014).
Residual like sanitary napkin, cartoon, plastics and wrappers were also sometimes
buried and dumped into community trucks (Nicart et al., 2014). Recycle materials like
newspaper, scrap metal, corrugated cardboard, glass, papers and tin cans were
sometimes reduced and sold to junk shops (Nicart et al., 2014) Bulky waste like paints,
thinners, broken furniture, lamps, bookcases, cabinet were sometimes sold to junk, dump
to illegal dumpsites and given to neighbor but seldom reused (Nicart et al., 2014).
Electronic waste like batteries, broken or discarded item like radios, stereo, computers,
television sets were sometimes sold to junk shops (Nicart et al., 2014).

B. Reuse

According to Makoto et al. (2017), it was stated that bio waste is the large volume
of solid waste produced daily by households, and it shows environmental and health
hazards if it will not be reuse. The document of the study which is the bio waste
generation and collection from households will undergo reuse through composting
(Makoto et al., 2017). In line with this Morales (2015), shows that most of the
households are dependent on local government’s garbage collection and few practice
recycling, composting and reusing. Solid waste management has always been about
collection and disposal of garbage (Sapuay, 2016). Sapuay (2016), states that there has
been a currently moved on to a more efficient collection and disposal. It is said to be done
through using Engineered Sanitary Landfills in the Philippines (Sapuay, 2016).
 However, with the increase in the population and the consequent has increase the
solid waste by generation (Sapuay, 2016). In the study it stated that there is a problem
now in terms of the spaces where solid waste disposal facilities was supposed to be
established (Sapuay, 2016). A global trend in solid waste management is toward resource
recovery rather than disposal of waste (Sapuay, 2016). The resource recovery is no longer
limited to recyclable materials such as tins, glass, paper, plastic, and rubber (Sapuay,
2016). The recovery of the resources now includes the recovery of all solid waste
materials, including residual waste (Sapuay, 2016). In line with this a study of Gequinto
(2017), reveals that solid waste management practices are implemented into its great
extent.

Among all the practices it is the waste collection that got the highest composite
mean particularly on the promotion of 3Rs in the collection of waste (Gequinto, 2017).
Hence, waste recycling and waste treatment obtained the lowest composite mean
(Gequinto, 2017). In terms of waste recycling, establishing partnership with local or
private business for recyclable recovery program was to moderate extent (Gequinto,
2017). A survey also showed a positive level of awareness, attitude and practices of
teachers, especially in recycling and composting (Heyasa et al., 2017). As a support with
this the study of Paghasian (2017), shows that the awareness on solid waste management
of the students was high. The practices in terms of segregation, reduce and recycle were
good and the practice in terms of recycle and disposal were fair (Paghasian, 2017).

Paghasian (2017) also stated that the awareness on solid waste management of the
students had no influence on their practices in terms of disposal. However their
awareness had affected their practices specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse and
recycle (Paghasian, 2017). In line with this the Ateneo de Manila University conducted a
study about how the waste can be reused to produce energy. Perez et al. (2016) have
conducted a feasibility study in which it focuses in utilizing the waste in Ateneo de
Manila for energy production. The study is an environment friendly to reduce CO2
emissions as well as an interesting support to use local resources as well as to reduce
landfill disposal (Perez et al., 2016). The wastes have undergone a process in order to
produce methane (Perez et al., 2016).
 Scavengers as informal settlers are often not provided by the government with
basic services (Aguilar et al., 2014). Also they are often exposed to occupational safety
and health hazard and yet they continue to rely on waste picking as their major source of
living (Aguilar et al., 2014). Upon the implementation of the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act (RA 9003) by the city government of Mandaue, it has lowered the
income of the scavengers by 62.34% (Aguilar et al., 2014). This has caused a conflict of
interest between scavengers and the implementing body (Aguilar et al., 2014).
Furthermore, a comprehensive environmental and socio-economic policy should be
planned to identify the needs of the scavengers (Aguilar et al., 2014). The interest of both
parties should be also address (Aguilar et al., 2014).

A study of Balingbing (2015) reveals that internet owners do not utilize landfill in
disposing computer waste. The Local Government Unit of Ligao City has a city
management (Balimbing, 2015). However there is no specific ordinance on computer
waste management (Balimbing, 2015). The proposed activities can be used by LGU
Ligao City in enhancing the existing city ordinance to address computer waste disposal
management ( Balimbing, 2015).

In this modern world, Solid Waste Management is very important in maintaining

a high quality of life so humans must manage and store waste efficiently and safely
(Guarin et al., 2018). Almost every day each household generates garbage or wastes
(Guarin et al., 2018). Gurian et al. (2018) reveals that the people were highly concerned
about waste management and willing to participate in proper solid waste management,
with attitudes towards solid waste management as highly positive. A research also finds
that implementation of signage with pro-environment appeals increases the probability
of conservation behavior or reuse by approximately 13% despite the fact that pre-
treatment levels of paper recycling and reuse were already at approximately 85%b (Shi
et al., 2017).

C. Recycling

Every educational institution is mandated by law to educate the public on the

theories and practices on solid waste management (Paghasian, 2017). In order to achieve
effective and sustainable implementation of the proper waste management practices,
awareness with participation is the key to be involved in the Solid Waste Management
Program of an institution (Paghasian, 2017). According to Nerina & Ali (2018),
Malaysia continues to attract expatriates due to its economic conduciveness, hence the
increasing number of expatriates do play a role in the recycling targets set by the
government to be achieved by 2020. The study showed that green attitudes and green
practice consequences had positive relationships with the intention to practice 3R
(Nerina & Ali, 2018). However Abraham (2017) states about the e-waste which were
electricals and electronic equipments those have reached utilization and are disposed by
the consumer.

The categories of e-waste range from household appliances to machine were used
in offices and consumer goods (Abraham, 2017). The rise of the problem is due to
scarcity of proper place for disposing e-wastes (Abraham, 2017). In Indonesia the Rukun
Warga (RW) is the lowest hierarchy of community organizational system which can
implement creative and innovative arrangement to support solid waste management
activities with less financial requirement (Pampanga, 2016). Hence the wastes are
disposed in open landfills by the consumer which led to direct reaction of e-waste with
the environment (Abraham, 2017). Several processes are introduced in recycling and
recovering the harmful metals present in electronic things (Abraham, 2017). The most
important reasons for e-waste recycling are waste removal as well as recovery of
valuable materials present in waste (Abraham, 2017). Prior recycling and recovering the
important metals from electronic wastes, it is crucial to ascertain the amount of the metal
present in the e-waste (Abraham, 2017).

Pampanga (2016) shows that the correlation between level of the activity of the
RWs communities in undertaking 3Rs, recycling business and waste bank, and the
perceived cleanliness by the community members was validated. It is also showed
positive results such as improved urban environment and provided strong push factor
influencing the community member to join the movement and the activities towards
sustainable solid waste management are not always cost-intensive activities but a
socially bounded engagement also workable (Pampanga, 2016). The result shows that
the resident nowadays learned to care for sanitation unlike in the past where sanitation
unlike in the past where sanitation was given less attention (Tejada et al., 2015). It is
said that Local Government Unit of Bilihan should collaborate with other stakeholders
for public campaigns on proper sanitation and SWM practices (Tejada et al., 2015). Also
strict monitoring evaluation should be developed to provide clear strategic direction to
Local Integrated Solid Waste Management and procurement of additional vehicles to
enhance the efficiency in the garbage collection (Tejada., 2015).

The generation of all forms of solid waste has grown exponentially with
combination of industrialization and population growth (Reyes, 2017). As societies have
industrialized since the 18th century managing solid waste has been a major activity
(Reyes, 2017). This process has accelerated rapidly since the middle of the last century,
when governments in less developed settings began sustained efforts to promote modern
industrial development (Reyes, 2017). By third quarter of the 20th century, awful
forecast emerged that the world would soon bury itself in its own wastes (Reyes, 2017).
This led to a new social movement to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3Rs) to save the
world from this inundation (Reyes, 2017).

In Hong Kong the management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste and
waste glass is a serious concern as well as other countries due to their non-combustible
and non-putrescible nature and the running out of disposal place (Hossain & Cheng,
2016). However mineral wastes derived from C&D activities and waste glass are
considered to have potential to be re-used as construction materials (Hossain & Cheng,
2016). Additionally Hong Kong urgently needs alternative and sustainable sources of
aggregate production are expected to be exhausted soon (Hossain & Cheng, 2016).
Many experimental studies have demonstrated that recycled aggregates from C&D
waste and waste glass can be potentially recycled for various engineering applications in
Hong Kong but no study has yet attempted to assess the sustainability by lifecycle
assessment (LCA) techniques (Hossain & Cheng, 2016). The result shows that
compared with natural coarse aggregates, recycled coarse aggregates produced from
C&D waste reduce 65% greenhouse gases emission with a saving of 58% non-
renewable energy consumption (Hossain & Cheng, 2016). Similar environmental
benefits are observed for producing recycled fine aggregates from C&D waste (Hossain
& Cheng, 2016).

In building applications recycled waste materials are becoming promising

acoustic absorbers and thermal insulating solutions in order to reduce the environment
impact (Ricciardi et al., 2018). Large numbers of solid wastes were being produced
worldwide from sources such as household, domestic, industrial, commercial and
construction demolition activities that lead to environmental concerns (Khatib et al.,
2015). Utilization of these wastes in making building construction materials can reduce
the magnitude of the associated problems. When waste products are used in place of
other conventional materials, natural resources and energy are preserved and expensive
and potentially harmful waste disposal is avoided (Khatib et al., 2015).

Paragoso (2018), states that waste management is very important in this modern world
in maintaining a high quality of life so humans must manage and store waste efficiently
and safely. Almost every day each household generates garbage or wastes. People throw
things improperly without knowing the consequences. he study revealed that most of the
respondents interviewed were housewives. Out of 313 respondents, 67.10 % did not
understand the term natural environment, with major issue currently affecting natural
environment as “household garbage‟. The respondents dispose the yard trimmings and
papers through burning. The plastic and glass is disposed through the garbage truck.

The metals and damaged home appliances were disposed by selling it to the junk
shop. The respondents disposed their garbage into an open container specifically in a
sack, collected by garbage trucks. The study also revealed that the respondents were
highly concerned about waste management and willing to participate in proper solid
waste management, with attitudes towards solid waste management as highly positive.
The researchers recommend initiating educational campaigns for the general public to
raise awareness of the natural environment in order to fully understand the term.
Incorporate environmental education into school curriculum to raise awareness and
develop environmental attitudes in the large youth community.
 In line with this Andrew (2018) also stated that improper solid waste management
practices are harmful to riverine and coastal ecosystems. In the Philippines, the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (Republic Act No. 9003) decentralized the
management structure and mandated Local Government Units (LGUs) to adopt new
integrated solid waste management (SWM) plans. However, LGUs often lack the
capacity, understanding, and enforcement authority for effective SWM. With minimal
SWM awareness leading to socio-economic and environmental problems, alternative
management approaches may be effective. First-year program and observational
findings demonstrated that community-based programs are effective tools for addressing
SWM challenges but, to be sustainable, need to co-exist with a supportive and
committed LGU.

The theory of Waste Management is a more depth account of the domain and
contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste and a holistic view of the
goals of waste management (Keiski et al., 2004). Overall the Theory of Waste
Management is presented which shows the unified body of knowledge about waste and
waste management (Keiski et al., 2004). It is founded on the expectation that waste
management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and environment and
promote resource use optimization (Keiski et al., 2004). Waste management theory is to
be constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology (Keiski et al., 2004). As for
Industrial Ecology is equally adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and resource
use to optimization and goals and value (Keiski et al., 2004).

D. Synthesis
The related literature presented has provided an overview about problems about
waste management. Thus, the related literatures also include the studies which show the
application of 3Rs towards the implementation of RA 9003 or the “Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000.” Although different people have published various
studies, theories and perspective about this, there is still more enough that is needed in
 order to clearly understand the possible impact of the Act and how will it might give
solutions to problems that were presented. In this study the researcher intend to use the
literature that was gathered to use as a guide in analyzing the results of the study by
comparing the findings with the generally accepted principles and theories about the RA
9003 and the 3Rs.

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The chapter contains the Research design, locale, respondents, instrument, data gathering
procedure, research data analysis tool and the statistical treatment of the body.

Research Design

The study will use quantitative research with a descriptive design. According to
Hokins (2008), a descriptive study establishes only associations between variables. This study
described the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal among
Senior High School Students. Hence, the descriptive survey is applicable to use in this study
since it aims to determine the extent difference in the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to
Practice Proper Waste Disposal among Senior High School Students.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Holy Cross of Malita Incorporated, located at Manuel
Peralta Street Poblacion Malita, Davao Occidental with a population of 800 students. This
private institution was run by Pm Sisters headed by Sister Elizabeth L. Garrote PM, offers
Preschool, Elementary, Junior and Senior High School.
Research Respondents

Table 1. The sample size of the respondents (Gender & Section)

Gender Sample Size

Male 66
Female 66

Total 132

Section Sample Size

SJV 33
STL 33
SLR 33
SPC 33
Total 132

Research Instrument

The researchers will use Likert Scale in order to have basis in describing the indicators.
The instrument is composed of ten questions with 5 levels. There are three indicators, the reduce,
reuse and recycle. Every indicator is composed of ten questions for a total of thirty questions all
in all.

Table 2.

Actions to be Taken Expected Result

Date-Gathering Procedure
1. Research instrument will be 1. Finish Validating
validated The researchers expect that the
The Researchers will pass their validator will finish checking the
research instrument to the assigned instrument in order for it to be
validators for it to be checked. implemented.

2. Approval of the research 2. Finish Approval

instrument The researchers expect that the
If the research instrument is participants will be able to receive the
approved by the experts, the questionnaires for them to be able to
researcher gradually will send the answer to answer it.
research questionnaires to the
selected participants.

3. A letter will be send to the 3. The participants will receive and

participants for permission will signed the permission letter

The researcher will send a letter of The letters to will be send to the

permission to the selected Senior participants, and for them to be able

High School Students. to receive the permission letter for

them to sign it.
4. Collation and processing for the 4. Finish collecting
questionnaires The data will be all intact and was all
The data from the survey will be done with the process.
collected and undergo process.

5. Analysis and interpretation of the 5. All the data will be finish analyzing

data that will be gather The data will be all done analyzing in

The processed data will be analyzed order for the research to proceed.

in the statement of the problem and

hypothesis.
Research Measure

Numerical Value Descriptive Range Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalent Rating
5 Always 5.00 Very High Always applied
4 Sometimes 4.51-5.00 High Sometimes
applied
3 Every once in a 3.51-4.50 Moderate Every once in a
while while applied
2 Rarely 2.31-3.50 Low Rarely Applied

1 Never 0-0.04 Very Low Never Applied

The researcher will conduct a survey in a form of Likert scale with the scale of
five. The researcher will use this to describe the data that will be gathered.

Table 3.
Statistical Treatment
 To interpret the data effectively, the researcher will employ the following
statistical treatment:

1. Mean

Implies average and it is the sum of a set of data divided by the number of
data. It can prove to be an effective tool when comparing different sets of data.

2. Median

The middle value when the data is arranged in numerical order. It is

effective tool to compare different sets of data.

3. Mode
The value that appears the most. A given set of data can contain more
than one mode.

4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

This will be helpful in making comparison of two or more means which

enables a researcher to draw various results and predictions about two or more
sets of data.

5. Likert Scale

Psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs

questionnaires.
 CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the results of the study, and discusses the implications of the
findings.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 2 is the profile of the respondents in Holy Cross of Malita, Incorporated which is
located in Malita, Davao Occidental. The types of respondents are students from Senior High
School.

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents

Profile of the Respondents Frequency
Section
St. John Marie Vianney 33
St. Therese Liseux 33
St. Lorenzo Ruiz 33
St. Pedro Calungsod 33
Total 132

Gender
Male 66
Female 66
Total 132

Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of section and gender. Students
from Senior High School were chosen as the respondents in the study. 50 percent of the students
in each section were chosen in the study using random sampling and this comprises 132 students
and is constituted with 33 students in each section, 66 for male and 66 for female.

Level of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal Among Senior
High School Students

The level of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students in terms of reduce, reuse, and recycle is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Level of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students
Implementation of Republic Act Students
9003 to Practice Proper Waste
Disposal Among Senior High
School Students WM DI
I. Reduce 4.15 H
II. Reuse 3.84 M
III. Recycle 3.73 M
Mean 3.9 M
 Table 3 shows that students moderately practice reduce, reuse, and recycle (3.9). Students
(Appendix C) moderately reuse materials, reduce plastic wastes and recycle indigenous
materials.

Extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal Among Senior
High School Students (Section)

The extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students in terms of reduce, reuse, and recycle in Grade level is
shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students (Section)
Ecological Solid Waste Management Practices
Section Reduce Reuse Recycle AVERAGE
SJV 4.15 HIGH 3.84 HIGH 3.73 MODERATE 3.90
STL 4 HIGH 3.83 MODERATE 3.5 MODERATE 3.77
SLR 4.21 HIGH 4.1 HIGH 3.99 MODERATE 4.1
SPC 4.13 HIGH 4.03 HIGH 3.77 MODERATE 3.97

Table 4 shows that the extents of practices of students in reduce, reuse, and recycle in
terms of sections. This means that students from Senior High School do not practice waste
segregation in any effort to help the environment.

Extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal Among Senior
High School Students (Gender)

The extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students in terms of reduce, reuse, and recycle in Gender is shown
in Table 5.
 Table 5. Extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students (Gender)
Ecological Solid Waste Management Practices
Gender Reduce Reuse Recycle
Male 4.15 3.76 3.75
Female 4.16 3.92 3.7

Table 5 shows that the practice of students in terms of Gender is sometimes. This means
that there is no extent differences on the practices of reduce, reuse, and recycle when data is
combined by gender.
Test Difference in the Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal
Among Senior High School Students When Grouped According to Grade level and Gender

Table 6. Test Difference in the Extent of Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice
Proper Waste Disposal Among Senior High School Student When Grouped According to
Section and Gender

Source SS df MS F P-value F crit Decision

1.0508E- Accept
Section 1128.385464 132 8.548374725 13.65584592 230 1.21539783 H0
3.49743E- 3.49743E- Accept
Gender 247.0238095 29 8.518062397 13.60742263 62 62 H0

Table 6 shows that there is no extent difference on the practices of reduce, reuse, and
recycle when grouped according to Grade Level and Gender.
 Discussion

Among the Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management practices, the
students do not practice any of the three. This can be attributed to the fact that students do not
have any managerial experience. They also display no interest in reduce, reuse, and recycle that
lead them to perform moderately in republic act 9003 or the ecological solid waste management
practices. This confirms the study of Nicart et al., 2014 which reveals that its overall mean is
3.63. The findings shows that the respondents were moderately aware observed and recognized
RA 9003 at a rate of 61-80%. The same is true with the theory of Waste Management Keiski et
al., (2004), that students have good intention in reduce, reuse, and recycle and yet they are not
motivated in doing so which resulted to moderate performance in their waste management
practices. It is the individual’s intentions to perform a given behavior and that assumed to
capture the motivational factors that influence the behavior. They are aware of the need to
protect the environment but possessed poor waste management practices.
 Paragoso (2018), states that waste management is very important in this modern world in
maintaining a high quality of life so humans must manage and store waste efficiently and safely.
Along with this Pampanga (2016) shows that the correlation between level of the activity of the
RWs communities in undertaking 3Rs, recycling business and waste bank, and the perceived
cleanliness by the community members was validated. It is also showed positive results such as
improved urban environment and provided strong push factor influencing the community
member to join the movement and the activities towards sustainable solid waste management are
not always cost-intensive activities but a socially bounded engagement also workable. Therefore
it is connected that if only people were push with activities that can influence community maybe
a better change might be made.
However it opposes the study of Tejada (2015), which states that people nowadays
learned to care more for sanitation unlike the past it is because the result shows that the students
were only aware about the practices but they have poor performance. However it is said that
Local Government Unit of Bilihan should collaborate with other stakeholders for public
campaigns on proper sanitation and SWM practices (Tejada et al., 2015). Also strict monitoring
evaluation should be developed to provide clear strategic direction to Local Integrated Solid
Waste Management and procurement of additional vehicles to enhance the efficiency in the
garbage collection (Tejada., 2015).

Gequinto (2017) states that among all the practices it is the waste collection that got the
highest composite mean particularly on the promotion of 3Rs in the collection of waste. Hence,
waste recycling and waste treatment obtained the lowest composite mean. In terms of waste
recycling, establishing partnership with local or private business for recyclable recovery program
was to moderate extent (Gequinto, 2017). A survey also showed a positive level of awareness,
attitude and practices of teachers, especially in recycling and composting (Heyasa et al., 2017).

As a support with this the study of Paghasian (2017), shows that the awareness on solid
waste management of the students was high. The practices in terms of segregation reduce and
recycle were good and the practice in terms of recycle and disposal were fair. In line with this
Paghasian (2017) also stated that the awareness on solid waste management of the students had
no influence on their practices in terms of disposal. However their awareness had affected their
practices specifically on segregation, reduce, reuse and recycle (Paghasian, 2017).

The generation of all forms of solid waste has grown exponentially with combination of
industrialization and population growth (Reyes, 2017). As societies have industrialized since the
18th century managing solid waste has been a major activity (Reyes, 2017). This process has
accelerated rapidly since the middle of the last century, when governments in less developed
settings began sustained efforts to promote modern industrial development (Reyes, 2017). By
third quarter of the 20th century, awful forecast emerged that the world would soon bury itself in
its own wastes (Reyes, 2017). This led to a new social movement to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
(3Rs) to save the world from this inundation (Reyes, 2017).

Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

This section presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the researchers
based from the gathered data in the study.

Summary
 The main purpose of this study is to determine the extent difference on the practices of
students in Implementation of Republic Act 9003 to Practice Proper Waste Disposal Among
Senior High School Students and determine also the level of practice of students in Holy Cross
of Malita, Incorporated (HCM). HCM is the only catholic school located in Malita, Davao
Occidental. The study revealed that the level of practices of students in reduce, reuse, and recycle
is moderate. Hence, there is no extent difference on the practices when grouped according to
Grade Level and Gender.

Conclusion

Study revealed that students have the capacity and awareness to practice reduce, reuse,
and recycle yet they possess poor quality in implementing it due to motivational factors. It was
found out also that teachers play a very vital role in monitoring the progress of students in
practicing 3Rs. Hence, it is important set motivational factors that would ignite the students,
teachers, parents and people coming inside the school to practice 3Rs.
It is deemed necessary that school administration must set administrative penalty to
students and teachers who will not practice 3Rs. The three garbage bins must be significantly
seen inside the classroom as it help the students to practice regularly the 3Rs. If this will be
attained, then there is a big chance that students can help to protect the environment. Likewise,
this is also the aim of the Congregation and HCM as a catholic school, “To preserve and protect
the environment”, as stated in its Vision and Mission.

Recommendations
The followings are the recommendations of the researchers to school administration,
teachers, students and pupils, parents, and future researchers:
1. The school administration must set strict guidelines to practice ecological solid waste
management.
2. The school administration must let the senior, junior, and pupil executive council to
work together for the Implementation of Republic Act 9003.
3. The school must conduct a room to room orientation in order for the student to be
knowledgeable about the RA 9003 and its offenses.
4. Future researchers may use this study in future studies they may like to write with the
consent from the original researchers.