Year of
S No Title of the paper
1 PEER Performance-Based Earthquake
Engineering Methodology, Revisited
2 Special Considerations and Challenges in Shift From Prescriptive to Performance
Seismic Design of Tall Buildings
3 Safety vs. Economy in Performance-
Based Design of Buildings: Inevitable
Compromise or False Dilemma?
4 Comparison of Nonlinear Static Methods
for the Seismic Assessment of Plan
Irregular Frame Buildings with Non-
Seismic Details
5 Dynamic-Based Pushover Analysis for
Two-Way Plan-Asymmetric Buildings
under Bidirectional Seismic Excitation
Subject
Publication
The article summarizes and demonstrates 2013
the PEER PBEE methodology in a useful
manner to practicing engineers.
2018
Based Approach
Influence of the design objective on the 2016
total cost of buildings.
To verify the validity of Nonlinear Static 2011
Procedures (NSPs) on the assessment of
irregular structures.
A dynamic-based pushover procedure for 2019
two-way plan-asymmetric buildings
(DPTPA) is proposed based on performing
two nonlinear static analyses along the
principal directions of the structural model
to properly consider the torsional and
higher modes effects.
6 General Seismic Load Distribution for
Optimum Performance-Based Design of
Shear-Buildings
An optimization method based on uniform 2012
damage distribution is used to find optimum
design load distribution for seismic design
of regular and irregular shear-buildings to
achieve minimum structural damage.

7 Performance-Based Seismic Design of The performance-based seismic design of 2018

Nonstructural Building Elements
nonstructural elements through a direct
displacement-based methodology
applicable to nonstructural elements
attached to a single location in the
supporting structure and for which damage
is the result of excessive displacements.

8 Integrated Structural–Nonstructural To develop ageneral optimization 2020

Performance-Based Seismic Design and
Retrofit Optimization of Buildings
procedure within the performance-based
earthquake engineering (PBEE) framework
developed by the Pacific Earthquake
Engineering Research (PEER) Center and
implemented through the FEMAP-58
methodology.

9 Evaluation of a response reduction factor Comparison of a fifteen storey reinforced 2017

of a reinforced cement concrete building
designed by performance based plastic
design method and Limit state design
method
cement concrete frame designed using the
displacement based performance based
plastic design method and currently used
force-based limit state design method was
carried out.

10 A performance based seismic analysis of An updated literature review of the 2019

irregular multi-storey building with performance based seismic analysis of
softstorey: A review non-linear multistorey building with Soft
Storey.
11 Displacement-based seismic performance The idea of reversing the so-called N2 2020
evaluation and vulnerability assessment of method currently adopted in the Annex B of
buildings: The N2 method revisited Eurocode 8 (the code on which the present
paper is based) in a direct displacement-
based procedure is presented in a simple
alternative format.
12 Effect of irregular plan on seismic
vulnerability of reinforced concrete
buildings
13 Optimal seismic performance-based
design of reinforced concrete buildings
using nonlinear pushover analysis
14 Performance of multistory building under
nonlinear static push-over
15 Performance-based seismic design of an
irregular tall building – a case study
16 Performance-based seismic design of
flexible-base multi-storey buildings
considering soil–structure interaction
To know the difference in seismic response 2019
of two building having diaphragm
discontinuity and without diaphragm
discontinuity.
This paper presents an effective computer- 2005
based technique that incorporates
pushover analysis together with numerical
optimization procedures to automate the
pushover drift performance design of
reinforced concrete (RC) buildings.
To check out the effects of pushover 2020
analysis and linear time history loadings on
the performance of all structural elements,
which were designed without the presence
of these analysis, under the effects of wind,
gravity, and seismic loadings by equivalent
lateral force that suggested by ASCE.
The building has been designed for design 2015
basis earthquake by elastic response
spectrum analysis and its seismic
performance has been checked for
maximum considered earthquake by
nonlinear time history analyses.
A Comprehensive parametric study has 2016
been carried out to investigate the seismic
performance of multi-storey shear building
using soil structure interaction (SSI)
17 Seismic performance of reinforced To improve the performance of building 2019
concrete building with flat slab having flat slabs under seismic loading

18 Seismic performance-based design and A thermal power plant with mass and 2018
risk analysis of thermal power plant vertical irregularities was designed with the
building with consideration of vertical and 2010 ASCE and AISC design codes.
mass irregularities

19 Seismic safety of valuable non-structural An extensive parametric study of floor 2020

elements in RC buildings: Floor Response response spectra obtained by linear and
Spectrum approaches nonlinear numerical modeling of RC
structures.

20 Simplified performance-based optimal This paper presents a simplified 2019

seismic design of reinforced concrete performance-based optimal seismic design
frame buildings approach for multi-story reinforced concrete
moment frames.
21 Some observations on performance-based Some preliminary observations and results 2001
and reliability-based seismic design of are presented from a study in which the
asymmetric building structures framework is extended to be used with
three-dimensional analysis models to
explicitly account for the torsional behavior
of asymmetric building structures.

22 The draft code for performance-based Development of the seismic design draft 2008
seismic design of buildings in Taiwan code for buildings in Taiwan using
performance based seismic design
methodology

23 Effect of strong‑column weak‑beam Incremental dynamic analyses are 2018

design provision on the seismic fragility
of RC frame buildings
conducted. Buildings non-conforming and
conforming to the strong-column weak-
beam (SCWB) design criterion are
considered. These buildings are designed
for the two most severe seismic zones in
India (i.e., zone IV and zone V) following
the provisions of Indian Standards
24 Analysis in seismic provisions for Development of seismic provisions as 2018
buildings: past, present and future related to analysis is summarized, the
present state is discussed, and possible
further developments are envisaged.

25 Nonlinear Static Analysis Procedures for A brief account of various approaches in 2018
Seismic PerformanceEvaluation of the NSPs, their inherent assumptions,
Existing Buildings – Evolution and Issues sources of uncertainties, limitations and
associated challenges.

26 Performance Evaluation of RC Buildings Analyses on RC frames designed as per 2018

Designed as per Indian Seismic Codes: A the Indian standards (IS 1893:2002 and IS
Study on Frames with Vertical Geometric 13920:1993 (2008)) and draft proposal
Irregularity (IITK-GSDMA EQ 11 v 4.0, 2008) are done.

27 Performance of the healthcare facilities An overview on the response of the 2018

during the 2016–2017 Central Italy healthcare system in the area mostly
seismic sequence affected by the 2016 Central Italy
earthquake based on specific surveys and
information from local health authorities.

28 Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation of To evaluate the performance of (G+10) and 2019

Multi-storey R.C.C. Building with Addition (G+20) storey RCC building with and
of Shear Wall without shear wall.
29 Seismic performance of non-structural Understanding and improving the seismic 2016
components and contents in buildings: an performance of secondary building
overview of NZ research elements such as partitions, facades,
ceilings and contents.

30 Structural Design in Seismic Areas; A review on proper selection of seismic 2016

Performance Based Design
action in structural design, structural
modelling techniques, advanced algorithms
for improving the structural design,
earthquake induced interaction between
structures and non-structural components,
hysteretic behavior of masonry walls.

31 Non-structural elements and the dynamic To review the relevant literature relating to 2019
response of buildings: A review non-structural elements and vibration
response of structures.

32 Non-structural elements in Performance-
based seismic design of wood frame
structures
To numerically examine the effect that non 2007
structural finishes and non structural
partition walls would have on the
performance-based seismic design of wood
frame structure at the system level
33 The Influence of Non-Structural
Components on the Serviceability
Performance of High-Rise Buildings
An overview of the design philosophy of 2009
high-rise buildings, details of a case-study
project, and the results from a detailed
parametric study of the case study
structure, using a finite element model to
identify the influence of the NSCs on the
lateral stiffness.

34 Post-Earthquake Reparability of Buildings: This paper describes a number of avenues 2020

The Role of Non-Structural Elements
for improving the post-earthquake
reparability of buildings and reviews a
number of recent and ongoing efforts to
improve post-earthquake reparability in
New Zealand.

35 Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of To discuss the systematic approach in 2020

NonStructural Components - conducting Rapid Visual Screening Surveys
Methodology, Implementation Approach following the AKDN methodology to
and Impact Assessment in South and generate a priority list of structures
Central Asia considered for mitigation planning.

36 Predicting the seismic performance of This study evaluates the expected 2017
typical R/C healthcare facilities: emphasis performance of a five-story RC healthcare
on hospitals facility, representative of common practice
in Albania, designed according to older
codes.

37 Non-structural earthquake vulnerability In Nepal, a devastating earthquake is 2013

assessment of major hospital buildings in inevitable in the long term and likely in the
Nepal near future. So a non-structural earthquake
vulnerability assessment study was carried
out in the selected main hospitals of Nepal.
38 Review on Recent developments in the
performance-based seismic design of
reinforced concrete structures
39 Design of non-structural elements for
buildings: A review of codal provisions
40 Automated seismic design of non-
structural elements with building
information modelling
41 A Novel Definition of Damage States for In this article, damage states for Reinforced
Structural Elements in Framed Reinforced Concrete (RC) elements of framed RC
Concrete Buildings
42 Multilevel seismic demand prediction for
acceleration-sensitive nonstructural
components
43 Seismic retrofit options for non-structural
building partition walls: Impact on loss
estimation and cost-benefit analysis
44 Risk Analysis of hospitals Using GIS and
HAZUS: A case study of Yazd County,
Iran
This study reviewed recent developments 2016
in performance-based seismic design by
defining the performance objectives
(levels), evaluation techniques, and
assessment procedures. In addition, the
current state-of-practice in performance-
based seismic evaluations were compared.
This paper reviews the design philosophy 2005
and design provisions of several
international seismic codes, and compares
design lateral forces recommended in these
codes.
This study discusses the effectiveness of 2017
using Building Information Models in
seismic design of nonstructural building
elements
2020
buildings, including beams, columns, and
joints, were presented and defined.
In this study, a novel multilevel approach is 2019
proposed to predict the seismic demand of
acceleration-sensitive non-structural
components using two new parameters
obtained based on site seismicity and
seismic capacity of the lateral load carrying
system.
Building on an extensive literature review 2018
on the state-of-the-art of non-structural
retrofit solutions, representative retrofit
options are investigated for six
combinations of building class and seismic
hazard at the building location (in Italy), by
means of probabilistic seismic loss
estimation and corresponding cost-benefit
analysis.
This study was conducted in existing 2020
hospitals in Yazd. First, the seismic risk
analysis of Yazd city was conducted based
on two scenarios. Second, fragility curves
were prepared for each hospital building
and its components including water and
fuel tanks, power, and gas stations in order
to determine the potential damage of
different accelerations of the ground.
Finally, seismic loss estimation was
performed for hospitals understudy based
on risk analysis maps.
45 Structural performance and associated
lessons to be learned from world
earthquakes in Nepal after 25 April 2015
(MW 7.8) Gorkha earthquake
46 Seismic vulnerability of lifeline buildings in The study highlights poor quality of
Himalayan province of Uttarakhand in
India
47 Evaluation of hospital disaster
preparedness by a multi-criteria decision
making approach: The case of Turkish
hospitals
48 Towards a more circular construction
sector: Estimating and spatialising current
and future non-structural material
replacement flows to maintain urban
building stocks
49 Analytical study on design deficiencies in
the envelope projects of healthcare
buildings in Spain
50 Healthcare Building: Modelling the
Impacts of Local Factors for Building
Energy Performance Improvement in
Thailand
51 Modelling effect of non-structural partitions To quantify stiffening effects on the vertical
on floor modal properties
52 Seismic performance of non‑structural
elements during the 2016 Central Italy
earthquake
This paper outlines the structural 2016
performance during Turkey, Bhuj, Kashmir,
Haiti, Chile and L'Aquila earthquakes from
past two decades worldwide and
comparisons are made in terms of
structural forms, regulations to infer the
lessons to be learnt by Nepal in the
aftermath of Gorkha earthquake
2019
construction, lack of maintenance and non-
compliance of safety standards as the main
reasons enhancing vulnerability of the
surveyed buildings.
In this study, a hybrid fuzzy decision 2020
making model was proposed to evaluate
the disaster preparedness of hospitals.
This paper proposes a framework to 2018
quantify, spatialise and estimate future
material replacement flows to maintain
urban building stocks.
This research allows to identify the projects’ 2018
aspects which can lead to errors in the
envelope during the healthcare centres’
service life. Furthermore, a tool has been
developed to minimise failures in the design
stage, preventing their later appearance.
This study aims to perform, compare, and 2012
evaluate Integrated Building Design (IBD)
processes, collaborating the Building
Information Modeling (BIM) with Building
Performance Simulation (BPS) applications
to perform energy analysis and improving
the building energy performance of a
Generalizable Building Design (GBD), an
universal application on health care
facilities design in Thailand.
2015
vibration behaviour of floors in buildings by
non-structural cladding and partitions.
This paper describes the observed damage 2018
to non-structural elements following the
2016 Central Italy earthquake.
53 Performance-based seismic design of
nonstructural building components: The
next frontier of earthquake engineering
54 Performance of the health facilities during
the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquake and
analysis of the Mirandola hospital case
study
55 Fundamentals of Performance-Based
Building Design
56 Seismic assessment of a real RC
asymmetric hospital building according to existing RC buildings according to the
NTC 2008 analysis methods
57 Towards developing a model for the
evaluation of hospital disaster resilience: a evaluation of hospital resilience
systematic review
58 Deformation Capacity and Performance-
Based Seismic Design for Reinforced
Concrete Shear Walls
This review paper summarizes current 2014
knowledge on the seismic design and
analysis of nonstructural building
components, identifying major knowledge
gaps that will need to be fi lled by future
research.
This paper outlines the response of the 2013
healthcare system in the area mainly
affected by the 2012 Emilia earthquake by
drawing on specific surveys and information
from local health authorities.
The paper formulates some fundamental 2008
principles of performance-based design
(PBD), suggesting a conceptual framework
and systematic approach suitable for
application in most areas of building design,
and in the development of simulation tools
and performance test methods required in
the design and assessment processes
Evaluation of the seismic performance of 2015
current Italian Technical Code, which
almost coincides with the European
Eurocode 8
To obtain the indicators required for the 2020
In this paper, the relationship among the 2014
wall boundary transverse reinforcement
characteristic value λ vw, the axial force
ratio n, the wall aspect ratio r and the
ultimate displacement ∆uw is established
first. Then, the relationship between λ vw −
n − r − ∆uw is verified against the results of
71 RC shear wall experiments conducted
by eight different research institutions.
Based on the established relationship, the
performance-based seismic design (PBSD)
method for RC shear walls is proposed.
59 Deformation Capacity and Performance-
Based Seismic Design for Reinforced
Concrete Coupling Beams
60 Performance-based Seismic Design of a
Pendulum Tuned Mass Damper System
61 Vulnerability of asymmetric multi-storey
buildings in the context of performance-
based seismic design
62 Performance-based seismic design of
bridges: a global perspective and critical
review of past, present and future
directions
63 Evaluation of the residual capacity of a
structure in performance-based seismic
design (PBSD) through seismic hazard
analysis
64 A direct displacement‐based seismic
design procedure to fulfill multiple
performance objectives
In this paper, the relationship of the relative 2014
depth coefficient of compression zone ξ,
the span-depth ratio χ, the confining
reinforcement characteristic value λνb, and
the ultimate plastic hinge rotation θ u plb is
established firstly. Then, the λνb - ξ - χ - θ u
plb relationship is verified by the 48 RC
coupling beam experiments conducted by 8
research institutions. Based on the
relationship, the performance-based
seismic design (PBSD) method for RC
coupling beams is proposed.
The study implements the performance- 2017
based analysis and design methodology to
assess the seismic vulnerability of a coal-
fired power plant and to optimally design its
equivalent pendulum-type tuned mass
damper system such that the direct losses
are minimized.
The main intent of this study is to 2018
investigate the 3 D seismic demands of RC
asymmetric-plan structures by employing
Displacement-based Adaptive Pushover
methodology
This paper reviews the fundamentals, 2019
evolutions and the current practices of PBD
for bridges. The review starts with damage
states proposed by researchers, design
criteria used in different jurisdictions, along
with loss estimate methodologies. The code
review covers the United States, Canada,
New Zealand, China, Japan and Europe.
In this paper through the concept of seismic 2005
hazard assessment and the damage index
criterion, a new approach to assess the
performance of a structure with respect to
the level of earthquake excitation is
developed.
In this paper, a direct displacementbased 2002
seismic design procedure is implemented
and demonstrated through an example to
fulfill multiple performance objectives in
practical design.
65 A Framework to Incorporate Probabilistic A framework for incorporating probabilistic 2020
Performance in Force-based Seismic seismic performance during prescriptive
Design of RC Buildings as per Indian design of reinforced concrete buildings
Standards using Indian building codes is presented.

66 Performance-Based Seismic Retrofit This paper describes performance-based 2008

Design of a Long-Span Truss Bridge— seismic retrofit design for a long-span truss
Minato Bridge—Using New Control bridge, Minato Bridge in Osaka, Japan,
Technologies against maximum credible ground motion,
using new response control technologies.

67 PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN OF In this study a straightforward design 2003

ADDED VISCOUS DAMPERS USING procedure for viscous dampers was
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD developed based on capacity spectrum
method in the context of performance
based seismic design.

68 The Influence of Masonry Infill Walls in the In this article, a performance-based seismic 2009
Framework of the PerformanceBased design (PBD) methodology is proposed for
Design the design of reinforced concrete buildings,
taking into account the influence of infill
walls. Two variants of the PBD framework
are examined: The first is based on the
non-linear static analysis procedure (NSP)
while the second relies on the non-linear
dynamic analysis procedure (NDP).

69 THE LIMITATIONS AND This paper presents the findings of a study 2003
PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT that uses eight different DBD methods to
DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN undertake the seismic design of five
METHODS different case studies. Some significant
limitations with the eight methods have
been identified through their application to
realistic design examples. The study also
shows that despite all of the DBD methods
using the same set of design parameters, a
large variation in design strength is
obtained. Finally, through non-linear time
history analyses the performance of each
method is assessed.

70 Performance-Based Seismic Design of This paper examines the progress, current 2013
Midrise Woodframe Buildings state, and challenges for PBSD of midrise
woodframe buildings.
71 DISPLACEMENT ESTIMATES FOR Nonlinear response-history analysis of 1998
PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC single-degree-of-freedom oscillators,
DESIGN having varying values of yield strength and
post-yield stiffness and using 20 velocity-
scaled earthquake ground motions, was
undertaken to verify the accuracy of the
proposed displacement-estimation
procedures that make use of relations
between inelastic and elastic
displacements.

72 Performance-Based Seismic Design: First, a review of recent advances in 2015

Avant-Garde and Code-Compatible probabilistic performance assessment is
Approaches offered. Second, the salient characteristics
of methodologies that have been proposed
to solve the inverse problem of design are
discussed. Finally, an alternative approach
is proposed that relies on a new format for
visualizing seismic performance, termed
yield frequency spectra (YFS).

73 Performance-Based Seismic Design of an This paper presents performance-based 2008

Industrial Storage Rack System
seismic design of a proprietary self-
supporting enclosed industrial storage rack
system with a box-type steel structure
whose exterior dimensions can be varied to
accommodate required storage space and
geometric constraints.

74 Probabilistic Approach to Performance
Based Seismic Design of RC Frames
This paper reviews the pro and cons for 2014
probabilistic PBSD considering existing
practical constrains and limitations. The
randomness and uncertainties in demand
and capacity parameters are discussed in
some detail with regards to RC frames.

75 History and Practice of Geotechnical
Performance-Based Seismic Design in
Seattle
This paper presents the history and 2016
practice of the geotechnical engineer’s role
in PBSD of high-rise buildings in Seattle.
The standard of practice for seismic design
continues to evolve, with changes to codes
and increased understanding of seismic
hazard and geologic conditions.

76 Performance Based Seismic Design of This paper provides an overview of the 2015
Reinforced Concrete Structures with ACI current state of seismic design provisions in
318-14 the ACI 318 code, and describes possible
future ACI 318 developments that would
further promote the implementation of
PBSD for concrete structures.
77 Validity of Static Procedures in
Performance-Based Seismic Design
This paper is an attempt to confirm or 2004
demystify the validity of linear and nonlinear
static procedures in arriving at reasonable
estimates of deformation demands in
relatively regular building structures.

78 The New Performance Based Seismic
Design Criteria for New York City
The paper will discuss recent seismic 2013
evaluations of such bridges under the new
seismic design criteria guidelines and the
new hard rock ground motions
recommended by the consensus of a panel
of national experts specializing in NYC
region’s geology and seismicity.

79 Improved Direct Displacement-Based In this paper, an equally simple procedure 2004

Design Procedure for Performance-Based is developed that is based on the well-
Seismic Design of Structures known concepts of inelastic design spectra.
This procedure provides: (1) accurate
values of displacement and ductility
demands, and (2) a structural design that
satisfies the design criteria for allowable
plastic rotation.

80 Assessment of First Generation The anticipated performance of a 4-story 2015

Performance-Based Seismic Design reinforced concrete (RC) building designed
Methods: Case Study of a 4-Story in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7, is
Reinforced Concrete Special Moment assessed using ASCE/SEI 41.
Frame Building

81 Adapting earthquake actions in Eurocode With the common availability of nonlinear 2004
8 for performance-based seismic design analysis in the structural engineering,
profession comes a number of advantages
that can be seized and built upon, as well
as numerous disadvantages that need to
be avoided and addressed. The paper will
use examples from actual projects to
illustrate these from the perspective of
practicing engineers.

82 Characterizing the effects of Pile A non-linear 3D Analysis is used to show 2004

Foundations for evealuation of factors affecting pile response and to
Performance based seismic design of demonstrate some of the consequences of
critical lifeline structures using various approximate methods.
83 Probabilistic Performance-Based Optimum In this paper, a modified discrete 2016
Seismic Design of RC Structures gravitational search algorithm (MDGSA) is
Considering Soil–Structure Interaction proposed and described, which is paired
Effects with a metamodel to minimize the total cost
of structures (i.e., the sum of construction
and repair costs) under deterministic and
probabilistic constraints.
84 Seismic Response Evaluation of Ductile
Reinforced Concrete Block Structural
Walls. II: Displacement and Performance–
Based Design Parameters
The current paper utilizes the experimental 2015
results to extract key displacement-based
seismic design parameters, including wall
yield and ultimate curvatures, wall
displacements at yield and at the post-yield
stages, stiffness degradation, period
elongation, and equivalent viscous
damping. The paper also identifies different
damage states and links them to wall drift
levels, as well as the extent of plasticity
within the wall base region as key
performance-based seismic design
parameters. The study showed that using a
mechanics-based approach, the curvature
ductility values were at least double the
theoretical code values predicted for most
walls.

85 Performance-based Seismic Upgrade of Today we are on the threshold of a new era 2009
Building Strutural Systems A 2020 Vision of performance-based earthquake
engineerin technology that will combine
advanced structural simulation capability,
building information modeling and
probabilsitic evaluation to enable true
performance-based design.

86 FEMA P-58 – Next-generation Following a methodology originally 2011

Performance Assessment of Buildings
developed by the Pacific Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, the P-58
procedures revolve around a building
performance model that includes fragility
and consequence functions for each of the
damageable components and systems of
significance.

87 Seismic Performance Based Design for
Tall Buildings Considering Soil-
PileStructure Interaction
In this study, in order to experimentally 2014
investigate the influence of different types
of foundations on SSI phenomena, a series
of shaking table tests has been conducted
considering four different cases, namely: (i)
fixed-base structure representing the
situation excluding the soil-structure
interaction; (ii) structure supported by
shallow foundation on soft soil; and (iii)
structure supported by floating pile
foundation in soft soil, and (iv) structure
supported by end-bearing pile foundation in
soft soil.

88 Performance-Based Wind and Seismic This paper discusses the benefits of 2017
Engineering: Benefits of Considering performance-based seismic and wind
Multiple Hazards design, including allowing controlled limited
yielding under wind loads.
89 THE ATC-58 PROJECT: DEVELOPMENT
OF NEXT GENERATION
PERFORMANCE-BASED EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING DESIGN CRITERIA FOR
BUILDINGS
Design procedures for seismic resistance 2006
contained in building codes are intended to
enable buildings to provide acceptable
levels of performance in earthquakes, but
the procedures are not truly performance-
based. These procedures attempt to attain
desired performance through specification
of minimum acceptable levels of stiffness
and strength, control of the detailing of
structural elements and their connections,
so as to provide adequate ductility, and
control of the configuration of buildings, so
as to promote favorable dynamic response
characteristics and avoid the premature
formation of mechanisms and other
instabilities.

90 Performance-Based Seismic Engineering: This paper briefly reviews the practice of 2004
Past, Current, And Future seismic engineering and the development
of performance concepts during the past 40
years. Several analytical methods for
design, verification, and evaluation that are
currently in use are briefly summarized to
compare differences, similarities, accuracy
of results, and ease of application.
Recommendations are made for future
directions for PBSE.

91 Applying Structural Design Concepts to
the Design of Nonstructural Components
Changes are proposed for the seismic 2007
design of nonstructural components that
incorporate design concepts that are
currently used for the design of structural
components, such as capacity design and
ductile detailing.

92 Engineering Objectives for Performance- The purpose of this paper is to present the 2016
Based Wind Design authors’ viewpoints of the overall
Performance Based Wind Design (PBWE)
approach, including wind risk, engineering
approaches, and appropriate structural
response, in order to further inform policy
makers, building owners, and the general
public regarding building response to
common through rare wind events.

93 Improved risk targeted performance-based This paper presents a procedure for 2017
seismic design of reinforced concrete seismic design of reinforced concrete
frame structures structures, in which performance objectives
are formulated in terms of maximum
accepted mean annual frequency of
exceedance, for multiple limit states.
94 Acceptance limits for performance-based The performance indicators proposed 2012
seismic design of RC Walls for low-rise herein are derived from test observations
housing and measured response of 39 RC Walls'
specimens during shaking table and quasi-
static testing, as well as from limiting values
and results of previous studies.

95 An efficient performance-based seismic In this paper, a practical method is 2011

design method for reinforced concrete developed for performance-based design of
frame RC Structures subjected to seismic
excitations.
96 ISCS method for performance-based The procedure
seismic method for vertically irregular
reinforced concrete frame structures
97 Minimum cost performance-based seismic
design of reinforced concrete frames with
pushover and nonlinear response-history
analysis
98 Uniform Fragility Spectra for the
performance-based seismic design of
structures considering variabilities in
structural properties
99 Consistent floor response spectra for
performance-based seismic design of non-
structural elements
100 Conceptual seismic design in
performance-based earthquake
engineering
101 Performance-based optimum seismic
design of reinforced concrete structures
102 Performance-based seismic engineering:
the need for a reliable conceptual
comprehensive approach
103 Performance-based design using
Structural Optimization
 Methodology Adopted
Type of Structure Observations
Software Used
OpenSees RC Buildings The main advantage of PEER PBEE
methodology compared to the first-
generation PBEE methods is the
determination of decision variables (DVs)
meaningful to stakeholders, e.g., monetary
losses, downtime, casualties, rather than
the determination of parameters meaningful
to engineers only, e.g., forces or
displacements.

ETABS RC Buildings Buildings are expected to be safe, secure,

serviceable, reliable, protective, friendly,
sustainable and affordable. The contents of
the structures are often much more valuable
than structure itself. The loss of service is
often larger than repair costs. Prescriptive
Codes restrict and discourage innovation.
Performance Based approach encourages
and liberates it.

SAP 2000 RC Buildings The whole investigation demonstrates that

v14.0.0 designing for elastic response against the
design earthquake is both the safest and
the most economical in long-term option in
the case of strong seismic excitations.

SeismoStruct RC Buildings The results obtained in this study, in terms

of top displacements, lateral displacements,
interstory drifts, and chord rotations,
showed that the CSM-FEMA440 and ACSM
were the methods that better matched the
nonlinear dynamic median response
profiles. The CSM-FEMA440 and the ACSM
have two essential differences: the CSM-
FEMA440 uses a conventional, non-
adaptive, force-based pushover and the
ACSM uses a displacement based adaptive
pushover (DAP).

OpenSees Two-way plan- Along each direction, a lateral-torsional load

version 2.5.0 asymmetric pattern is developed for each of the stiff and
software buildings flexible edges. The obtained results clearly
demonstrate the superiority of the proposed
DPTPA procedure in efficiently estimating
the induced seismic demands and in being
much easier to use for professional
application relative to other considered
enhanced pushover procedures.
DRAIN-2DX Shear buildings By using 75 synthetic spectrum-compatible
earthquakes, optimum design load
distributions are obtained for different
performance targets, dynamic
characteristics, and site soil classifications.
For the same structural weight, optimum
designed buildings experience upto 40%
less global damage compared to code-
based designed buildings.

OpenSees All Buildings The fundamentals of direct displacement-

based seismic design are presented along
with a description of the modifications
required for its application to nonstructural
elements.

OpenSees Steel moment The optimization process, based on the

version 2.5.0 resisting frame genetic algorithm, quickly and reliably
software archetype converges to different allocations of
building resources for structural and nonstructural
components depending on the target metric
selected. A parametric study on the effects
of the owner’s expected internal rate of
return and building occupancy time on the
optimum retrofit solutions illustrates the
utility of the optimization process beyond
the single case study.

SAP 2000 RC Frame Performance based Plastic design frame is

Building found to have a higher response reduction
factor as compared to the Limit state design
frame. Also, total collapse of the frame is
preventedin the PBPD frame as hinges are
formed in the beams only.

ETABS RC Buildings The construction of open ground storey is

very dangerous if not designed suitably and
with proper care

Spreadsheet All Buildings The percentage of the seismic action

associated to any performance
displacement is obtained.
CSI SAP200 RC Buildings Base shear for regular diaphragm building
is more than irregular diaphragm building.
Due to the reduction in floor area dead load
of the regular structure is more than
irregular structure which leads to increase in
base shear of regular diaphragm building.
Joint displacement for irregular diaphragm
building is less than regular building. Joint
displacement in regular diaphragm building
is 15% more than irregular diaphragm
building

SAP2000 RC Buildings Steel reinforcement plays asignificant role in

controllingthe lateral drift beyond first
yielding and in providing ductility to an RC
building framework. OC design method is
able to improve automatically and gradually
a performance-based interstory drift design
to attain optimal performance. At optimum,
a uniform lateral drift or ductility demand
over all stories of the building with the
minimum cost is achieved.

SAP 2000 RC Buildings Based on the analysis results the shear and
displacement increased as magnitudes of
site location increased.

PERFORM 3D RC Residential It is observed that the axial forces of shear

Building walls at outer boundary of irregular floor
plan obtained from nonlinear time history
analyses are larger than that obtained from
linear elastic analysis with R = 2; and they
exceed the accepted axial force limit of 0.3
fc Acw at lower stories. This result is
probably caused by irregular distribution of
shear walls at floor plan; and requires
redesign or reconsideration of their axial
force capacities.

SIMQKE RC Shear Code-specified design lateral load pattern

program Building are more suitable for long period flexible-
base structure, whereas the trapezoidal
design lateral load pattern can provide the
best solution for short-period flexible-base
structures
 SAP 2000 RC Buildings The flat slab building models modified by
software with Flat slab shear walls in outer periphery of the building
behaves excellently under earthquake
loading, even better than conventional RC
frame building. The storey displacement
and storey drift have been found minimum
for flat slab building with shear walls and
also the fundamental natural period of
vibration under earthquake is less than
w.r.to the other models.

SAP2000 V18 Industrial The vertical irregularity generated larger

structure detrimental effect than mass irregularity,
(Thermal Power and need more attention in structural
Plant) design. Collapse risk increased the most
due to the combined effect of mass and
vertical irregularities. Furthermore, under
small earthquake intensities, the thermal
power plant with the combined irregularities
had higher risk in functional disruption.

OPENSees RC Buildings The valuable NS elements should be

protected not only in the case of strong
earthquakes, but in particular, in the case of
low-moderate ones, which usually cause
only cracking phenomena in the structural
elements, but may induce unacceptable
damage to the NS elements. These tools
can be used for example to obtain the
minima dimensions of the support base of
an object, as well as to identify the best
location inside the building to increase
itssafety, with respect to both rocking and
overturning conditions.

Open System for RC Moment The design results indicate that 30% of
Earthquake Framed buildings needed flexural strength and 26% of cross-
Engineering sectional area can be reduced from the
Simulation initial strength-based design.
(OpenSees)
 ABAQUS/ Asymmetric The results suggest that considering
Standard Buildings torsional effects in this manner does not
significantly increase the uncertainty in the
equivalent SDOF approach. Therefore, the
design factors are comparable to those
determined previously. Furthermore, it
appears that the design factors are not
sensitive to changes in the bias factor
statistics used to quantify the approximate
nature of the equivalent SDOF method.

All Buildings If the same column size has been adopted

for the first several floors, a higher
reinforcement ratio assigned to the first 2
stories is helpful for uniform distribution of
system ductility.

ETABS 2016 Reinforced- It is observed that buildings non-conforming

concrete special to the SCWB design criterion lead to an
moment-resisting undesirable column failure collapse
frame buildings mechanism. Although yielding of columns
cannot be avoided, even for buildings
conforming to a SCWB ratio of 1.4, the
observed collapse mechanism changes to a
beam failure mechanism. This change in
collapse mechanism leads to a signifcant
increase in the building’s global ductility
capacity, and thereby in collapse capacity.
The fragility analysis study of the
considered buildings suggests that
considering the SCWB design criterion
leads to a signifcant reduction in collapse
probability, particularly in the case of mid-
rise buildings.
 - All Buildings The most advanced deterministic analysis
method available today is nonlinear
response history analysis (NRHA). It is
irreplaceable for the research and for the
design and/or assessment of very important
buildings. However, due to its complexity, it
has, in practice, only rarely been used, with
the exception of some special structures.
Pushover-based methods are a simpler
option, combining a nonlinear static
(pushover) analysis with the response
spectrum approach. They represent a
rational practice-oriented tool for the
seismic analysis of many but not all
structures.

- All Buildings With the advent of latest computing tools

and software packages, the detailed
nonlinear response history analysis
(NLRHA) procedure is becoming relatively
easy to perform, the NSPs still retain a
reasonable degree of interest among the
practicing engineers owing to their simplicity
and convenient practical use.

SAP2000 and RC Buildings The column/beam moment-capacity ratio

STAAD Pro (M.R.) in IS 13920:2016 is found
uneconomical for regular frames.

AeDES form All Buildings the WHO Safety Index procedure seems to
totally neglect the aforementioned critical
feature of heterogeneous hospital complex,
namely the external (or induced) risk, for
which a safe and undamaged building could
be declared unusable only because of its
proximity to damaged buildings.

SAP 2000 RC Buildings From pushover analysis, it is seen that the

capacity of a structure increases with the
introduction of shear walls in both G10 and
G20 buildings. There is a considerable
reduction in hinge formation between
immediate occupancy and life safety range,
and there is no hinge formation above life
safety range with the addition of shear wall.
As per IS 1893:2002, the allowable storey
drift requirement is 0.004 times the storey
height, which is satisfied by both G10 and
G20 buildings.
 ABAQUS All Buildings The efforts so far have resulted in a much
better understanding of the ability (or lack
thereof) of common NZ ceilings, partitions,
facades to withstand seismic excitations.
Combined with the lessons learnt from the
extensive damages to non-structural
components and contents observed in the
Canterbury earthquakes, this effort has led
to a better overall awareness of the
importance of rigorous seismic design of
secondary elements in buildings. Through
this project, low-damage mitigation
strategies have also been developed for
façades (Baird, 2014) and drywall infi lls
(Tasligedik, 2014); earthquake resistant
design of suspended ceilings is also being
developed.

All Buildings A ground motion prediction model for

intermediate-depth earthquakes and
average soil conditions is used for
evaluation of the uniform hazard spectrum
and the conditional mean spectrum at a
vibration period of T = 1.0 s which is
representative for the new stock of
residential and office concrete structures in
Romania.

DRAIN-2DX All Buildings Integrated numerical and experimental

methods which include comprehensive
understanding of the fundamental
properties of non-structural elements,
methods to accurately model this behaviour
and competently constructed numerical
simulations which correlate satisfactorily
with experimental results remain rare.

SAWS software Wood frame The allowable seismic mass can be

Structure significantly increased when non-structural
components are included in the design, in
some cases more than 70%.
ANSYS10.0 High-rise The influence of NSCs on the lateral
buildings stiffness, for example storey drift, was seen
to be significant. From a modal analysis, it
was observed that there are no significant
contributions from the NSCs to the natural
frequency of the high-rise building if the
NSCs were installed only along the loading
direction. However, the second and third
modes of the high-rise building increased
due to the inclusion of the NSCs.

_ All Buildings By considering potential inspection and

repair needs during concept design,
considerable time and repair cost could be
saved following intense earthquake
shaking, with considerable socio-economic
benefits for the community.

_ All Buildings NSHM processes are simple in nature.

However, when moving from housekeeping
to architectural retrofitting, the process
demands engineering and subject skills.
The proposed approach emphasizes on
alternative methods, fixtures and techniques
to achieve the same safety performance
objectives. The proposed alternative
measures should ensure required safety,
aesthetics, operation and costs.

ZEUS-NL RC Buildings The seismic performance of the structural

model varied significantly under different
ground motions. Results indicate that case
study building exhibit inadequate seismic
performance under different seismic
excitations.

_ Hospital This non-structural component assessment

Buildings study largely helped to convince the
government officials, hospitals authorities
and political leaders on the affordability and
possibility of constructing earthquake
resistant non-structural components in the
hospitals of Nepal using slight improvement
in the already employed methods of
construction.
RC Structures

All Buildings

All Buildings

RC Buildings

Steel frame
structures

RC Buildings

Hospital
Buildings
All Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

All Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

All Buildings

All Buildings
 All Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

All Buildings

RC asymmetric
Hospital
Buildings

Hospital
Buildings

- Reinforced According to the method presented in the

Concrete Shear paper, the amount of transverse
Walls reinforcement at wall boundaries could be
determined, if the inter-storey drift demand
θ and the damage index Dw are
predetermined.
 - Reinforced According to the method, the transverse
concrete (RC) reinforcement can be assessed if the plastic
coupling beams hinge rotation θ and the damage index Db
are predetermined, which forms an
important part of the PBSD method for RC
coupling beams.

OpenSees coal-fired power The study demonstrates a systematic way

software platform plant of achieving the optimal pendulum-type
[OpenSees, tuned mass damper design with
2015] considerations of uncertainties in
earthquake inputs and the combined
component level damages.

OpenSees Asymmetric It was concluded that the torsional seismic

multi-storey RC response of asymmetric structures is
buildings significantly influenced by the in-plan
eccentricity changes, and therefore it may
be concluded as one of the most important
parameters to be considered in future
seismic design process.

Bridges The review suggests that limited information

on the residual axial load capacity of
earthquake damaged columns is provided
in the codes, although initial concepts have
been developed in previous research.
Based on the case study, the column axial
load capacity decreases significantly when
the maximum lateral displacement is equal
or greater than three times yielding
displacement.
 Gaps Identified

Due to the probabilistic nature of the methodology

and its various analysis stages, research on PEER
PBEE methodology has been conducted mostly by
the academia with little attention from practicing
engineers.

The Problem with R Factor (Fawad Najam, 2017),

Are All Buildings Codes Correct? All produce different
level or performance in different components

It is doubtful whether the selection of a lower design

objective is more economical in the long run. Thus, a
thorough estimation of the eventual economic losses
is necessary. General income losses are significant
for commercial buildings only, and they are not taken
into account in the present study.

Different typologies should be further tested in order

to get definitive answers about the applicability of
nonlinear static procedures on real existing buildings.

The effect of the structural system on the

performance of the proposed DPTPA methods is
among the issues to be addressed.
Further work is required to extend the proposed
design load pattern to other types of structural
systems and performance targets.

The proposed design procedure applies mainly to

acceleration-sensitive nonstructural elements
suspended or anchored at a single location (floor) in
the supporting structure and for which damage is the
result of excessive displacements (e.g., piping
systems, cable trays, suspended ceilings, etc.).

The structural and nonstructural optimization priorities

differed significantly for different owners’ risk
tolerances and building occupancy times.These
differences in optimized upgrade solutions would be
very difficult to identify using only a small number of
upgrade cases based mainly on engineering
judgement.

Energy balance concept is at the core of PBPD

method, and hence, contrary to IS Code method, it
uses pre-selected target drift and yield mechanism as
performance criteria. Due to this total collapse should
be prevented in the PBPD method.

To get better performance required of the RCC

building then, new seismic design provisions require
Structure engineer perform both static and dynamic
analysis for the design of the structure.
Although the idea of reversing the N2 procedure in a
direct displacement-based design is not new [38], an
iteration process is still needed since the target
displacement is not known beforehand.
Discontinuous diaphragms are designed without
stress calculations

a restrictive move limit imposed on the steel

reinforcement design variables is necessary to ensure
a smooth and steady convergence of the inelastic drift
design process.

It is recommended that special attention be paid to

axial and shear force design of shear walls and
columns of irregular tall buildings by PBSD method.
For short-period building typology and objects, floor
spectral accelerations tend to be high and strongly
influenced by the higher modes, also when the
structural non linearity is accounted for.The analytical
spectrum-to-spectrum approaches, used in this work
for comparison purposes, may significantly
underestimate the acceleration amplification effect
due to the host structure oscillation.

Most existing optimal PBSDs involve complex

algorithms requiring a fully automated design process.
However, the needed computer programs are often
not accessible for practicing engineers. Moreover, the
optimization methods developed specifically for steel
structures are not necessarily applicable to RC
structures.
Conclusions are preliminary as they are based on a
very simple analytical model using some restrictive
assumptions. More work is needed to consider more
realistic building configurations with other torsional-
tolateral frequency ratios and the possible impact of
flexible floor diaphragms.

In this draft code, the design of nonstructural

components is done as usual to accommodate either
acceleration or displacement. No specific criterion
regarding economic loss is provided. The
nonstructural damage is limited by the structural drift
limit. Future research will focus on the nonstructural
damage, reliability analysis, and life-cycle cost.

The observations and conclusions drawn are limited

to the considered suite of RC SMRF buildings of
certain heights. Further, the ground-motion record
suite used in the present study exclusively consists of
far-feld records. Near-feld ground-motion records may
certainly have signifcantly diferent characteristics as
compared to far-feld records. Therefore, separate
studies are recommended to study the efect of near-
feld earthquakes on the governing collapse
mechanism and collapse fragility
the large uncertainties which are related to both
ground motion and the modelling of structures do not
permit accurate predictions of the structural response
during future earthquakes.

The accuracy of all such attempts to account for the

torsional response in the NSPs is still a subject of
research and discussion.

Improvements to the design of irregular frames can

be made by reducing their response reduction (R)
factors and following the M.R. value of 1.4 adopted in
the recent code (13920:2016). A more detailed study
including different geometric and stiffness
irregularities can lead to better conclusions
regarding the results presented in this paper.

in the design of the strengthening intervention within

each building, it is advisable to target a similar level of
performance for both structural and non-structural
components.

other analysis methods like time history method,

pushover method and response spectrum analysis
etc. Can be adopted for future study and other
irregularity locations can be adopted to analyse the
effect of same.
Experimental investigations on the interaction
between horizontal and vertical low-damage structural
and non-structural elements should be carried out.
The shortcomings of current systems should be
identified and a complete building system that
undergoes little or negligible damage should be
proposed when subjected to higher levels of seismic
demand.

The feasibility of using advanced genetic algorithms

to obtain effective earthquake design solutions for
new structures should be investigated

Comprehensive research is required to develop

general guidelines to allow non-structural elements to
be included by designers in their structural systems.

There is a significant deficit in the ability and

confidence to model wood-frame non-structural
elements mechanistically under seismic loading. If
PBSD of wood frame structures is to be successfully
developed and especially if it is to be successfully
implemented, this must be resolved
Given that the NSCs increase the lateral stiffness,
these NSCs should be further investigated to ensure
their integrity and the robustness during the life of the
structure.

There is a need to consider reparability during the

conceptual design of a building.

A detailed engineering assessment can be carried out

for shortlisted structures to develop cost-effective
mitigation planning and design.

It must be noted that this evaluation is specific to the

characteristics of this structure. Additional studies are
needed to characterize the expected seismic
performance of vulnerable structures and to develop
effective seismic rehabilitation techniques that meet
the selected performance objectives.

There is an alarming situation in most of the hospital

buildings and demands an immediate action to
achieve the standard acceptable level of safety. A
significant improvement in the already employed
construction methods is required.
This paper shows that the investigation of torsion in
buildings is a complex problem that requires further
research efforts using other forms of advanced
pushover techniques as well as other sets of
torsionally coupled buildings representative of
selected region.

This study suggests a vertical load capacity factor,

which needs to be further investigated in future
research.