Q.1. Explain in brief the origins of Just in Time.

Explain the different types of wastes that can be eliminated using JIT. Ans. Just in time were developed to minimize wastage across the organization. If a firm is

optimistic about the demand, then that firm increases their planned inventories. On the other hand if the demand is weak when compared to the expectations, then that firms unplanned inventories are high. That means companies dont keep a lot of excess inventory, and then manufacture a product as an order comes in. It is management philosophy of continuous and forced problem solving. The seven types of wastes to be eliminated according to JIT are: 1. Over Production Over production is to manufacture products before it is actually needed. If the demand for that product decreases, the extra parts or products produced may not be useful or needed. Also overproduction results in high storage costs and is also difficult to detect defects. So, over productions is considered a waste. 2. Inventory Excess procurement or production builds up stock of materials which are not immediately use, this locking space and fund carrying heavy cost. 3. Waiting Time Waste of time happen when goods are not moving or being processed. The operator, the machine or the part will either be not working or be worked upon. The duration is can be said to be unproductive and may create more serious consequences. 4. Movement Any unnecessary movement is a waste of energy; it causes blockages, disrupting movement sand delaying the flow of other items creating delays. 5. Effort The people, who work, do not make a study as to how the products on which they are utilized and do not realize the purpose for which they are made. This lack of education will lead to waste of resources. Finally, they end up in shortage of resources when needed.

6. Defective products The defective products lead to a tremendous loss to the company. This is because they use up the same equipments, workmen and the time that would be used to make good products. Thus defective products use up resources and result in losses. 7. Over Processing Some steps like unnecessary processing or production do not add value to the final output. As a result, it is waste of all the inputs that go into the process.

Q.2. what is value engineering or value analysis? Elucidate five companies which have incorporate VE with brief explanation. Ans. Value of engineering (VE) or Value Analysis is a methodology by which we try to find

substitutes for a product or an operation. The concept of value engineering originated during the Second World War. It was developed by the General Electric corporations (GEC). Value Engineering has gained popularity due to its potential for gaining high Returns on investment (ROI). This methodology is widely used in businesses-engineering, government projects, construction, assembling and machining processes, health care and environmental engineering, and many others. Value engineering process calls for a deep study of product and the purpose for which it is used, such as the raw materials used; the processes of transformation; the equipment needed, and many others. It is also questions whether what is being used is the most appropriate and economical. This applies to all aspects of the products. 1. General Electrical Corporation (GEC) The concepts of value engineering originated in 1947 in General Electrical Corporation (GEC) when a substitute for asbestos for flooring had to be found. Specialized dealers could provide an equally good material at a lesser price. Initially, the practioners were the people in charge of purchasing who tried to locate substitute material which would be equally good, if not better, at a lower price. This is the first and basic approach to value engineering. The concept percolated to the manufacturing departments, engineers applied the same principles and found that, they could use alternate materials, which were cheaper giving the same Performance. It was also fund that dimensions and tolerance could be altered without affecting the performance of the part or the product. The investigations took them on the path of eliminating some operations. The focus was on the value of each bit materials, each operation. This approach led to the design stage. 2. Ashok Leyland In implementation of VA, Ashok Leyland changed gear material from phosphor bronze to a less expensive cast iron and eliminated frequent field complaint of gear seizure in trucks.

3. TVS T.V. Sundaram Lyenger (TVS) Limited is one of the largest automobile distribution companies in India. During the mid 1940 to 1960s, TVS based in Madurai was ranked as the best bus transportation system in India. It could manage to run the fleets for about 96% of the time. TVS used the VE approach to restore the mobility of buses that had broken down. They stocked their garage with some critical assemblies of a bus. Whenever, a part or an assembly failed of a bus, they replaced it immediately with a new one, thus restoring mobility within a couple of hours. When compared to the traditional method, this approach has gained much more benefits to the company, it helped to save time, reduce cost, efficient, quicker, and competitive. 4. MODI Xerox Modi Xerox designed the VE-d low cost copier 1025 ST, which uses a single tray. The advantage of new design is that it is easy to operate and the cost is also very low. 5. TITAN Titan watches introduced new designs adopting a strategy of innovation.

Q.3. Explain different types of quantitative models. Differentiate between work study andmotion study. Ans. There are different quantitative models. 1. Linear Programming: Linear programming technique is often used for optimizing a given objective like; profit orrevenue maximization, or cost outgo minimization. Distribution of the revenues is the critical issue,when there are limited resources and they have to meet competing demands. 2.Transportation Model: Transportation model is concerned with goods from manufacturing center or warehouseswhich have to be supplied to depots or retails outlets. The demand and supply position of the places where they are required or produced and the cost of transportation are considered in the model. We usethis model to economize. 3.Assignment Model: Allocating jobs or persons to machines, awarding different projects to contractors is done sothat maximum returns occur or less expenses are incurred. Hence, calls for the use of this model. 4. Inventory Control Model: Inventory control model considers the: a Frequency of placing orders. b. Quantities per order considering the cost of placing an order. C .Number of pieces that are to be kept in reserve. d. Rate of consumption. e. Lead time required for the supplier. f. Cost involved in storage. We have different models which give solutions to optimization depending upon the probabilities of consumption and supply.

5.Waiting Line Models: Queues are formed when the rate of services is at a variance with the rate of arrival. Theyare formed when the rate of production is less at particular points compared to the previous one.Sometimes we see multiple service points and a single queue are formed for feeding them. Number of items which includes the following is studied with some special techniques. a. People to be serviced. b. Rate of service c. Type of queue discipline that is intended to be followed. d. Policy of priority e. Tolerable amounts of waiting f. Others. 6.Simulation Models: Simulation models are used when we will not be able to formulate mathematical model. So,we develop a model which resembles a real life situation. Based on this pattern, we predict and planour procurement, production, delivery and other actions.