SHIP AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

AND PRODUCTION

Hull Girder Stress Analysis

Nandar HLAING
nandar.hlaing@uliege.be 1
Contents

• Recall
• Primary stress (Assignment-II)
• Homework II
• Load transfer
• Secondary stress
• Tertiary stress

22 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Recall

Bending stress:

𝑴
𝝈= ⋅𝒚
𝑰

M = bending moment
y = eccentricity (from neutral axis)
I = the moment of inertia (about neutral
axis)

3 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Recall

Shear stress:
linear linear
𝑽⋅𝑸
𝝉=
𝑰⋅𝒕

V = shear force quadratic

I = Moment of inertia of the cross section
Q = first moment of area = ‫𝑎𝑑 ⋅ 𝑧 ׬‬
linear linear
t = thickness in the location

4 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Recall

𝑏𝐴𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑞
Aluminum 𝐸𝐴𝑙 Equivalent steel

Steel 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙

1
𝜎𝐴𝑙 = 𝜎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
3

5 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Assignment II: Primary Bending Stress

Superstructure (Aluminium):
Plate thickness (Side + Upper deck) = 8 mm
Girder = T250 x 10 x 120 x12 mm

Deck (Steel):
Plate thickness = 8mm
Girder = T400 x 10 x 250 x 12 mm

Side shell and inner side shell (Steel):

Side shell thickness = 10 mm
Inner side shell thickness = 8 mm

Bottom and double bottom (Steel):

Plate thickness = 12 mm
Girder = 2000 x 12 mm

* The measurements are taken at the centre of the thickness.

BM (Sagging) = 70000 kNm

6 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

What to Submit?
Element Qty Breadth Depth Area (A) y Ay Io d Ina=Io+Ad^2
Bottom plate (steel) 1
Double bottom plate (steel) 1
Deck plate (steel) 1
Side shell (steel) 2
Inner side shell (steel) 2
Bottom girder (steel)
Deck girder web (steel)
Deck girder flange (steel)
Superstructure side (aluminium)
Upper deck (aluminium)
Upper deck girder web (aluminium)
Upper deck girder flange (aluminium)

SUM
Bending moment 70000 kNm
N.A m
y_super m
y_deck m
y_bottom m
I_NA m^4
sigma_super_top MPa
sigma_super_bottom MPa
sigma_deck MPa
sigma_bottom MPa

77 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Homework II

8
Task A: Design the midship section of the ship (from Homework I – Design II)

Define the following scantlings:

- Plate thickness (bottom, chine, side, deck)
- Longitudinal stiffeners and girders
- Stiffener spacing
And,
- Transverse frames
- Frame spacing
Define the loading condition:
- Hull girder shear force and bending moment (still water + wave, can also be from Homework I)
- Lateral loads (Hint: hydrostatic pressure for bottom and side, check the rules for local pressure on
exposed deck)
Calculate the primary stresses:
- Bending stress distribution (maximum bending moment)
- Shear stress distribution (maximum shear force)

99 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing

Task B: Von Mises stress calculations at different points (at least 4)

Choose at least 4 (critical) points to check Von Mises criteria:

- at different stations (Hint: maximum bending moment and maximum shear force occur at different
locations.)
- on the plate
- on the web of stiffeners or transverse frames
- on the flange of stiffeners or transverse frames
Evaluate the presence of primary, secondary, tertiary stresses for each of the point.
- 𝜎1𝑥 , 𝜏1
- 𝜎2𝑦 , 𝜏2
- 𝜎3𝑥_𝑆𝑡 , 𝜏3
- 𝜎3𝑥_𝑃𝑙 , 𝜎3𝑦_𝑃𝑙
Calculate different stress components and check Von Mises criteria.

𝝈𝒗𝒎 = 𝝈𝟐𝒙 + 𝝈𝟐𝒚 − 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒚 + 𝟑𝝉𝟐 < 𝝈𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

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10 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Homework II
Remarks

• Submit in pdf.
• Attach calculation sheets in Annex.
• Make systematic drawings (not sketches) of midship section, stiffeners, and frames.
• Clearly describe the assumptions and mention the references, if any.

Deadline

• For Task A, 30 November 2020

• For Task B, 13 December 2020

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11 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Response Levels
Hull girder:
𝜎1𝑥 = primary bending stress
𝜏1 = primary shear stress

Web frames:
𝜎2𝑦 = secondary bending stress
𝜏2 = secondary shear stress

Longitudinal stiffeners:
𝜎3𝑥_𝑆𝑡 = tertiary bending stress
𝜏3 = tertiary shear stress

Plating (unstiffened):
𝜎3𝑥_𝑃𝑙 , 𝜎3𝑦_𝑃𝑙 = tertiary bending stress

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12 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Response Levels

** Very little or no interaction

between
• Primary stresses
• Secondary stresses
• Tertiary stresses

** In the plating,
• Primary and secondary stresses
are nearly uniformly
distributed through thickness.
• Tertiary stresses (due to plate
bending itself) vary through
the thickness.
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13 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Primary Stresses

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14 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Local Loads on Secondary and Tertiary members

• Hydrostatic pressure

• Cargo loads

• Machinery (engine room foundations)

• Green water or ice (deck panels)

• Liquid pressure (tanks and ballasts)

• …

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15 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Transfer of loads

• Lateral pressure acting on the plate field is absorbed and distributed in the
following pattern.

Plating

Stiffener

Girder

Panel

Hull girder

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16 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Transfer of loads
Frame spacing (a)

Stiffener spacing (b)

Longitudinal
stiffeners

**Because the stiffener spacing is

much smaller than the stiffener
span (a/b >> 1), lateral pressure
will be mainly distributed to the
stiffeners,
Transverse frames

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17 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Simplification (Stiffener)

Frame spacing (a)

A B A B Stiffener spacing (b)

A B A B

𝑞. 𝑎
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝐵 = ; 𝑞 = 𝑝. 𝑏
2

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18 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Simplification (Frame)
Frame spacing (a)
C C

Stiffener Frame
spacing (b) span (L)

D D

𝑅𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑠𝑡

C D C D

𝑞. 𝐿
𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅𝐷 = ; 𝑞 = 𝑝. 𝑎
2

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19 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Stiffened Panel Subjected to Lateral Pressure

z
transverse frame
y spacing

Pressure (p)

longitudinal stiffener
design variables

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20 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Idealization of Transverse Frame into a Beam

* Dimensions in mm

Pressure (p)

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21 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Dimensions and Arrangement

* Dimensions in mm

Reference for collaborative (effective) breadth: https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/28142

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22 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Loading

* Dimensions in mm

Pressure (p)

Uniformly distributed load

𝑞 = 𝑝 × 𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

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23 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Boundary Conditions
1. Simply supported beam 2. Clamped beam

𝐿 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠

𝑢𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑞) 𝑢𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑞)

𝑞𝐿 𝑞𝐿
2 2
−𝑞𝐿 −𝑞𝐿
2 2

𝑞𝐿2 𝑞𝐿2
12 12

𝑞𝐿2
𝑞𝐿2
24
8
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24 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Secondary Bending Stress (𝜎2𝑦 )
z
y

𝑀 𝑦 .𝑧
𝜎=
𝐼
M = bending moment (varies along the length of the frame)

z = distance from neutral axis

I = Moment of inertia of the cross section

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25 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Secondary Shear Stress (𝜏2 )
area beyond point of interest
× 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉 𝑦 .𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼. 𝑡 z
y
V = shear force (varies along the
length of the frame)
x
I = Moment of inertia of the cross
section

t = thickness in the location

**At the web-flange and web-plate

junctions, simple beam theory cannot
assess the shear stress.

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26 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Be Aware of the Assumptions!!!

• Vertical shear stress in the (wide)

flanges are very small, and thus
neglected.

• Shear stress is assumed to be

constant across the thickness of
flange, web, and plate.

• For thick plates, the shear stress

varies across the thickness. In
𝑉𝑄
this case, 𝜏 = gives average
𝐼𝑡
shear stress.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f08Y39UiC-o&ab_channel=TheEfficientEngineer
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27 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Idealization of Longitudinal Stiffener into a Beam

* Dimensions in mm

Pressure (p)

28
28 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Dimensions and Arrangement

* Dimensions in mm

Reference for collaborative (effective) breadth: https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/28142

29
29 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Loading

* Dimensions in mm

Pressure
(p)

Uniformly distributed load

𝑞 = 𝑝 × 𝑭𝒖𝒍𝒍 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔

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30 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Boundary Conditions (same as before)
1. Simply supported beam 2. Clamped beam

𝐿 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐿 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑢𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑞) 𝑢𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑞)

𝑞𝐿 𝑞𝐿
2 2
−𝑞𝐿 −𝑞𝐿
2 2

𝑞𝐿2 𝑞𝐿2
12 12

𝑞𝐿2
𝑞𝐿2
24
8
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31 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Tertiary Bending Stress (𝜎3𝑥 )
z
y

𝑀 𝑦 .𝑧
𝜎=
𝐼
M = bending moment (varies along the length of the frame)

z = distance from neutral axis

I = Moment of inertia of the cross section

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32 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Tertiary Shear Stress (𝜏3 )
area beyond point of interest
× 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉 𝑦 .𝑄
𝜏=
𝐼. 𝑡 z

V = shear force (varies along the

length of the frame)
y
I = Moment of inertia of the cross x
section

t = thickness in the location

**At the web-flange and web-plate

junctions, simple beam theory cannot
assess the shear stress.

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33 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Superposition of Stress Components

z
y

- Consider the first point (red-crossed) midway between two stiffeners and two frames.
longitudinal
stiffener design
variables
- Consider the second point (blue-crossed) on the flange of the transverse frame just next to web-flange junction.

- Consider the third point (green-crossed) at the neutral axis of the longitudinal axis of the stiffener.

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34 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Superposition of Stress Components

Consider the first point (red-crossed) midway between two stiffeners and two frames.

z
y

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏
longitudinal
Primary stress yes stiffener design yes
variables
Secondary stress yes yes (zero)

Tertiary stress (Stiffener) yes yes (zero)

Tertiary stress (Plate) yes yes
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35 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Superposition of Stress Components

Consider the second point (blue-crossed) on the flange of the transverse frame just next to
web-flange junction. (**Assume the frame is clamped.)

z
y

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏
longitudinal
Primary stress stiffener design
variables
Secondary stress yes (max) yes

Tertiary stress (Stiffener)

Tertiary stress (Plate)
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36 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Superposition of Stress Components

Consider the second point (blue-crossed) on the flange of the transverse frame just next to
web-flange junction.

z
y

𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜏
longitudinal
Primary stress yes stiffener design yes (negligible)
variables
Secondary stress
Tertiary stress (Stiffener) yes (zero) yes (max)
Tertiary stress (Plate)

37
37 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
SHIP AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
AND PRODUCTION

Hull Girder Stress Analysis

(Bonus slides)

Nandar HLAING
nandar.hlaing@uliege.be 38
Flexural Formula
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅. 𝜃; 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑅 + 𝑦 . 𝜃

∆𝐿 𝐶𝐷 − 𝐴𝐵
𝜀= =
𝐿0 𝐴𝐵

𝑅 + 𝑦 . 𝜃 − 𝑅. 𝜃 𝑦
𝜀= =
𝑅. 𝜃 𝑅

𝐸𝑦
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 =
𝑅

𝐸 𝐸𝐼
𝑀 = න 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑅 𝑅

𝐸𝑦 𝑀𝑦
𝜎= =
𝑅 𝐼

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39 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Shear Stress

𝑀𝑦
𝐹1 = න 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴
𝐼
(𝑀 + 𝑑𝑀)𝑦
𝐹2 = න 𝜎 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑑𝐴
𝐼
𝑉𝐻 = 𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑉𝐻 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1

(𝑀 + 𝑑𝑀)𝑦 𝑀𝑦
𝜏 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝐴 − න 𝑑𝐴
𝐼 𝐼

𝑑𝑀 1 𝑉𝑄
𝜏 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑡 𝐼𝑡
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40 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing
Moment of inertia about an inclined axis

For rectangular cross-section,

𝑏𝑑3
About the horizontal axis, 𝐼𝑥 = 12

𝑏𝑑
At an inclined angle θ, 𝐼𝑥′ = (𝑑 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
12

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41 Hull Girder Stress Analysis – Nandar Hlaing