09/04/20

Health and Disease

Keywords:

 Communicable diseases
 Non-communicable diseases

Do Now:
Diseases:

 Coronary heart disease – non-communicable

 Coronavirus / COVID-19 – communicable
 Tuberculosis – communicable
 Influenza – communicable

Health vs Disease

What is health?

 Free from disease

 Able to perform ‘normal’ mental and physical activities
 Balanced diet
 Happy and positive about yourself – positive self-image
 Housed in sanitary conditions / area free from pathogens
 Integrated into society – social wellbeing
 Sleeping well
 Limited intake of harmful substances e.g. alcohol and drugs

What is disease?

 Departure from good health

 Malfunction of body or mind
 Symptoms occur (physical, mental, social)
 Infectious diseases - used to refer to physical symptoms
 Not a result of injury

“Health and Disease”

Health is a state of mental and physical well-being, not just an absence of disease.

Disease is something that causes the body not to work properly.

Communicable diseases

 Communicable (infectious) diseases are caused by something called pathogens such as

bacteria and viruses, that can be passed on.
 Examples may include: Coronavirus, Influenza, Measles, Ebola

Non-communicable diseases
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 Non-communicable diseases cannot be transferred from one person too another (such as
heart disease, arthritis and cancer)

Diet, Stress and Life Situations

 Can all interact to affect your health

Pathogens and Disease

 Micro-organisms that cause disease are called pathogens.

 These may be viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi and can infect animals and plants.

Communicable diseases – Can be directly through pathogens, or toxins produced

 Can also be passed between different species.

 Examples include: Rabies, TB, Cholera, Hepatitis

Difference between bacteria and viruses…?

Bacteria:

 Bacteria are single celled living organisms that are much smaller than animal or plant cells.
 They can be used to make foods such as: yogurt and/or cheese.
 Bacteria can also be used in order to treat sewage and create medicine.

Bacteria are important

 Bacteria important in both body and environment, act as decomposers.

 1 – 2kg of bacteria in human body (estimated by scientists)
 Viruses smaller than bacteria, they are cause of disease in all organisms.

How do pathogens cause disease?

 Bacteria and viruses reproduce very quickly once they enter your body.
 Bacteria split into two very quickly (aka binary fission). However these produce toxins which
make you feel ill, and can damage your cells.
 Viruses take over cell entirely, live and reproduce there and destroy the cell.

What is a correlation? – A correlation is a link between two factors or values which says that one
factor may influence or have an effect on the other.

Example: School closed for a week and nobody else got Swine Flu.

Correlation: closing school stopped it spreading!

The closure didn’t necessarily stop the spreading, as several other factors may have been in play,
such as hygiene practices, social distancing, as well as many other factors outside the school.
Although closing school may have had an effect in that school children would be less likely to catch
Swine Flu, it doesn’t mean that the closing of the school is the single cause of no new reported cases
as a combination of several outside factors would have been at play in order to prevent the
spreading of Swine Flu. As a result, we can’t have been 100% sure whether that the closing of the
school had DIRECTLY caused the halt in spreading or if it was purely a coincidence.
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This is a scatter graph. The correlation is that countries with higher average annual income per
person are likely to have a higher life expectancy than those with lower average annual income
per person.

1. What are communicable diseases caused by?

Communicable diseases are caused by pathogens.

2. Give two ways in which diseases are spread from one human to another.
Water or direct contact.

3. Give two ways in which diseases are spread from one plant to another.
The sap of an infected plant or insects.

4. Describe two differences between bacteria and viruses.

a. Bacteria are important organisms both in the body and in the environment as they act as
decomposers, whereas viruses are organisms that cause disease in every other
organism.
b. Bacteria causes disease by producing toxins as a result of splitting into two, which may
make you feel ill and damage your cells, however viruses take control of the cell, live and
reproduce in it, which leads to its destruction and demise.

Checkpoint: Describe the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases. (2

marks)

Communicable diseases are diseases which are caused by the spreading of pathogens through either
water, direct contact or through air. They can be spread through infected person to another.
Examples include: influenza, cholera, E. coli, salmonella
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Non-communicable diseases are diseases which are caused by problems in your body and cannot be
spread from one person to another. Examples include: Coronary Heart Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease.