CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Within the past decade, the alarm industry has witnessed considerable innovations

because of the high level of crimes, particularly home raid and robberies which happens daily.

The project of security systems is continuously upgrading as technology changes frequently and

ideas of development always pop up.

In today’s world, one of the major problems that most homeowners encounter is burglary.

Some hire security guards for their homes but it is too risky since a life is on the line. Constant

vigilance should be observed in times of suspicious activities and security guards are too costly

that employers need to have high income in order for them to afford one. People nowadays

attach importance to the quality of life, the security matter is not regulated to homeowners; its

emphasis in order to protect the property against potential break-in. Home security is an

important factor that one should take into consideration and that is what led the researchers to

develop a security alarm system that could aid people in times of theft and intrusion; the iGuard.

Security alarms have been in demand for the necessity of home security in hopes that it

could stop the criminal activity before it takes course, track and observe the line of attack of the

criminal. iGuard helps in providing the homeowners the kind of surveillance they wanted to

have; reliable and effective. Typically, security alarms are placed in entry points. iGuard can be

installed in a convenient location where intruders might have access to.

The iGuard is a security system equipped with an ultrasonic sensor; a sensor that sends

out ultrasonic sound waves and receives their returned echo from the surrounding area. It can be

activated once it senses movement within its radius and with its infrared led light, it can help spot
where the intruder is even if it is really dark giving it the ability to have some kind of night

vision and superior quality illumination invisible to the human eye. Not only is it more efficient

than human guards, it is also vigilant and capable of spotting discrepancies. In events of a

dangerous occurrence, only iGuard will be threatened instead of human life.

Statement of the Problem

The Philippines, being a developing country, is not exempted from occurrences of

crimes. Newspapers and television news updates are loaded with all sorts of crimes like murder,

rape, theft, robbery and others. By creating the iGuard, there is a possibility that crime rates

would lower, thus, benefitting the citizens as well. In this study, the researches intend to answer

the following questions:

1. Is the iGuard favorable and commendable in terms of:

-Cost

-Maintenance

-Effectiveness

-Durability

2. How long will it take for the iGuard to detect intrusion given the following standard

measurements?

a.) 20 cm to 40 cm

b.) 40 cm to 80 cm

c.) 80 cm to 100 cm

d.) More than 100 cm

3. Would the buzzer still be audible over the following standard measurements of distance?
a.) 80 cm to 100 cm

b.) 100 cm to 150 cm

c.) 150 cm to 200 cm

d.) More than 200 cm

4. Do the following LEDs correspond with the encoded program?

a.) Green LEDs

b.) Red LEDs

c.) Yellow LEDs

5. Is there a significant difference between an ordinary security alarm system and the iGuard in

terms of:

-Cost

-Maintenance

-Effectiveness

-Durability
 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

(1x) Arduino Uno 1. The jumper wires should be Once you’re done with the
connected as follows:
(1x) Breadboard process you now gain a
Connect a jumper wire
(1x) HC-SRO4 Ultrasonic from the 5 volt pin on the multi-application iGuard
Arduino to the bottom
Sensor which is the one thing that
channel of the breadboard.
(1x) Buzzer Connect another jumper could help your home,
wire from a ground pin on
(2x) Green LEDs prevent mistakes and
the arduino to the upper
(2x) Yellow LEDs channel of the breadboard. accidents. It could also

(2x) Red LEDs Buzzer -> pin 3 protect theweakspots in

(On Ultrasonic Sensor)
(6x) 330 ohm Resistors your home, prevent
Echo -> pin 6

A lot of jumper wires Trig -> pin 7 collision and lastly, avoid
(In Order from Right to
spillage. No more
Left)
frustrations, no more
LED1 -> pin 8
LED2 -> pin 9 crying, iGuard is here to

LED3 -> pin 10 help, support and guide you

LED4 -> pin 11
with zero mistakes.
LED5 -> pin 12
LED6 -> pin 13
The jumper wires
connected to the LEDs
should be connected to
the lead on the right,
while the left lead of the
LED should be connected
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

(1x) Arduino Uno to the ground channel via a Once you’re done with the
330 ohm resistor.
(1x) Breadboard process you now gain a

(1x) HC-SRO4 Ultrasonic 2. Now, connect the 5 volt multi-application iGuard

and ground pin to the
Sensor which is the one thing that
breadboard. Again, the
(1x) Buzzer wire attached to the 5 volt could help your home,
pin should be connected to
(2x) Green LEDs prevent mistakes and
the bottom channel of the
(2x) Yellow LEDs breadboard, while the wire accidents. It could also

(2x) Red LEDs attached to the ground pin protect theweakspots in

should be connected to the
(6x) 330 ohm Resistors your home, prevent
upper channel of the

A lot of jumper wires breadboard. collision and lastly, avoid

spillage. No more
3. Now, it's time to attach the
HC-SRO4 ultrasonic sensor. frustrations, no more
It is easiest to placethe
crying, iGuard is here to
ultrasonic sensor as far
right to the breadboard as help, support and guide you
possible. You should
with zero mistakes.
connect the ground pin on
the ultrasonic sensor to the
ground channel on the
breadboard.Next, connect
the Echo pin on the sensor
to pin 6 on the Arduino.
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

(1x) Arduino Uno Now connect the Trig pin Once you’re done with the
on the sensor to pin 7 on
(1x) Breadboard process you now gain a
the Arduino, and lastly,
(1x) HC-SRO4 Ultrasonic connect the VCC pin on the multi-application iGuard
sensor to the 5 volt channel
Sensor which is the one thing that
on the breadboard.
(1x) Buzzer could help your home,
4. Next is connecting the
(2x) Green LEDs prevent mistakes and
LED's to the breadboard
(2x) Yellow LEDs and Arduino. Attaching the accidents. It could also

(2x) Red LEDs LEDs is pretty basic, just protect theweakspots in

with a lot of repetition. The
(6x) 330 ohm Resistors your home, prevent
way to connect them is to

A lot of jumper wires connect the anode,or the collision and lastly, avoid
longer leg, or the one on
spillage. No more
theright, to a pin on the
Arduino with a jumper frustrations, no more
wire, and to connect the
crying, iGuard is here to
cathode, or the shorter leg,
or the one on the left, to help, support and guide you
the ground channel on the
with zero mistakes.
breadboard using a 330
ohm resistor.Then just
repeat that step for all six
of the LEDs, with the red
LED all the way on the right
being connected to pin 8 on
the Arduino,the anode of
the red LED to the left of
that one
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

(1x) Arduino Uno being connected topin 9 on Once you’re done with the
the Arduino, and so on. The
(1x) Breadboard process you now gain a
last LED, that being the green
(1x) HC-SRO4 Ultrasonic LED all the way on the left, multi-application iGuard
should have it's anode, or
Sensor which is the one thing that
right leg, connected to pin 13
(1x) Buzzer on the Arduino. could help your home,
5. The last part of the physical
(2x) Green LEDs prevent mistakes and
setup for this build
(2x) Yellow LEDs isattaching the buzzer to the accidents. It could also

(2x) Red LEDs breadboard and the Arduino. protect theweakspots in your
This part is probably the
(6x) 330 ohm Resistors home, prevent collision and
easiest part of the setup. All

A lot of jumper wires you have to do is attach the lastly, avoid spillage. No
longer leg of the buzzer to pin
more frustrations, no more
3 of the Arduino and attach
the shorter leg of the buzzer crying, iGuard is here to help,
to the ground channel of the
support and guide you with
breadboard.
zero mistakes.
6. Now that you have finished
the physical setup of the
build, now it’s time for the
code. I assume that you
already have the Arduino
program on your computer,
so now all you have to do is
copy and paste the codes.
Theoretical Framework

The researchers gathered theories, definitions and information with scientific evidences which

can support our project, iGuard.

First, according to “Resistors: A Motor with Constant Force (Force Source)’ written by Douglas

Wilhelm Harder last 2014, the Infrared light or laser technology may be used for optical

detection. Motion detection devices, such as PIR motion detectors, have a sensor that detects a

disturbance in the infrared spectrum. Once detected, a signal can activate an alarm or a camera

that can capture an image or video of the motion. This device helps detect any kind of motion

and notify the people in charge of the material itself. Sensors are attached to a central unit that

sends out a signal upon identifying any intrusion, fire or panic. Signals are typically sent in the

form of loud noise. This part will help spread awareness to the surrounding people and we made

sure that the alarm itself will be loud enough for people to notice

Second, according to a book written last 2014, “Photonic Micro-Ring Resonators to Sense Strain

and Ultrasound” by Wouter J. Westerveld, Silicon Ultrasonic transducers are transducers that

convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals or vice versa. Those that both transmit and receive

may also be called ultrasound transceivers; many ultrasound sensors besides being sensors are

indeed transceivers because they can both sense and transmit. These devices work on a principle

similar to that of transducers used in radar and sonar systems, which evaluate attributes of a

target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves, respectively. Active ultrasonic

sensors generate high-frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by

the sensor, measuring the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to

determine the distance to an object. Passive ultrasonic sensors are basically microphones that
detect ultrasonic noise that is present under certain conditions, convert it to an electrical signal,

and report it to a computer.

Ultrasonic probes and ultrasonic baths are used to apply sound energy to agitate particles in a

wide range of laboratory applications; Sonication.

Third, according to Bewley, A., Guizilini, V., Ramos, F., & Upcroft, B. who wrote

“Online Self-Supervised Multi-Instance Segmentation of Dynamic Objects” last 2014,

a resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as

a circuit element. Resistors may be used to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to

lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow,

to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.

High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as

part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed

resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.

Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp

dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

All the data, information, scientific evidences, theories and definitions helped the researchers to

formulate iGuard and all of these shall support the project through the course of the

experimentation. The researchers, then theorize that the iGuard will help the Philippines in

different aspects like enhancing privacy, environmental awareness, reduced crime rates, and the

economy.
Significance of the Study:

Safety and security is one of the basic needs in our society. We need to have a peace of

mind in our home, community and workplace. This is why the researchers have thought of

creating a product that could help people attain this. The researchers introduce to you the iGuard

that is a multi-purpose device and below are the product’s practical relevance to the different

fields.

➢ Safety & Security

iGuard is primarily used to protect our home. Usual burglar alarms which are placed

on the side of doors or windows are activated only when it is opened with force. But in

iGuard, it could be triggered by motion and will alert the homeowners even if there are

no forced intrusions into their home, thus, it will instantly fend off burglars.

➢ Anti-collisional purposes

iGuard can be placed on heavy machineries to act as anti-bump sensor. It can also be

attached at the side of an aerial work platform to avoid collision and accidents. Injuries

will be avoided from unwarranted accidents.

➢ Construction Sites

iGuard could also be of help in construction sites. Once it is placed in trucks that are

for example, filled with cement or sand, the iGuard will sound an alarm if it reaches the

preset height or volume. The sound alarm will warn the operator, thereby, preventing any

spillages.

➢ Economy

iGuard is also a great help to the country’s economy. By preventing burglary, there

will be no monetary and property loss. The need for lawyer and costly litigation will be
 avoided also. No accidents means no hospitalization. By preventing spillage and

collision, cost will be minimized. Having a secured society will make the country

attractive to tourism and businesses which is good to the economy.

Scope and Delimitations

iGuard is a multi-purpose device that could be applied in different fields such as in constuction

sites and for anti-collisional purposes. But although the product has its numerous applications,

the researchers chose to mainly focus on studying its function in protecting our homes. In the

researchers’ study, iGuard would solely serve and function like a security alarm. In addition to

this, the researchers would like to extend their study to the effects of adding ultrasonic sensor

into security alarms. The researchers would like to know what difference and improvement it

will make in terms of maintenance, effectiveness, cost and durability if ultrasonic sensors are

added to security alarms.

However, due to the limited resources at hand, the researchers’ study would not cover the

applications of iGuard in different aspects and fields, as what was aforementioned. Also, iGuard

has its limitations in regards with the distance it could cover. It wouldn’t be able to detect any

suspicious movements if it is not within the reach of the ultrasonic sensor. It could only cover a

maximum distance of 400 centimeters. Aside from this, the study does not aim to prove that

iGuard could compete with the existing security alarms in the market. The researchers would

only like to know through research and experimentations the effects of adding ultrasonic sensors

into the iGuard.

Hypothesis

Based on the researches made,

1. The cost of the product will be expensive, given that an ultrasonic sensor is included and

that most of its other parts cannot be commercially bought. The product’s effectiveness

and durability may be based depending on the maintenance given to the product.

2. The researchers think that the iGuard can still detect the intruder if he goes farther but its

response will be unstable; the product will not clearly detect how far the intruder is and at

times its program might interpret that it can detect nothing within its range.

3. The buzzer could still be audible but the its audibility might be based on the program; it

might sound louder if its nearerr and softer if farther.

4. Knowing that the LEDs are encoded based on the distances they are programmed on,

they’ll light up the moment the programmed distance is shown.

5. The researchers think that the product’s cost is cheaper compared to an ordinary security

alarm given its components are locally bought unlike most of the ordinary security alarm.

An ordinary security alarm’s effectiveness and durability might be affected due to its

condition; whether it is properly maintained or not compared to an iGuard which is easy

to maintain and with its compact size, it wouldn’t be a bother to check its maintenance.
Definition of Terms

Arduino Uno-is the deal board for getting started with electronics.

Breadboard-a board for making an experimental model of an electric circuit.

Burglary-the act of illegally entering a building in order to steal things.

Commendable-worthy of praise.

Consumer-a person who buys goods and services.

Detector-a device that defects the presence of something.

Deterrent-act of preventing a particular act or behavior from happening.

Fend off- to keep or ward off.

Infrared light-producing or using rays of light that cannot be seen and that are longer than rays

that produce red light.

Intrusion-the act of intruding or the state of being intruded.

LED-a device that lights up and displays information when electricity passes through it.

Litigation-to cause to be decided and settle in a court of law.

Monetary-relating to money or to the mechanisms by which it is supplied to and circulates in the

economy.

Ohm-a unit for measuringelectrical resistance.

PIR motion-allows to sense motion, and often referred to as PIR, “Passive Infrared”,

“Pyroelectric”, or “IR motion” sensors.

Radar system-a system that sends out radio waves for finding out the position and speed of a

moving object.

Resistor-a device used to control the flow of electricity in an electric circuit.

Sensor- a device that detects or senses heat, light, sound, motion, etc. and then reacts to it in a

particular way.

Sonar system- a system for finding things that are underwater by using sound waves.

Spillage- an occurrence in which something is spilled accidentally.

Transceiver-a radio that can send and receive messages.

Ultrasonic bath- a piece of industrial or laboratory equipment that consists of a container, or

bath, used for cleaning or mixing things by sending ultrasonic vibrations through the liquid

contained in it.

Ultrasonic probe-is a very important sensor which generate acoustic signals and also detect

returned signals.

Ultrasonic sensor- is self-contained solid-state devices designed for non-contact sensing of solid

and liquid objects.

Vigilance-the quality or state of being vigilant.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Security

Security is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and

valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, item, nation, or organization.As noted by

the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM) in the OSSTMM 3, security

provides "a form of protection where a separation is created between the assets and the threat."

These separations are generically called "controls," and sometimes include changes to the asset

or the threat.

Home security is something applicable to all of us and involves the hardware in place on a

property, and personal security practices. The hardware would be the doors, locks, alarm

systems, lighting that is installed on your property. Personal security practices would be ensuring

doors are locked, alarms activated, windows closed and many other routine tasks which act to

prevent a burglary.

With the increase of crime rates and continuously growing number of burglary cases,

technological and security innovations were made and became prominent as to lessen the gravity

of these security threats. Below are some of the latest security innovations that were released

only this year. (IFSEC Global, Adam Bannister, 2016)

➢ The smart-home camera that rolls around the house

SensorSphere is a staggering innovation. A spherical camera that can be rolled around

your home remotely via smartphone, removing the need for multiple cameras in various

rooms.It features an HD camera with thermal imaging and night vision capabilities,
 several sensors which include a smoke detector, temperature/humidity sensor, flash light

and IR transmitter among others.

➢ Ring Video Doorbell

The Ring Video Doorbell streams images from your doorstep to your smartphone upon

activation by the doorbell. You can then, should you wish to, speak to a visitor through a

speaker.

➢ Stick-up Outdoor Cam

The Ring Video Doorbell doesn’t, however, offer live streaming, which is where another

product comes in. The Stick-up Cam “allows for full monitoring of your home in 15

minutes”, according to founder Jamie Siminoff. It also boasts a night vision capability for

effective 24/7 monitoring.

➢ Siri-operated voice command lock

Kwikset, the Black and Decker-owned lockset manufacturer founded in 1946, launched a

lock that can be activated or deactivated using your voice. The Kwikset Premis, which

responds to voice commands through Apple’s Siri platform and Apple’s Homekit,

connects to your Apple device via Bluetooth and can synch with numerous other smart-

home systems.

➢ Outdoor surveillance cam with night vision

Boasting a a rugged and moisture -esistant exterior and night vision (up to 30ft) the Ezviz

Mini Cube is a HD resolution camera for outdoor surveillance. The camera also

has motion sensor, which acts as a virtual tripwire and awakens the camera within 600

milliseconds, and a battery pack for increased portability.

 These aformentioned security innovations helped the researchers to formulate the features and

components that would comprise the iGuard.

Limitations of Security Alarms

The most basic definition of any security system is found in its name. It is literally a means or

method by which something is secured through a system of interworking components and

devices.

In this instance, we're talking about home security systems, which are networks of integrated

electronic devices working together with a central control panel to protect against burglars and

other potential home intruders. Security systems work on the simple concept of securing entry

points into a home with components that communicate with a control panel or command center

inxstalled in a convenient location somewhere in the home.

These components are typically placed in doors that lead to and from a house as well as easily

accessible windows, particularly any that open, especially those at ground level. Open spaces

inside of homes can be secured with mechanical components.

Security alarms are system that is designed to detect an intrusion on your home. The most

common purpose of these alarms are for burglary protection. combination systems provide

both fire and intrusion protection. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to

complicated, multi-area systems with computer monitoring and control.

These Security systems also have limitations and disadvantages to the owners. Although

Security alarm intended, shows that an integral part of the domestic security, is that these alarms

are difficult for professional burglars since they become more and more competent. Almost all
home alarm systems have to shut the Windows and doors down properly, before it is enabled,

there is a code required to the control panel to enable the security to alarm or disarm. Also, some

security alarms relies on radio frequencies in order to work, making an interruption on wireless

communications. Frequency interference could, in some cases, also cause a false alarm. Alarm

systems Frequency interference could, in some cases, also cause a false alarm. They are

somewhat more vulnerable to hackers and other malicious intruders since hackers increase in this

present generation. And lastly, the costs of these alarms are very expensive depending also on

the brand.

With these limitations, the researchers were able to create the iGuard with the help of right

components, basic knowledge of “Circuit Theory” and the absence of those limitations.

Advantages and Disadvanatages of Security Alarms

Many business and property owners find installation of alarm security systems to be a positive

choice when it comes to protecting their investments. Security is a concern for many owners and

in some cases, double locks on the doors or security windows do not provide adequate peace of

mind. Alarm systems offer extensive security services that may allow people to feel safer and

more protected. However, depending on the situation, an alarm system may also present several

disadvantages. Understanding both the positives and negatives can help determine whether an

alarm system is a good fit for the owner and their property.

Advantages of a Security Alarm:

➢ Crime Deterrence

A big advantage of an alarm system is its usefulness in deterring crime. When potential

burglars or intruders see that an alarm system is installed in the facility, they may go
elsewhere because it isn't worth the time to try to deactivate it. Burglars also don't want to

risk alarms going off and law enforcement arriving before they can flee the scene.

➢ Allow Remote Access to Properties and Businesses

Modern alarm security systems typically provide the ability to monitor what’s happening

in the property when the owner is not around. Depending on the system, activities can be

controlled, the alarm system can also control devices, such as the thermostat, lighting, door

locks, and more.

➢ Constant Protection

If a monitored alarm system is installed, round-the-clock protection in break-ins can be

observed. Some systems also have fire alarms built in, which provides additional

reassurance. The constant protection of an alarm system is particularly comforting when one

is away from their property for an extended period of time.

➢ Offer a Sense of Comfort

Installing an alarm system will give its owner a sense of security and peace. It’ll make

them feel safe, thus providing them with the confidence that they need to be a more

productive, healthy and focused person.

➢ Help Save Insurance

Many insurance carriers recognize how much protection monitored alarm security

systems give their clients and are therefore willing to give significant discounts on owner’s

insurance policies for those who have installed these systems. Sometimes, you can manage

savings of up to 20% discount on owner’s insurance if you have an alarm system. (Ref.

HouseHomeRepair.com: Electronic Home Security Systems -- Advantages and

Disadvantages)
Aside from these interesting features a security alarm could provide its owner with, it also comes

with the risks.

Disadvantages of a Security Alarm:

➢ False alarm

Most systems are prone to false alarms that involve the alarm going off on you, or the

alarm sounding off even when there’s no emergency situation. This can be extremely

embarrassing, especially when the alarm sounds and the authorities show only to find that

you tried to “break” your own house.

➢ Battery

Though the control panel in a wireless alarm system typically plugs into an electrical

outlet, sensors, motion detectors and other components often operate on battery power. As

the system ages, batteries can become weak or die and render the component useless.

Wireless alarm control panels typically check in with individual components and report when

one fails, but a failed sensor can leave a property unprotected until the owner has an

opportunity to replace the batteries. Some systems may also begin to exhibit erratic behavior

as batteries reach a point of exhaustion, and these systems may give false alarms or stop

responding to commands.

➢ Don’t Protect Your Privacy

It should be noted that because alarm systems are sometimes ineffective, this means

complete strangers can get inside the property. Even if they don’t steal anything, owners will

feel their privacy has been violated. Reactive security systems fall very short when it comes

to protecting one’s privacy.

➢ Reactive systems:
 Security systems are reactive.They often don’t even stop crime, putting its owner and the

valuables at risk. They allow complete strangers to get into the property, putting the owner’s

privacy at major risk.

➢ Expensive

High quality, state-of-the-art alarm systems don’t come cheap. They require substantial

initial investment, which includes equipment cost, installation and subscription of security

monitoring service. (Ref. Vstar: Disadvantages of Wireless Alarm System)

Nevertheless, these information helped the researchers know the gains and risks of using an

alarm system.

Arduino Software

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE),

which is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated

from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce programming

to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor

with features such assyntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and

provides simple one-click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A

program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch".

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code.

The Arduino IDE supplies a software library called Wiring from the Wiring project, which

provides many common input and output procedures. A typical Arduino C/C++ sketch consist of

two functions that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic

executive program:

• setup(): a function that runs once at the start of a program and that can initialize settings.
• loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off.

After compiling and linking with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE

distribution, the Arduino IDE employs the programavrdude to convert the executable code into a

text file in hexadecimal coding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the

board's firmware.(Ref. Official website of Arduino- https://www.arduino.cc/)

Arduino Uno

The researches included this study as this is a common and important part of a burglar alarm.

This part is usually the “core” of most programmed robots or machines.

An Arduino board historically consists of an Atmel 8-, 16- or 32-bit AVR microcontroller with

complementary components that facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An

important aspect of the Arduino is its standard connectors, which let users connect the CPU

board to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules termed shields. Some shields communicate

with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable

via an I²C serial bus—so many shields can be stacked and used in parallel. Most boards include a

5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-

programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash

memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. This makes

using an Arduino more straightforward by allowing the use of an ordinary computer as the

programmer. Currently, optiboot bootloader is the default bootloader installed on Arduino UNO.

At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino integrated development environment, all boards

are programmed over a serial connection. Its implementation varies with the hardware version.

Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using
USB-to-serial adapter chips. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI

chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via

its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use

a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable,bluetooth or other methods, when used with

traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system

programming (ISP) programming is used. (Ref. Official website of Arduino-

https://www.arduino.cc/)

Arduino Basic Program

The researchers included this literature or study because this is a key component as it is

required by machines to function and execute a command.

A program is a language or a collection of instructions written to perform specified tasks with

a machine, particularly a computer. It is used to control the behavior of the machine and to relay

a command of specific tasks to be executed by it.

The Uno is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), Integrated Development

Environment common to all Arduino boards.Programs written using IDE are called sketches.

These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino. The editor

has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The message area gives

feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output

by the Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other information. The

bottom righthand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar

buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the

serial monitor.

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard place to store your
programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can be opened from the File >

Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino

software, it will automatically create a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change

the location of the sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.

To download the program unto the board, follow the steps below:

➢ Connect the board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED

(labelled PWR) should go on.

➢ Install the board drivers

➢ Launch the Arduino Software (IDE)

➢ Open your first sketch

➢ Select your board type and port

➢ Upload the program

The program will dictate how the robot, computer, or simply a machine reacts, will take

action, and will run given the circumstance. (Ref. Official website of Arduino-

https://www.arduino.cc/)
Related Studies

USEq4VIP (Ultrasonic Sensor Equipment for Visually Impaired People)

As Compassionate Christians, the researchers of Siena College Taytay, Grade 9 students of

school year 2015-2016, used their God-given talents in an imaginative way to make a product

that could help in assisting the visually impaired for their physical stability. They came up with

USEq4VIP (Ultrasonic Sensor Equipment for Visually Impaired People). This research project

aims to have a thorough study regarding sensors and its capability as a catalyst for blind people.

The project also aims to produce a dynamic and efficient substitute for the probing canes that the

blind are using. This project was made with the following materials: One 9V battery or power

supply, one programmed integrated circuit and one ultrasonic sensor. The main material used in

this project is the ultrasonic sensor. There are many ways on how ultrasonic sensors can be used

in our daily lives. It is used to detect metal elements known as targets, approaching the sensor

head. This is done without any physical contact with the target. These types of sensors are very

useful nowadays because it is commonly used for smartphones. These sensors are also used in

different machines and electrical relationships. Ultrasonic sensors are handy, which is a big

factor in making any projects.

USEq4VIP also has a high reliability because of the absence of mechanical parts and the sensor

to the target itself. They can be applied for angle and position measurement just like the main

goal of the iGuard. These sensors are used to measure the distance between the sensor itself and

the target.The USEq4VIP’s attributes such as economic value, durability, comfortability and

effectivity matched and exceeded the needs of the blind and visually impaired people. The

ultrasonic sensor also performed its new function which is to help the blind people with their

struggles through obstacles. The researchers made a new and innovative product that can give
betterment and update to what the blind is using nowadays. The assessors thought of the

USEq4VIP as a very helpful device that can help them navigate and move around.The

researchers had a successful product, exceeded the standard with remarkable ratings. This is

supported by tables, charts, and opinions of all the chosen assessors.Through this project, it may

be a gateway for the purposes of the ultrasonic sensors to be of great purpose for projects just

like the iGuard.This project can also be supported by local government organizations for further

study.

ARDUINO ANTI-THEFT ALARM SHIELD

In today’s world, the amount of thievery happening is quite alarming. People nowadays use

security alarms to protect their properties; even hiring security guards to strengthen the

protection. A team led by a computer user named IngGaro proposed and made a project, put into

action, that’ll help in maximizing the amount of security an alarm can give off thus creating the

Arduino anti-theft alarm shield composed of an Arduino Mega 2560, Ethernet ENC28J60

Module, 16x2 LCD with i2c interface, MPR121, PN532, SIM900 GSM Module, Magnetic

contacts, Double technology volumetric sensors, 120db external acoustic siren with 12v battery,

and a 13.8v UPS. This project is basically an Arduino Mega Shield with fairly complex software

with a system composed by a main circuit (the Arduino shield) installed in a hidden place which

is connected with all the sensors, the external siren, the ethernet and GSM module powered by a

small UPS connected to the remote control panel with i2c. The whole circuit is hidden in a in-

wall mountain box. Its system may be managed and configured from the web server; webpages

are published in iPhone/android webapp format. When the system is alarmed, it sends mail and

SMS to the owner. It also connects to house domotic system (e.g. close rolling shutters when it's

activated), control IP cams, send push notification, detect humidity and temperature. In short, the
shield transforms an Arduino Mega 2560 in a burglar alarm, alongside with some extraordinary

extras.

The investigatory project mentioned above will provide the researchers with the amount of

information they need in order to sustain the different uses of the Arduino software since their

security alarm includes Arduino. The system can be operated independently, connected to a

computer, or in the researcher’s project, connected to an electronic device and controller chips.

Anything can be connected through the Arduino software provided that the right components are

available. Programming it should be simple, if one is familiar to other softwares like Java. One

can experiment with it; learn the foundations and use it as a key to build innovative projects.

PROJECT ON BURGLAR ALARM

Burglar alarms are automatic home monitoring devices to monitor and alert in case of a burglary

attempt at that place – house or a commercial place. Object is to ensure security of property

using devices. Alarms can be either wired or wireless. Wireless alarms look nicer, are generally

easier to install and can be removed more easily if you move house. They use battery-powered

sensors that communicate witha control panel using radio signals. Wired alarm tends to be

cheaper to install professionally, or can be fitted yourself, the alarms themselves can be more

expensive. Wired systems usually need to be installed by a professional, as the wires will need to

be hidden, so labour costs are higher. The materials used were 9V battery with snap, Light

Dependent Resistor, Resistor 100k ohms, Resistor 470 ohms, LED (Color of your Choice),

IC 555 and Breadboard.

Home security rapidly growing field and there are new & improved burglar alarms popping up

everyday. With rapid advancement of technology the filled is turning out to be an area full of
scope and new changes can be made to make more efficient. It has years to come, because

security is of prime importance to one and all.

The researchers included this investigatory project named Project on burglar alarm for the

reason that the experiment was also focused on making burglar alarms. Some materials used in

this project were the same like the Resistor, the LED and Breadboard. The basic concept of this

project is likely the same as iGuard because the researchers will make a security alarm out of

electrical components with the right mechanical processes. This project also applies the Circuit

Theory in order to make the product function properly.

Source: www.slideshare.net
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design and its formatting used such as the font, style and general formatting

were derived from the Investigatory Project format that was arranged and provided by the

Science Area. The research is also experimental in nature. It was to explore the possibilities of

creating a security alarm that does not solely depend on a motion detector, but on an ultrasonic

sensor, this is to maximize the features of a security alarm.

Locale of the Study

Over the course of finding a suitable, reasonable, and fitting locale, the researchers opted

to use the Physics Laboratory of St. Dominic Building, Siena College of Taytay. In order to

attain one of the researcher’s main goals and to test and arrange the capabilities and structures of

the iGuard, the specific location for testing will be around the school area.

Research Instrumentation

(1x) Arduino Uno

(1x) Breadboard

(1x) HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

(1x) Buzzer

(2x) Green LEDs

(2x) Yellow LEDs

(2x) Red LEDs

(6x) 330 ohm Resistors

10 Pieces of Jumper Wires

Data Gathering Procedure

1. The jumper wires should be connected as follows:

Connect a jumper wire from the 5 volt pin on the Arduino to the bottom channel of the

breadboard.

Connect another jumper wire from a ground pin on the arduino to the upper channel of

the breadboard.

Buzzer -> pin 3

(On Ultrasonic Sensor)

Echo -> pin 6

Trig -> pin 7

(In Order from Right to Left)

LED1 -> pin 8

LED2 -> pin 9

LED3 -> pin 10

LED4 -> pin 11

LED5 -> pin 12

LED6 -> pin 13

The jumper wires connected to the LEDs should be connected to the lead on the right,

while the left lead of the LED should connected to the ground channel via a 330 ohm

resistor.
2. Now, connect the 5 volt and ground pin to the breadboard. Again, the wire attached to

the 5 volt pin should be connected to the bottom channel of the breadboard, while the

wire attached to the ground pin should be connected to the upper channel of the

breadboard.

3. Now, it's time to attach the HC-SRO4 ultrasonic sensor. It is easiest to place the

ultrasonic sensor as far right to the breadboard as possible. You should connect the

ground pin on the ultrasonic sensor to the ground channel on the breadboard. Next,

connect the Echo pin on the sensor to pin 6 on the Arduino. Now connect the Trig pin on

the sensor to pin 7 on the Arduino, and lastly, connect the VCC pin on the sensor to the 5

volt channel on the breadboard.

4. Next is connecting the LED's to the breadboard and Arduino. Attaching the LEDs is

pretty basic, just with a lot of repetition. The way to connect them is to connect the

anode, or the longer leg, or the one on the right, to a pin on the Arduino with a jumper

wire, and to connect the cathode, or the shorter leg, or the one on the left, to the ground

channel on the breadboard using a 330 ohm resistor. Then just repeat that step for all six

of the LEDs, with the red LED all the way on the right being connected to pin 8 on the

Arduino, the anode of the red LED to the left of that one being connected to pin 9 on the

Arduino, and so on. The last LED, that being the green LED all the way on the left,

should have it's anode, or right leg, connected to pin 13 on the Arduino.
5. The last part of the physical setup for this build is attaching the buzzer to the breadboard

and the Arduino. This part is probably the easiest part of the setup. All you have to do is

attach the longer leg of the buzzer to pin 3 of the Arduino and attach the shorter leg of the

buzzer to the ground channel of the breadboard.

6. Now that you have finished the physical setup of the build, now it’s time for the code.
Population and Sampling

In order for the researchers to test the effectiveness of their product, the researchers

will perform a self assessment within the group. The researchers will start the sampling

process by asking each member to rate the iGuard from 1 to 5. The ratings shall then be

tallied and computed using the formula in getting the weighted mean. All in all, the 7

researchers will each rate the iGuard in order to see the pros and cons of the product. They

may also give recommendations and suggestions after giving comments. As for the other

questions in the Statement of the Problem, the researchers will perform different experiments

with varying number of trials that shall help them prove whether their product, the i-Guard, is

an effective security alarm. The researchers look forward to improve our product’s features

to make it more pleasing and higher quality and effectiveness.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

First Experiment

On the first experiement, the researchers sought to evaluate the cost, maintenance,

effectiveness and durability of the product through a self assessment within the group. The

method used in the acquisition of data is weighted mean.

The table below shows the data gathered from the evaluation among the group.

Table 1. Evaluation of the iGuard in terms of Cost, Maintenance, Effectiveness and Durability

5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL

COST 1 2 4 0 0 3.56%

(0.71%) (1.14%) (1.71%)

MAINTENANCE 1 6 0 0 0 4.13%

(0.71%) (3.42%)

EFFECTIVENESS 2 2 3 0 0 3.74%

(1.42%) (1.14%) (1.18%)

DURABILITY 0 6 1 0 0 3.85%

(3.42%) (0.43%)

Based on the acquired data, for the first row intended for the percentage of the product’s

cost which is one thousand and one hundred fifty pesos (1,150.00 PHP), one and seventy-one

percent (1.71%) of the respondents gave the product a rating of three (3) out of five (5), one and

fourteen percent (1.14%) gave the product a rating of two (2) out of five (5) and zero and

seventy-one percent (0.71%) gave the product a rating of one (1) out of five (5). From this, the
researchers concluded that most of the respondents think that the cost of the product is quite

affordable. This could be because of the fact that cheaper materials were used in making it.

As for the second row of the data which is intended for the percentage of the product’s

maintenance, three and forty-two percent (3.42%) of the respondents gave the product a rating of

four (4) out of five (5). While the rest of the zero and seventy-one percent (0.71%) of the

respondents gave a rating of five (5) out of five (5). Majority of the respondents gave the

product a rating of four (4) implying that the product’s maintenance is being kept on close

watch by the manufacturer. From this, the researchers concluded that the state of the product is

well-maintained meaning the product will be, more or less, in good condition despite of the

circumstances it undergoes.

For the third row of the data intended for the percentage of the product’s effectiveness,

where one and forty-two percent (1.42%) of the respondents gave the product a rating of five (5)

out of five (5). One and twenty-eight perrcent (1.28%) gave the product a rating of three (3) out

of five (5). And the remaining one and fourteen percent (1.14%) gave the product a rating of

four (4) out of five (5). From this, the researchers concluded that in the respondents’ opinion, the

effectivity of the product exceeded the standards of the respondents.

The last row of the data presented is intended for the durability of the product. Three and

forty-two percent (3.42%) of the respondents gave the product a rating of four (4) out of five (5).

While the zero and forty-three percent (0.43%) gave it a rating of three (3). From this, the

researchers concluded that the durability of the product is almost satisfactory. Enabling the

researchers to furthermore improve the condition of the product.

Second Experiment

On the second experiment, the researchers sought to know if the distance of the area of

intrusion from the iGuard affects the time it takes for the iGuard to alert the homeowners.

The table below shows the data gathered from the experiment.

Table 2. Time it takes for the iGuard to detect intrusion

TRIAL DISTANCE TIME

1 20 cm to 40 cm 0.37 milliseconds

2 40 cm to 80 cm 0.54 milliseconds

3 80 cm to 100 cm 0.82 milliseconds

4 More than 100 cm 1.84 seconds

Based on the experiment carried out by the researchers, the results showed above states

that as the distance between the area of intrusion and the iGuard increases, the longer it takes for

the iGuard to detect intrusion and alert the homeowners.

Third Experiment

On the third experiemnt, the researchers sought to know the degree of audibility of the

buzzer over different standard measurements of distance.

The table below shows the data gathered from the experiment.

Table 3.The degree of audibilty of the buzzer over different standard measurements of distance

TRIAL DISTANCE OBSERVATION

1 50 cm to 100 cm The buzzer is clearly audible and could be heard

over the given range of distance.

2 100 cm to 150 cm The buzzer is still audible although not as clear as

 the one from the previous trial. There is only a

minimal difference between the audibility from the

these two trials.

3 150 cm to 200 cm The buzzer is near to being barely audible but it is

still loud enough to alert the homeowners in case of

intrusion.

4 More than 200 cm The buzzer is barely audible and cannot be fully

heard within the given range of distance.

Based on the data gathered from the third experiment, the buzzer’s audibility at a

distance of fifty (50) cm to one hundred (100) cm is clearly audible while at a distance of one

hundred (100) cm to one hundred fifty (150) cm, the buzzer is clearly but less audible. At a

distance of one hundred and fifty (150) cm to two hundred (200) cm, the buzzer is near to being

barely audible and lastly, at the distance of more than two hundred (200) cm, the buzzer is

barely audible. Based on these gathered results, as the distance from the iGuard increases, the

degree of audibility decreases.

Fourth Experiment

On the fourth experiment, the researchers sought to know the stability of the program

encoded on the LEDs namely the red LEDs, green LEDs and yellow LEDs.

The table below shows the data gathered from the experiment.

Table 4. The stability of the program encoded on the LEDs

TRIAL LIGHT EMITTING DIODES DISTANCE OBSERVATION

1 Red 20 cm The LED is stable because the light

 isn’t flickering.

2 Red 30 cm The LED is stable because the light

isn’t flickering.

3 Red 40 cm The LED is stable because the light

isn’t flickering.

4 Yellow 60 cm The LED is stable because the light

isn’t flickering.

5 Yellow 90 cm The LED is slightly flickering.

6 Yellow 120 cm The LED is stable because the light

isn’t flickering.

7 Green 180 cm The LED is slightly flickering.

8 Green 210 cm The LED is slightly flickering.

9 Green 240 cm The LED is slightly flickering.

Based on the experiments, the stability of the program encoded on the different LEDs

differs from each other. Although the LEDs light up correctly and correspond with their assigned

range of distance, there are times wherein the LEDs flicker and there are times wherein they

don’t and are stable, thus, the researchers recommend the improvement of the stability of the

program for a better performing iGuard.

Fifth Experiment

On the fifth experiment, the researchers sought to know if there is a significant difference

between the iGuard and an ordinary security alarm in terms of cost, maintenance, effectiveness

and durability.
 The table below shows the data gathered from the experiment.

Table 5. Evaluation of the iGuard in terms of Cost, Maintenance, Effectiveness and Durability

5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL

COST 1 2 4 0 0 3.56%

(0.71%) (1.14%) (1.71%)

MAINTENANCE 1 6 0 0 0 4.13%

(0.71%) (3.42%)

EFFECTIVENESS 2 2 3 0 0 3.74%

(1.42%) (1.14%) (1.18%)

DURABILITY 0 6 1 0 0 3.85%

(3.42%) (0.43%)

Table 6. Evaluation of an ordinary security alarm in terms of Cost, Maintenance, Effectiveness

and Durablity

5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL

COST 1 0 5 1 0 3.13%

(0.71) (2.14%) (0.28%)

MAINTENANCE 2 3 2 0 0 4%

(1.43%) (1.71%) (0.86%)

EFFECTIVENESS 1 3 3 0 0 3.7%

(0.71%) (1.71%) (1.28%)

DURABILITY 3 1 3 0 0 3.99%

(2.14) (0.57%) (1.28%)

Table 7. The significant difference between an ordinary security alarm and the iGuard

COST MAINTENANCE EFFECTIVENESS DURABILITY

SIGNIFICANT The computed value The computed The computed value The computed

DIFFERENCE of t = 0.005 is lesser value of t = 0.003 of t = 0.004 is lesser value of t = -0.002

than the tabular is lesser than the than the tabular is lesser than the

value of t = 1.782, tabular value of t = value of t = 1.782, tabular value of t =

thus accept the null 1.782, thus accept thus accept the null 1.782, thus accept

hypothesis ( Ho) the null hypothesis hypothesis (Ho) the null hypothesis

Therefore, there is (Ho) Therefore, there is (Ho)

no significant Therefore, there is no significant Therefore, there is

difference. no significant difference. no significant

difference. difference.

Based on Table 7, the gathered data and results show that there isn’t any significant

difference between an ordinary security alarm and the iGuard in terms of cost, maintenance,

effectiveness and durability.

 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of findings

Upon further research studies and experiments, the researchers have explored the

capabilities and limitations of the iGuard. The researchers have found out that the iGuard could

work and function as an alternative alarm system in times of theft and burglary. The product is of

lower cost and will not function properly unless provided with a proper enclosure. A lot of

factors are to be considered in building the product such as the labor in making it, the materials

to be used, especially the right model of the sensor and the preferable buzzer for the product.

The researchers have encountered a lot of difficulties in pushing the product to function

at its best capacity. Among these is the lack of materials that shall be used for the enclosure,

thus, the final output has an improvised enclosure that could still be improved by the future

developers of the iGuard. The researchers have found out that providing a proper enclosure for

the iGuard is is important for the product to function well and accordingly.

After the gathering of results and interpretation of data, the researchers were able to

identify the different points for improvement and limitations of the iGuard. First of, the cost of

the product should be lessened and minimized as much as possible for the iGuard to become

more favorable to the homeowners. Also, the maintenance, effectiveness and durability of the

product should still be improved as per the respondents, thus, the future developers of the iGuard

must find a way to make the iGuard work more efficiently and outstand the durability of the

existing security alarms.

 The researchers have also experimented with the different factors that affect how the

iGuard functions. Upon the analysis of the data gathered, the researchers found out that as the

distance between the area of intrusion and the iGuard increases, the longer it takes for the iGuard

to detect intrusion and alert the homeowners. In addition to this, as the distance from the iGuard

increases, the degree of audibility decreases. In terms of the stability of the program encoded on

the LEDs, the researchers found out that the program is slightly unstable and could still be

enhanced for a better performing iGuard.

All in all, the researchers were able to produce an alternative security systemequipped

with a unique component which is the ultrasonic sensor.Although the iGuard still has a lot of

rooms for improvement, the researchers were still able to create a security alarm that could lead

to considerable innovations of security alarm systems with the addition of an ultrasonic sensor.

Conclusion

Supported by the remarkable ratings from the tables and gathered data, the researchers had a

successful and functional product. This project served as a gateway to introduce ultrasonic

sensors in creating innovative products. If used, the product can help the society’s crime rate

lessen. In addition to this, the researchers were able to answer the questions stated in their

Statement of the Problem.

For the first question which is about the cost, maintenance, effectiveness and durability of the

product, the researchers were able to conclude from the ratings that the iGuard could still be

enhanced. Although there are a number of weak points to be found in the iGuard, the product

still received good enough ratings from the respondents.

For the second question which is about the time it takes for the iGuard to detect intrusion, the

researchers conducted four (4) trials. After the conduction of experiment, the researchers were
able to conclude that as the distance of the area of intrusion from the iGuard increases, the longer

it takes for the iGuard to detect intrusion and alert the homeowners. Thus, the distance of the

area of intrusion from the iGuard has a strong impact on how the iGuard functions as a security

alarm.

For the third question which is about the degree of audibility of the iGuard over the given

different standard measurements of distance, the researchers also conducted four (4) trials. After

the experiment was conducted, the researchers analyzed the data and were able to conclude that

as the distance from the iGuard increases, the degree of audibilty decreases. Thus, the distance

from the iGuard has a strong impact on the volume of the alarm signals that the iGuard could

send out to the homeowners in case of forced intrusions.

For the fourth question which is about the stability of the program encoded on the LEDs, the

researchers conducted nine (9) trials on the six (6) LEDs, namely two (2) red LEDs, two (2)

yellow LEDs and two (2) green LEDs using different measurements of distance. After the

experiment was conducted, the researchers were able to conclude that there is a slight instability

in the program encoded on the different LEDs that causes the flickering or blinking of light.

For the last question which is about the significant difference between an ordinary security

alarm and the iGuard, the researchers used the formula for the significant difference. They

gathered and compared the results and therefore concluded that there is no significant difference

between an ordinary security alarm and the iGuard.

All in all, the researchers conclude that though the iGuard is effective, there is still room for

improvement. The product is in need of further research and enhancement in order to maximize

it to its full potential.

Recommendations

After throrough research and experiments, the researchers would like to recommend

different points for improvements to the future developers in order to enhance the product more

and attain its best working capacity.

First of, the researchers recommend the use of higher quality materials in order to improve

the effectiveness and durability of the iGuard. The materials used in creating the iGuard have a

strong impact on the functioning of the product, thus the future developers must make use of

better and higher quality materials in order to make the product more efficient and functional.

Second, the researchers recommend the future developers to produce a better enclosure

which will best suit the iGuard. As mentioned in the Summary of findings, the iGuard will not

function properly if not provided with a proper enclosure. This is because the enclosure that

should be used in the iGuard shall not hinder the “eyes” of the iGuard which is the ultrasonic

sensor. It should not also muffle the sound of the buzzer and mess up the wires inside. If the

enclosure fails to correspond to these things, the iGuard will not function properly so the

researchers of this study strongly recommend for the iGuard to be provided with a proper

enclosure by the future developers.

Third, the researchers recommend the increase of the maximum distance that the iGuard

could possibly cover in the programming of the product. The researchers mentioned in the Scope

and Delimitationsthat the maximum distance that the iGuard could reach is 400 cm, and so, if the

future developers prefer for the iGuard to have a higher maximum distance then they could use a

different model of ultrasonic sensor that could provide them with a higher maximum distance.

Lastly, the researchers recommend the improvement of the audibility of the buzzer especially

over longer distances. If the future developers would like to heighten the volume of the buzzer
then they could use higher quality materials as mentioned a while ago. They could replace the

buzzer used in the iGuard with a larger one to improve its audibility and help the iGuard serve its

purpose which is to alert homeowners of forced intrusions.

The aforementioned statements above are the recommendations of the researchers to the

future developers of this study. Nevertheless, it is still up to them if they would follow through

with these recommendations or have their own way of improving and enhancing the product.