EARLY

CIVILIZATION
AND THE
RISE OF THE
STATE
AGENDA

Civilization
Early Civilization
Rise of Cities
Earliest Form of Government
Democratization

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CIVILIZATION
CIVILIZATION

• Comes from Latin word civis, which

refer to a person who lives in the
city, and civets refers to the urban
community in which one dwells
• Refers to societies in which large
number of people live in cities.

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EARLY
CIVILIZATION
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MESOPOTAMIAN
CIVILIZATION
• First civilization to have ever
emerged on the face of the planet.
• 3300BC – 750 BC
• Prospered in the region of modern
day Iraq – then known as
Babylonia, Sumer and Assyria
Highlands

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INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
• Rose in the region of Indus Valley
• Flourished in areas extending from what
today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan
and northwest India.
• One of the three early civilization of the Old
World and one of the three most
widespread.
• Entire populations were settled around the
basins of the Indus River.
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 INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
• Also known as Harappa Civilization and Mohenjo-Daro
Civilization – named after the excavation sites where
the remains of civilization found.
• Peak of this civilization lasted from 2600BC – 1900BC
• Advanced urban culture is evident.
• Achieved great accuracy in measuring length, mass
and timeEvident that the culture was richer in arts and
crafts.
• Evident that the culture was richer in arts and crafts.
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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
• One of the oldest and culturally
richest civilization.
• Resided by the banks of the Nile
River.
• Known for pyramids, mummies,
the first solar calendars,
Hieroglyphics
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MAYAN
CIVILIZATION
• Flourished in Central America from about
2600BC
• Devised their own way of writing
• According to them the world was created on
August 11, 3114BC and supposed end was
December 21, 2012.
• Built pyramids many of which are larger than
those in Egypt.
• Disappearance is the ancient history’s most
intriguing mysteries.
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 CHINESE
CIVILIZATION
• Also known as Han China
• One of the most diverse history.
• Yellow river civilization is said to be
the cradle of the entire Chinese
Civilization as this is where the
earliest dynasties were based.
• Gave the world some of the most
useful inventions and products such as
gunpowder, paper, printing, compass,
alcohol, cannons and many more.
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ANCIENT GREEK
CIVILIZATION

• Most influential civilization to have

ever existed.
• Dates back around 7250BC
• Created the base for modern
geometry, biology, physics and more.

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PERSIAN
CIVILIZATION
• Known for its military strength and
wise rulers.
• King Cyrus II later known as Cyrus
the Great unified the entire Persian
Kingdom.
• Conquered the ancient Babylon.
• At its prime, it ruled all over Asia,
much of Europe and Egypt.
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ROMAN
CIVILIZATION
• All the present-day countries surrounding
the modern-day Mediterranean Sea were
part of ancient Rome.
• Governed by kings
• Divided into three periods: Regal,
Republican, Imperial.

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AZTECS
CIVILIZATION
• 1200s – early 1300s
• People in present day Mexico used to
live in three big rival cities –
Tenochtitan, Texcoco and Tlacopan.
• Rivals created and alliance and
became under the rule of Valley of
Mexico
• People back then preferred the name
Mexica than Aztecs
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INCAS
CIVILIZATION
• Largest empire in North America
• Present day Ecuador, Peru, and Chile
• Administrative, military, and political
center located at Cusco.
• Devout follower of the Sun God Inti.
• King referred to as Sapa Inti (child of the
sun)
• Become great builders and went on to
builds fortresses and sites like Machu
Picchu and the city of Cusco.
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RISE OF CITIES
 FOUR BASIC CHANGES
MARKS THE
TRANSITION FROM
NEOLITHIC VILLAGE
TO THE FIRST URBAN
CENTERS
Rise of Cities

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AGRICULTURAL
INNOVATION
• Changes in farming distinguished
early civilization from Neolithic
Villages
• Irrigation was an important factor
that increased crop yield

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DIVERSIFICATION
OF LABOR

• Mesopotamian documents listed

artisans, craftsmen, and people who
store crops in the temple granaries
are examples of specialized workers
in ancient Babylonians Civilization

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SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
• The emergence of social classes
• Example – symbols of special status and
privilege appeared in the ancient cities of
Mesopotamia where people were ranked
according to the kind of work they did or the
family into which they were born.

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SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION
• Societies and governments follow social
hierarchies. An example is the Indian caste
system

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CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
• Government of the past ensured that cities were safe from their
enemies
• They levied taxes and appointed tax collectors so that construction
workers, army and other public expenses could be paid.
• They saw to it that merchants, carpenters, and farmers who made
legal claims received justice according to the standard of the legal
system
• They guaranteed safety for the lives and property of ordinary people
and assured them that any harm done to one person by another
would be justly handled
• Surplus foods had to be stored for times of scarcity and public
works such as extensive irrigation system and fortification, had to
be supervised by competent fair individuals.
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EARLIEST
FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
 EARLIEST FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
• King and his advisors typically headed the earliest city
governments
• Hammurabi – the ancient Babylonian King was known
for the set of laws that he decreed called the Code of
Hammurabi.

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 EARLIEST FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
• Code of Hammurabi
• Prescribed the correct form of legal procedure and determined
penalties for perjury and false accusation.
• Contained laws applying to property rights, loans, debts, family
rights, and even damages paid for malpractice by a physician.
• Defined fixed rates to be charge in various trades and branches
of commerce and mechanisms to protect the poor, women,
children, and slaves against injustice.

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 EARLIEST FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
• Other civilizations possessed a widespread
governing bureaucracy that was very efficient
at every level.
• Example to this was the Inca Empire

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 EARLIEST FORMS OF
GOVERNMENT
• Inca Civilization
• Emperor regarded as the divine son of the sun is the
head of government.
• Under him were royal family, the aristocrats, imperial
administrators, and lower nobility, and below the
masses of artisans, craftsmen and farmers.
• Divided into four administrative regions, then further
subdivided into provinces, villages, families

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DEMOCRATIZATION
DEMOCRATIZATION

Building of political institutions, common interest,

and new forms of legitimations.

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DEMOCRATIZATION

• Democracy is the highest human achievement in

the political development because it gives people
a collective voice in the art of governance.
• In Greece the idea of democracy took shape and
was seriously put into practice.

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DEMOCRATIZATION
• Democracy is the highest human achievement in the
political development because it gives people a
collective voice in the art of governance.
• In Greece the idea of democracy took shape and was
seriously put into practice before it collapsed and
was replaced by more authoritarian and asymmetric
form of government

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DEMOCRATIZATION

• Assembly of the People (Ecclesia)

• In which all citizens participated irrespective of
income, acquired the right to elect the leaders
(archons) and the deputies.

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DEMOCRATIZATION
• Democracy gradually emerged as a working
system of government.
• However, it was only during 20th century that
democracy became the normal form of
government which any nations is entitled, be in
Europe, America, Asia, or Africa

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