Air Conditioning System

TOPIC OF LECTURE 3:
CHAPTER 2

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
- AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
LECTURER: MORGAN JAMPI JEPON

ROOM: BLOK A 03 51
CONTACT NO: 019-8266807
E-MAIL: morganjampi@gmail.com
MJJ/UiTM SWAK/2022 1
 At the end of the course, the students should be
able to:
CO1
 Apply the basic knowledge, concepts and
principles of operations, safety and control of
using electrical and mechanical system in the
building. (C6)
PO1
 Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural
science engineering fundamentals and an
engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices. (C)
 From the previous lecture (LECTURE 2),
students should be able to:-
1. Explain the types of conductors, insulations
and wires.
2. Explain the type and installation methods.
3. Describe the protection devices in the
electrical wiring system.
4. Design by using diversity factor, power factor
and estimation - simple schematic wiring
diagram.
5. Explain basic illumination theory.
6. Identify types of lamp and lighting control.
 Atthe end of this lecture, students
should be able to:-
1. Define and discuss ventilation system.
2. Compare natural and mechanical
ventilation.
3. Explain the basic principle of air
conditioning.
4. Describe all types of air conditioning
components – package plant, split unit,
AHU, chiller and cooling tower.
5. Deferentiate the air conditioning system –
air cooled and water cooled.
TOPICS:
1. Air conditioning system
2. Fire fighting system
3. Building transportation
4. Utility
5. Building automation and control
Ventilation is a process of
changing air in an
enclosed space and
replaced by fresh air
create air movement.
 What is the function of ventilation system in
the building?
 To remove the heat from the building so that the
occupants get cool, comfortable and healthy
condition.
 Source of heat:
 Conduction through roof or wall
 Radiation from sunlight
 People
 appliances
Purposes of having ventilation system in a
building:
i. To prevent depletion of oxygen content of
the air.
ii. To prevent undue concentration of carbon
dioxide.
iii. To remove odour, smoke and moisture
iv. To remove heat
v. To remove bacteria
vi. To remove toxic gases and dust
1) Increase working efficiency, output
increase and reduction in illness and
absenteeism.
2) Shops increase sales, better patronage.
3) Reduction in cleaning or renovation.
4) Benefit to industries such as food storage.
5) Less risks of fire due to static electricity
caused by dry air.
 Natural ventilation
 Is the natural process of changing air on enclosed space.
 Natural ventilation is cheap to install and maintain, does not
use electrical power and is silent. The forces needed to
create natural ventilation are wind pressure, convection and
stack pressure.
 Mechanical ventilation
 When natural forces are not present, it is necessary to use
mechanical ventilation. This ventilation use fan to create
air change and movement. There are three system:
i. Natural inlet and mechanical extract
ii. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
iii. Mechanical inlet and mechanical extract
1) Wind pressure
 The rate of air change depend on:
i. Type of building
 Public building require 2.8m³/m/hr
ii. Local regulation
 Rate of air velocity of 0.15 – 0.5 m/s is acceptable
 Air is drawn out of building through a process call
suction effect produced by wind pressure of the
wall of building.
2) Stack pressure
 Created by the different in temperature of outside
air and inside air.
 Cooler air outside (dense) replace warmer air
inside.
Positive
Pressure Suction
zone zone
Windward Leeward
side side
Wind pressure diagram for flat roofs
A and B are the

heights of the
cool and warm A B
air stacks
respectively
Stack pressure causing cross ventilation

 When natural forces are not present, it is
necessary to use mechanical ventilation.
This ventilation use fan to create air change
and movement.
 No natural forces so used mechanical
ventilation
 Advantage is to providing positive ventilation
at all times irrespective of outside condition.
 Ensure specific air change by mean of used
fan under pressure.
i. Natural inlet and mechanical extract
ii. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
iii. Mechanical inlet and mechanical extract
 Natural inlet and mechanical extract

 Most common
 Used in kitchen, workshops, labs, garages,
assembly halls.
 Fan created positive pressure inside or its inlet
side and cause air inside the room to move
towards the fan and room air displaced by fresh
air from outside.
 CENTRIFUGAL FAN
▪ Can produce high pressure and has the capacity of large volumes of air
▪ Most suitable to large installation such as air-conditioning system
▪ It may have one or two inlet
▪ Various form of impeller can be selected depending on the air-conditioning system
 CROSSFLOW OR TANGENTIAL
▪ Long cylindrical unit with peripheral impeller
▪ Efficiency is limited to about 45%, restricting its application to portable units and fan coil convectors.
 PROPELLER
▪ Comprises several steel or plastic blades mounted at a right angle to a central boss
▪ Free standing form frequently applied domestically to voids in kitchen, bathroom, walls, small canteens,
workshops and laboratories
 AXIAL FLOW
▪ Consist of several aerofoil cross-section blades mounted on a motor driven central shaft
▪ The whole unit is located in a circular housing for adaptation to ductwork
▪ High efficiency for up to 75% are achieved by closeness of fit between blades and housing and the
aerodynamic design, twist and pitch angle of the blades.
Electric box
for meter
Impeller
Flanges for
fixing to ductwork
Air outlet
Forward curved
Blades scoops
the air inward
Air inlet
Air Outlet
Scroll shape
casing
Air Inlet
Impeller
Motor
Impeller
Flange for fixing

to the opening
 provide comfortable room
 provide cool and suitable to liking
temperature
 provide clean room without affected by
outside condition or elements
 avoiding electric static effect that can cause
fire
 for business premises, its can attract more
customers
 principal of air-conditioning also used in
refrigerator to store cold/freeze food etc.
A process where heat is move from :
Low temperature High temperature
(24ºC – room air) (33ºC – outside air)
-pressure of liquid decrease -Pressure vapor increase
-Boiling point also decrease -Boiling point also increase
-Liquid absorbs heat when -Vapor reject heat when its
vaporizes condense
-Liquid can absorbs heat -Vapor can condense and

and vaporizes at a lower reject heat at a higher
temperature temperature (*CONDENSER)
(*EVAPORATOR) *High pressure – high
*Low pressure – low temperature
temperatureMJJ/UiTM SWAK/2022 21
1. COMPRESSOR
2. CONDENSER
3. EXPANSION VALVE
4. EVAPORATOR
- Low pressure vapor compresses to high
pressure vapor
LOW HIGH
PRESSURE COMPRESSOR PRESSURE
Cool gas Hot gas

CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
Reject
Cool heat
air
Cold liquid Hot liquid
-High pressure
vapor reject heat
-Low pressure liquid EXPANSION when its
absorbs heat when VALVE vaporizes
it vaporize -reduce pressure of liquid - temperature
- temperature -control amount of high
decrease refrigerant flow
 Concernwith behaviour of mixture of air and
water vapor. Based on Baromatric Pressure of
1015 M Bar
Relative Humidity, %
Specific Enthalpy,
KJ/Kg
Moisture Content,
(kg/kg) Dry Air
Dew point
Saturation line
Dry Bulb Temperature, ºC
 Psychrometric Chart – a graph of which the
coordinates represent Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet
Bulb Temperature, Relative Humidity, Specific
Volume and Specific Enthalpy, shown by a FAMILIES
OF LINES. It gives all the properties of air, simplifies
air-conditioning calculations and makes it possible
to plot the lines that shows the changes in the air
condition after passing through various processes.
 Wet Bulb Temperature – it is a temperature taken
by an ordinary thermometer by which the bottom
bulb is wetted by being surrounded by a sheath of
muslin kept wet by pure water and reading is taken
at an air speed not less than 3 m/s.
 Dry Bulb Temperature – the actual temperature of
air as measured by an ordinary thermometer.
 Totalhumidity of existing air content
compare to maximum humidity that the said
air can absorb at particular temperature.
 RH = actual vapor pressure
saturation vapor pressure at
the original air temperature
 Comfortable ratio, 30-70%
 Air conditioning, 40-50%
1. HUMIDIFIYING
 At low temperature situation (winter), if air enters
a building and is passed through a heating battery,
its RH will be reduced that is below human comfort.
 Sensible heating:
 Preheating washing final heating
2. DEHUMIDIFIYING
 If air enter building at high temperature in summer
and is passed through cooling battery and cooled
above its dew point, its relative humidity may be
increased above that required human comfort.
 Sensible cooling
 Cooling washing reheating
1. AIR-COOLED
 The system using air as a medium to cool the refrigerant gas in the condenser by
using a fan.
 Usually for smaller size of air-conditioning such as window and split unit.
 Consist of multi stage blower like window unit.
 Cooling capacities and volume of air delivered by the units would depend on
individual manufactures (or size of a/c).
 Split into the compressor condenser section (outside the room) and the blower
evaporator (inside the room) coil section to provide more flexibility in
equipment placement.
2. WATER COOLED
 Air-conditioning system using water as a cooling medium to cool the refrigerant
gas in condenser.
 Bigger size system usually use chiller and cooling tower.
 Consist of AHU and air duct
 Consist of compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator.
3. Combination of air-cooled & water-cooled
I. WINDOW UNIT
 wall mounted a/c
II. SPLIT UNIT SYSTEM
 components of this a/c split into two parts – first
component located inside the room and second
component located outside of the room
III. CENTRALIZE AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
 suitable for multi-storey building
 using cooling tower
IV. DUAL DUCT SYSTEM
 using two ducts – first duct bring in fresh air and
second duct bring out warm air
 As the name suggest, it’s mainly consist of
two ducts; first duct supply fresh air from
outside and second duct bring out warm air
from rooms.
 Almost similar to central plant system except
that no piping system, only air ducts
 Uses air as heating or cooling medium
 Air in the duct needs to flow in high pressure
and high velocity so that its fully air tight to
avoid noise
 Propeller fan must be of high speed
 More ducts than central plant system
 Window Unit
 Where all the major components such as
evaporator, expansion valve, compressor and
condenser are placed in one compartment and
usually installed on the window or wall.
 Split Unit
 Evaporator and blower is placed in the room but
the other component out-side the room.
SUPPLY COOL AIR
TO THE ROOM
INSIDE
BLOWER
EXPANSION VALVE EVAPORATOR COIL
AIR HANDLING UNIT
WALL
COPPER PIPE
COMPRESSOR
CONDENSING UNIT
OUTSIDE
WARM AIR
CONDENSER FAN TO THE
OUTSIDE
CONDENSER COIL
Air-conditioning ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
WINDOW UNIT i. Cheaper i. Noisy
ii. No need to install ii. Need to prepare
pipe or hack the wall
SPLIT UNIT i. More quiet or i. More expansive
silence
ii. No need to hack ii. Need to install
the wall piping from inside
to outside
components
 Installed in large room or big building.
 Initial cost may be high but long term
running cost and maintenance cost are much
lower than split unit a/c.
 Air temperature and Relative Humidity for
the whole building can be control from one
point.
Fresh air Fresh air enter plus re-circulated
air
Re-circulating
duct Mixing
box
Exhaust Filter to remove dust
duct filter
Heater coil to heat

room preheater air. Used in winter
Inlet
duct Inlet Air is cool by
washer
fan cooling coil.
Used in summer
Final
heater or
reheater
Eliminate plate – to remove
Final heater adjust the drops of water or dirt
temperature of required final missed by filter
temperature plus final RH MJJ/UiTM SWAK/2022
40
CONDENSER WATER CHILLED WATER
SUPPLY (CWS) SUPPLY (CWS)
PUMP
COMPRESSOR
CHILLED WATER COIL
EVAPORATOR
COOL
AIR
COOLING TOWER
BLOWER
CONDENSER
PUMP DUCT TO
THE ROOMS
CONDENSER WATER
RETURN (CWR) CHILLED WATER
RETURN (CWR)
EXPANSION VALVE
CHILLER AHU
CONDENSER WATER
SUPPLY (CWS)
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR
COOLING TOWER
COOL AIR
BLOWER
CONDENSER
PUMP
DUCT TO THE ROOMS
CONDENSER WATER
RETURN (CWR)
EXPANSION VALVE
AHU-AIR HANDLING UNIT
CONDENSER WATER
SUPPLY (CWS)
COMPRESSOR
EVAPORATOR
COOL AIR INTO

COOLING TOWER THE ROOM
FAN
CONDENSER
PUMP
CONDENSER WATER
RETURN (CWR)
EXPANSION VALVE
IN THE CEILING ABOVE THE ROOM

Condenser/Chilled
Water Supply (CWS)
Filter
Condenser/Chilled
Water Return (CWR)
AHU
Outside air
Cool air supply

Return air
Supply air Exhaust air
duct Return air to outside
duct
grill grill
Ceiling lighting
Cool air Warm air
ROOM
1. Warm air extracted from room through grilles

2. Some (part) of warm air exhaust to outside room
3. Outside air mixed with remaining air
4. Mixed air filtered and cooled in AHU
5. Cool air return (delivered) to room by a fan through diffusers
Air side Water side
Condenser/Chilled Water
COOL
FLOOR 3 Room AHU

COLD COLD
OUTSIDE
Condenser Cooling
FLOOR 2 Room AHU CHILLER AIR
water Tower
HEAT HEAT
FLOOR 1 Room AHU
HEAT
1. Heat from the floor is transferred from room air to condenser or

chilled water by an AHU.
2. The refrigeration machine which transfers heat to condenser water is
called chiller.
3. Cooling tower reject heat from condenser water to outside air.
 Air Handling Unit (AHU) – a unit that sucks the warm
air from the room, passed through a cooling coil and
return the cold air back to the room fan. By using
AHU, greater suction and discharge is obtained used
for cooling of large area. Normally incorporated for
central plant system of water cooled system.
 Chiller – is a unit where chilled water is cooled by the
evaporator. The chilled water is circulated inside the
cooling coil inside the AHU, being warmed and
returned to the chiller. Inside the chiller, the low
pressure liquid refrigerant inside the evaporator
absorbs heat and flow to the condenser. The
condenser is either air cooled or water cooled.
Similar to AHU, this unit is usually installed for
central plant system.
Propeller fan
From condenser
to condenser
Cooling tower
CWR
FILL
CWS
FILL + cooling tower
CWR
Pump house
CWS
pump
Pump motor
Duct to the rooms
CWR-Condenser Water Return
CWS-Condenser Water Supply
Duct to the rooms
AIR FILTER
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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TOPIC OF LECTURE 3:

- AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

LECTURER: MORGAN JAMPI JEPON

Wind pressure diagram for flat roofs

A and B are the

Stack pressure causing cross ventilation

 Natural inlet and mechanical extract

Flange for fixing

-Liquid can absorbs heat -Vapor can condense and

Cool gas Hot gas

Dry Bulb Temperature, ºC

3. Combination of air-cooled & water-cooled

EXPANSION VALVE EVAPORATOR COIL

AIR HANDLING UNIT

Heater coil to heat

AHU-AIR HANDLING UNIT

COOL AIR INTO

IN THE CEILING ABOVE THE ROOM

Cool air supply

1. Warm air extracted from room through grilles

FLOOR 3 Room AHU

1. Heat from the floor is transferred from room air to condenser or

CWR-Condenser Water Return

CWS-Condenser Water Supply

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