DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

KALYANPUR, KANPUR

PROJECT FILE
On

Solubility of gaSeS
in liquidS

SESSION: 2022-23

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

SHAILENDRA SINGH ANSHITA

TIWARI
{CHEMISTRY FACULTY} XII-S3

1|Page
INDEX :

Aim 3
Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Introduction 6-7
Theory 8-15
Conclusion 16
Bibliography 17

2|Page
AIM:

To determine solubility of gases in

liquid (cold drink) – HENRY’S LAW.

3|Page
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Anshita Tiwari of class XII-

S3 of Delhi Public School, Kalyanpur, has completed
her file on SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN LIQUID
as a part of her Chemistry syllabus of CBSE under
my supervision. She has taken proper care and has
shown utmost sincerity in completion of this file.
I certify that this file is up to my expectation
and as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

Shailendra Singh
External Examiner (Chemistry Faculty)

4|Page
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to our Principal Mrs. Archana

Nigam for providing me necessary inputs and
supports for the completion of the file. I would
like to extend my gratitude to my Chemistry
teacher Shailendra Singh for his guidance and
valuable suggestions. It is a manner of pride
and pleasure to express my indebtedness to the
faculty for their keen interest, continuous and
constructive criticism at every stage of file. I
am also thankful to CBSE for including this as
a part of Chemistry curriculum.

SIGNATURE

5|Page
 Solubility of gases in liquid

6|Page
INTRODUCTION:

Solubility is a property of a substance getting mixed with

another substance completely or partially, depending upon
the type of solvent and solute. A solution is made up of a
mixture of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the
dissolved substance that is present in a smaller amount in
a solution. The solvent is the substance that is present in a
higher amount than that of the solute, and it is the
substance that dissolves the solute and forms the solution.
All gases are soluble in all liquids to some extent
depending on pressure. For example, presence of carbon
dioxide in cold drinks, presence of oxygen in blood,
presence of oxygen in water. HCl gas is highly soluble
in water.
The solubility of any substance is regulated and affected
by temperature and pressure factors. The temperature
factor affects all types of solubilities, whether solids or
gases. Whereas the pressure factor only regulates the
solubility of gases.

7|Page
THEORY:

The solubility of gases in liquid is the maximum amount of

gas that can dissolve into a liquid. The solubility of gases
in liquids is highly affected by the temperature, pressure,
and also the nature of the solute and the solvent.
The solubility of gases in liquids can thus be defined as
the volume of the gas that can dissolve in a unit volume
of liquid to form a saturated solution at room
temperature or the experimental temperature and under
one atmospheric temperature.

Solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular

temperature is also expressed in terms of molarity (mole
of the gas dissolved per litre of the solvent to form the
saturated solution, i.e. in terms of molL–1) or in terms of
mole fraction (xA) of the gas.

8|Page
Factors Affecting Solubility of Gas in a Liquid

Nature of
gas and
solvent

Temperature

Pressure

1. Nature of the Gas and the Solvent

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases dissolve
just slightly in water, but carbon dioxide, hydrochloric
acid, ammonia, and other gases are extremely soluble.
Because of their reactivity with the solvent, the latter
gases have a higher solubility.
Again oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are much
more soluble in ethyl alcohol than in water whereas,
H2S, and NH3 are more soluble in water than ethyl
alcohol at the same temperature, and pressure. The

9|Page
greatest solubility of the gas in a solvent is again due to
the chemical similarity between the gas and the solvent.
2. Effect of Temperature
The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an
increase in temperature. It is expected that some gas is
usually expelled out of the solution on heating the gas
solution. The same result also follows alternately as
under:
The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is an exothermic
process, i.e. it is accompanied by the evolution of heat.
Thus,
Gas + Solvent ↔ Solution + ∆
Applying Le Chatelier’s principle, the increasing
temperature would shift the equilibrium in the backward
direction, i.e. and the solubility would decrease.
Though oxygen gas is more soluble than nitrogen gas at
any temperature, the solubility of both the gases
decreases with an increase in temperature, as represented
in the graph.

10 | P a g e
3. Effect of Pressure
It is the most important factor influencing the solubility
of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature. A little
thought reveals that as we compress the gas over the
liquid (i.e., we increase the pressure), the solubility will
increase. This may be explained as follows:
For the solution of a gas in a liquid, consider a system as
shown in figure (a):

The lower part is the solution, and the upper part is

gaseous at a pressure P, and temperature T. Suppose a
system is in dynamic equilibrium, i.e. rate of gaseous
particles entering and leaving the solution are the same,
i.e., Rate of dissolution = Rate of evaporation. Now,
increase the pressure over the system, as shown in figure
(b). The gas gets compressed to a smaller volume.
Hence, the number of gaseous particles per unit volume
increases. As a result, the number of gaseous particles
striking the solution’s surface and entering into it also
increases until a new equilibrium is re-established. Thus,

11 | P a g e
the solubility of gas in liquid increases with increasing
the pressure above the solution.
A quantitative relation between pressure and solubility
of a gas in a solvent was given by Henry. This
relationship is known as Henry’s law.

Henry’s Law
Henry’s law can be expressed as follows:
At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
the gas.
Thus, ∝
=
where, p = partial pressure of gas above the surface of solution
Χgas = Mole fraction of gas
in the solution
KH = Henry's Constant (It is the characteristic of a gas)

12 | P a g e
 Applications of Henry’s Law

Soft Drinks
Scuba Divers

High Altitudes

 Since the solubility of a gas in water increases with

pressure, soft drink bottles are sealed under high
pressure to accommodate more carbon dioxide in the soft
drink.


 If deep-sea divers (scuba divers) use air for respiration,
they develop a medical condition known as bends which
involve the blocking of capillaries. It is because air is

mainly a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. According to
Henry’s law, the solubility of gases increases with an
increase in pressure. When the diver breathes air under
high pressure in the water, nitrogen dissolves in his
blood. When the diver comes towards the surface, the
pressure gradually decreases. It releases dissolved gases

13 | P a g e
 and leads to the formation of bubbles in the blood. It is
quite painful and dangerous to live. To avoid bends and
toxic effects of dissolved nitrogen in the blood, the tanks
used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with
helium (11.7% He+ 56.2% N2+ 32.1% O2).

 The pressure of oxygen in the air decreases in going up

the mountains. At very high altitudes, the partial
pressure of oxygen in the air is much less than that at the
ground level. Therefore, people living at higher altitudes
or climbers have low oxygen concentrations in the blood
and tissues. It leads to weakness and loss of clarity of
thinking. These symptoms create a condition known as
anoxia.


 Henry’s law explains the supply of inhaled oxygen to
tissues. When air is inhaled, it combines with the
haemoglobin of the blood in the lungs to form
oxyhaemoglobin because, in the lungs, the partial
pressure of oxygen is high. The partial pressure of
oxygen is low in tissues. Hence, oxygen is released from
oxyhaemoglobin and is utilized by the cells.

14 | P a g e
Limitations of Henry’s Law

Henry’s law applies to ideal gases only. However, the law

can be applied to real gases at low pressure when the real
gases approach the behavior of ideal gases.

This law does not apply to those gases which undergo a

chemical change in the solution. For example, the law
cannot be applied to ammonia which reacts with water to
form NH4OH.

The law cannot be applied to those gases which

dissociate into ions in solution. For example, it cannot be
applied to hydrogen chloride gas which dissociates into
H+ and Cl– in solution.

15 | P a g e
Conclusion:

Solubility is a physical factor that is affected and keeps on

changing with the changing parameters. Generally, with
the increase in pressure, the solubility increases. On the
other hand, the solubility of gases in liquids decreases
with the increase in temperature. So, the solubility of any
substance in any medium solely depends upon the
physical conditions under which they are made to mix
and the amount of solute and solvent involved.

16 | P a g e
Bibliography

https://unacademy.com/
https://chemistryedu.org/
chemistry NCERT textbook class 12

\\
\ |Page
17