Name–Dologobinda Naik

Class–XIIA

Rollno.– 2015-2016
 CONTENT Pageno.
CERTIFICATE 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
AIMOFPROJECT 3
INTRODUCTION 4-5
THEORY 6-11
OBSERVATION 12
CONCLUSION
13
APPLICATIONSOFEMI
14
PRECAUTIONS
15
BIBLIOGRAPHY
16
Teacher’ssignature Principal‘ssignature
.
ElectroMagnet:
Anelectromagnetis
atypeofmagnetinwhichthemagneticfieldisproducedbyelectriccurrent.
Themagneticfielddisappearswhenthecurrentisturnedoff.

Induction:
Thisprocessofgeneratingcurrentinaconductorbyplacingtheconductorinachangingmag
neticfieldiscalledinduction.

ElectromagneticInduction:
Electromagneticinduction istheproductionofa potentialdifference
(voltage)acrossaconductorwhenitisexposedtoavaryingmagneticfield.
Electromagnetic induction is whenanelectromagnetic field causes molecules
inanother object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrousmetals),orwaves(inaradiotransmitter).

Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when the

magneticfluxlinkinga conductorchanges.

Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and
theareanormaltothefieldthroughwhichthefieldispassing.Itisascalarquantityandits
S.I.unitistheweber(Wb).

φ=BA
Principle:
Electromagneticinduction(orsometi mesjust induction)isaprocesswhereaconductor
placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through astationary
magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current -
itissaidtoinducethecurrent.
Invention:
MichaelFaraday is generallycreditedwith the discoveryofinductionin1831though it
may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829.Around
1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a si milar discovery, but did not
publishhisfindingsuntillater

Inducede.m.f.s:

If magnetic flux through a coilis altered then ane.m.f. willbe generated in thecoil.
This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday
between1825and1831.Faradaydiscoveredthatane.m.f.couldbegeneratedeitherby,
(a) movingthecoilorthesourceoffluxrelativetoeachotherorby
(b) changingthemagnitudeofthesourceofmagneticfluxinsomeway.Notethatthee.m.f.
isonlyproducedwhilethefluxischanging.

Forexample,considertwocoilsasshowninFigure1.
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to a battery and
hasdirect current flowing through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced
by Band an e.m.f. can be produced in A by moving the coils relative to each other or
bychanging the size of the current in B. This can be done by using the rheostat
R,switchingthecurrentonoroff,or(c)usingana.c.supplyforB.

(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B with a

permanentmagnetandmovingthisrelativetocoilA.)

Representation:

Electromagneticinduction istheproductionofa potentialdifference (voltage)acrossa

conductorwhenitisexposedtoavaryingmagneticfield.

WorkingandConstruction:
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through amagnetic
fieldbecause the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free electrons
inthe conductor and causing them to move. This process of generating current in
aconductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction.Thisiscalledinductionbecausethereisnophysicalconnectionbetweenthecond
uctor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor
bythemagneticfield.
One requirement forthiselectromagnetic inductiontotake placeisthattheconductor,
which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to the magneticlines of force
in order to produce the maximum force on the free electrons. Thedirectionthat
the induced current flows is determined bythe directionof thelines of force and by
the direction the wire is moving in the field.In the ani mationabove the ammeter
(the instrument used to measure current) indicates when thereiscurrentin
theconductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field that
isproducedisconstantlygrowingandshrinkingduetotheconstantlychangingcurrent in
the wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce electricalcurrent in
another wire that is held close to the first wire. The current in thesecond wire
willalso be AC and in fact will look verysimilar to the current flowinginthefirstwire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate thestrength of

themagnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an iron bar
willfurther concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will
bestrongestinsidethebarandatitsends(poles).
Lenz'sLaw:

When anemf is generated bya change inmagnetic flux according to Faraday'sLaw,

the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whosemagnetic
field opposes the change which produces it. The induced magnetic
fieldinsideanyloopofwirealwaysactstokeepthemagneticfluxintheloopconstant.In
theexamples below, ifthe Bfield is increasing,the induced fieldacts inopposition to
it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the direction of
theappliedfieldtotrytokeepitconstant.

Applicationsofelectromagnetic Induction

ElectricalGenerator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative movement of
acircuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators.Whena permanentmagnet is moved relative toaconductor,or vice
versa,anelectromotive force is created. If the wire is connected through an
electrical load,currentwillflow,andthus
electricalenergyisgenerated,convertingthemechanicalenergyofmotiontoelectricalen
ergy
Electricaltransformer
TheEMFpredictedbyFaraday'slawisalsoresponsibleforelectricaltransformers. When
the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the changingcurrent creates a
changing magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magneticfieldwillexperience
this change inmagneticfieldas achange inits coupledmagnetic flux, d ΦB/ d t.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the secondloop called the induced
EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop
areconnectedthroughanelectricalload,currentwillflow.
Magneticflowmeter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive liquids
andslurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters. The induced
voltage ℇgenerated in the magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at
velocity v isthusgivenby:

whereℓisthedistancebetweenelectrodesinthemagneticflow meter.
 Faraday’sLawof
ElectromagneticInduction,firstobservedandpublishedbyMichaelF
aradayinthemid-nineteenthcentury,describesavery
importantelectro-magneticconcept. Although itsmathematical
representationsare cryptic, theessence
ofFaraday’sisnothardtograsp:itrelatesaninducedelectricpotential
orvoltagetoadynamic
magnetic field. This
concepthasmanyfar-
reachingramificationsthattouchou
rlivesinmanyways:fromtheshiningo
fthesun,totheconvenienceofmobile
communications,toelectricity
topower ourhomes. We can
allappreciatetheprofoundimpactFa
raday’sLawhasonus.
The principles of electromagnetic induction
areappliedin manydevicesandsystems,including:

 Electricalgenerators
 Inductionmotors
 Inductionsealing
 Inductivecharging
 Transformers
 Wirelessenergytransfer
Keepyourselfsafefromhighvoltage.

Use&handlelabinstrumentswithcare.

Do not scratch insulated copper wire

whilemakingloop.

Do not use digital voltmeter for

abovedemonstration.
 Wikipedia.com
 Googlesearchengine
 PhysicsNcert bookforclassXII