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01
Indefinite
Integral
Learning Part
Session 1
● Fundamental of Indefinite Integral
Session 2
● Methods of Integration
Session 3
● Some Special Integrals
Session 4
● Integration by Parts
Session 5
● Integration Using Partial Fractions
Session 6
● Indirect and Derived Substitutions
Session 7
● Euler’s Substitution, Reduction Formula and Integration Using Differentiation
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
Session 1
Fundamental of Indefinite Integral
Fundamental of Indefinite Integral (v)
d
( − cos x ) = sin x ⇒ ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
d dx
Since, { g ( x )} = f ( x )
dx d
(vi) (sin x ) = cos x ⇒ ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
⇔ ∫ f ( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C dx
d
(tan x ) = sec 2 x ⇒ ∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
2
Therefore, based upon this definition and various standard (vii)
differentiation formulas, we obtain the following dx
d
integration formulae (viii) ( − cot x ) = cosec 2 x ⇒∫ cosec 2 x dx = − cot x + C
d x n +1 n x n +1 dx
(i) = x , n ≠− 1 ⇒∫ x n dx = + C, n ≠ − 1 d
dx n + 1 n +1 (ix) (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
d 1 1
(ii) (log | x | ) = ⇒ ∫ dx = log | x | + C , when x ≠ 0 ⇒ ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx x x
d x d
(iii) (e ) = e x ⇒ ∫ e x dx = e x + C (x) ( − cosec x ) = cosec x cot x
dx dx
d ax ⇒ ∫ cosec x cot x dx = − cosec x + C
(iv) = a x , a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx log e a d
x
(xi) (log | sin x | ) = cot x
a dx
⇒ ∫a dx = +C
x
log e a ⇒ ∫ cot x dx = log | sin x | + C
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 3
= ∫ (x + 5x 1/ 2 − x − 1/ 2 ) dx
d 3/2
(xii) ( − log | cos x | ) = tan x
dx
xn +1
⇒ ∫ tan x dx = − log | cos x | + C ∫ = + C
n
using x dx
n +1
d
(xiii) (log |sec x + tan x | ) = sec x x 3 / 2 + 1 5x 1/ 2 + 1 x − 1/ 2 + 1
dx = + − +C
3/2 + 1 1/2 + 1 − 1/2 + 1
⇒ ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x | + C ⇒ I =
2 5/2 2
x + ⋅ 5x 3 / 2 − 2x 1/ 2 + C
d 5 3
(xiv) (log| cosec x − cot x | ) = cosec x (ii) I = ∫ ( x + 5) dx [using (a + b) = a + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 +b 3 ]
2 3 3 3
dx
⇒ ∫ cosec x dx = log | cosec x − cot x | + C I = ∫ (x + 15x + 75x + 125) dx
6 4 2
d −1 x 1 x7 15x 5 75x 3
(xv) sin = 2 I= + + + 125x + C
dx a a − x2 7 5 3
x7
dx x I = + 3x 5 + 25x 3 + 125x + C
⇒ ∫ = sin − 1 + C 7
a2 − x 2 a
−1
y Example 4 Evaluate
d −1 x
(xvi) cos = 2 dx
dx a ∫ tan ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
2
a − x2 (i) x dx (ii)
−1 x
⇒ ∫ dx = cos − 1 + C sin 6 x + cos 6 x cos x − cos 2 x
a
a2 − x 2 (iii) ∫ 2
sin x cos x 2
dx (iv) ∫ 1 − cos x
dx
d 1 −1 x 1
(xvii) tan = 2 Sol. (i) I = ∫ tan x dx ⇒ I = ∫ (sec x − 1) dx
2 2
dx a a a + x2
x I = ∫ sec x dx − ∫ 1 dx [using ∫ sec xdx = tan x + C ]
2 2
dx 1
⇒ ∫ 2 = tan − 1 + C
a +x 2 a a
⇒ I = tan x − x + C
d 1 −1 x −1 1
(xviii) cot = (ii) I = ∫ dx
dx a a a2 + x 2 sin x cos 2 x
2
1 y Example 6 Evaluate
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx − ∫ 3 dx
(i) ∫ 5 log e x
dx (ii) ∫ 2log 4 x dx
(sin x + cos x )
2 2
I = ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x
dx − 3x + C
Sol. (i) I = ∫ 5log e x
dx = ∫ x log e 5 dx [ Using a log e b = b log c a ]
x3 x2
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ x 2 + 5 dx ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + x + 1)
x +2 = ∫ ( x + x + 1)
dx
( x 2 + 1)( x 4 − x 2 + 1) dx ( 1 + 2x ) ⋅ ( 4 x 2 − 2x + 1) 4 x 2 ( 2x + 1)
I = ∫ ( x 2 + 1)
dx − 2∫
x2 + 1
= ∫
( 1 − 2x )
−
( 1 − 2x )
dx
sin ( x + a )
y Example 11 Evaluate ∫ sin ( x + b ) dx. Important Points Related
sin ( x + a ) to Integration
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin ( x + b ) dx . Put x + b = t ⇒ dx = dt
1. ∫ k f ( x ) dx = k ∫ f ( x ) dx , where k is constant. i.e. the
sin (t − b + a )
∴ I =∫ dt integral of the product of a constant and a
sin t function = the constant × integral of the function
sin t cos (a − b ) cos t sin (a − b )
= ∫ + dt 2. ∫ { f 1 ( x ) ± f 2 ( x ) ±… ± f n ( x ) } dx
sin t sin t
= cos (a − b ) ∫ 1dt + sin (a − b ) ∫ cot (t ) dt = ∫ f 1 ( x ) dx ± ∫ f 2 ( x ) dx ± … ± ∫ f n ( x ) dx .
= t cos (a − b ) + sin (a − b )log | sin t | + C i.e. the integral of the sum or difference of a finite
= ( x + b ) cos (a − b ) + sin (a − b ) log| sin ( x + b )| +C number of functions is equal to the sum or difference
of the integrals of the various functions.
y Example 12 3. Geometrical interpretation of constant of
x 2 5
(i) If f ′ (x ) =
+ and f (1) = , then find f (x ). integration By adding C means the graph of
2 x 4 function would shift in upward or downward
dy 3 direction along y-axis as C is +ve or − ve respectively.
(ii) The gradient of the curve is given by = 2x − 2 .
dx x x2
The curve passes through (1, 2) find its equation. e.g. y = ∫ x dx = +C
2
x 2
(i) Given, f ′ ( x ) = + ,
2 x x2+C3
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, x2+C2
x 2 x2+C1
we get ∫ f ′ ( x ) dx = ∫ + dx
2 x
1 x2
⇒ f (x ) = ⋅ + 2 log | x | + c …(i)
2 2 O (x,0)
5
Now, as f (1) = (called as initial value problem Figure. 1.1
4
5
i.e. when x = 1,y = or f (1) = )
5 ∴ y = ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
4 4
Putting, x = 1 in Eq. (i), ⇒ F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ); F ′ ( x 1 ) = f ( x 1 )
1
f (1) = + 2 log | 1 | + C , but f (1) =
5 Hence, y = ∫ f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such
4 4
5 1
that the slope of the tangent at x = x 1 on every
∴ = +C ⇒ C =1 member is same i.e. F ′ ( x 1 ) = f ( x ) [when x 1 lies in
4 4
the domain of f ( x )]
x2
⇒ f (x ) =
+ 2 log | x | + 1 Hence, anti-derivative of a function is not unique. If
4
g 1 ( x ) and g 2 ( x ) are two anti-derivatives of a function
dy 3 3
(ii) Given, = 2x − 2 or dy = 2x − 2 dx , f ( x ) on [a, b ], then they differ only by a constant.
dx x x
i.e. g1 (x ) − g2 (x ) = C
On integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
3 Anti-derivative of a continuous function is
∫ dy = ∫ 2x − x 2 dx differentiable.
2x 2 3 4. If f ( x ) is continuous, then
⇒ y= + +C
2 x ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x ) + C
Since, curve passes through (1, 1).
⇒ F ′( x ) = f ( x )
⇒ 1 = 1 + 3 + C ⇒C = − 3
⇒ always exists and is continuous.
3
∴ f (x ) = x 2 + − 3 ⇒ F ′( x )
x
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 7
(1 + x )2 4
3. ∫ dx 4. ∫ x 2 dx
x (1 + x 2 ) 1+ x
x4 + x 2 + 1 2
+ sin2 x )sec2 x
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ ( x dx
2(1 + x 2 ) (1 + x 2 )
2
7. ∫ x 2 dx 8. ∫ 2x ⋅ e x ⋅ dx
(a + bx )
3x
+ e 5x
9. ∫ e x dx 10. ∫ (e alog x + e x log a ) dx
e + e −x
1 2
∫ cosec (ax + b ) dx = − cot (ax + b ) + C (iii) Here, I = ∫ (7 x − 2) 3x + 2 dx = 7 ∫ x − 3x + 2 dx
2
(viii)
a 7
1 7 6
(ix) ∫ sec (ax + b ) tan (ax + b ) dx = a sec (ax + b ) + C = ∫ 3x − 3x + 2 dx
3 7
1
(x) ∫ cosec (ax + b ) cot (ax + b ) dx = − a cosec (ax + b ) +C =
7
3∫
6
3x + 2 − 2 − 3x + 2 dx
7
1
(xi) ∫ tan (ax + b ) dx = − a log | cos (ax + b ) | + C 7 20
= ∫ (3x + 2) 3x + 2 dx − ∫ 3x + 2 dx
3 3
1
(xii) ∫ cot (ax + b ) dx = a log | sin (ax + b ) | + C 7 20
= ∫ (3x + 2) dx − ∫ 3x + 2 dx
3/2
3 3
1
(xiii) ∫ sec (ax + b )dx = a log | sec (ax + b ) + tan (ax + b )|+C
7 (3x + 2)5 / 2 20 (3x + 2)3 / 2
1 = − +C
(xiv) ∫ cosec (ax + b ) dx = a log | cosec (ax + b ) − cot(ax + b )|+C 3 5 ×3
2
3 3 ×3
2
y Example 14 Evaluate 14 40
= ( 3x + 2) 5 / 2 − ( 3x + 2) 3 / 2 + C
1 8x + 13 45 27
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx . (2 + 3x 2 ) dx 2 + 2x 2 + x 2
3x + 4 − 3x + 1 4x + 7 (iv) Here, I = ∫ = ∫ dx
x 2 (1 + x 2 ) x 2 (1 + x 2 )
2 + 3x 2
(iii) ∫ (7 x − 2) 3 x + 2 dx . (iv) ∫ x 2 (1 + x 2 ) dx . 2(1 + x 2 ) x2
= ∫ 2 + dx
x (1 + x ) x (1 + x )
2 2 2
dx
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ 3x + 4 − 3x + 1
2
= ∫ 2 +
1
dx = 2∫ x dx + ∫
−2 1
dx
x 1 + x2 1 + x2
( 3 x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
= ∫( 3x + 4 − 3x + 1 ) ( 3x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
dx
= 2⋅
x −1
+ tan −1 x + C = −
−2
+ tan −1 x + C
−1 x
( 3 x + 4 + 3x + 1 )
= ∫ ( 3x + 4 ) − ( 3x + 1)
dx
y Example 15 Evaluate
1 1 sin (log x ) 3 sin x + 4 cos x
=
3 ∫ 3x + 4 dx +
3 ∫ 3x + 1 dx
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx
x 4 sin x − 3 cos x
1 ( 3x + 4 ) 3 / 2 1 ( 3x + 1) 3 / 2 m tan −1 x
= + +C e
∫ ∫ x sin (4x + 7) dx
2
3 3/2 × 3 3 3/2 × 3 (iii)
1+x2
dx (iv)
(ax + b )n +1
∫ (ax + b ) dx = +C
n sin (log x )
Using,
( n + 1) a Sol. (i) I = ∫ x
dx
2
=
[(3x + 4 )3 / 2 + (3x + 1)3 / 2 ] + C d 1
27 We know that, (log x ) =
dx x
8x + 13 8x + 14 − 1
(ii) Here, I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx Thus, let log x = t
4x + 7 4x + 7
1
⇒ dx = dt …(i)
2 ( 4 x + 7 ) −1
= ∫ 4 x + 7 dx x
∴ I = ∫ sin (t ) dt = − cos (t ) + C
4x + 7 dx
=2∫ dx − ∫ = − cos (log x ) + C [using Eq. (i)]
4x + 7 4x + 7
3 sin x + 4 cos x
(ii) I = ∫ dx
= 2 ∫ ( 4 x + 7 )dx − ∫ ( 4 x + 7 )−1/ 2dx 4 sin x − 3 cos x
( 4 x + 7 )3 / 2 ( 4 x + 7 )1/ 2 We know,
d
( 4 sin x − 3 cos x ) = ( 4 cos x + 3 sin x )
=2 − +C dx
3/2 × 4 1/2× 4
Thus, let 4 sin x − 3 cos x = t …(i)
1 1
= ( 4 x + 7 )3 / 2 − ( 4 x + 7 )1/ 2 + C ⇒ ( 4 cos x + 3 sin x ) dx = dt
3 2
10 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dt 1
∴ I = ∫
t
= log | t | + C =
4
{2 cos x cos 5x + 2 cos 3x cos 5x}
1 1 cot 2 2x − 1
= ∫ 2 − dx Sol. Here, I = ∫ − cos 8x ⋅ cot 4 x dx
sin x cos 2 x 2 cot 2x
= ∫ ( cosec 2 x − sec 2 x ) dx = − cot x − tan x + C I = ∫ (cot 4 x − cos 8x ⋅ cot 4 x ) dx
sec 2x − 1 1 − cos 2x cot 2 A − 1
(v) Here, I = ∫ sec 2x + 1 ⋅ dx = ∫ 1 + cos 2x dx, using cot 2A =
2 cot A
2sin 2 x
We get, I = ∫ 2 cos 2 x dx = ∫ cot 4 x (1 − cos 8x ) dx
[using 1 − cos 2A = 2sin 2 A ]
[using, 1 − cos 2x = 2sin 2 x and 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos 2 x]
= ∫ cot 4 x ⋅ 2sin 2 ( 4 x ) dx
= ∫ tan x ⋅ dx
2
cos 4 x
= ∫ sin 4 x ⋅ 2sin
2
4 x dx
As, tan x = sec 2 x − 1
2
7. ∫ sin 2x + cos2 x
3 3
dx 8. ∫ sec2 x ⋅ cosec2x dx
sin x ⋅ cos x
(ii)
dx
∫ x 2 − a2 =
1 x −a
log + C (iii) ∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx
2a x +a If ax 2 + bx + c can be factorised, then the integration is
dx 1 a + x
(iii) ∫ a2 − x 2 = log + C easily done by the method of partial fractions (explained
2a a − x later). If the denominator cannot be factorised, then
express it as the sum or difference of two squares by the
dx x
(iv) ∫ a −x
2 2
= sin − 1 + C
a
method of completing the square
b c b c b 2
2
dx ax 2 + bx + c = a x 2 + x + = a x + + − 2
(v) ∫ a +x
2 2
= log | x + x 2 + a 2 | + C a a 2a a 4a
b
dx make the substitution x + = t.
(vi) ∫ x −a
2 2
= log | x + x 2 − a 2 | + C 2a
y Example 19 Evaluate
1 1 x
∫ a − x dx = x a 2 − x 2 + a 2 sin − 1 + C
2 2 1 1
(vii)
2 2 a (i) ∫ 2 dx (ii) ∫ 2 dx
x − x +1 2x + x − 1
(viii) ∫ a 2 + x 2 dx 1
(iii) ∫ dx (iv) ∫ 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 dx
1 1 x − 2x + 3
2
= x a 2 + x 2 + a 2 log | x + a 2 + x 2 | + C
2 2
dx
(ix) ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx Sol. (i) I = ∫ x 2 − x + 1,
1 1 completing x 2 − x + 1 into perfect square.
= x x 2 − a 2 − a 2 log | x + x 2 − a 2 | + C
2 2 dx dx
= ∫ x 2 − x + 1 / 4 − 1 / 4 + 1 = ∫ ( x − 1 / 2) 2 + 3 / 4
Some Important Substitutions
dx
Expression Substitution ∴I = ∫ ( x − 1 / 2) 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2
a2 + x 2 x = a tan θ or a cot θ
1 x − 1 / 2
a2 − x 2 x = a sin θ or a cos θ = tan − 1 +C
3 /2 3 /2
x 2 − a2 x = a sec θ or a cosec θ
2 2x − 1
a−x a+ x ∴I = tan − 1 +C
or x = a cos 2 θ 3 3
a+ x a−x
1 1 x
x −α
or (x − α ) (x − β )
x = α cos 2 θ + β sin 2 θ using ∫ 2 dx = tan − 1 + C
β−x x + a 2
a a
1 1 1
(ii) I = ∫ 2x 2 + x − 1 dx = 2 ∫ x 2 + x /2 − 1 / 2 dx
Application of these Formulae 1 1
The above standard integrals are very important. Given =
2 ∫ x 2 + x /2 + 1 / 16 − 1 / 16 − 1 / 2 dx
below are integrals which are applications of these.
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 13
1 dx 1 dx − t dt
2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 4 )2 − 9 / 16 2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 4 )2 − (3 / 4 )2
= = ⇒ dx = − ,
e 2x
t dt 1 t
=
1
⋅
1 x + 1/ 4 − 3/ 4
log + C dx =
t2 − 1
= ∫ t 2
⋅
t2 − 1
dt
2 2 (3 / 4 ) x + 1/ 4 + 3/ 4
dt 1 t − 1
using ∫ 2
dx
=
1
log + C
x − a
I = ∫ t 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 1 log t + 1 + C
x −a x + a
2
2a
1 1 − e 2x − 1
1 x − 1 / 2 = log + C
= log + C
2 1 − e + 1
2x
3 x +1
2x − 1 2x
∴ I =
1
log + C (ii) Here, I = ∫ 1 − x2 − x4
dx
3 2 ( x + 1)
dx dx Let, x 2 = t , 2x dx = dt
(iii) I = ∫ x − 2x + 3
2
= ∫ x − 2x + 1 − 1 + 3
2
dt dt
dx
∴ I = ∫ 1 − t − t2
= ∫
1 1
1 + − − t − t2
= ∫ ( x − 1) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 4 4
dt dt
= log | ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 + ( 2 )2 | I = ∫ 5 / 4 − ( t + 1 / 2) 2
=∫
( 5 / 2) − ( t + 1 / 2) 2
2
− 1 2x + 1
dx t + 1 / 2
2
using ∫ = log | x + x 2 + a 2 | + C = sin − 1 + C = sin +C
x +a
2 2
5 /2 5
∴ I = log | ( x − 1) + x 2 − 2x + 3 | + C ax
(iii) Here, I = ∫ 1−a 2x
dx . Let, a x = t
(iv) I = ∫ ( 2x 2 − 3x + 1 ) dx = 2 ∫ ( x 2 − 3x /2 + 1 / 2 ) dx
dt
∴ a x log a dx = dt , a x dx =
= 2 ∫ ( x − 3x /2 + 9 / 16 − 9 / 16 + 1 / 2 ) dx
2 log a
1 dt 1
= 2 ∫ ( ( x − 3 / 4 )2 − 1 / 16 ) dx ∴ I = ∫ 1−t
⋅
2 log a
=
log a
⋅ sin − 1 (t ) + C
1 1
( x − 3/ 4 ) ( x − 3/ 4 )2 − 1/ 16 I = sin − 1 (a x ) + C
2 log a
= 2 +C
− 1 log | ( x − 3/ 4 ) + ( x − 3/ 4 )2 − 1/ 16 x x 1/ 2 dx
16 × 2 (iv) Here, I = ∫ a3 − x 3
dx = ∫ (a 3 / 2 )2 − ( x 3 / 2 )2
1
( 4 x − 3) x 2 − 3x / 2 + 1 / 2
8 Let, x 3/2 = t,
3 1/ 2 2
x dx = dt , x 1/ 2 dx = dt
= 2 +C 2 3
− 1
log | ( x − 3 / 4 ) + x − 3x /2 + 1 / 2
2
2
32 dt
=∫ 3
y Example 20 Evaluate (a 3 / 2 )2 − (t )2
1 2x −1 x
3/2
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ dx =
2
⋅ sin − 1
t 2
3 / 2 + C = sin 3 / 2 + C
1 − e 2x 1−x −x 2 4
3 a 3 a
x
a x
(iii) ∫ 1 − a 2x
dx (iv) ∫ a −x3
3
dx y Example 21 Evaluate
cos x sin (x − α)
(i) ∫ dx . (ii) ∫ dx .
dx sin x − 2 sin x − 3
2 sin (x + α)
Sol. (i) Here, I = ∫ 1 − e 2x
2 sin 2 x − cos x
Let, 1 − e 2x = t 2 (iii) ∫ 6 − cos 2 x − 4 sin x dx .
Then, −2e 2 x dx = 2t dt
14 Textbook of Integral Calculus
cos x dx ( 4t − 1) dt
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ sin x − 2 sin x − 3
2
∴ I = ∫ ( t 2 − 4t + 5) …(i)
x 1 1
= a ⋅ sin − 1 + t + C = ∫ − (1 − 2x ) + 1 + x − x 2 dx
a 2 2
x 1 1
= − ∫ (1 − 2x ) 1 + x − x 2 dx + ∫ 1 + x − x 2 dx
= a ⋅ sin − 1 + a 2 − x 2 + C
a 2 2
a2 − x 2 1 1 1 1
(ii) Let I = ∫x dx =−
2 ∫ t dt +
2 ∫ − (x 2 − x + − − 1) dx
4 4
a2 + x 2
[where t = 1 + x − x 2 ]
Put x 2 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
2
1 t 3/2 1 5 1
2
∴ I = ∫
a 2 − t dt 1
⋅ = ∫
a2 − t a2 − t
⋅ dt
=−
2
+
3 / 2 2
∫
2
− x − dx
2
a2 + t 2 2 a2 + t a2 − t
1 a −t2 1 1
= − t 3/2 +
=
2 ∫ a −t4 2
dt 3 2
2 2
(x − 1 / 2) 5 1 1 5
2
1 dt 1 t dt −1 x − 1 / 2
− x − + sin +C
= a2
2 ∫ (a ) − (t )
2 2 2
−
2 ∫ a4 − t 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 / 2
1 2 t 1 du 1
=− (1 + x − x 2 )3 / 2
=
2
a ⋅ sin − 1 2 +
a 4 ∫ u
,
3
where a 4 − t 2 = u ⇒ − 2t dt = du 1 ( x − 1 / 2) 5 2x − 1
+ 1 + x − x 2 + sin − 1 +C
2 2 8 5
t 1 u
1/ 2
1 2
= a ⋅ sin − 1 2 + ⋅ +C (ii) Let I = ∫ ( x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx
2 a 4 1/2
[where t = x 2 and u = a 4 − x 4 ] d
Put, ( x + 1) = λ ⋅ (1 − x − x 2 ) + µ
dx
1 2 x2 1
= a ⋅ sin − 1 2 + ⋅ a4 − x 4 + C Then, ( x + 1) = λ ( − 1 − 2x ) + µ comparing the
2 a 2 coefficients of like powers of x, we get − 2λ = 1 and
µ − λ = 1 ⇒ λ = − 1 / 2 and µ = 1 / 2.
k( x ) 1 1
Integrals of the Form ∫ dx, ∴ ( x + 1) = − ( − 1 − 2x ) +
2 2
ax + bx + c
2
1 1
So, ∫ ( x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx = ∫ − ( − 1 − 2x ) +
where k( x ) is a Polynomial of Degree 2 2
Greater than 2 1 − x − x 2 dx
1 1
2∫ ∫
To evaluate this type of integrals we divide the numerator =− ( − 1 − 2x ) 1 − x − x 2 dx + 1 − x − x 2 dx
by denominator and express the integral as 2
1
Q(x ) + 2
R (x )
, where R ( x ) is a linear function of x . = − ∫ ( − 1 − 2x ) 1 − x − x 2 dx
2
ax + bx + c 1 2 1 1
+ ∫ 1 − x + x + − dx
2 4 4
y Example 23 Evaluate
1 1
(i) ∫x 1 + x − x 2 dx (ii) ∫ (x + 1) 1 − x − x 2 dx =−
2
t dt +
2 ∫ ( 5 / 2)2 − ( x + 1 / 2)2 dx
[where t = 1 + x − x 2 ]
Sol. (i) Let I = ∫ x 1 + x − x 2 dx
t 3/ 2 1 1
1 1
d =− + x + 1 − x − x
2
Put x = λ (1 + x − x 2 ) + µ
2 3 / 2 2 2 2
dx 1 5 x + 1 / 2
+ ⋅ sin − 1 + C
Then, comparing the coefficients of like powers of x, 2 4 5 / 2
we get 1 1
= − ( 1 − x − x 2 ) 3 / 2 + ( 2x + 1) 1 − x − x 2
1 = − 2λ and λ + µ = 0 ⇒ λ = − 1 / 2, µ = 1 / 2 3 8
∴ I = ∫ x 1 + x − x 2 dx 5 2x + 1
+ sin − 1 +C
16 5
16 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x2 + x + 3 2x 2 + 5 x + 4
y Example 24 Evaluate ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx. y Example 25 Evaluate ∫ x2 + x +1
dx .
x2 + x + 3 2x 2 + 5x + 4
Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 − x − 2 dx Sol. Let I = ∫ x2 + x + 1
dx
d
2x + 5 Put 2x 2 + 5x + 4 = λ ( x 2 + x + 1) + µ ( x 2 + x + 1) + γ
∴ I = ∫ 1 + 2 dx dx
x − x − 2
or 2x 2 + 5x + 4 = λ ( x 2 + x + 1) + µ (2x + 1) + γ
2x + 5
⇒ I = ∫ 1dx + ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx Comparing the coefficients of like terms, we get
2 = λ , 5 = λ + 2µ , 4 = λ + µ + γ
2x + 5 ∴ λ = 2, µ = 3 / 2, γ = 1/2
I =x+ ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx
Hence, the above integral reduces to
d 2x 2 + 5x + 4
Put, 2x + 5 = λ ( x 2 − x − 2) + µ . Then, obtaining
dx I = ∫ x2 + x + 1
dx
2x + 5 = λ (2x − 1) + µ , comparing the coefficients of like
terms. We get, 2 = 2λ and 5 = µ − λ ( x 2 + x + 1) 3
( 2x + 1) 1 1
∴ λ = 1 and µ = 6 = ∫ 2 ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ dx
x 2 + x + 1 2 x 2 + x + 1 2 x 2 + x + 1
λ ( 2x − 1) + µ
∴ I =x+∫ dx
x2 − x − 2 = 2 ∫ x 2 + x + 1 dx +
3 dt 1 dx
2x − 1 1 2 ∫ +
t 2 ∫ x + x +1
2
=x+ ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx + 6 ∫ x 2 − x − 2 dx
[where t = x 2 + x + 1]
1 1
= x + ∫ dt + 6 ∫ 3 t 1/ 2
t 1 1
x2 − x + − − 2 = 2 ∫ ( x + 1 / 2)2 + ( 3 / 2)2 dx + ⋅
4 4 2 1/2
[where t = x 2 − x − 2] 1 dx
+ ∫
dx
2 ( x + 1 / 2) 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2
= x + log | t | + 6 ∫ dx
( x − 1 / 2) 2 − ( 3 / 2) 2 1 1 1 3 1
= 2 x + x 2 + x + 1 + ⋅ ⋅ log | x + + x 2 + x + 1|
x − 1 − 3 2 2 2 4 2
log 2 2 + C
1
= x + log | x − x − 2 | + 6 ⋅
2 1 1
2(3 /2) 1 3 + 3 x2 + x + 1 + log | x + + x 2 + x + 1 | + C
x− + 2 2
2 2
1 3 1
x − 2 ∴ I = x + x 2+ x + 1 + log x + + x 2 + x + 1
= x + log | x 2 − x − 2 | + 2 ⋅ log + C 2 4 2
x + 1
1 1
+ 3 x2 + x + 1 + log x + + x 2 + x + 1 + C
2 2
Integrals of the Type 7 5 1
ax 2 + bx + c ⇒ I = x + x 2 + x + 1 + log x + + x 2 + x + 1 + C
2
1. ∫ ( px 2 + qx + r ) dx 4 2
(ax 2 + bx + c )
2. ∫ px 2 + qx + r
dx Trigonometric Integrals
(a) Integrals of the Form
3. ∫ (ax 2 + bx + c ) px 2 + qx + r dx
1 1 1
In above cases; substitute ∫ a cos 2 x + b sin 2 x dx , ∫ a + b sin 2 x dx , ∫ a + b cos 2 x dx ,
d
ax 2 + bx + c = λ ( px 2 + qx + r ) + µ ( px 2 + qx + r ) + γ . 1 1
dx ∫ (a sin x + b cos x ) 2 dx , ∫ a + b sin 2 x + c cos 2 x dx
Find λ, µ and γ. These integrations reduces to integration
of three independent functions.
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 17
To evaluate this type of integrals, divide numerator and To evaluate this type of integrals we put
denominator both by cos 2 x , replace sec 2 x , if any, in 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan2 x / 2
sin x = and cos x = and replace
denominator by (1 + tan2 x ) and put tan x = t . So that 1 + tan2 x / 2 1 + tan2 x / 2
sec 2 x dx = dt . tan x / 2 = t , by performing these steps the integral reduces
1
y Example 26 Evaluate to the form ∫ 2 dt which can be evaluated by
at + bt + c
1 sin x
(i) ∫ dx (ii) ∫ sin 3x dx methods discussed earlier.
4 sin x + 9 cos 2 x
2
dx y Example 27 Evaluate
Sol. (i) I = ∫ 4 sin 2 x + 9 cos 2 x dx dx
(i) ∫ (ii) ∫
2 + sin x + cos x 3 sin x + cos x
Here, dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x .
2 tan x / 2
We get Sol. For this type we use, sin x = ,
sec 2 x 1 + tan 2 x / 2
I = ∫ 4 tan 2 x + 9 dx 1 − tan 2 x / 2
cos x = ⋅
Put tan x = t 1 + tan 2 x / 2
⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt dx
(i) Let I = ∫ 2 + sin x + cos x
dt 1 dt
∴ I = ∫ 4t 2 + 9 = 4 ∫ t 2 + ( 3 / 2) 2 dx
= ∫ 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
1 1 t 2+ +
= ⋅ tan − 1 +C 1 + tan x / 2
2
1 + tan 2 x / 2
4 3/2 3 / 2
x
1 2 tan x dxsec 2
I = tan − 1 +C =∫ 2
6 3 x x x
2 + 2 tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 − tan 2
sin x sin x 2 2 2
(ii) Let I = ∫ sin 3x dx = ∫ 3 sin x − 4 sin 3 x dx x
sec 2 dx
dx I =∫ 2
I = ∫ 3 − 4 sin 2 x tan 2 x x
+ 2 tan + 3
2 2
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x , we get x
Put tan = t
sec 2 x dx sec 2 x dx 2
I = ∫ 3 sec 2 x − 4 tan 2 x ∫ 3 (1 + tan 2 x ) − 4 tan 2 x
= 1 x
⇒ sec 2 dx = dt = ∫ 2
2 dt
=2∫ 2
dt
2 2 t + 2t + 3 t + 2t + 1 + 2
sec 2 x dx
I = ∫ 3 − tan 2 x =2∫
dt
( t + 1) 2 + ( 2 ) 2
Let tan x = t ⇒ sec 2 x dx = dt 1 t +1
= 2⋅ tan − 1 +C
dt 1 3 +t 2 2
∴ I = ∫( = log + C
3 ) − (t ) 3 −t tan x / 2 + 1
2 2
2 3
I = 2 tan − 1 +C
2
1 3 + tan x
I = log + C
dx
2 3 3 − tan x (ii) Let I = ∫ 3 sin x + cos x
dx
(b) Integrals of the Form
= ∫ 3 ⋅ 2 tan x / 2 1 − tan 2 x / 2
+
1 1 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
∫ a sin x + b cos x
dx, ∫
a + b sin x
dx,
x
sec 2 dx
1 1 = ∫ 2
∫ a + b cos x dx, ∫ a sin x + b cos x + c dx x
2 3 tan + 1 − tan 2
x
2 2
18 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x 1 x 1 π x π
Put tan= t ⇒ sec 2 dx = dt = log tan + − + C
2 2 2 2 4 2 6
2dt dt
∴ I =∫ =2∫ 1 x π
− t 2 + 2 3t + 1 − t 2 + 2 3t − 3 + 3 + 1 = log tan + + C
2 2 12
dt dt
=2∫ =2∫
4 − (t − 3 ) 2
( 2) − ( t − 3 ) 2
2
1 2 + t − 3
(d) Integrals of the Form
= 2⋅ log + C
2 ( 2) 2 − t + 3 p cos x + q sin x + r p cos x + q sin x
∫ a cos x + b sin x + c dx , ∫ a cos x + b sin x dx
1 2 − 3 + tan x / 2
∴ I = log + C
2 2 + 3 − tan x / 2 Rule for (i) In this integral express numerator as,
λ (denominator) + µ (diffn. of denominator) + γ.
Find λ, µ and γ by comparing coefficients of sin x , cos x
(c) Alternative Method to Evaluate and constant term and split the integral into sum of three
the Integrals of the Form integrals.
d.c.of (denominator) dx
1 λ ∫ dx + µ ∫ dx + γ ∫
∫ a sin x + b cos x
dx denominator a sin x + b cos x +c
To evaluate this type of integrals we substitute Rule for (ii) Express numerator as λ (denominator) + µ
a = r cos θ, b = r sin θ and so (differentiation of denominator) and find λ and µ as above.
b (2 + 3 cos x )
r = a 2 + b 2 , θ = tan − 1 y Example 29 Evaluate ∫ sin x + 2 cos x + 3 dx.
a
∴ a sin x + b cos x = r sin ( x + θ ) Sol. Write the numerator = λ (denominator) + µ (d.c. of
1 1 1
So, ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = r ∫ sin ( x + θ ) dx denominator) + γ
⇒ 2 + 3 cos x = λ (sin x + 2 cos x + 3) + µ (cos x − 2 sin x ) + γ
1 1 x θ Comparing the coefficients of sin x , cos x and constant
= ∫ cosec ( x + θ ) dx = log tan + + C
r r 2 2 terms, we get
0 = λ − 2µ , 3 = 2λ + µ , 2 = 3λ + γ
1 1
∴ ∫ a sin x + b cos x dx = a + b2
2
⇒ λ = 6 / 5, µ = 3 / 5, γ = − 8 / 5
6 3 cos x − 2 sin x
Hence, I = ∫ 1 dx + ∫ dx
x 1 b 5 5 sin x + 2 cos x + 3
log tan + tan − 1 + C
2 2 a 8
− ∫
dx
5 sin x + 2 cos x + 3
1
∫
y Example 28 Evaluate 6 3 8
dx . = ⋅ x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3 | − I 3 …(i)
3 sin x + cos x 5 5 5
dx
Sol. Let 3 = r sin θ and 1 = r cos θ. Where, I 3 = ∫
sin x + 2 cos x + 3
3 π
Then, r = ( 3 )2 + (1)2 = 2 and tan θ = ⇒ θ= dx
1 3 = ∫ 2 tan x / 2 2 (1 − tan 2 x / 2)
1 + +3
∴ I = ∫ 3 sin x + cos x
dx 1 + tan 2 x / 2 1 + tan 2 x / 2
x
1 sec 2
∫ r sin θ sin x + r cos θ cos x dx
= dx
=∫ 2
x x x
1 dx 1 2 tan + 2 − 2 tan 2 + 3 + 3 tan 2
=
r ∫ cos ( x − θ) = r ∫ sec ( x − θ) dx 2 2 2
x
sec 2 dx
1 π x θ =∫ 2 x
= log tan + − + C , let tan = t
r 4 2 2 tan 2 x x
+ 2 tan + 5 2
2 2
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 19
⇒
1 x
sec 2 dx = dt = ∫ 2
2dt
=2∫
dt sin( x + A ) ⋅ cos x cos ( x + A ) ⋅ sin x
= cot A ⋅ ∫ − dx
2 2 t + 2t + 5 ( t + 1) 2 + 22 cos x cos( x + A ) cos x ⋅ cos ( x +A )
x = cot A ⋅ {∫ tan ( x + A )dx − ∫ tan x dx }
tan + 1
1 −1 t + 1 −1 2
I 3 = 2 ⋅ ⋅ tan = tan …(ii)
2 2 2 = cot A ⋅ {log | sec ( x + A ) | − log | sec x |} + C
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
cos 2x
6 3 8
−1
x
tan + 1
2 +C
y Example 31 The value of ∫ sin x
dx , is equal to
I = x + log | sin x + 2 cos x + 3| − tan
5 5 5
2
(a) log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
y Example 30 The value of ∫ {1 + tan x ⋅ tan ( x + A )} dx
(b) − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
is equal to
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
sec x
(a) cot A ⋅ log + C (c) log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
sec (x + A )
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
(b) tan A ⋅ log | sec (x + A)| + C
(d) − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
sec (x + A)
(c) cot A ⋅ log + C + cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
sec (x ) cos 2x cos 2x
(d) None of the above
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin x
dx = ∫
sin x cos 2x
dx
sin x ⋅ sin ( x + A )
= ∫ 1+ dx 1 sin x
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A ) = ∫ sin x cos x − sin x
2 2
dx − 2 ∫
2 cos 2 x − 1
dx
dx
= cos A ⋅ ∫ [where t = cot x and s = cos x ]
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
= − log | t + t − 1 | + 2 log | s + s 2 − 1 / 2 | + C
2
Multiplying and dividing by sin A , we get
sin A dx = − log | cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + 2 log | cos x
= cot A ⋅ ∫
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
+ cos 2 x − 1 / 2 | + C
sin ( x + A − x ) dx
= cot A ⋅ ∫ Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
cos x ⋅ cos ( x + A )
20 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x4
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ −x 1 x dx
a + x6
6
4e − 9e
2x 8x − 11
7. ∫ dx 8. ∫ dx
4 − 25
x
5 + 2x − x 2
x +2
9. ∫ dx 10. ∫ x − 3 2 dx
x 2 + 2x + 2 3 − 2x − x
11. ∫ 2 3x − 1 dx 12. ∫ x dx
4x − 4x + 17 2x + 3
a−x 1− x
13. ∫ dx 14. ∫ dx
x −b 1+ x
x 2 + 2x + 3 dx
15. ∫ dx 16. ∫
x +x +1
2 1 + sin x + cos x
2
17. ∫ dx
18. ∫ cos x sin x
dx
sin x + 3 cos x sin x − cos x
ex cos x − cos 3 x
19. ∫ dx 20. ∫ dx
5 − 4e − ex 2x (1 − cos 3 x )
3 sin x + 2 cos x
21. Evaluate ∫ dx 22. Evalute ∫ (2x − 4) 4 + 3x − x 2dx .
3 cos x + 2 sin x
( x + 1) x + x + 1
dx
24. The value of ∫ , is equal to
sec x + cosec x
1 tan x / 2 − 1 − 2
(a) (sin x + cos x ) + log + C
2 tan x / 2 − 1 + 2
1 tan x / 2 − 1 − 2
(b) 2 (sin x + cos x ) + log + C
2 tan x / 2 − 1 + 2
1 1 tan x / 2 − 1 − 2
(c) (sin x − cos x ) + log + C
2 2 tan x − 1 + 2
(d) None of these
Session 4
Integration by Parts
Integration by Parts
Theorem If u and v are two functions of x , then Usually we use the following preference order for
du selecting the first function. (Inverse, Logarithmic,
∫ uv dx = u ∫ v dx − ∫ dx ∫ v dx dx Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponent).
In above stated order, the function on the left is always
i.e. The integral of product of two functions = (first chosen as the first function. This rule is called as ILATE.
function) × (integral of second function) – integral of
(differential of first function × integral of second function). y Example 32 Evaluate
Proof For any two functions f ( x ) and g( x ), we have (i) ∫ sin − 1 x dx (ii) ∫ log e | x | dx
d d d
{ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )} = f ( x ) ⋅ { g( x )} + g( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )} Sol. (i) I = ∫ sin −1 x dx = ∫ sin −1 x ⋅ 1 dx
dx dx dx
I II
d d
∴ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ { g( x )} + g( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )} dx = ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x ) dx Here, we know by definition of integration by parts that
dx dx order of preference is taken according to ILATE. So,
d d ‘sin −1 x ’ should be taken as first and ‘1’ as the second
⇒ ∫ f ( x )⋅ { g( x )} dx + ∫ g ( x ) ⋅ { f ( x )} dx
dx dx function to apply by parts.
Applying integration by parts, we get
= ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )dx
1
I = sin − 1 x ⋅ ( x ) − ∫ ⋅ x dx
d 1 − x2
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ dx { g ( x )} dx
1 dt
= ∫ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) ⋅
d
{ f ( x )} dx
= x ⋅ sin − 1 x +
2 ∫ t 1/ 2
dx
d Let 1 − x2 = t
Let f ( x ) = u and { g ( x )} = v
dx 1
− 2x dx = dt ⇒ x dx = − dt
So that, g ( x ) = ∫ v dx 2
1 t 1/ 2
du = x sin − 1 x + ⋅ +C
∴ ∫ uv dx = u ⋅ ∫ v dx − ∫ dx ⋅ ∫ v dx ⋅ dx 2 1/2
I = x sin − 1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
Remarks
∫ sin
−1
While applying the above rule, care has to be taken in the ∴ x dx = x sin − 1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
selection of first function (u) and selection of second function ( v ).
Normally we use the following methods : (ii) I = ∫ loge | x | dx = ∫ loge | x | ⋅ 1 dx
I II
1. If in the product of the two functions, one of the functions is
not directly integrable (e.g. Applying integration by parts, we get
log| x |, sin− 1 x, cos − 1 x, tan− 1 x, …, etc.) Then, we take it as the 1
first function and the remaining function is taken as the = log | x | ⋅ x − ∫ ⋅ x dx
x
second function. i.e. In the integration of ∫ x tan− 1 x dx,
tan− 1 x is taken as the first function and x as the second
= x log | x | − ∫ 1 dx
function. I = x log | x | − x + C
2. If there is no other function, then unity is taken as the second
function. e.g. In the integration of ∫ tan− 1 x dx, tan− 1 x is taken y Example 33 Evaluate
as first function and 1 as the second function. (i) ∫ x cos x dx (ii) ∫x
2
cos x dx
3. If both of the function are directly integrable, then the first
function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the
function thus obtained under integral sign is easily integrable.
Sol. (i) ∫ x cos x dx , I = ∫ x cos x dx
I II
22 Textbook of Integral Calculus
= x 2 ⋅ sin x − 2 ∫ x ⋅ sin x dx II I
= f ( x ) ⋅ e − ∫ f ′ ( x ) ⋅ e x dx + ∫ e x ⋅ f ′( x ) dx + C
I II x
dx
= x sin x − 2 x ( ∫ sin x dx ) − ∫ ( ∫ sin x dx ) dx
2
dx = f (x ) ⋅ e x + C
= x 2 sin x − 2 { − x cos x − ∫ 1 ⋅ ( − cos x ) dx } Thus, to evaluate the integrals of the type
∫e { f ( x ) + f ′ ( x ) } dx ,
x
I = x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C
2
sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x we first express the integral as the sum of two integrals
y Example 34 Evaluate ∫ sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x
dx.
∫ e f ( x ) dx and ∫ e f ′ ( x ) dx and then integrate the
x x
sin − 1 x − cos − 1 x
integral involving e x f ( x ) as integral by parts taking e x
Sol. Let I = ∫ sin − 1 x + cos − 1 x
dx as second function.
∫ sin x dx = ∫ θ ⋅ sin 2θ dθ
−1
∴ Using, ∫ e g(x)
⋅ g ′ ( x ) dx = e g(x)
, we get
I II
Applying integration by parts = f ( x ) ⋅ e g ( x ) − ∫ f ′( x ) ⋅ e g ( x ) dx + ∫ e g ( x ) ⋅ f ′( x ) dx
cos 2θ 1
∫ sin xdx = − θ ⋅ 2 + ∫ 2 cos 2θ d θ
−1
= f (x ) ⋅ e g (x ) + C
−θ 1 x 2 cos 2 x − ( x sin x + cos x )
= ⋅ cos 2θ + sin 2θ
2 4 e.g. = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) dx
x2
− 1⋅θ 1
= ⋅ (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) + ⋅ sin θ ⋅ 1 − sin 2 θ
2 x sin x + cos x
∫e
2 2 ( x sin x + cos x )
⇒ cos x − dx
x2
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 23
1 b e ax e ax
I = ∫ e x ⋅ tan x dx + ∫ e x (sec 2 x ) dx = sin bx ⋅ e ax − cos bx ⋅ − ∫ ( − b sin bx ) ⋅ dx
II
a a a a
I
I = tan x ⋅ e − ∫ sec 2 x ⋅ e x dx + ∫ e x ⋅ sec 2 x dx + C
x 1 b b2
=sin bx ⋅ e ax − 2 cos bx ⋅ e ax − 2 ∫ sin bx ⋅ e ax dx
a a a
I = e x tan x + C
1 b b2
1 + sin 2x I = sin bx ⋅ e ax − 2 cos bx ⋅ e ax − 2 I
(ii) I = ∫ e 2 x dx a a a
1 + cos 2x
b2 1 ⋅ e ax
1 + 2 sin x cos x ∴ I+ I= ⋅ (a sin bx − b cos bx )
= ∫e 2x
dx a2 a2
2 cos 2 x
a 2 + b 2 e ax
1 2 sin x cos x ⇒ I = (a sin bx − b cos bx )
= ∫e 2x
2
+ dx a2 a2
2 cos x 2 cos 2 x
1 e ax
= ∫ e 2 x sec 2 x + tan x dx or I= (a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
2 a2 + b2
1
= ∫ e 2 x ⋅ tan x dx + ∫ e 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x dx e ax
∫ e sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx ) + C
ax
2 Thus,
II I a2 + b2
e 2x e 2x 1 e ax
= tan x ⋅ − ∫ sec 2 x ⋅ dx + ∫ e 2 x ⋅ sec 2 x dx
2 2 2 Similarly, ∫ e ax cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx ) + C
a2 + b2
1 2x
I = e ⋅ tan x + C
2 Aliter Use Euler’s equation
2 Let P = ∫ e ax cos bx dx and Q = ∫ e ax sin bx dx
1− x
y Example 36 Evaluate ∫ e x dx .
1+ x
2
Hence, P + iQ = ∫ e ax ⋅ e ibx dx = ∫ e (a + ib ) x dx
2
x 1− x ( 1 − 2x + x 2 ) a − ib ax
Sol. I = ∫ e 1 + x 2 dx = ∫e 1
x
(1 + x 2 )2
dx P + iQ = e (a + ib ) x = 2 e (cos bx + i sin bx )
a + ib a + b2
24 Textbook of Integral Calculus
7. ∫ x tan−1 x dx 8. ∫ log2x dx
x
x 2 + 1{log ( x 2 + 1) − 2 log x }
24. ∫ cos x + sin 2x 2 dx
2
23. ∫ dx
x 4
(2 cos x − sin x )
x cos 2 x − sin x
25. ∫ e sin x dx
cos 2 x
Session 5
Integration Using Partial Fraction
This section deals with the integration of general algebraic From now on, we consider only proper rational functions.
f (x ) f (x ) r(x )
rational functions, of the form , where f ( x ) and g( x ) If is not proper, we make it proper by the
g( x ) g( x ) g( x )
are both polynomials. We already have seen some procedure described in (1) above. Let us consider a few
examples of this form. For example, we know how to examples.
1 L( x ) P(x )
integrate functions of the form or or Let g( x ) be a product of non-repeated, linear factors :
Q(x ) Q(x ) Q(x ) g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )K Ln ( x )
where L( x ) is a linear factor, Q ( x ) is a quadratic factor and f (x )
P ( x ) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 2. We intend to Then, we can expand in terms of partial fractions as
g( x )
generalise that previous discussion in this section.
f (x ) A1 A2 An
We are assuming the scanario where g( x ) (the = + +K +
denominator) is decomposible into linear or quadratic g ( x ) L1 ( x ) L2 ( x ) Ln ( x )
factors. These are the only cases relevant to us right now. where the Ai′s are all constants that need to be determined.
Any linear or quadratic factor in g( x ) might also occur Suppose f ( x ) = x + 1 and g( x ) = ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ). Let
repeatedly. f (x )
Thus, g( x ) could be of the following general forms. us write down the partial fraction expansion of :
g( x )
l g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )K Ln ( x ) (n linear factors) f (x ) x +1 A B C
n linear factors; the rth = = + +
l g( x ) = L1 ( x )K Lkr ( x )... Ln ( x ) g( x ) ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3
factor is repeated k times
We need to determine A, B and C. Cross multiplying in the
n linear factors, the ith expression above, we obtain :
l g( x ) = Lk11 ( x ) Lk22 ( x )... Lknn (x )
factor is repeated k i times ( x + 1) = A ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 ) + B( x − 1) ( x − 3 )
l g( x ) = L1 ( x ) L2 ( x )... Ln ( x )Q ( x )Q 2 ( x )... Q m ( x ) + C ( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
n linear factors and A, B, C can now be determined by comparing coefficients
m quadratic factors on both sides. More simply since this relation that we
have obtained should held true for all x ,we substitute
a particular quadratic factor
l g( x ) =K Q rk ( x )... those values of x that would straight way give us the
repeats more than once required values of A, B and C. These values are obviously
l A combination of any of the above the roots of g( x ).
Suppose that the degree of g( x ) is n and that of f ( x ) is m. x =1 ⇒ 2 = A ( −1) ( −2 ) + B(0 ) + C (0 )
If m ≥ n,we can always divide f ( x ) by g( x ) to obtain a ⇒ A =1
quotient q( x ) and a remainder r ( x ) whose degree would x =2 ⇒ 3 = A (0 ) + B (1) ( − 1) + C (0 )
be less than n. ⇒ B = −3
f (x ) r(x ) x =3 ⇒ 4 = A (0 ) + B (0 ) + C (2 ) (1)
= q( x ) + …(i)
g( x ) g( x ) ⇒ C =2
f (x )
If m < n, is termed a proper rational function. Thus, A = 1, B = − 3 and C = 2.
g( x )
f (x )
The partial fraction expansion technique says that a proper We can therefore write as a sum of partial fractions.
g( x )
rational function can be expressed as a sum of simpler
f (x ) 1 3 2
rational functions each possessing one of the factors of = − +
g( x ). The simpler rational functions are called partial g( x ) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3
fractions.
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 29
f (x ) Again, let x = − 1
Integrating is now a simple matter of integrating the
g( x ) ⇒ 2( − 1) + 1 = A ( − 1 − 2) + B(0)
partial fractions. This was our sole motive in writing such 1
∴ A= ⋅
an expansion, so that integration could be carried out 3
easily. In the example above : 2x + 1 1/3 5/3
∴ = +
f (x ) ( x + 1) ( x − 2) x + 1 x − 2
∫ g( x ) dx = ln ( x − 1) − 3 ln ( x − 2) + 2 ln ( x − 3) + C
1
Now, suppose that g( x ) contains all linear factors, but a y Example 48 Resolve into
( x − 1) ( x + 2) (2x + 3)
particular factor, say L1 ( x ), is repeated k times.
partial fractions.
Thus, g( x ) = Lk1 ( x ) L2 ( x ) K Ln ( x ) 1 A B C
Sol. Let = + + ,
f (x ) ( x − 1) ( x + 2) ( 2x + 3) x − 1 x + 2 2x + 3
can now be expanded into partial fractions as follows
g( x ) where A , B, C are constants.
f (x ) A1 A2 A3 A B2 B 1 = A ( x + 2)(2x + 3) + B( x − 1) (2x + 3) + C ( x − 1)( x + 2) …(i)
= + + +... k k + +...+ n
g ( x ) L 1 ( x ) L 21 ( x ) L 31 ( x ) L1 ( x ) L 2 ( x ) Ln ( x ) For finding A, let x − 1 = 0 or x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
14444442444444 3
k partial fractions corresponding to L1 (x )
1 = A ( 1 + 2) ( 2 + 3) + B ( 0) + C ( 0)
This means that we will havek terms corresponding to L1 ( x ). 1
The rest of the linear factors will have single corresponding ∴ A=
15
terms in the expansion. Here are some examples.
Similarly, for getting B, let x + 2 = 0 or x = − 2 in Eq. (i), we
1
⇒ get
( x − 1) ( x − 2 )
2
1 = A ( 0) + B ( − 2 − 1) ( − 4 + 3) + C ( 0)
A B C 1
can be expanded as + + ⇒ B=
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 x −2 3
(1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) (1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) =4 2
x ) ⋅ e tan x
dx
or − 1 = A (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) + B(1 − t ) (1 − 2t ) + C (1 − t ) (1 + t )
Put tan 2 x = t
...(ii)
Putting (t + 1) = 0 or t = − 1, we get
1 ⇒ 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2 x dx = dt
− 1 = B ( 2) ( 1 + 2) ⇒ B = −
6 (1 − t ) e t dt (1 − t ) e t
Putting (1 − t ) = 0 or t = 1, we get
1
⇒ I =4 ∫ (1 + t )3 2 ∫ (1 + t )3 dt
⋅ = 2
− 1 = A ( 2) ( − 1) ⇒ A =
2 2e t − (1 + t ) e t
Putting (1 − 2t ) = 0 or t = 1 / 2, we get = 2 ∫ dt
(1 + t )3
1 1 4
− 1 = C 1 − 1 + ⇒ C = − 2 1
2 2 3 = 2 ∫ et − dt
−1 1 1 4 (1 + t ) 3
(1 + t )2
∴ = − −
(1 − t ) (1 + t ) (1 − 2t ) 2 (1 − t ) 6 (1 + t ) 3 (1 − 2t ) 1
= −2 et + C
So, Eq. (i) reduces to (1 + t )2
1 1 1 1 4 1 [ using ∫ e x ( f ( x )) + f ′ ( x ))dx = e x . f ( x ) + c ]
I = ∫ dt − ∫ dt − ∫ dt
2 1−t 6 1+t 3 1 − 2t 2
2e tan x
1 1 4 1
= − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t | − × − log | 1 − 2t | + C =− +C
2 6 3 2 (1 + tan 2 x )2
1 1 2
= − log | 1 − cos x | − log | 1 + cos x | + log
2
I = − 2 cos 4 x ⋅ e tan x
+C
2 6 3
| 1 − 2 cos x | + C
1 + x cos x
(1 − x sin x ) dx
y Example 59 Solve ∫ x (1 − x 2e 2 sin x ) dx.
y Example 57 Evaluate ∫ x (1 − x 3e 3 cos x ) ⋅
1 + x cos x
(1 − x sin x ) dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ x (1 − x 2e 2 sin x ) dx
Sol. Here, I = ∫ x (1 − ( xe cos x )3 )
Put ( x e sin x ) = t
Put xe cos x
=t
Differentiating both the sides, we get
⇒ ( xe cos x ⋅ ( − sin x ) + e cos x ) dx = dt
( x e sin x ⋅ cos x + e sin x ) dx = dt
dt dt
∴ I =∫ =∫
t (1 − t 3 ) t (1 − t ) (1 + t + t 2 ) ⇒ e sin x ( x cos x + 1) dx = dt
A Ct + D dt
= ∫ +
B
+ dt
⇒ I = ∫ t (1 − t 2 )
t 1 − t 1 + t + t2
dt
Comparing coefficients, we get
1 2 1
= ∫ t (1 − t ) (1 + t ) [using partial fraction]
A = 1, B = , C = − , D = −
3 3 3 1 1 1
2 1 = ∫ + − dt
− t − t 2 (1 − t ) 2 (1 + t )
dt 1 dt 3 3
∴ I =∫ + ∫ +∫ dt 1 1
t 3 1−t 1 + t + t2 = log | t | − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t | + C
2 2
1 1
= log | t | − log | 1 − t | − log | 1 + t + t 2 | 1
3 3 = log | x e sin x | − log | 1 − x 2e 2 sin x | + C
[where, t = xe cos x ] 2
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 33
y Example 60 Evaluate; dx
= ∫ x {1 + log e x } {2 + log e x } {3 + log e x }
1
∫ x {log e .log e .log e } dx
ex e 2x e 3x
1
Put loge x = t ⇒ dx = dt
Sol. We have, x
dt 1 1 1 1
1
I = ∫ {log e ex . log e e x .loge e 3 x } dx I = ∫ (1 + t )(2 + t )(3 + t ) = ∫ 2 . (1 + t ) − (2 + t ) + (3 + t ) dt
2
x
1 1 1 1 [using partial fraction]
=∫ . . 3
dx
x log e ex e 2
x
log e e x 1
log e = log |1 + t | − log |2 + t | + log |3 + t | + C .
2
dx
=∫ 1
e x e2 2 3
x {log e + log e } {log e + log e x } {log e e + log x 2 } = log |1 + log e x | − log |2 + log e x | + log |3 + log e x | + C .
2
x2
1. ∫ dx 2. ∫ dx 3
(x − 1) ( x − 2) ( x −3) 1+ x
3. ∫ dx
4. ∫ 2 2x 2
x ( x n + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)
cos x dx
5. ∫ dx 6. ∫ dx
(1 + sin x ) (2 + sin x ) sin x (3 + 2 cos x )
tan x + tan3 x
7. ∫ sec x dx 8. ∫ dx
1 + cosec x 1 + tan3 x
dx tan−1
9. ∫ 10. ∫ . dx
x | 6 (log x ) + 7 log x + 2 |
2
x2
Session 6
Indirect and Derived Substitutions
Indirect and Derived Substitutions =−
2 2 1
log | 1 + y | + C = log + C
5 5 1 +y
(i) Indirect Substitution 2 x 5/2
= log 5 / 2 + C …(i)
If the integral is of the form f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ), where g ( x ) is a 5 x + 1
function of the integral of f ( x ), then put integral of
xk
f (x ) = t. where, I = a log +C (given) …(ii)
1 + xk
d ( x 2 + 1) ∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
y Example 61 The value of ∫ x2 +2
, is
xk 2 x 5/2
a log + C = log +C
1 + xk 5 1 + x 5/2
(a) 2 x 2 + 2 + C (b) x 2 + 2 + C
⇒ a = 2 / 5 and k = 5 / 2
(c) x x 2 + 2 + C (d) None of these
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
d ( x 2 + 1)
Sol. Here, I = ∫ 5x 4 + 4 x 5
x2 + 2 y Example 63 Evaluate ∫ ( x 5 + x + 1)2 dx .
We know, d ( x 2 + 1) = 2x dx
5x 4 + 4 x 5 x 4 (5 + 4 x )
∴ I = ∫
2x dx Sol. Here, I = ∫ ( x 5 + x + 1) 2 dx = ∫ 2
dx
x2 + 2 1 1
1 + 4 + 5
10
x
x x
Put, x2 + 2 = t2
5/ x6 + 4 / x5
∴ 2x dx = 2t dt ⇒ I = ∫
2t dt
= 2t + C = ∫ 2
dx
t 1 1
1 + 4 + 5
x x
⇒ I = 2 x2 + 2 + C
1 1
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Put 1+ 4 + 5 =t
x x
( x )5 xk 4 5
y Example 62 If ∫ ( x )7 + x 6 dx = a log 1 + x k + c ,
⇒ − 5 − 6 dx = dt
x x
dt 1 1
then a and k are I = ∫− 2 = +C = +C
t t 1 1
(a) 2 / 5, 5 / 2 (b) 1 / 5, 2 / 5 1+ 4 + 5
x x
(c) 5 / 2, 1 / 2 (d) 2 / 5, 1 / 2
x5
( x )5 dx = 5 +C
Sol. Here, I = ∫(
x) + x 7 6
dx = ∫( x ) + ( x )7
2
x + x +1
=∫
dx
,
y Example 64 For any natural number m, evaluate
7/2 1
∫ (x + x 2m + x m ) (2x 2m + 3x m + 6)1/m dx , x > 0
3m
x 1 +
x 5/2 [IIT JEE 2002]
1 5
Put 5 / 2 = y ⇒ − 7 / 2 dx = dy Sol. Here, I = ∫ ( x 3m
+x 2m
+ x ) ( 2x
m 2m
+ 3x m
+ 6)1/m dx
x 2x
(2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6x m )1/m
I =− ∫
2 dy = ∫ ( x 3m + x 2m + x m ) dx
5 1+y x
= ∫ ( x 3m −1+ x 2m − 1+ x m − 1 ) (2x 3m + 3x 2m + 6x m )1/m dx ...(i)
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 35
1 px p + 2q − 1 − qx q − 1 px p − 1 − qx − q − 1
(a) ln (1 + 1 + x 2 ) + C (b) 2 1 + 1 + x 2 + C ∫ ( x p + q + 1) 2
dx = ∫ ( x p + x −q ) 2
dx
2
(c) 2 (1 + 1 + x 2 ) + C (d) None of these Taking x q as x 2q common from denominator and take it in
numerator.
x dx
Sol. ∫ Put x p + x −q = t ⇒ ( px p − 1 − qx −q − 1 ) dx = dt
(1 + x ) 1 + 1 + x 2
2
dt 1 xq
2x
∴ I = ∫ t2 =−
t
+ C = − p +q
x
+C
+ 1
Put 1 + 1 + x2 = t2 ⇒ dx = 2t dt
2 1 + x2 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
∴
x dx
= 2t dt x 2 (1 − ln x )
1+ x 2 y Example 68 ∫ ln 4 x − x 4
dx is equal to
2t dt 1 x 1
∴
t
I = ∫
= 2t + C = 2 1 + 1 + x 2 + C (a) ln − ln (ln 2 x − x 2 ) + C
2 ln x 4
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
1 ln x − x 1 −1 ln x
(b) ln − tan + C
(2x + 1) 4 ln x + x 2 x
y Example 66 ∫ ( x 2 + 4 x + 1)3/ 2 dx 1 ln x + x 1 −1 ln x
(c) ln + tan + C
x 3
x 4 ln x − x 2 x
(a) +C (b) +C
(x + 4 x + 1)
2 1/ 2
(x + 4 x + 1)1 / 2
2
1 ln x − x −1 ln x
(d) ln + tan + C
x 2
1 4 ln x + x x
(c) +C (d) +C
(x 2 + 4 x + 1)1 / 2 (x 2 + 4 x + 1)1 / 2 x 2 (1 − ln x )
2x + 1 2x + 1
Sol. Here, I = ∫ ln x 4 x − x 4
Sol. ∫ ( x 2 + 4 x + 1)3 / 2 dx = ∫ 3/2
dx
4 1 x 2 (1 − ln x ) 1 − ln x
x 1 + + 2
3
x x
I = ∫ 4
dx = ∫ ln x 4
dx
4 ln x
− 1 x − 1
2
2x −2 + x −3 x
= 3/2 ∫
dx x x
4 1
1 + + 2 ln x 1 − ln x
x x Put =t ⇒ = dt
x x2
1 4 2 4
Now, put 2 + + 1 = t 2 ⇒ − 3 − 2 dx = 2t dt dt dt
x x x x I = ∫ ( t 4 − 1) = ∫ ( t 2 + 1) ( t 2 − 1)
−t dt 1
∴ I = ∫ 3 = +C
t t 1 ( t 2 + 1) − ( t 2 − 1)
2 ∫ ( t 2 + 1) ( t 2 − 1)
= dt
x
= +C
x 2 + 4x + 1
1 dt dt 1 1 t − 1
2 ∫ t 2 − 1 ∫ t 2 + 1 2 2 t + 1
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. I = − = ln − tan −1 t
36 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1 ln x − x 1 −1 ln x xn − 1
∫ x g ( x ) dx = ∫ (1 + nx n )1/n dx
n−2
= ln − tan +C ∴
4 ln x + x 2 x
1
= ∫n ⋅ x n − 1 ⋅ (1 + nx n )−1/n dx
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. 2
n2
x2 −1
∫ x3
1
y Example 69 1−
dx is equal to 1 (1 + nx n ) n
2x − 2x + 1
4 2
= 2⋅
1
+C
[IIT JEE 2006] n 1−
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 n
(a) +C (b) +C 1−
1
x2 x3 (1 + nx n ) n
= +C
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 n ( n − 1)
(c) +C (d) +C
x 2x 2 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
x2 − 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ x3 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
dx
Derived Substitutions
x −1
2
dx Some times it is useful to write the integral as a sum of
= ∫ x5
⋅
2 1 two related integrals which can be evaluated by making
2− + suitable substitutions.
x2 x4
4 4 Examples of such integrals are
−
1 3
x5 1 2 1
=
4 ∫ x
2 1
dx =
4
⋅2 2 − 2 + 4
x x
2− +
x2 x4
f ′( x )
Type I
Q ∫ dx = 2 f (x ) + C
f (x ) (a) Algebraic Twins
2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1 2x 2 x2 +1 x2 −1
= +C
2x 2
∫ x 4 +1 dx = ∫
x 4 +1
dx + ∫
x 4 +1
dx
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
2 x2 +1 x2 −1
y Example 70 Let f ( x ) =
x
for n ≥ 2 and ∫ x 4 +1 dx = ∫
x 4 +1
dx − ∫
x 4 +1
dx
(1 + x ) n 1/n
∫ x g ( x ) dx equals to 2x 2
n−2
g ( x ) = fofo K of ( x ) , then 2
14243 ∫ x 4 + 1 + kx 2 dx , ∫ ( x 4 + 1 + kx 2 ) dx
n times
[IIT JEE 2007]
1 1
(a)
1 1−
(1 + nx n ) n + C (b)
1 1−
(1 + nx n ) n + C (b) Trigonometric Twins
n (n − 1) n−1
1+
1
1+
1 ∫ tan x dx , ∫ cot x dx ,
1 1
(c) (1 + nx n ) n + C (d) (1 + nx n ) n + C 1 1
n(n + 1) n+1 ∫ (sin 4 x + cos 4 x ) dx , ∫ sin 6 x + cos 6 x dx ,
x
Sol. Q f (x ) = ± sin x ± cos x
(1 + x n )1/n ∫ a + b sin x cos x dx
y
∴ f ( f ( x )) = ,
(1 + x n )1/n Method of evaluating these integral are illustrated by
x x mean of the following examples :
Where, y= =
(1 + x ) n 1/n
(1 + 2x n )1/n
Similarly, f ( f ( f ( x ))) =
x Integral of the Form
(1 + 3x n )1/n 1 1
x
1. ∫f x + 1 − 2 dx
x x
and ( fofofo ... of ) ( x ) = g ( x ) =
1442443 (1 + nx n )1/n 1 1
n times Put x + = t ⇒ 1 − 2 dx = dt
x x
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 37
1 1 1 1 + x2 1 1 − x2
2. ∫ f x − 1 + 2 dx .
x x
⇒ I =
2 ∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx +
2 ∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx
1 1 1 1 + 1/ x2 1 1 − 1/ x2
Put x − = t ⇒ 1 + 2 dx = dt
= ∫ x 2 + 5 + 1 / x 2 dx − 2 ∫ x 2 + 5 + 1 / x 2 dx
x x 2
=
5 1 + x2
∫ dx +
1 − x2
∫ 1 + x 4 dx
y Example 73 Evaluate ∫ tan x dx .
2 1 + x4 Sol. Here I = ∫ tan x dx
5 x2 + 1 x2 − 1
= ∫ 4 dx − ∫ x 4 + 1 dx Put tan x = t 2
2 x +1 2t dt
⇒ sec 2 x dx = 2t dt ⇒ dx =
1 + t4
Remark
2t 2t 2
Here, dividing Numerator and Denominator by x 2 and ∴ I = ∫t ⋅ dt = ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
converting Denominator into perfect square so as to get 1+t 4
differential in Numerator
t +1
2
t2 − 1
5 1 + 1/ x2 1 − 1/ x2
= ∫ t4 + 1 dt + ∫ t 4 + 1 dt
2 ∫ x 2 + 1 / x 2 ∫ x 2 + 1 / x 2 dx
i.e. I = dx −
1 + 1/t2 1 − 1/t2
5 1 + 1/ x2 1 − 1/ x2
= ∫ t 2 + 1 / t 2 dt + ∫ t 2 + 1 / t 2 dt
= ∫ dx − ∫ dx
2 (x − 1 / x ) + 2
2
( x + 1 / x )2 − 2 1 + 1/t2 1 − 1/t2
= ∫ (t − 1 / t )2 + 2 dt + ∫ (t + 1 / t )2 − 2 dt
5 dt du
2 ∫ t 2 + ( 2 ) 2 ∫ u 2 − ( 2 ) 2
= − , ds dr 1 1
I = ∫ s 2+ ( 2) 2
+ ∫ r 2− ( , s = t − and r = t +
2
2) t t
1 1
[where t = x −and u = x + ]
x x 1 s 1 r − 2
= tan − 1 + log + C
51 t 1 u − 2 2 2 2 2 r + 2
= tan − 1 − log + C
2 2 2 2 2 u + 2 1
1 − 1 t − 1 / t 1 t + − 2
= + log t + C
x + 1 − 2 tan
2 2 2 t + 1 + 2
51 − + C
log
x 1 / x 1
∴ I = tan −1 − x
t
2 2 2 2 2 1
x+ + 2 [(where t = tan x )]
x
4
y Example 72 Evaluate
1
∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx. y Example 74 Evaluate ∫ sin 4 x + cos 4 x dx.
dx
Sol. Let I =
1 2
∫ x 4 + 5x 2 + 1 dx Sol. Let I =4 ∫ sin 4 x + cos 4 x
2
38 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x 2x
+ 1) (ln x + 1) x 7 / 6 ( x − 7 / 6 − x 5 / 6 ) dx
∫ x 7 / 6 ⋅ x 1/ 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 − x 1/ 2 ⋅ x 7 / 6 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
x (x Sol. I =
Sol. I = ∫ x 4x + 1
dx
Put x x = y ⇒ x x (ln x + 1) dx = dy (1 − x 2 ) dx
= ∫ x 3 / 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 2 − x 5 / 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)1/ 3
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 39
t2 + 1 1 + 1/t2
Integration of Some Special = 2∫ dt = 2 ∫ dt
t4 + t2 + 1 t2 + 1 + 1/t2
Irrational Algebraic Functions 1 + 1/t2 du
In this case we shall discuss four integrals of the form =2∫ dt = 2 ∫
(t − 1 / t ) + ( 3 )
2 2
u + ( 3 )2
2
φ (x )
∫ P Q dx , where P and Q are polynomial functions of x 1
where u = t − t
and φ ( x ) is polynomial in x . =
2 u
tan − 1 + C
φ (x ) 3 3
(a) Integrals of the Form ∫ dx, where P and Q
P Q 2 t 2 − 1
are both linear of x ∴ I = tan −1 +C
3 3t
To evaluate this type of integrals we put Q = t 2 , i.e. to
2 x
1 = tan −1 +C
evaluate integrals of the form ∫ dx , put 3 3 ( x + 1)
(ax + b ) cx + d
cx + d = t 2 .
40 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1 dx 1 2z dz dz
2 ∫ ( z 2 + 1 + 1) z 2
(c) Integral of the Form ∫ ⋅ , ∴ I =− =−∫ 2
(ax + b ) px + qx + r
2 ( z + 2)
dx
where in ∫ P is linear and Q is a quadratic put, 1 z
P Q I =− tan − 1 + C
1 2 2
ax + b = ⋅
t 1 u − 1
dx I =− tan − 1 +C
y Example 82 Evaluate ∫ ( x − 1) x2 + x +1
⋅ 2 2
1 t 2 − 1
=− tan − 1 +C
dx 2
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x − 1) x2 + x + 1
2
1 1 − x2
1 1 =− tan − 1 +C
Put x − 1 = ⇒ dx = − 2 dt 2 2x
t t
− 1 / t 2 dt Aliter Put x = cos θ, dx = − sin θ dθ
∴ I =∫
2 sin θ dθ dθ
1
1 / t + 1 + + 1 + 1
1 ∴ I =−∫ =−∫
t t (1 + cos 2 θ ) sin θ 1 + cos 2 θ
dt 1 dt sec 2 θ dθ sec 2 θ dθ
=−∫ =− ∫ =− ∫ sec 2 θ + 1 =− ∫ tan 2 θ + 2
3t + 3t + 1
2 3 1
2
1
t + +
2 12 Put tan θ = t . ⇒ sec 2 θ dθ = dt
1 dt 1 t
=− log | (t + 1 / 2) + (t + 1 / 2)2 + 1 / 12 | + C
3
∴ I =− ∫ t2 + 2 = − 2
tan − 1 + C
2
1 1
2
12 + + 1 1 tan θ
1 1 1 x − 1 2 =− tan − 1 +C
=− log + + + C 2 2
3 x − 1 2 12 where, cos θ = x
1 − x2
=−
1
tan − 1 +C sin θ = 1 − x 2
dx 2x
(d) Integrals of the Form ∫ , where P and Q both
2
1 − x2
P Q
∴ tan θ =
are pure quadratic expression in x , i.e.P = ax 2 + b x
dx
and Q = cx 2 + d , i. e. ∫ ⋅ y Example 84 Evaluate
(ax 2 + b ) cx 2 + d
( x − 1) x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 + 2x + 1
To evaluate this type of integrals of the form we put x =
1 I= ∫ x 2 ( x + 1)
dx .
t
dx ( x 2 − 1) x 4 + 2x 3 − x 2 + 2x + 1
y Example 83 Evaluate ∫ . Sol. Here, I = ∫ dx
(1 + x 2 ) 1 − x 2 x 2 ( x + 1) 2
dx 1 2 1
Sol. Let I = ∫ (1 + x 2 ) 1 − 2 x 2 x 2 + 2x − 1 + + 2
x x x
1 − x2 = ∫ x 2 ( x 2 + 2x + 1)
dx
1 1
Put x = , so that dx = − 2 dt
t t x2
− 1 / t 2 dt 1 2 1 1
∴ I =∫ =−∫
t dt 1 − 2 x + 2 + 2 x + − 1
x x x
(1 + 1 / t ) 1 − 1 / t ( t + 1) t 2 − 1
∫
2 2 2
= dx
1
Again, t = u ⇒ 2t dt = du .
2
x + + 2
x
1 du dx 1 1
=− ∫
2 ( u + 1) u − 1
which reduces to the form ∫P Q
Put x +
x
= t , i.e. 1 − 2 dx = dt
x
where both P and Q are linear so that we put u − 1 = z 2 so (t 2 − 2) + 2t − 1 t 2 + 2t − 3
that du = 2z dz = ∫ ( t + 2)
dt = ∫ ( t + 2)
dt
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 41
t 2 + 2t − 3 t 2 dt dt
= ∫ ( t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
dt =− ∫ 1+t 2
= ∫ 1 + t2
− ∫ 1 + t 2 dt
t ( t + 2) dt t 1
= ∫ ( t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
dt − 3∫
(t + 2) t + 2t − 3
2
= log | t + 1 + t 2 | −
2
1 + t 2 − log | t + 1 + t 2 | + C
2
1 t
I = I 1 − 3I 2 …(i) = log | t + 1 + t 2 | − 1 + t2 + C
t dt dt 2 2
Where, I 1 = ∫ and I 2 = ∫
1 + x 2 − 6x + 10 x 2 − 6x + 10
t 2 + 2t − 3 (t + 2) t 2 + 2t − 3 1
= log − +C
t dt 2 | x − 3| | x − 3 |2
∴ I1 = ∫ ( t + 1) 2 − 4
ax 2 + bx + c
(z − 1) dz (f) Integrals of the Form ∫ dx
Put, t + 1 = z = ∫ z −2
2 2 (dx + e ) fx 2 + gx + h
Here, we write
zdz dz ax 2 + bx + c = A1 (dx + e ) (2 fx + g ) + B 1 (dx + e ) + C 1
= ∫ z 2 − 22
− ∫ z 2 − 22
Where A1 , B 1 and C 1 are constants which can be obtained
= z 2 − 22 − log | z + z 2 − 4 | by comparing the coefficients of like terms on both the
= t 2 + 2t − 3 − log | (t + 1) + t 2 + 2t + 3 | …(ii) sides.
2x 2 + 5 x + 9
∫ ( x + 1)
dy
Also, I 2 = ∫ y Example 86 Evaluate dx .
x2 + x +1
2
1 1 1
y ⋅2
− 2 + 2 − 2 − 3
y y y Sol. Let 2x 2 + 5x + 9 = A ( x + 1) (2x + 1) + B ( x + 1) + C
1 dy 1 dy
Put t + 2 =
y
= ∫ 1 − 2y − 3y 2
=
3 ∫ 2 2
or 2x 2 + 5x + 9 = x 2 (2A ) + x (3A + B ) + ( A + B + C )
2 1 ⇒ A = 1, B = 2, C = 6
− y +
3 3 2x 2 + 5x + 9
1 Thus, ∫ dx
y + ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
=
1 −1
sin 3 = 1 sin − 1 5 + t
…(iii)
( x + 1) ( 2x + 1) x +1
2 2 + t
3
3
3 = ∫ ( x + 1) x + x +1
2
dx + 2 ∫
( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
dx
∴ I = t 2 + 2t − 3 − log (t + 1 + t 2 + 2t − 3 ) dx
+ 6∫
t + 5 ( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
− 3 sin − 1
t + 2 2x + 1 dx dx
where, t = x +
1
x
= ∫x + x +12
dx + 2∫
x + x +1 2
+ 6∫
( x + 1) x 2 + x + 1
du dx − dt
dx =∫ +2∫ +6∫
(e) Integrals of the Form∫ , u ( x + 1 / 2) + ( 3 / 4 )
2
t −t +1
2
(x − k ) r
ax 2 + bx + c
where r ≥ 2 and r ∈ I [where u = x 2 + x + 1 and = x + 1]
1
1 t
Here, we substitute, x − k =
t = 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 ⋅ 1 log | ( x + 1 / 2) + x 2 + x + 1 |
dt
dx −6 ∫
y Example 85 Evaluate ∫ ( x − 3) 3 x 2 − 6 x + 10
⋅ ( t − 1 / 2) 2 + 3 / 4
1
= 2 x 2 + x + 1 + 2 log x + + x 2 + x + 1
1 1 2
Sol. Substitute ( x − 3) = ⇒ dx = − 2 dt 1
t t −6 logt − + t 2 − t + 1 + C
dx 2
We get, ∫ ( x − 3) 3 x 2 − 6x + 10
1
= 2 x + x + 1 + 2 log x + + x + x + 1 − 6 log
2 2
2
− 1 / t 2 dt
= ∫ 1/t3 (1 / t + 3)2 − 6 (1 / t + 3) + 10
1− x + x2 + x + 1
+ C
2 ( x + 1)
42 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dx
Type III y Example 89 Evaluate ∫ 2 sin x + sec x ⋅
Integration of Type ∫ (sinm x ⋅ cos n x ) dx Sol. Let I =
dx cos x dx 1 2 cos x dx
∫ 2 sin x + sec x = ∫ sin 2x + 1 = 2 ∫ 1 + sin 2x
(i) Where m, n belongs to natural number. 1 (cos x + sin x ) + (cos x − sin x )
2 ∫ (sin 2 + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x )
= dx
(ii) If one of them is odd, then substitute for term of even
power. 1 cos x + sin x 1 (cos x − sin x )
2 ∫ (sin x + cos x )2
= dx + ∫ dx
(iii) If both are odd, substitute either of them. 2 (sin x + cos x )2
(iv) If both are even, use trigonometric identities only. 1 dx 1 dv
2 ∫ sin x + cos x 2 ∫ v 2
= + , where, v = sin x + cos x
m + n − 2
(v) If m and n are rational numbers and is a
1 dx 1
2 2 ∫ 1 sin x + 1 cos x 2v
2 = − +C
negative integer, then substitute cot x = p or tan x = p
which so ever is found suitable. 2 2
1 dx 1
2 2 ∫
= − +C
y Example 87 Evaluate ∫ sin 3 x ⋅cos 5 x dx . π 2 (sin x + cos x )
sin x +
4
Sol. I = ∫ sin 3 x ⋅ cos 5 x dx
1 π π 1
= log| cosec x + − cot x + | − +C
Let cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt 2 2 4 4 2 (sin x + cos x )
I = − ∫ (1 − t 2 ) ⋅ t 5dt
t8 t6
I = ∫ t 7 dt − ∫ t 5 dt = − +C
8 6 Type IV
cos 8 x cos 6 x
I = − +C
8 6 Integrals of the Form∫ x m( a + bx n )P dx
Aliter I = ∫ R 3 (1 − R 2 )2 dR,
Case I If P ∈ N . We expand using binomial and integrate.
if sin x = R, cos x dx = dR −
Case II If P ∈ I (ie, negative integer), write x = t k ,
I = ∫ R 3 dR − ∫ 2R 5 dR + ∫ R 7dR
where k is the LCM of m and n.
I =
sin 4 x 2 sin 6 x
− +
sin 8 x
+C
m +1
Case III If is an integer and P ↔ fraction, put
4 6 8 n
Remark (a + b x n ) = t k , where k is denominator of the fraction P.
This problem can also be handled by successive reduction or by
m + 1
trigonometrical identities. Answers will be in different form but Case IV If + P is an integer and P ∈fraction.
identical with modified constant of integration. n
y Example 88 Evaluate ∫ sin − 11/ 3 x ⋅cos − 1/ 3 x dx . We put (a + b x n ) = t k x n , where k is denominator of the
11 1 fraction P.
− − −2
Sol. Here, ∫ sin − 11/ 3
x ⋅ cos − 1/ 3
x dx i.e. 3 3 = −3 y Example 90 Evaluate ∫ x 1/ 3 (2 + x 1/ 2 ) 2 dx .
2
− 1/ 3
cos x
∫ sin − 1/ 3 x ⋅ sin 4 x dx = ∫ (cot
− 1/ 3
∴ I = x ) (cosec 2 x )2 dx Sol. I = ∫ x 1/ 3 (2 + x 1/ 2 )2 dx
Since, P is natural number.
I = ∫ (cot − 1/ 3 x ) (1 + cot 2 x ) cosec 2 x dx
∴ I = ∫ x 1/ 3 ( 4 + x + 4 x 1/ 2 ) dx
= − ∫ t − 1/ 3 (1 + t 2 ) dt = − ∫ (t − 1/ 3 + t 5 / 3 ) dt
= ∫ ( 4 x 1/ 3 + x 4 / 3 + 4 x 5 / 6 ) dx
[Put cot x = t , ⇒ − cosec 2 x dx = dt ]
4 x 4 / 3 x 7 / 3 4 x 11/ 6
3 3 = + + +C
= − t 2/3 + t 8/3 + C 4 /3 7 /3 11 / 6
2 8
3 24 11/ 6
3 3 = 3x 4 / 3 + x 7 / 3 + x +C
= − (cot 2 / 3 x ) + (cot 8 / 3 x ) + C 7 11
2 8
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 43
y Example 91 Evaluate ∫ x − 2/ 3 (1 + x 2/ 3 ) − 1 dx . =
2 3 16 / 3 3 10 / 3
t − t +C
3 16 10
Sol. If we substitute x = t 3 (as we know P ∈ negative integer) 1 1
= (1 + x ) − (1 + x 3 )5 / 3 + C
3 8/3
∴ Let x = t k , where k is the LCM of m and n. 8 5
∴ x = t 3 ⇒ dx = 3t 2 dt
y Example 95 Evaluate ∫ x − 11 (1 + x 4 ) − 1/ 2 dx .
3t 2 dt
∫ t 2 (1 + t 2 ) dt = 3 ∫ t 2 + 1 = 3 tan
−1
or I = (t ) + C
m + 1 − 11 + 1 1
Sol. Here, + p = − = −3
n 4 2
⇒ I = 3 tan − 1 ( x 1/ 3 ) + C
If we substitute (1 + x ) = t x ,
4 2 4
∫x
− 2/ 3
y Example 92 Evaluate (1 + x 1/ 3 )1/ 2 dx . then 1 +
1
= t 2 and
−4
dx = 2t dt
x4 x5
1
Sol. If we substitute 1 + x 1/ 3 = t 2 , then dx = 2t dt dx dx
3x 2 / 3 ∴ I = ∫ x 11 (1 + x 4 ) 1/ 2 = ∫ x 11 ⋅ x 2 (1 + 1 / x 4 )1/ 2
t ⋅ 6t dt
∴ I = ∫ = 6 ∫ t 2 dt = 2t 3 + C dx 1 2t dt
1 = ∫ x 13 (1 + 1 / x 4 )1/ 2 =−
4 ∫ x8 t
or I = 2 (1 + x 1/ 3 )3 / 2 + C
1 1
=− ∫ (t 2 − 1)2 dt = − ∫ (t 4 − 2t 2 + 1) dt
∫ x (1 + x 1/ 3 4
y Example 93 Evaluate ) dx . 2 2
1 t 5 2t 3
Sol. Here, m =
1
and n =
1 =− − + t + C
2 3 2 5 3
Put x = t 6 ⇒ dx = 6t 5 dt 1
Wheret = 1 +
x4
⇒ I = ∫ t 3 (1 + t 2 )4 6t 5 dt
1
⇒ I = 6 ∫t 8 (1 + 4t 2 + 6t 4 + 4t 6 + t 8 ) dt y Example 96 Evaluate ∫ 3 x + 4 x dx.
= 6 ∫ (t 8 + 4t 10 + 6t 12 + 4t 14 + t 16 ) dt 1
Sol. Let I = ∫3x +4x
dx
t 9 4t 11 6t 13 4t 15 t 17
=6 + + + + +C Put x 1/12 = t , ⇒ x = t 12 and dx = 12t 11 dt
9 11 13 15 17
1 t8
∴ I = ∫ t 4 + t 3 ⋅ 12 t dt = 12 ∫
11
dt
4 6 4 1 17 / 6 t +1
I = 6 x 2 / 3 + x 11/ 6 + x 13 / 6 + x 5 / 2 + x +C
11 13 15 17 Again put (t + 1) = y
( y − 1) 8
y Example 94 Evaluate ∫ x 5 (1 + x 3 ) 2/ 3 dx . ∴ dt = dy = 12 ∫ dy
y
2 (y 8 − 8y 7 + 28y 6 − 56y 5 + 70y 4 − 56y 3 + 28y 2 − 8y + 1)
∫x (1 + x 3 )2 / 3 dx have m = 5, n = 3 and p =
5
Sol. Here,
3 = 12 ∫ dy
y
m +1 6 [using binomial]
∴ = =2 [an integer]
n 3 = 12 ∫ (y − 8y + 28y − 56y + 70y − 56y + 28y − 8 + 1 /y )dy
7 6 5 4 3 2
= 12 8 7 6 5 4 +C
1
2
= ∫ ( t 2 − 1) ( t 2 ) 2 / 3
t dt 56y 3 28y 2
− + − 8y + log | y |
3 3 2
2 2
= ∫ (t 2 − 1) t 7 / 3dt = ∫ (t 13 / 3 − t 7 / 3 ) dt Where y = x 1/12 + 1
3 3
44 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dx dx
3. ∫ 4. ∫
(x + 1)1/ 3 + ( x + 1)1/ 2 (x + a )8 / 7 ( x − b )6 / 7
sec x . dx
5. ∫
sin ( x + 2A) + sin A
6. The value of ∫ [{x }] dx ; ( where [. ] and {.} denotes greatest integer and fractional part of x) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) − 1
1 2
7. If ∫ f ( x ) cos x dx = f ( x ) + C, then f ( x ) can be
2
(a) x (b) 1
(c) cos x (d) sin x
sin x + cos x
8. The value of, ∫ dx is
9 + 16 sin 2x
1 5 + 4 (sin x − cos x ) 5 + 4 (sin x − cos x )
(a) log +C (b) log +C
40 5 − 4 (sin x − cos x ) 5 − 4 (sin x − cos x )
1 5 + 4 (sin x + cos x )
(c) log +C (d) None of these
10 5 − 4 (sin x + cos x )
cos 7x − cos 8x
9. The value of ∫ dx , is
1 + 2 cos 5x
sin 2x cos 3x
(a) + +C (b) sin x − cos x + C
2 3
sin 2x cos 3x
(c) − +C (d) None of these
2 3
cos 5x + cos 4x
10. The value of ∫ dx , is
1 − 2 cos 3x
sin 2x
(a) sin x + sin 2x + C (b) sin x − +C
2
sin 2x
(c) − sin x − +C (d) None of these
2
Session 7
Euler’s Substitution, Reduction Formula
and Integration Using Diffrentiation
3
7 x − 10 − x 2 )3 3t
Integration Using
1 + t 2
Euler’s Substitutions − 6 5 + 2t 2
27 ∫ t 2
= dt
Integrals of the form ∫ f ( x ), ax + bx + c dx are
2
−2 5 −2 − 5
calculated with the aid of one of the three Euler’s = ∫
9 t
2 + 2 dt =
9 t + 2t + C
substitutions
x dx −2 − 5
(i) ax 2 + bx + c = t ± x a , if a > 0. ∴ ∫( 7 x − 10 − x ) 2 3
=
9
t
+ 2t + C ,
(ii) ax + bx + c = tx + c , if c > 0.
2
7 x − 10 − x 2
where, t =
(iii) ax 2 + bx + c = ( x − α ) t , if x −2
ax 2 + bx + c = a ( x − α ) ( x − β), i.e. If α is real root of dx
(ax 2 + bx + c ).
y Example 98 Evaluate ∫x+ x2 − x +1
⋅
Remark Sol. Since, here c = 1, we can apply the second Euler’s Substi-
The Euler’s substitutions often lead to rather cumbersome tution.
calculations, therefore they should be applied only when it is x 2 − x + 1 = tx − 1
difficult to find another method for calculating a given integral. 2t − 1
Therefore, (2t − 1) x = (t 2 − 1) x 2 ⇒ x =
x dx t2 − 1
y Example 97 Evaluate I = ∫ ⋅ 2 (t 2 − t + 1) dt t
∴ dx = − and x + x 2 − x + 1 =
( 7 x − 10 − x ) 2 3
( t 2 − 1) 2 t −1
Sol. In this case a < 0 and c < 0. Therefore, neither (I) nor (II) dx − 2t 2 + 2t − 2
Euler’s Substitution is applicable. But the quadratic
∴ I = ∫x + x − x +1
2
= ∫ t (t − 1) (t + 1)2 dt
7 x − 10 − x 2 has real roots α = 2, β = 5.
Using partial fractions, we have
∴ We use the substitution (III) − 2t 2 + 2t − 2 A B C D
= + + +
i.e. 7 x − 10 − x 2 = ( x − 2) (5 − x ) = ( x − 2) t t ( t − 1) ( t + 1) 2
t t − 1 ( t + 1 ) ( t + 1) 2
Where ( 5 − x ) = ( x − 2) t 2 or ( − 2t 2 + 2t − 2) = A (t − 1) (t + 1)2 + Bt (t + 1)2
or 5 + 2t 2 = x (1 + t 2 ) + C (t − 1) (t + 1) t + Dt
we get A = 2, B = − 1 / 2, C = − 3 / 2, D = − 3
5 + 2t 2
∴ x= dt 1 dt 3 dt dt
Hence, I = 2 ∫ − ∫
2 t − 1 2 ∫ ( t + 1)
1 + t2 − −3∫
t ( t + 1) 2
5 + 2t 2 3t
( x − 2) t = − 2 t = 1 3
= 2 loge | t | − loge | t − 1 | − loge | t + 1 | +
3
+C
1+t 2
1 + t2 2 2 ( t + 1)
− 6t
∴ dx = dt x 2 − x + 1 + 1
(1 + t 2 )2 where t =
x
46 Textbook of Integral Calculus
In = −
cot n − 1 x
− In −2 Reduction Formula for∫ cos m x sin nx dx
n −1
cot n − 1 x Let I m , n = ∫ cos m x sin nx dx
∫ cot x dx = − n − 1 − ∫ cot x dx
n −2
∴ n
I II
cos m x cos nx m
=− − ∫ cos m − 1 x sin x cos nx dx
Reduction Formula for ∫ sin m x cos n x dx m
n
cos x cos nx m
n
=− − ∫ cos m − 1 x
Let A = sinm − 1 x cos n + 1 x n n
dA {sin nx cos x − sin (n − 1) x } dx
∴ = (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n + 2 x − (n + 1) sinm x cos n x
dx [using sin (n − 1) x = sin nx cos x − cos nx sin x
= (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x (1 − sin2 x ) ⇒ sin x cos nx = sin nx cos x − sin (n − 1) x ]
− (n + 1) sinm x cos n x cos m x cos nx m
=− − ∫ cos m x sin nx dx
= (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x − (m − 1 + n + 1) n n
m
sinm x cos n x + ∫ cos m − 1 x sin (n − 1) x dx
dA n
⇒ = (m − 1) sinm − 2 x cos n x − (m + n ) sinm x cos n x cos m x cos nx m m
dx Im, n = − − I m , n + I m − 1, n − 1
n n n
Integrating with respect to x on both the sides, we get
m +n cos m x cos nx m
A = (m − 1) ∫ sinm − 2 x cos n x dx − (m + n ) ⇒ Im, n = − + I m − 1, n − 1
n n n
∫ sin
m
x cos n x dx cos m x cos nx m
or Im, n = − + I m − 1, n − 1
⇒ (m + n ) ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = (m − 1) m +n m +n
∫ sin
m −2
x cos n x dx − P
Remarks
(m − 1) Similarly, we can show
⇒ ∫ sin x cos x dx = ∫ sinm − 2 x cos n x dx
m n
(m + n ) cos m x sin nx m
1. ∫ cos m x cos nx dx = +
sinm − 1 x cos n + 1 x m+ n m+ n
− m−1
m +n ∫ cos x cos ( n − 1) x dx
m −1 n +1 m m−1
(m − 1) sin x cos x 2. ∫ sinm x sin nx dx =
n sin x cos nx
−
m sin x cos x cos nx
or Im, n = I m − 2, n − m2 − n2 m2 − n2
(m + n ) (m + n )
m ( m − 1) m− 2
+
m2 − n2 ∫ sin x sin nx dx
Remarks
n sinm x sin nx m sinm − 1 x cos x cos nx
Similarly, we can show 3. ∫ sinm x cos nx dx = −
sinm+ 1 x cos n + 1 x n−1 m −n2 2
m2 − n2
1. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = sinmx cos n − 2 x dx
m+ n ∫
+ m ( m − 1) m− 2
m+ n
m+ 1 n+1
+
m2 − n2 ∫ sin x cos nx dx
sin x cos x m+ n+ 2
2. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = +
m+1 m+1 dx
∫ sin
m+ 2
x cos n x dx
y Example 99 Evaluate I n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n ⋅
sinm + 1 x cos n + 1 x m+ n+ 2
3. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = + dx 1
n+ 1 n+ 1 Sol. Here, I n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n = ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n ⋅ 1 dx
n+
∫ sin x cos
m 2
x dx
Applying Integration by parts, we get
m−1 n+1
sin x cos x m−1 1 ( 2x )
4. ∫ sinm x cos n x dx = − + = 2 ⋅x − ∫ 2 ⋅ ( − n ) ⋅ ( x ) dx
n+ 1 n+ 1
m− 2
( x + a 2 )n ( x + a 2 )n + 1
∫ sin x cos n + 2
x dx
x x2
5. ∫ sin x cos x dx =
m n sinm+ 1
x cos n −1
x
+
n−1 =
( x 2 + a 2 )n
+ 2n ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n + 1 dx
m+1 m+1
m+ 2 n−2 x x 2 + a2 − a2
∫ sin x cos x dx = + 2n ∫ ( x 2 + a 2 )n + 1 dx
(x + a )
2 2 n
48 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x 1 dx
∴ In = + 2n ∫ dx − 2a 2n ∫
( x 2 + a 2 )n ( x 2 + a 2 )n ( x 2 + a 2 )n +1 Integration Using
In =
(x + a )
2
x
2 n
+ 2n I n − 2n a 2 I n + 1 Differentiation
dx dx dx
∴ 2n a 2 I n + 1 =
x
+ (2n − 1) I n In ∫ , ∫ (a + b sin x ) 2 , ∫ (sin x + a sec x ) 2 ,
(x + a )
2 2 n
(a + b cos x ) 2
1 (2n − 1) 1
x a + b sin x
= ⋅ 2 + ⋅ 2 In
or In + 1
2n a ( x + a )
2 2 n
2n a ∫ (b + a sin x ) 2 dx , K we follow the following method.
sin x cos x
Remark 1. Let A = or A = according to the
Above obtained formula reduces the calculations of the integral a + b cos x a + b sin x
In + 1 to the calculations of the integral In and consequently, allows integral to evaluated is of the form
us to calculate completely an integral with natural index, as
dx dx
I1 =
dx
∫ x 2 + a2 = a tan
1 −1 x + C
∫ (a + b cos x ) 2 or ∫ (a + b sin x ) 2
a
∴ From above formula dA 1
2. Find and express it in terms of or
Let n = 1 dx a + b cos x
dx 1 x 1 1
I2 = ∫ 2 = ⋅ + ⋅ I1 as the case may be.
( x + a2 ) 2 2a2 x 2 + a2 2a2 a + b sin x
=
1
⋅
x
+
1 1
⋅ ⋅ tan− 1 x + C
3. Integrate both the sides of the expression obtained in
2a2 x 2 + a2 2a2 a a
step 2 to obtain the value of the required integral.
⋅ tan− 1 + C
1 x 1 x
= ⋅ +
a dx
x + a
∫ ( 5 + 4 cos x )2 ⋅
2 2 2 3
2a 2a y Example 101 Evaluate
Let n = 2
dx 1 x 3 sin x
I3 = ∫ ( x 2 + a2 )3 = 4 a2 ⋅ ( x 2 + a2 )2 + 4 a2 I2 Sol. Here, A =
5 + 4 cos x
, then
tan− 1 + C
1 x 3 x 3 x dA (5 + 4 cos x ) (cos x ) − sin x ( − 4 sin x )
= ⋅ + ⋅ +
4 a2 ( x 2 + a2 ) 2 8 a4 x 2 + a2 8 a5 a =
dx (5 + 4 cos x )2
…and so on.
5 25
( 4 cos x + 5) + 4 −
y Example 100 Derive reduction formula for dA 5 cos x + 4
⇒ = = 4 4
sin n x dx (5 + 4 cos x )2 (5 + 4 cos x )2
I (n, m ) = ∫ dx . dA 5 1 9 1
cos m x ⇒ = ⋅ − ⋅
dx 4 (5 + 4 cos x ) 4 (5 + 4 cos x )2
Sol. Using Integration by parts for I (n , m ), we get
Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘ x ’, we get
sin x
I (n , m ) = ∫ sinn − 1 x dx 5 dx 9 dx
I
cosm x
II
A=
4 ∫ 5 + 4 cos x −
4 ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2
(cos x )− m + 1 9 dx 5 dx
= sinn − 1 x ⋅
( m − 1)
− ∫ (n − 1) sin
n−2 ⇒
4 ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
4 ∫ 5 + 4 cos x −A
(cos x )− m + 1
x ⋅ cos x ⋅ 5 dx sin x
( m − 1)
dx =
4 ∫ (1 − tan 2 x / 2)
−
(5 + 4 cos x )
5+ 4
1 sinn − 1 x ( n − 1) sinn − 2 x (1 + tan 2 x / 2)
= ⋅ − ⋅ ∫
m − 1 cosm − 1 x (m − 1) cosm − 2 x
dx
dx 5 1 + tan 2 x / 2 4 sin x
1 sin x ( n − 1) n −1 ⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
9 ∫ 9 + tan 2 x / 2
dx − ⋅
9 5 + 4 cos x
In , m = ⋅ − ⋅ I (n − 2 , m − 2 )
(m − 1) cosm − 1 x (m − 1) dx 5 2 dt 4 sin x
is required reduction formula.
⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 =
9 ∫ 9 + t 2 9 5 + 4 cos x
− ⋅
(where tan x / 2 = t )
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 49
dx 10 1 t 4 sin x cos 2 x dx
⇒ ∫ (5 + 4 cos x )2 = . tan − 1 − ⋅
9 3 3 9 5 + 4 cos x
= ∫ 2 1
a + a sin 2x + sin 2 2x
dx 10 tan x / 2 4 sin x 4
⇒∫ = tan −1 − +C
(5 + 4 cos x )2 9 5 + 4 cos x 4 cos 2 x dx (1 + cos 2x ) dx
27 3 = ∫ ( 4a 2 + 4a sin 2x + sin 2 2x ) = 2 ∫ (2a + sin 2x )2
dx
y Example 102 Evaluate ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 ⋅ =2∫
dx
(2a + sin 2x ) 2
+2∫
cos 2x dx
(2a + sin 2x )2
cos x dt
Sol. Let A=
16 + 9 sin x
...(i) ⇒ I = 2I 1 + ∫ t 2 [where (2a + sin 2x ) = t , (2 cos 2x ) dx = dt ]
dA (16 + 9 sin x ) ( − sin x ) − cos x (9 cos x ) 1
⇒ = ⇒ I = 2I 1 − +C
dx (16 + 9 sin x ) 2 (2a + sin 2x )
dA − 16 sin x − 9 dx
⇒ =
dx (16 + 9 sin x )2
where I1 = ∫ (2a + sin 2x )2 ...(i)
16 256 cos 2x
− (9 sin x + 16) + −9 Put A=
dA 9 9 2a + sin 2x
⇒ =
dx (16 + 9 sin x )2 dA (2a + sin 2x ) ( − 2 sin 2x ) − cos 2x (2 cos 2x )
⇒ =
dA 16 1 175 dx (2a + sin 2x )2
⇒ =− ⋅ + ...(ii)
dx 9 (16 + 9 sin x ) 9 (16 + 9 sin x )2 dA − 4a sin 2x − 2
⇒ =
Integrating both the sides of Eq. (ii) w.r.t. ‘ x ’, we get dx (2a + sin 2x )2
16 dx 175 dx dA − 4a (sin 2x + 2a ) − 2 + 8a 2
9 ∫ 16 + 9 sin x 9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2
A=− + ⇒ =
dx (2a + sin 2x )2
175 dx 16 (1 + tan 2 x / 2) dx (8a 2 − 2)
9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 9 ∫ 16 +16 tan 2 x /2 + 18 tan x /2
⇒ = A + ⇒
dA
=−
4a
+
dx (2a + sin 2x ) (2a + sin 2x )2
175 dx 16 2 dt
9 ∫ (16 + 9 sin x )2 9 ∫ 16t 2 + 18t + 16
⇒ =A+ Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
dx
⇒ A = − 4a ∫ + (8a 2 − 2) I 1
[where tan x / 2 = t ] (2a + sin 2x )
175 dx 2 dt
⇒ ∫
9 (16 + 9 sin x ) 2
=A+ ∫
9 t2 + 9 t + 1 ⇒ (8a 2 − 2) I 1 = A + 4a
sec 2 x dx
∫ 2a + 2 tan x + 2a tan 2 x
8
2 4a dt
∫
dt =A+
=A+ ∫ t
9 2
175
2 2a t + +1
2
9
t + + a
16 16 dt
= A +2∫
2 16 16t + 9 1
2
1
× =A+tan − 1
9 175 t + + 1 − 2
175 2a 4a
dx 9 cos x
⇒ ∫ = ⋅ (2a ) (2at + 1)
(16 + 9 sin x )2 175 (16 + 9 sin x ) = A +2 tan − 1
4a 2 − 1 4a 2 − 1
2 16 tan x / 2 + 9
+ tan − 1 +C cos 2x 4a
(175) 3/2 175 ⇒ (8a 2 − 2) I 1 = +
2a + sin 2x 4a 2 − 1
dx
y Example 103 Evaluate ∫ (sin x + a sec x )2 (2a tan x + 1)
tan − 1 ...(ii)
4a 2 − 1
when | a | > 1 / 2 . From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
2 1 cos 2x 4a
dx cos x dx I = ⋅ +
Sol. Here, I = ∫ (sin x + a sec x )2 or I = ∫ (sin x cos x + a )2 ( 4a − 1) (2a + sin 2x ) ( 4a − 1)3 / 2
2 2
cos 2 x dx 2a tan x + 1 1
= ∫ a 2 + 2a sin x cos x + sin 2 x cos 2 x tan − 1 −
4a 2 − 1 (2a + sin 2x )
+C
50 Textbook of Integral Calculus
= ∫ et (t 2 + 2t ) dt = et ⋅ t 2 = e tan
−1
x
(tan −1 x ) 2 + C u2 u9 u 2u 2 9u 9
(c) − u + + ....+ (d) + + ....+
2! 9! 2 3 10
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 51
dx dt dx
=∫ , which reduces to ∫ ⋅
g′ (y ) =
dx
=
1 (t + 2 ) t + 1 P Q
dy 1 + cos x Let t + 1 = z 2
π 1 π 2z dz
where y = + = x + sin x ⇒ x = ∴ dt = 2zdz = ∫
4 2 4 (z + 1 ) z 2
2
π 1 1
∴ g′ + = =2 ∫
dz
= 2 tan − 1 (z ) + C
4 2 1 + (1 / 2 )
z +1
2
2 x2 + x + 1
= = 2 ( 2 − 1) = 2 − 2 = 2 tan − 1 ( t + 1 ) + C = 2 tan − 1 +C
2+1 x
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
dx (1 + x 2 ) dx
l Ex. 7 The value of ∫
( x − a ) (b − x )
, is l Ex. 9 The value of ∫ (1 − x 2 ) 1+ x2 + x4
, is
x −a x −b x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 3x
(a) 2 sin−1 +C (b) 2 sin−1 +C (a) −
1
log +C
b −a b −a 2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x
x −a
(c) sin−1 +C (d) None of these
b −a 1 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 2x
(b) log +C
Sol. Let x = a cos2 θ + b sin 2 θ in the given integral. 2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 2x
So that, dx = a (2 cos θ ) ( − sin θ ) + b (2 sin θ ) (cos θ ) dθ 1 x 4 − x 2 + 1 − 3x
dx = 2 (b − a ) sin θ cos θ dθ (c) log +C
2 (b − a ) sin θ cos θ dθ
2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x
∴ I =∫
(a cos2 θ + b sin 2 θ − a) (b − a cos2 θ − b sin 2 θ) (d) None of the above
52 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(1 + x 2 ) dx cos θ dθ
Sol. Let I =∫ = a ∫ (a 2 + b 2 sin2 θ ) ⋅ cos θ
(1 − x ) 1 + x + x
2 2 4
dθ
1
x 2 1 + 2 dx
= a ∫ a 2 + b 2 sin2 θ ,
x
=∫
1 1 dividing numerator and denominator by cos2 θ, we get
x − x x + 1 + x2
x x2 sec 2 θ dθ
(1 + 1 / x ) dx2
= a ∫ a 2 sec 2 θ + b 2 tan2 θ , put tan θ = t
=−∫
(1 − 1 / x ) ( x − 1 / x ) 2 + 3 dt dt
= a ∫ a 2 (1 + t 2 ) + b 2 t 2 = a ∫ (a 2 + b 2 ) t 2 + a 2
1 1 dt
Put x − = t = 1 + 2 dx = dt ⇒ − ∫
x x t t2 + 3 a dt
=
a2 + b2 ∫ a2
Again, put t + 3 = s
2 2
t +
2
a + b2
2
s ds ds
⇒ 2t dt = 2s ds = − ∫ =−∫ 2 a2 + b2 t a2 + b2
s (s 2 − 3 ) s − ( 3 )2 a
= ⋅ tan − 1 +C
a2 + b2
1 s − 3 a a
=− log + C
2 3 s + 3 1 x a2 + b2 x
= ⋅ tan − 1 +C
Q t = tanθ =
1 t +3− 3 2
a(a 2 + b 2 ) a b − ax 2 b −ax 2
=− log + C
t +3 + 3
2 3 2
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
1 (x − 1 / x )2 + 3 − 3
=− log + C dx
l Ex. 11 The value of I = ∫
(x − 1 / x ) + 3 + 3
2 3 2
2x 1 − x (2 − x ) + 1 − x
1
x2 + 2 + 1 − 3 1 3 1 1
=− log z + + z + 3 z +3 + log s − + s − s +1 + C
1 x 2 2
=− log + C 2 2 2 2
2 3 x2 + 1 + 1 + 3
x2 k
and s − z = , then value of k, is
1 x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 3x x
=− log +C
2 3 x 4 + x 2 + 1 + 3x (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
dx
Hence (a) is the correct answer. Sol. Here, I = ∫ ,
2x 1 − x (2 − x ) + 1 − x
dx put (1 − x ) = t 2 − dx = 2t dt
l Ex. 10 The value of I = ∫ , is
(a + bx 2 ) b − ax 2 =−∫
2t dt
2 (1 − t ) ⋅ t 1 + t 2 + t
2
1 x a2 + b 2
(a) tan−1 +C dt
=−∫
a(a 2 + b 2 ) a b − ax 2 (1 − t ) t 2 + t + 1
2
1 x a2 + b 2 dt 1 1 1 dt
(b) tan−1 +C
=∫ = ∫ t − 1 − t + 1 ⋅
(a 2 + b 2 ) a b − ax 2 (t − 1 ) (t + 1 ) t + t + 1 2 2 t +t+1
2
x a2 + b 2 1 1 1 1
1 Q = −
(c) tan−1 +C
(t − 1 ) (t + 1 ) 2 t − 1 t + 1
a(a 2 + b 2 ) a 1 1 1 1
(d) None of the above
=
2 ∫ (t − 1) t2 + t + 1
dt −
2 ∫ (t + 1) t2 + t + 1
dt
− 1 / z 2 dz dz dx x m
I1 = ∫ = −∫ l Ex. 13 If ∫ = +
1 1
2
1 3 3
2 2
(x + a )
2
4a ( x + a ) na 2
2 3 2 2 2
1 + + 1 + + 1 z + +
z z z 2
−1 x
2 x 1
2 2 2 + 3 tan + C . Then m − n is equal to
3
= − log z + + z 2 + 3z + 3 …(ii) 2a ( x + a ) 2a a
2
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
1
For I 2, put (t + 1 ) = dx
S Sol. Let I = ∫ 2 ...(i)
1 (x + a 2 )3
⇒ dt = − 2 ds 1
s and I 1 = ∫ 2 dx ...(ii)
ds (x + a 2 )2
I2 = − ∫
2 1 1 − 2 (2 x )
1 3 =∫ 2 ⋅ 1 dx = 2 ⋅x −∫ 2 x dx
s − + (x + a 2 )2 (x + a 2 )2 (x + a 2 )3
2 4
I II
1
= − log s − + s 2 − s + 1 …(iii) = 2
x
+4∫
x2 + a2 − a2
2 (x + a 2 )2 (x 2 + a 2 )3
dx
1 3 x 1 dx
∴ I =−
log z + + z + 3z + 3
2
= 2 +4∫ 2 dx − 4a 2 ∫ 2
2 2 (x + a ) 2 2
(x + a ) 2 2
(x + a 2 )3
1 1
+ log s − + s 2 − s + 1 + C x
2 2 ⇒ I1 = 2 + 4 I 1 − 4a 2 ⋅ I [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
(x + a 2 )2
1 1
where, z = and s = x
1 − x −1 1−x +1 ⇒ 4a 2I = 2 + 3I 1
(x + a 2 )2
1 1 2
∴ s −z = − = ⇒k = 2 x 3
1−x +1 1 − x −1 x ⇒ I = 2 2 + I1 ...(iii)
4a ( x + a 2 ) 2 4a 2
Hence (b) is the correct answer.
[using previous example,
dx
l Ex. 12 If ∫ I1 = ∫ 2
dx
=
x
+
1 x
tan −1 + C
(x 2 + a 2 ) 2 ( x + a 2 ) 2 2a 2 ( x 2 + a 2 ) 2a 3 a
1 x 1 x 3
= 2 2 + tan −1 + C . Then the value of k, is x x 1 x
⇒ I = + 2 2 2 2 + 3 tan −1 + C
ka x + a 2 a a 4a ( x + a )
2 2 2 2
4a 2a ( x + a ) 2a a
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
…(iv)
Sol. Here, we know m = 3 and n = 4
dx 1 −1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 = a tan a + C ...(i) |m −n| =|3 − 4| =| −1| =1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
1 1 − 2x
Also, ∫ 2 ⋅ 1 dx = 2 x−∫ 2 x dx
x +a 2
x +a 2
(x + a 2 )2 l Ex. 14 If y ( x − y ) 2 = x , then
x x + a −a 2 2 2
dx m
= +2∫ dx
∫ ( x − 3y ) = n ln [( x − y ) − 1].Then (m + 2n ) is equal to
2
x2 + a2 (x 2 + a 2 )2
I II
dx x dx dx (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 7
∫ x +a
2 2
= 2
x +a 2
+2∫ 2
x +a 2
− 2a 2 ∫ 2
(x + a 2 )2
...(ii)
dx 1
Sol. Let P =∫ = ln [( x − y ) 2 − 1 ]
( x − 3y ) 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
dy
1 x x 1 x dx ( x − y ) 1 −
tan − 1 = 2 + 2 tan − 1 − 2a 2 ∫ 2 dP 1 dx
a a x + a2 a a (x + a 2 )2 ∴ = = …(i)
dx x − 3y {( x − y ) − 1 }
2
dx x 1 x
⇒ 2a 2 ∫ 2 = + tan − 1
(x + a 2 )2 x 2 + a 2 a a Given, y ( x − y ) 2 = x, on differentiating both the sides, we get
dx 1 x 1 −1 x dy 1 − 2y ( x − y )
or ∫ (x 2 + a 2 )2 = 2a 2 x 2 + a 2 + a tan a + C =
dx ( x − y ) ( x − 3y )
…(ii)
1 x 1 x
= 2 2 + tan −1 + C 1 − 2y ( x − y )
ka x + a 2 a a (x − y ) 1 −
dP ( x − y ) ( x − 3y )
∴ k =2 ∴ =
dx {( x − y ) 2 − 1 }
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
54 Textbook of Integral Calculus
( x − y ) ( x − 3y ) − 1 + 2y ( x − y ) ( x − y ) 2− 1 f (x )
= = l Ex. 16 If ∫ dx , where f ( x ) is a polynomial of
( x − 3y ) {( x − y ) 2 − 1 } ( x − 3y ) {( x − y ) 2− 1 } x3 −1
dP 1 degree 2 in x such that f (0 ) = f (1) = 3 f ( 2 ) = − 3 and
∴ = …(iii)
dx ( x − 3y ) f (x )
∫ x 3 − 1 dx = − log x − 1 + log x + x + 1
2
which is true as given
dx 1 m 2 x + 1
∴ ∫ (x − 3y ) = 2 log {(x − y ) − 1}, tan −1
2
+ + C . Then ( 2m + n ) is
n 3
∴ m = 1, n = 2 (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
⇒ m + 2n = 5
Sol. Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Given, f ( 0 ) = f (1 ) = 3 f (2 ) = − 3
∴ f (0) = c = − 3
∫ (x + 1 + x ) dx .
2 n
l Ex. 15 If
f (1 ) = a + b + c = − 3
1 1 3 f (2 ) = 3 ( 4a + 2b + c ) = − 3
= { x + 1 + x 2 } n +1 + { x + 1 + x 2 } n −1 + C
a (n + 1) −b(n − 1) On solving, we get a = 1, b = − 1, c = − 3
Then (a + b ) is equal to ∴ f (x ) = x 2 − x − 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 f (x ) x2 − x − 3
⇒ I =∫ dx = ∫ dx
Sol. Let I = ∫ ( x + 1 + x ) dx 2 n x −1
3
(x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
Using partial fractions, we get
Put x + 1 + x2 = t …(i)
(x 2 − x − 3) A Bx + C
= +
⇒ 1+ 1
⋅ 2x dx = dt (x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1) (x − 1) (x 2 + x + 1)
+ x2
2 1 we get, A = − 1, B = 2, C = 2
1 (2 x + 2 )
1+x +x 2
∴I =∫ − dx + ∫ 2 dx
⇒ dx = dt …(ii) x −1 (x + x + 1)
1 + x 2
(2 x + 1 ) dx 1 dx
x − 1 + x2
= − log | x − 1 | + ∫ x2 + x + 1
+ ∫
x +x+1 2
We know, t = x + 1 + x 2 = x + 1 + x 2 ×
x − 1 + x2 dx
= − log| x − 1 | + log | x + x + 1 | + ∫
2
−1 (x + 1 / 2)2 + ( 3 / 2)2
t= ⇒ t = x + 1 + x2
x − 1 + x2 2 2x + 1
= − log | x − 1 | + log | x 2 + x + 1 | + tan −1 +C
3 3
1 ∴ On comparing m = 2 ,n = 3 ⇒ 2m + n = 7.
−
= x − 1 + x2
t Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Subtracting, we get
(1 + x )
Ex. 17 The value of ∫
1 1 2t
2 1 + x2 = t + or = …(iii) l dx , is equal to
t 1+x 2 t +12
x (1 + xe x ) 2
x 1
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get (a) log + +C
1 + xe (1 + xe )
x x
t2 + 1
dx = dt
2t 2 xe x 1
(b) log + +C
t2 + 1 1 + x
+ xe x
∴ I = ∫ tn ⋅ dt = ∫ (t
n
+ tn − 2 ) dt 1 xe 1
(2t 2 ) 2
xe x 1
1 tn + 1 tn − 1 (c) log + +C
1 + e 1 + xe
x x
= + +C
2 n + 1 n − 1
(d) None of the above
1
⇒ I = [ x + (1 + x 2 ) ]n + 1 (1 + x ) (1 + x ) e x
2 (n + 1 ) Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx,
x (1 + xe )x 2
( xe x ) (1 + xe x ) 2
1
+ ( x + (1 + x 2 ) )n − 1 + C …(iv) put 1 + xe x = t
2 (n − 1 )
dt
Then comparing the values of a and b by Eq. (iv) a = 2, b = 2 ∴ (1 + x ) e x dx = dt = ∫ , applying partial fraction,
(t − 1 ) ⋅ t 2
∴ (a + b ) = (2 + 2 ) = 4
1 A B C
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. we get = + + 2
(t − 1 ) t 2 t − 1 t t
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 55
⇒ 1 = A (t 2 ) + Bt (t − 1 ) + C (t − 1 ) 1 x 1 x x2
= sin − 1 + log + 1 − 2 + C
For t =1 ⇒ A =1 2 a 2
a a
For t = 0 ⇒ C = − 1 and B = − 1
1 x 1 1
1 1 1 1 = sin − 1 + {log | x + a 2 − x 2 |} − log a + C
∴ I =∫ − − 2 dt = log | t − 1 | − log | t | + + C 2 a 2 2
t − 1 t t t
1 x 1
= log | xe | − log | 1 + xe | +
x x 1
+C = sin − 1 + log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1
2 a 2
1 + xe x 1
xe x 1 where C1 = C − log a
= log + +C 2
1 + xe 1 + xe
x x Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
x 2 −1
dx
l Ex. 19 The value of ∫ dx , is equal to
l Ex. 18 The value of ∫ , is equal to ( x 2 + 1) x 4 + 1
x + a2 − x2
1 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1
1 x 1 (a) sec −1 +C (b) 2 sec −1 +C
(a) sin− 1 + log | x + a − x | + C1
2 2
2 2x 2x
2 a 2
1 x 1 1 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1
(b) sin− 1 − log | x + a − x | + C1
2 2
(c) cosec −1 +C (d) 2 cosec −1 +C
2 a 2 2 2x 2x
1 x (x 2 − 1) x 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
(c) sin− 1 − log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1 Sol. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫
2 a
(x + 1) x + 1
2 4 1 1
x2 x + x2 + 2
1 x 1 x
(d) cos − 1 + log | x + a 2 − x 2 | + C1 x
2 a 2 (1 − 1 / x 2 ) dx
=∫
dx 2
Sol. Let I = ∫ , Put x = a sin θ 1 1
x+ a −x 2 2 x + x + − 2
x x
a cos θ dθ 1
∴ dx = a cos θ dθ = ∫ Put x +
1
=t ⇒ 1 − 2 dx = dt
a sin θ + a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ x x
cos θ dθ 1 cos θ + sin θ + cos θ − sin θ dt 1 t
=∫
sin θ + cos θ 2 ∫
= dθ =∫ = sec −1 + C
sin θ + cos θ t t2 − 2 2 2
1 1 cos θ − sin θ
= ∫ 1 dθ + ∫ dθ 1 x 2 + 1
2 2 sin θ + cos θ = sec −1 +C
2 2x
1 1
= ⋅ θ + log (sin θ + cos θ ) + C Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
2 2
4 +x2 A ( 4 + x 2 ) 3 / 2 (Bx 2 − 6 ) t= 1+
4 4
⇒ t2 = 1 + 2
∫
Put
l Ex. 20 dx = + C, x2 x
x6 x5 8
then ∴ 2t dt = − dx
1 x3
(a) A = (b) B = 1 1 1 t 3 t 5
120 ⇒ I =
16 ∫ (t 2 − t 4 ) dx = − +C
16 3 5
1
(c) A = − (d) B = − 1 1 (4 + x ) 2 3/ 2
120 = ⋅ (x 2 − 6) + C
4 4 120 x5
1+ 1+ 2 1
4 − x2 x 2 dx = x dx A= , B =1
Sol. Here, I = ∫ dx = ∫ ∫ x2 ⋅ x3 120
x6 x5
Hence, (a) and (b) are the correct answers.
56 Textbook of Integral Calculus
=
4 4
tan 5 θ + C = ( x 5/4 ) + C sec θ + 1 − sec θ − 1
= tan 2 θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1
5 5
sec θ + 1 + sec θ − 1
(D) Let x = tan 2 θ ⇒ x = tan 4 θ
θ θ
Q x ∈ ( 0, 1 ) cos − sin
∴ dx = 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ ∴ θ ∈ ( 0, π / 4 ) = tan θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1
2
2 2
cos θ + sin θ
2 2
∴ 1+ x = sec θ
π θ
1+ x +1− 1+ x − 1 = tan 2 θ ⋅ tan 2 tan −1 tan −
4 2
I =∫ x tan 2 tan −1 dx
1+ x +1+ 1+ x − 1 π
= tan θ ⋅ tan − θ = tan 2 θ ⋅ cot θ = tan θ
2
2
1+ x +1− 1+ x − 1
∴ x tan 2 tan −1
∴
4 tan 5 θ
I = ∫ tan θ ⋅ 4 tan 3 θ sec 2 θ dθ =
4
+ C = ( x 5/ 4 ) + C
1+ x +1+ 1+ x − 1 5 5
(A) → (q); (B) → (q); (C) → (q); (D) → (q)
⇒ m = 1005, n = 2010 ⇒
n 2010
= =2 = ∫ {sin (100 x ) cos x + cos 100 x sin x } (sin x ) 99 dx
m 1005
= ∫ sin (100 x ) 1
cos x ⋅ (sin x 3
) 99 dx + ∫ cos(100x ) ⋅ (sin x )
100
dx
f ′ (x ) f (x ) 1424 3 44244
l Ex. 28 Suppose = 0 where f ( x ) is I II
f ′ ′ (x ) f ′ (x )
sin (100 x ) (sin x )100
continuous differentiable function with f ′ ( x ) ≠ 0 and satis- =
100
fies f (0 ) = 1 and f ′ (0 ) = 2, then f ( x ) = e λx + k , then λ + k is
100
− ∫ cos (100x ) (sin x ) dx + ∫ cos (100x ) (sin x )
100 100
equal to …………… dx
100
[ f ′ ( x )] − f ( x ) f ′′ ( x )
2
Sol. f ′ ( x ) ⋅ f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) ⋅ f ′′ ( x ) = 0 or =0 sin (100 x ) (sin x )100
[ f ′ ( x )]2 = +C
100
d f (x )
=0 λ 100
dx f ′ ( x ) ⇒ λ = 100, µ = 100 ⇒ = =1
µ 100
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 59
m 1 ( x sec x )
( x sin x + n cos x ) ∫
I m, n + I m , n = [cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1 ] =− + sec 2 x dx
n n
m + n 1 ( x sec x )
I = [cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1 ] =− + tan x + C Hence Proved.
n m, n n ( x sin x + n cos x )
(m + n ) I m , n = cosm x ⋅ sin nx + m I m − 1, n − 1
l Ex. 36 If cos θ > sin θ > 0, then evaluate
π
tan − x cos 2 θ
4 1 + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
l Ex. 34 Evaluate ∫ cos 2 x dx . ∫ log
1 − sin 2 θ
+ log dθ
1 + sin 2 θ
tan 3 x + tan 2 x + tan x
π cos 2 θ
tan − x dx 1 + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
4 Sol. Here, I = ∫ log + log dθ
Sol. I = ∫ 1 − sin 2 θ 1 + sin 2 θ
cos x 2
tan x + tan x + tan x
3 2
1 cos θ + sin θ
− 1 − sec 2 x dx = ∫ (2 cos2 θ − 1 ) log dθ
tan 2 x cos θ − sin θ
I =∫
1 1 cos θ + sin θ
tan x + 2 + tan x + 1 + = ∫ cos 2 θ ⋅ log dθ, applying integration by parts
tan x tan x cos θ − sin θ
II
1 I
let y = tan x + 1 +
tan x cos θ + sin θ sin 2 θ 2 sin 2 θ
= log ⋅ −∫ ⋅ dθ
1 cos θ − sin θ 2 cos 2 θ 2
⇒ 2y dy = sec 2 x − ⋅ sec 2 x dx
tan 2 x sin 2 θ cos θ + sin θ 1
= log + log | cos 2 θ | + C
− 2y dy dy 2 cos θ − sin θ 2
∴ I =∫ = −2 ∫ = − 2 tan − 1 y + C
(y 2 + 1 ) ⋅ y 1 + y2
1
tan − 1 x
= − 2 tan −1
tan x + 1 + +C
l Ex. 37 Evaluate ∫ x4
dx .
tan x
tan − 1 x 1
x 2 + n (n − 1) Sol. I = ∫ dx = ∫ tan − 1 x ⋅ 4 dx
l Ex. 35 Evaluate ∫ ( x sin x + n cos x ) 2 dx. x4
I
x
II
1 1 1
x 2 + n (n − 1 ) = (tan − 1 x ) − 3 − ∫ ⋅ dx
Sol. Here, I =∫ dx 3x 1 + x 2 (− 3x 3 )
( x sin x + n cos x ) 2
tan − 1 x 1 dx
Multiplying and dividing by x 2n − 2, we get =− + ∫ x 3 (1 + x 2 ) ,
3x 3 3
{ x 2 + n (n − 1 )} x 2n − 2
I =∫ n dx Put 1 + x 2 = t,
( x sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) 2
tan − 1 x 1 dt
We know xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x = t 2x dx = dt = −
3x 3
+
6 ∫ (t − 1)2 ⋅ t
⇒ {(n xn − 1 sin x ) + ( xn cos x ) + n (n − 1 ) xn − 2 cos x
tan − 1 x 1
− (n xn − 1 sin x ) dx = dt } I =− + I1 …(i)
3x 3 6
n−2
⇒ x cos x ⋅ { x + n (n − 1 )} dx = dt
2
1 A B C
Keeping this in mind, we put Where, I 1 = ∫ dt = ∫ + + dt
(t − 1 ) ⋅ t
2
t − 1 (t − 1 ) 2
t
{ x 2 + n (n − 1 )} ⋅ xn − 2 ⋅ cos x n
I =∫ ⋅ x ⋅ sec x dx
( xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) 2 Comparing coefficients, we get
II I A = − 1, B = 1, C = 1
Applying integration by parts, we get
1 1 1
1 ∴ I1 = ∫ − + + dt
= xn sec x ⋅ − n n −1
(t − 1 ) (t − 1 ) 2
t
( x sin x + n x cos x )
( xn sec x tan x + n xn − 1 ⋅ sec x ) = − log | t − 1 | −
1
+ log | t |
+∫ dx …(ii)
( xn sin x + n xn − 1 cos x ) (t − 1 )
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 61
1 1 1 2 8 cos x dA − b sin x − a
that + + +… = log 2 − . Now, let A = ⇒ =
1⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅ 9 3 9 b + a sin x dx (b + a sin x ) 2
x2 x3 x4 a2
Sol. We know, log (1 − x ) = − x + + + +…∞ a sin x + b + −b
2 3 4 dA b b
⇒ =−
2 dx a (b + a sin x ) 2
Put x instead of x in the above identity,
x4 x6 x8
⇒ log (1 − x 2 ) = − x 2 + + + +…∞ dA b 1 a − b2
2
2 3 4 ⇒ =− + 2
dx a b + a sin x b (b + a sin x )
x 6
x 8
x 10
⇒ x 2 log (1 − x 2 ) = − x 4 + + + +…∞ Integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘x’, we get
2 3 4
b dx (a 2 − b 2 ) dx
Integrating both the sides, we get A=−
a ∫ b + a sin x − a ∫ (b + a sin x )2
x5 x7 x9
∫ − = − + + +…∞ + C
2 2
x log (1 x ) dx a2 − b2 dx b dx
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1 5 2 7 3 9 ⇒
a ∫ (b + a sin x )2 = − a ∫ b + a sin x − A ...(ii)
Now, to find constant of integration, put x = 0
⇒ 0=0+C From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ C =0 I =− ∫
b dx b dx
x5 x7 x9 a (b + a sin x )
−A+
a ∫ (b + a sin x )
∴ ∫ x 2 log (1 − x 2 ) dx = − + + +…∞
1 ⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅9 ⇒
I =−A+C ⇒ I =−
cos x
II I +C
b + a sin x
Applying integration by parts, and taking limits 0 to 1 for LHS
1
x3 1 x 3 1 (− 2x ) dx
⇒ log (1 − x 2 ) − ∫ ⋅ dx l Ex. 40 Evaluate ∫ ⋅
3 0 0 3 1 − x2
( x − 1) 3/ 4
( x + 2 ) 5/ 4
1 1
x3 2 x3 1 1 + x
⇒ log (1 − x 2 ) + − − x + log Sol. Let I = ∫
dx dx
( x − 1 ) 3/ 4 ( x + 2 ) 5/ 4 ∫
=
3 0 3 3 2 1 − x 0 (x − 1)
3/ 4
(x + 2)2
Taking log (1 − x 2 ) = log (1 + x ) + log (1 − x ) (x + 2)
1 + x x −1
and log = log (1 + x ) − log (1 − x ) Let =t
1 − x x+2
1 1 2 2 x3 1 3
⇒ log 2 + log 2 − − + lim − log (1 − x ) So that, dx = dt
3 3 3 9 x→1 3 3 (x + 2)2
Q lim ( x 3 − 1 ) log (1 − x ) = 0 I =∫
dt 1 − 3/ 4
3 t 3/ 4 3 ∫
x → 1 ∴ = t dt
2 8
⇒ log 2 − = RHS 1/ 4
3 9 1 t 1/ 4 4 x − 1
= ⋅ +C= +C
1 1 1 2 8 3 1/4 3 x + 2
∴ + + + … = log (2 ) −
1 ⋅5 2 ⋅7 3 ⋅9 3 9
62 Textbook of Integral Calculus
14. Let x 2 ≠ nπ − 1, n ∈ N . Then, the value of 18. The primitive of the function f ( x ) = x | cos x |, when
2 sin ( x + 1) − sin 2 ( x + 1)
2 2 π
< x < π is given by
∫x 2 sin ( x 2 + 1) + sin 2 ( x 2 + 1)
dx is equal to 2
(a) cos x + x sin x + C
1 x 2 + 1 (b) − cos x − x sin x + C
(a) log sec ( x 2 + 1 ) + C (b) log sec +C
2 2 (c) x sin x − cos x + C
1 (d) None of the above
(c) log | sec ( x 2 + 1 )| + C (d) None of these
2
19. The primitive of the function f ( x ) = (2x + 1)| sin x |,
dx
15. ∫ cos (2x ) cos ( 4 x )
is equal to when π < x < 2π is
(a) − (2 x + 1 ) cos x + 2 sin x + C
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1 (b) (2 x + 1 ) cos x − 2 sin x + C
(a) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C
2 2 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2 (c) ( x 2 + x ) cos x + C
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1 (d) None of the above
(b) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C
2 2 1 + 2 sin x 2
0 x 2 − sin x cos x − 2
1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1
(c) log − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | ) + C 20. Given, f ( x ) = sin x − x 2 0 1 − 2x , then
2 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2
2 − cos x 2x − 1 0
(d) None of the above
1 − 7 cos 2 x f (x ) ∫ f ( x ) dx is equal to
16. ∫ sin 7 x cos 2 x dx = (sin x ) 7 + C, then f ( x ) is equal to
x3
(a) − x 2 sin x + sin 2 x + C
(a) sin x (b) cos x (c) tan x (d) cot x 3
3
sin x x3
17. ∫ (cos 4 x + 3 cos 2 x + 1) tan −1 (sec x + cos x ) dx is equal to (b)
3
− x 2 sin x − cos2 x + C
(a) k =
1
(b) l =
2
(c) k = −
1
(d) l = −
1 25. If ∫ tan 5 x dx = A tan 4 x + B tan 2 x + g ( x ) + C , then
3 3 3 6 1 1
(a) A = , B = −
23. If ∫ x log(1 + x 2 ) dx = φ ( x ) log(1 + x 2 ) + x ( ψ ) + C , then 4 2
1 + x2 1 + x2 (b) g( x ) = ln | sec x |
(a) φ( x ) = (b) ψ ( x ) =
2 2 (c) g( x ) = ln | cos x |
1 + x2 1 + x2 1
(d) A = − , B =
1
(c) ψ( x ) = − (d) φ( x ) = −
2 2 4 3
64 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x+A
is the correct explanation of Statement I. µ tan −1 + C, where A, B, C , µ are constants.
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II B
is not the correct explanation of Statement I. Statement II If a > 0, b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ax 2 + bx + C
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false. can be written as sum of two squares.
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
1 −1
26. Statement I If y is a function of x such that 29. Statement I ∫ 1 + x 4 dx = tan (x 2 ) + C
dx 1
y ( x − y ) 2 = x , then ∫ = [log ( x − y ) 2 − 1] 1 −1
x − 3y 2 Statement II ∫ 1 + x 2 dx = tan x+C
dx
Statement II ∫ x − 3y = log ( x − 3y ) + C
tan −1 x −1
−1
2 tan x
27. Statement I Integral of an even function is not always
30. Statement I ∫2 d (cot x) =
ln 2
+C
an odd function. d x
Statement II (a + C ) = a x ln a
dx
Statement II Integral of an odd function is an even
function.
1
Passage II (b) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 4 , 4 )
3
(Q. Nos. 34 to 36) 1
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x − 8 I 4 , 4 )
Let I n, m = ∫ sin x cos m x dx. Then, we can relate I n, m with
n
3
1
each of the following : (d) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 6 I 4 , 4 )
3
(i) I n − 2, m (ii) I n + 2, m
(iii) I n, m − 2 (iv) I n, m + 2 Passage III
(v) I n − 2, m + 2 (vi) I n + 2, m − 2 (Q. Nos. 37 to 38)
Suppose we want to establish a relation between I n, m and If f : R → ( 0, ∞ ) be a differentiable function f ( x ) satisfying
I n, m − 2 , then we get f ( x + y ) − f ( x − y ) = f ( x ) ⋅ { f ( y ) − f ( y ) − y}, ∀ x, y ∈ R,
( f ( y ) ≠ f ( − y ) for all y ∈ R) and f ′ ( 0) = 2010.
P ( x ) = sin n + 1 x cos m − 1 x …(i)
Now, answer the following questions.
In I n, m and I n, m − 2 the exponent of cos x is m and m − 2
respectively, the minimum of the two is m − 2, adding 1 to the
37. Which of the following is true for f ( x )
minimum we get m − 2 + 1 = m − 1. Now, choose the exponent (a) f ( x ) is one-one and into
m − 1of cos x in P ( x ). Similarly, choose the exponent of sin x for (b) { f ( x )} is non-periodic, where {⋅} denotes fractional part
of x.
P ( x ) = ( nH ) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n + 2 x cos m − 2 x.
(c) f ( x ) = 4 has only two solutions.
Now, differentiating both the sides of Eq. (i), we get (d) f ( x ) = f −1( x ) has only one solution.
= ( n + 1) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x (1 − cos 2 x ) cos m − 2 x
38. let g ( x ) = loge (sin x ), and ∫ f ( g ( x )) cos x dx = h( x ) + c ,
= ( n + 1) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x cos m − 2 x
π
+ ( m − 1) sin n x cos n x (where c is constant of integration), then h is equal
2
= ( n + m ) sin n x cos m x − ( m − 1) sin n x cos m − 2 x to
1
(a) 0 (b)
Now, integrating both the sides, we get 2010
1
sin n + 1 x cos m − 1 x = ( n + m ) I n, m − ( m − 1) I n, m − 2 (c) 1 (d)
2011
Similarly, we can establish the other relations.
Passage IV
34. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 2 , 2 is
(Q. Nos. 39 to 41)
1
(a) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 3 x cos3 x + 3 I 2, 2 ) Let f : R → R be a function as
6
1 f ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x − 3)( x − 6) − 100. If g ( x ) is a
(b) I 4 , 2 = (sin 3 x cos3 x + 3 I 2, 2 ) g (x )
6 polynomial of degree ≤ 3 such that ∫ dx does not contain
1 f (x )
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 3 x cos3 x − 3 I 2, 2 )
6 any logarithm function and g ( − 2) = 10. Then
1
(d) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 3 x cos3 x + 2 I 2, 2 ) 39. The equation f ( x ) = 0 has
4
(a) all four distinct roots
35. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 6 , 2 is (b) three distinct real roots
1 (c) two real and two imaginary
(a) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
5 (d) all four imaginary roots
1 40. The minimum value of f ( x ) is
(b) I 4 , 2 = ( − sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
5
1 (a) − 136 (b) − 100
(c) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x − 8 I 6, 2 ) (c) − 84 (d) − 68
5
g( x )
∫ f ( x ) dx , equals
1 41.
(d) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 6, 2 )
6
36. The relation between I 4 , 2 and I 4 , 4 is x − 2 x − 1
(a) tan −1 +c (b) tan −1 +c
2 1
1
(a) I 4 , 2 = (sin 5 x cos3 x + 8 I 4 , 4 ) (c) tan −1 ( x ) + c (d) None of these
3
66 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x2 1 x 3 + 1 (q) x+C
(B) If ∫ dx = f 3 + C , then f (x ) is equal to
(x + 1) (x + 2)
3 3
3 x + 2
π (r) ln | x |
(C) If ∫ sin −1 x ⋅ cos−1x dx = f −1 (x ) x − xf −1 (x ) − 2 1 − x 2 + 2x + C , then f (x ) is equal to
2
(D) If ∫
dx
= f ( f (x )) + C , then f (x ) is equal to (s) sin −1 x
xf (x )
(B) If ∫ x + x 2 + 2 dx =
A
(x + x 2 + 2 )3/ 2 −
B
, then (q) B = −1
3 (x + x + 2)
2
2 − x − x2 2 − x − x2 4 − x + 4 2 − x − x2 (r) B=2
(C) If ∫ dx = A +
B
log − sin −1 2x + 1 , then
2 3
x x 4 2 x
(D) If ∫
sin 2x
dx = B cot −1 (tan 2 x ) , then (s) A = −1
sin 4 x + cos4 x
dx
58. Evaluate ∫ .
66. Evaluate ∫
dx
⋅
( ( x − α ) − β 2 ) (ax + b )
2
1 + x + 2x + 2
2
1+ 3
x x4 +1
59. Evaluate ∫ dx. 67. Evaluate ∫ dx .
3
x2 x6 +1
sin 3 (θ / 2) dθ dx
60. Evaluate ∫ ⋅ 68. Evaluate ∫ dx .
cos θ / 2 cos θ + cos θ + cos θ
3 2 (1 − x 3 )1/ 3
(2 sin θ + sin 2θ) dθ ( x + 1 + x 2 )15
61. Evaluate ∫ ⋅ 69. Evaluate ∫ dx .
(cos θ − 1) cos θ + cos 2 θ + cos 3 θ 1+ x2
62. Connect ∫ x m − 1 (a + bx n ) p dx with xn
70. If y 2 = ax 2 + 2bx + c , and u n = ∫ dx , prove that
x 8 dx y
∫ x m − n − 1 (a + bx n ) p dx and evaluate ∫ ⋅
(1 − x 3 )1/ 3 (n + 1) a u n + 1 + (2n + 1) bu n + n c y n − 1 = x n y and deduce
11. − 2 cos + C
1
10. tan x − cot x − 3x + C
x 5. x tan −1 x − log |1 + x2 | + C 6. x(sec−1 x) − log | x + x2 − 1| + C
2 2
− cos 4x 1 x2 1 1
12. +C 13. (x − sin x) + C 7. tan −1 − (x − tan −1 x) + C 8. − (1 + log x) + C
8 2 2 2 x
x
14. − 2 cos x + C 15.
x
+C 9. − x cot + C 10. x log (x2 + 1) − 2x + 2 tan −1 x + C
2 2
11. ex ⋅ log (sec x) + C 12. ex tan x + C
Exercise for Session 3 13. x log (log x) −
x
+C
1
14. e2x tan x + C
1 3x4 1 4x3 log x 2
1. tan −1 + C 2. tan −1 + C ex 1+ x
48 4 36 3 15. +C 16. ex ⋅ +C
x +1
2
1− x
1 4x − 5
4
2 x3/ 2
4. sin −1
ax
3. log 4 +C +C
3/ 2 17.
e
{a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)} + C
160 4x + 5 3 a a + b2
2
1 1 2 + 3e x 1 1
sec x tan x + log | sec x + tan x| + C
5. log | x3 + a6 + x6 | + C 6. log +C 18.
3 12 2 − 3ex 2 2
1 19. − 2(− x cos x + sin x ) + C
7. log |2x + 4x − 25 | + C
loge 2 20. x(sin −1 x)2 − 2(− sin −1 x ⋅ 1 − x2 + x) + C
8. − 8 5 + 2x − x2 − 3 sin −1
x − 1 + C 21.
1 1
x tan −1 x − log (1 + x2 ) − (1 − x) tan −1 (1 − x) + log{1 + (1 + x2 )} + C
6 2 2
x x x x
1
9. log | x2 + 2x + 2| + tan −1 (x + 1) + C 22. a tan −1 − + tan −1 + C
2 a a a a
3/ 2 3/ 2
x − 1 + C
− 1 + 2 ⋅ log 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
1 1 1 2 1
10. − 3 − 2x − x2 − 4 sin −1 23. +C
6 3 x x 9 x
−1 2 x − 1
cos x x 2
11. − − log | 2 cos x − sin x | + C
3 1
log |4x − 4x + 17| + tan + C
2 24.
8 6 4 2 cos x − sin x 5 5
25. esin x (x − sec x) + C
70 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Exercise for Session 5 31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (b)
1 9 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (a)
1. log | x − 1| − 4 log | x − 2| + log | x − 3| + C 42. A → q; B → r; C → p; D → r
2 2
2 x − 1 43. A → p, q; B → p, r; C → r; D → q 44. (5) 45. (6)
tan −1
1 1 1
2. log |1 + x| − log |1 − x + x2 | + + C. 46. (1) 47. (1) 48. (3) 49. (1) 50. (4) 51. (4)
3 6 3 3
52. (3) 53. (3) 54. (3) 55. (1)
1 xn 1 x2 + 1 1
3. log n +C 4. log 2 +C 56. e(x sin x + cos x) ⋅ x − + C
n x +1 2 x + 3 cos x
x
1 + sin x 1 1 θ
5. log +C 57. (x + x2 + 2 )3/ 2 − 2 +C 58. tan =t
2 + sin x 3 x + x2 + 2 2
1 1 2
6. log |1 − cos x | − log |1 + cos x| + log | 3 + 2 cos x | + C 59. 2 (1 + x1/ 3 )3/ 2 + C 60. tan −1 (cos θ + sec θ + 1)1/ 2 + C
10 2 5
2 cos θ + sec θ + 1 − 3
1 1 + sin x 1 61. − log +C
7. log + +C 3 cos θ + sec θ + 1 + 3
4 1 − sin x 2(1 + sin x)
1 3 3 9
8.
1 1
− log |1 + tan x| + log |tan 2 x − tan x + 1| 62. − x6 (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − x (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − (1 − x3 )2/ 3 + C
3 6 8 20 40
2 tan x − 1
tan −1 63. − cot x log (cos x + cos 2x ) − cot x − x + cot 2 x − 1 + C
1
+ +C
3 3
1 −1 2a sin 2x + 1 2a sin 2x + 1
2 log x + 1 64. 2a sin + 1−
9. log +C (4a2 − 1)3/ 2 2a + sin 2x 2a + sin 2x
3 log x + 2
1
tan −1 x 1 − +C
10. − + log | x| − log |1 + x2 | + C (2a + sin 2x)
x 2 3 log
65. 2 ln | x2 + 2x + 4 − x | −
Exercise for Session 6 2( x2 + 2x + 4 − (x + 1))
3
x4 + x2 + 1 2 x − ln x2 + 2x + 4 − x − 1 + C
1. + C, 2. tan −1 + C. 2
x2
3 3 x+ 1 2
66. log (x + 1 + x + 2x + 2 ) +
2
+C
3. 2t 3 − 3t 2 + 6t − 6 log |1 + t | + C , where, t = (x + 1)1/ 6. (x + 2) + (x2 + 2x + 2)
1/ 7
7 x − b 67. tan −1 x −
1 2
− tan −1 (x3 ) + C
4. + C.
(a + b ) x + a x 3
5. 2 sec A ( tan x sin A + cos A ) + C 6. (a) 7. (d) 1 (1 − x3 )1/ 3 + x 1 (1 − x3 )2/ 3 − x (1 − x3 )1/ 3 + x2
68. log − log
8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c) 3 x 6 x2
1/ 3
1 2(1 − x3 )
Chapter Exercises − tan −1 − x +C
3 3x
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (a) (x + 1 + x2 )15
69. +C 71. (c) 72. (c) 73. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (b) 15
19. (b) 20. (d) 21. (a,c) 22. (a, d) 23. (a, c) 24. (b,c,d) 74. (d) 75. (b) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (b)
25. (a, b) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
3x + 2
5. F ( x ) = ∫ dx. Let x − 9 = t 2
x −9
Solutions ⇒
∴
dx = 2t dt
3 (t 2 + 9 ) + 2
F (x ) = ∫
t
⋅ 2t dt
= 2 ∫ (29 + 3t 2 ) dt = 2 [29t + t 3 ]
x2 F ( x ) = 2 [29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ] + C
1. Let I = dx
(1 + x )1 + (1 + x 2 )
2
Given, F (10 ) = 60 = 2 [29 + 1 ] + C ⇒ C = 0
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 dθ ∴ F ( x ) = 2 [29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ]
tan 2 θ F (13 ) = 2 [29 × 2 + 4 × 2 ] = 132
Putting, x = tan θ, I = ∫ dθ
1 + sec θ
∫ (x ) (2 x loge x + x ) dx
x x
6. We have,
= ∫ (sec θ − 1 ) dθ 2
= ∫ x x (2 x loge x + x ) dx
= log (sec θ + tan θ ) − θ + C 2 2
−1
= ∫ 1 ⋅ d (x x ) = x x + C = (x x )x + C
f ( x ) = loge ( x + x + 1 ) − tan x + C
2
f (0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
7. We have, ∫ x log x (log x − 1) dx
⇒ f (1 ) = loge (1 + 2 ) − tan −1 1 = ∫ log x ( x log x − x ) dx
π
= loge (1 + 2 ) −
4 = ∫ ( x log x − x ) d ( x log x − x )
2. We have, ∫ f ( x ) dx = f ( x )
( x log x − x ) 2
⇒
d
{ f ( x )} = f ( x ) ⇒
1
d { f ( x )} = dx = +C
dx f (x ) 2
⇒ log { f ( x )} = x + log C ⇒ f ( x ) = Ce x 1 1
3 − 5 dx
x x
⇒ { f ( x )} 2 = C 2e 2x 8. ∫ 2 1
2 2x 2− 2 + 4
Ce 1
∫ { f (x )} dx = ∫ C 2e 2x dx =
⇒ 2
= { f ( x )} 2 x x
2 2 2 1 1 dz
3. We have, ∫ f ( x ) dx = F ( x )
Let 2−
x 2
+ 4 =z ⇒
x 4 ∫ z
1 1 1 2 1
⇒ z +C ⇒ 2− 2 + 4 +C
∴ ∫x f ( x 2 ) dx = ∫ x{ 1
3 2 2 2
f (x ) d (x )
2 4243 2 2 x x
I II
1 2 2x 4 − 2x 2 + 1
= [ x F ( x ) − ∫ F ( x 2 ) d ( x 2 )]
2 or +C
2 2x 2
4. We have the following cases : 9. We have, f ′′ ( x ) = f ( x )
Case I When x ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 f ′ ( x ) f ′′ ( x ) = 2 f ( x ) f ′ ( x )
In this case, we have
d d
⇒ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2
∫ |x | dx = ∫ | x |n dx = ∫ xn dx [Q | x | = x ]
n
dx dx
xn + 1 | x |n x ⇒ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2 + C …(i)
= +C = +C [Q x ≥ 0 ⇒ | x | = x]
n+1 n+1 Now, f ( 0 ) = 2 and f ′ ( 0 ) = 3. Therefore, from Eq. (i), we get
Case II When x ≤ 0 { f ′ ( 0 )} 2 = { f ( 0 )} 2 + C
In this case, we have | x | = − x ⇒ 9 = 4 + C ⇒ C =5
∴ ∫ |x | dx = ∫ | x |n dx
n
∴ { f ′ ( x )} 2 = { f ( x )} 2 + 5
= ∫ ( − x )n dx = − ∫ xn dx [Qn in odd] ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = 5 + { f ( x )} 2
n+1
x (−x ) x n
|x | x n
1
=− +C = +C = +C
n+1 n+1 n+1
⇒ ∫ ( 5 ) 2 + { f ( x )} 2
d { f ( x )} = ∫ dx
| x |n x
∫ |x | dx = +C
n
Hence, ⇒ log f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 = x + C1
n+1
72 Textbook of Integral Calculus
∴ f ( 0 ) = 2 ⇒ log | 2 + 3 | = C1 1 − cos ( x 2 + 1 ) x 2 + 1
=∫x dx = ∫ x tan dx
⇒ C1 = log 5 1 + cos ( x + 1 )
2
2
∴ log | f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 | = x + log 5 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1
= ∫ tan d = log sec +C
f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 2 2 2
⇒ log =x
5 sin ( 4 x − 2 x ) dx sin ( 4 x ) dx
15. ∫ sin (2x ) cos (2x ) cos (4x ) = ∫ sin (2x ) cos (4x ) − ∫ sec 2x dx
⇒ f ( x ) + 5 + { f ( x )} 2 = 5e x
cos 2 x dx 1
⇒ 5 + { f ( x )} 2 + f ( x ) = 5e x and 5 + { f ( x )} 2 − f ( x ) = 5e − x =2 ∫ − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | )
cos 4 x 2
⇒ 2 f ( x ) = 5 (e x − e − x )
cos 2 x 1
5 =2 ∫ dx − (log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | )
⇒ f ( x ) = (e x − e − x ) (1 − 2 sin 2 x )
2
2
2
5 4 5(e 8 − 1 ) 2 1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1
⇒ f (4) = (e − e −4 ) ⇒ f ( 4 ) = = log − log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | + C
2 2e 4 2 2 2 × 1 1 − 2 sin 2 x 2
2 2 2 2
+ 4 ln x
ex − x3 ex e x ⋅ x 4 − x 3e x 1 1 + 2 sin 2 x 1
10. We have, ∫ x −1
dx = ∫
x −1
dx = log
2 2
− log | sec 2 x − tan 2 x | + C
1 − 2 sin 2 x 2
1 sec 2 x 7
2
= ∫ x 3 e x dx =
2∫
tet dt, [where t = x 2] 1 − 7 cos2 x
16. ∫ sin7 x cos2 x dx = ∫ sin7 x − dx
sin 7 x
1 1 2
= (t − 1 ) et + C = ( x 2 − 1 ) e x + C sec 2 x 7
2 2 =∫ dx − ∫ 7 dx = I 1 + I 2
sin 7 x sin x
∫ tan x dx = ∫ ( tan 2 x sec 2x − sec 2x + 1 ) dx
4
11.
sec 2x tan x tan x ⋅ cos x
3 Now, I1 = ∫ dx = + 7∫ dx
=
tan x
− tan x + x + C sin 7 x sin 7 x sin 8 x
3 tan x
= + I2
1 sin 7 x
⇒ A = , B = − 1 and f ( x ) = x + C
3 tan x
∴ I1 + I 2 = +C ⇒ f ( x ) = tan x
sin 4 x sin 4 ( p + q ) x f {( p + q ) x } sin 2 x
12. ∫ x dx = f (x ) ⇒ ∫ (p + q )x dx = p + q sin 3 x
17. We have, ∫ dx
sin ( p + q ) x
4 (cos x + 3 cos x + 1 ) tan −1 (sec x + cos x )
4 2
∫ x
dx = f {( p + q ) x }
sin 3 x
sin θ 1 cos2 x
13. On solving, = [tan 3θ − tan θ] =∫ dx
cos 3 θ 2 (cos2 x + 3 + sec 2x ) tan −1 (sec x + tan x )
sin 3 θ 1 sin x (1 − cos2 x )
= [tan 9 θ − tan 3 θ ] =∫
1
×
cos 9 θ 2 1 + (sec x + cos x ) 2
cos2 x
sin 9 θ 1
= [tan 27 θ − tan 9 θ ] ×
1
dx
cos 27 θ 2 tan −1 (sec x + tan x )
sin θ sin 3 θ sin 9 θ 1
∴∫ + + d θ = ∫ ( tan 27 θ − tan θ ) dθ =∫
1
×
1
cos3 θ cos 9 θ cos 27 θ 2 tan −1
(sec x + cos x ) 1 + (sec x + cos x ) 2
1 1 (tan x sec x − sin x ) dx
= log (sec 127θ ) − log (sec θ ) + C
2 27 1
=∫ d | tan −1(sec x + cos x )|
1 27 sec27 θ tan −1(sec x + cos x )
= log +C
2 sec θ = loge | tan −1 (sec x + cos x ) | + C
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) − sin 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) π
14. We have, ∫ x dx 18. We have, f ( x ) = x | cos x |, <x<π
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) + sin 2 ( x 2 + 1 ) 2
⇒ f ( x ) = − x cos x [Q cos x < 0 for x ∈( π / 2, π )]
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) − 2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) cos ( x 2 + 1 )
=∫x dx Hence, required primitive is given by
2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) + 2 sin ( x 2 + 1 ) cos ( x 2 + 1 )
∫ f (x ) dx = − ∫ x cos x dx + C = − x sin x − cos x + C
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 73
dx 1 1
21. ∫ (x + 1) (x − 2) = ∫ − 3(x + 1) + 3(x − 2) dx 26. The Statement II is false since while writing
dx
1 1 ∫ x − 3y = log ( x − 3y ) + C ,
= − log ( x + 1 ) + log( x − 2 ) + C
3 3 we are assuming that y is a constant. We will know prove the
1 1 x
∴ A=− ,B= Statement I. From the given relation ( x − y ) 2 = and
3 3 1 y
−
A 2 log ( x − y ) = log x − log y .
∴ A+B=0 ⇒ = 3 = −1
B 1
dy y x + y
3 Also, = − ⋅ ⋅ To prove the integral relation it is
1 1 1 dx x x − 3y
22. ∫ 2 − 2 dx
3 x + 1 x + 4 d 1
sufficient to show that RHS = ⋅
1 1 x x dx x − 3y
⇒ tan −1 x − tan −1 = k tan −1 x + l tan −1
3 6 2 2 1 x x
1 1 Now, RHS = log − 1 Q (x − y )2 =
∴ k= and l = − 2 y y
3 6
2
2 x 1 x2 1
= [log( x − y ) − log y ]
23. I = ∫ {x log (1 + x ) dx = log (1 + x ) ⋅
2
−∫ ⋅ 2 x ⋅ dx
14243 2 1+x 2
2 2
I II x2 x3 1 log x − log y
= log (1 + x ) − ∫ 2
2 1
dx = − log y = [log x − 3 log y ]
2 x +1 2 2 4
x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 d 1 1 3 dy
I = log (1 + x 2 ) − +C ⇒ RHS = −
2 2 dx 4 x y dx
x2 + 1 1 + x2
∴ φ( x ) = , ψ (x ) = − 1 1 3 y x + y 1
2 2 =
− − =
−x 4 x y
x x − 3y x − 3y
4e + 6
2
24. I = ∫ x dx
9e − 4e − x Thus, Statement I is true. Hence, choice (c) is correct.
4e 2x + 6 27. Let g ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( − x )
I =∫ dx, put 9e 2x − 4 = z ⇒ 18e 2xdx = dz
9e 2x − 4 Assuming, ∫ f (x ) dx = F (x ) + C
74 Textbook of Integral Calculus
∫ g (x ) dx = ∫ { f (x ) + f (− x )} dx ⇒ I =∫
u15 1
du = ∫ u14du = u15 + C
u 15
= ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( − x ) dx
1
= ( x + 1 + x 2 )15 + C
= F (x ) + C + { − F (− x ) + C ′ } 15
= F (x ) − F (−x ) + C + C ′ 33. Here, m = −1 < 0
which may be an odd function, if C + C ′ = 0. p = −2 < 0
Similarly, integral of an odd function is not always an even Also, − x + 3 x − 2 = − ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 )
2
function.
We can use case III
Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
28. If a > 0 and b 2 − 4ac < 0, then ⇒ Putting, − x 2 + 3 x − 2 = u ( x − 2 )
b 4ac − b 2
2 or ( x − 1 ) u or u (1 − x )
ax 2 + bx + c = a x + +
2a 4a 34. Let P = sin 3 x cos3 x
dx dx dP
⇒ ∫ ax 2 + bx + c = ∫ b 2 dx
= 3 sin 2 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
a x + + k2
2a = 3 sin 2 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos2 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
4ac − b 2
= 3 sin 2 x cos2 x − 6 sin 4 x cos2 x
where k 2 = > 0. which will have an answer of the type
4a
b ∴ P = 3 I 2, 2 − 6 I 4 , 2
x+
1
⋅
1
tan −1 2a + C or µ tan −1 x + A + C ∴
1
I 4 , 2 = ( − P + 3 I 2, 2 )
a k/ a k/ a B 6
Thus, choice (a) is correct. 35. Let P = sin 5 x cos3 x
2 dP
dx 1 ∴ = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
29. I = ∫ x2
x4 + 1
⇒ I =
2 ∫ 1
dx dx
x2 + = 5 sin 4 x (1 − sin 2 x ) cos2 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
x2
= 5 sin 4 x cos2 x − 8 sin 6 x cos2 x
1 1
1 + 2 1 − 2 ∴ P = 5 I 4 , 2 − 8 I 6, 2
1 x 1 x dx
=
2 ∫ 1
2
dx −
2 ∫ 1
2 1
∴ I 4 , 2 = ( P + 8 I 6, 2 )
x − + 2 x + − 2 5
x x
36. Let P = sin 5 x cos3 x
1 1
1 1 x − 1 1 x + − 1 dP
I = ⋅ tan −1 x + ⋅ log x +C ∴ = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 6 x cos2 x
2 2 2 2 2 x + 1 + 1 dx
x = 5 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x (1 − cos2 x ) cos2 x
∴ Statement I is false. = 8 sin 4 x cos4 x − 3 sin 4 x cos2 x
π
30. Since, cot −1 x = − tan −1 x, ∴ P = 8I 4 , 4 − 3I 4 , 2
2
−1 −1 1
∴ d (cot x ) = − d (tan x ) ∴ I 4 , 2 = (− P + 8I 4 , 4 )
−1
3
tan x −1
Thus, ∫ 2 d (cot −1 x ) = − ∫ 2 tan x
d (tan −1 x ) f (x + h ) − f (x ) f (x x − h ) − f (x )
37. Here, 2 f ′ ( x ) = lim +
h→ 0 h −h
−1
2 tan x
=− +C f (x + h ) − f (x − h )
ln 2 = lim …(i)
h→ 0 h
∴ Statement I is false. Statement II is true.
f (h ) − f ( 0 ) f ( − h ) − f ( 0 )
31. As m = 9 > 0, hence, we can substitute ∴ 2 f ′ ( 0 ) lim +
h→ 0 h −h
9x 2 + 4x + 6 = u ± 3x f (h ) − f ( −h )
= lim …(ii)
32. Here, as per notations given, we can substitute h→ 0 h
1 + x 2 = (u − x ) Now by given relation, we have
f (x + h ) − f (x − h )
As m = 1 > 0 and p = 1 > 0 f (h ) − f ( − h ) = and f ( 0 ) = 1
−h
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 75
f ′ (x ) π 3π
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have = 2010 42. (A) If <x< , then sin x > cos x
f (x ) 4 8
⇒ f ( x ) = e 2010e , f ( 0 ) = 1 sin x − cos x
∴ ∫ | sin x − cos x | dx = ∫ 1dx = x + C
∴ { f ( x )} is non-periodic.
38. Here, ∫ f ( g( x )) cos x dx = ∫ f (log (sin x )) . cos x dx x 2dx 1 1 1
(B) ∫ = ∫ 3x 2 3 − 3 dx
(x + 1) (x + 2) 3
3 3
x + 1 x + 2
= ∫ e 2010 log (sin x ) . cos x dx
1 x3 + 1
= ∫ (sin x ) 2010
. cos x dx = ln 3 +C
3 x +2
= ∫ (sin x ) 2010 . cos x dx π
(C) ∫ sin −1 x cos−1 x dx = ∫ sin −1 x − (sin −1 x ) 2 dx
2011
2
(sin x )
= +C π
2011 ⇒ ( x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 ) − { x (sin −1 x ) 2
2
(sin x ) 2011
∴ h( x ) = + sin −1 x 1 − x 2 − x } + C (by parts)
2011
π 1 π π
⇒ h = ⇒ sin −1 x x − x sin −1 x − 2 1 − x 2 + 1 − x 2 + 2x + C
2 2011 2 2
−1 −1
∴ f ( x ) = sin x, f ( x ) = sin x
Sol. (Q.Nos. 39 to 41)
Here, f ( x ) = ( x − 1 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 3 ) ( x − 6 ) − 100 dx
(D) ∫ = ln | ln | x || + C
x ln | x |
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 3 ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 12 ) − 100
∴ f ( x ) = ln | x |
= ( x 2 − 4 x ) 2 − 9 ( x 2 − 4 x ) − 136
x 2 + cos2 x
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) 43. (A) I = ∫ ⋅ cosec 2 x dx
1 + x2
39. ∴ f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ ( x 2 − 4x + 8) ( x 2 − 4x + 17 = 0
14
42443 14
4244 3 x 2 + 1 − sin 2 x
D>0 D<0 =∫ ⋅ cosec 2x dx
1 + x2
∴ Equation has two distinct and two imaginary roots.
1
40. f ( x ) = ( x 2 − 4x − 17) ( x 2 − 4x + 8) = ∫ cosec 2x − dx = − cot x + cot −1 x + k
1 + x2
= {(( x − 2 ) 2 − 21 } {( x − 2 ) 2 + 4 }
⇒ A = 1, B = − 1
Q ( f ( x )) min = ( −21 ) ( 4 ) = − 84
(B) I = ∫ x + x 2 + 2 dx
which occurs at x = 2
g( x ) g( x ) 2
x2 + 2 + x = t ⇒ x2 + 2 − x =
41. Q ∫ f (x ) = (x 2 − 4x − 17) (x 2 − 4x + 8) Put
t
2 2
Ax + B Cx + D ∴ 2x = t − ⇒ 2 dx = 1 + 2 dt
= + t t
x 2 − 4 x − 17 x 2 − 4 x + 8
1 2
Clearly, A, B and C must be zero. =
2 ∫ t + dt
t 3/ 2
g( x ) D
∴ = 2 1 t 3/ 2 1
( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) x − 4x + 8 ⇒ I = ⋅ + +k
2 3 1
− t 1/ 2
∴ g( x ) = D( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) 2 2
1 2
g( −2 ) = D( 4 + 8 − 17 ) = − 10 [given] = ( x + x 2 + 2 ) 3/ 2 − +k
3 x + x2 + 2
g( x ) 2( x − 4 x − 17 )
2
2
⇒ = = ⇒ A =1 and B = 2
f ( x ) ( x 2 − 4 x − 17 ) ( x 2 − 4 x + 8 ) x 2 − 4 x + 8
2 − x − x2
g( x ) 2 dx (C) I = ∫ dx
∴ ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ x 2 − 4x + 8 dx = 2∫ (x − 2)2 + (2)2 x2 2 − x − x2
dx dx dx
1 x − 2 −1 x − 2 =−∫ +2∫ −∫
= 2 ⋅ tan −1 + C = tan +C 2 − x − x2 x2 2 − x − x2 x 2 − x − x2
2 2 2
76 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1
dt 46. u ( x ) = 7v( x ) ⇒ u′ ( x ) = 7v′ ( x )
dx dt
=−∫ + 2∫ − + ∫ t
⇒ p =7 (given)
2 1 1 1 1
9 1 2− − 2 2− − 2
− x + u( x ) u( x ) ′
4 2 t t t t Again, =7 ⇒ =0
1 v( x ) v(x )
put x =
t ⇒ q=0
2x + 1 1 ( 4t − 1 )dt 1 dt p+q 7+0
= − sin −1 − ∫ + ∫ = =1
3 2 2t 2 − t − 1 2 2t 2 − t − 1
Now,
p −q 7 − 0
2x + 1 1 2t 2 − t − 1 x − 1 dt 2
= − sin −1 − 47. Let t = ln ⇒ =
3 2 1 x + 1 dx x 2 − 1
2 1 1 1
dt I = ∫ t dt = t 2 + C
2 2∫
+ 2 4
t 1 1 1
t2 − − + − x − 1
2
2 2 16 16 1
I = ln x + 1 + C
2x + 1 2 − x − x2 4
= − sin −1 −
3 x 1
1 1 ⇒ 6A = ⇒ 24 A = 1
+ log t − + 2t 2 − t − 1 + K 4
2 2 4
1 1 + x
2 − x − x2 (4 − x ) + 2 − x − x 2 48. I = ∫ e x + dx
1 1 − x
(1 − x ) 1 − x
2
=− + log
x 2 2 4x
2x + 1 d 1 + x 1
− sin −1 +K As =
3 dx 1 − x (1 − x ) 1 − x 2
sin 2 x
(D) ∫ 4 r r
dx, dividing N and D by cos x 4
1/ 2
sin x + cos4 x 1+x 1 + x
∴ I = ex + C ⇒ I = ex +C
2 tan x ⋅ sec 2x 1−x 1 − x
I =∫ dx, put tan 2 x = t
tan 4 x + 1 1
⇒ µ = 1, λ =
dt 2
⇒ 2 tan x ⋅ sec 2x dx = dt = ∫ 2 = − cot −1(t ) + C
t +1 1 3
⇒ 2(µ + λ ) = 2 1 + = 2 × = 3
2 2
⇒ − cot −1(tan 2 x ) + C ∴ B = − 1
(e x + cos x + 1 ) − (e x + sin x + x )
44. ∫ 2
2x + 3 49. I = ∫ dx
dx e x + sin x + x
(x + 3x ) (x 2 + 3x + 2) + 1
= ln (e x + sin x + x ) − x + C
Put x 2 + 3 x = t ⇒ (2 x + 3 ) dx = dt
dt dt 1 1 ∴ f ( x ) = e x + sin x + x and g( x ) = − x
∫ t(t + 2) + 1 = ∫ (t + 1)2 = C − t + 1 = C − x 2 + 3x + 1 ⇒ f ( x ) + g( x ) = e x + sin x
⇒ a = 1, b = 3, c = 1 ⇒ a + b + c = 5 f ( x ) + g( x )
⇒ =1
3x + 2 e x + sin x
45. F ( x ) = ∫ dx.
x −9 1 x +3 1 x −9 x + 3 x −9
Let x − 9 = t 2 ⇒dx = 2t dt
50. 12 tan −1 + ln −1
= 3 tan 4 + ln x + 3
4 4 2 ⋅ 6 x + 3
3(t 2 + 9 ) + 2 ⇒ λ = 3, µ = 1
∴ F (x ) = ∫ ⋅ 2t dt
t ⇒ λ+µ=4
= 2 ∫ (29 + 3t ) dt = 2[29t + t ]
2 3 15 3 5x 5x 3x
2 cos x cos x 2 4 cos3 − 3 cos cos
2 2 2 2 2
51. =
F ( x ) = 2[29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/2 ] + C 2 5x 2 5x
1 − 2 2 cos − 1 3 − 4 cos
Given, F (10 ) = 60 = 2[29 + 1 ] + C 2 2
⇒ C =0 = − 2 cos
5x
cos
3x
∴ F ( x ) = 2[29 x − 9 + ( x − 9 ) 3/ 2
] 2 2
= − (cos 4x + cos x )
F (13 ) = 2[29 × 2 + 4 × 2 ]
sin 4 x
= 4 × 33 = 132 I =− − sin x + C
4
Hence, sum of digits = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 77
3
sin x + x2 − 1
= x 2 ⋅ex + C = h( x ) + C
tan x cos x
52. I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx ∴ h( x ) = x ⋅ e
2 x3 + x2 − 1
1 + tan x + tan 2 x 1
+
sin x
cos2 x cos x ⇒ h(1 ) ⋅ h( − 1 ) = e1 ⋅ e −1 = 1
sin 2 x dx
=∫ dx = ∫ dx − 2 ∫ x 4 cos3 x − x sin x + cos x
2 + sin 2 x 2 + sin 2 x 56. I = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) dx
x 2 cos2 x
sec 2x
= x − 2∫ dx = ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ ( x 2 cos x ) dx
2 sec x + 2 tan x
2
d 1
Let t = tan x, dt = sec 2 x dx − ∫ e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ dx
dx x cos x
2 dx dt 1
=x− ∫ t2 + t + 1 = x − ∫ = e ( x sin x + cos x ) ⋅ x − +C
2 1 3 2 2
x cos x
t + +
2 2
57. I = ∫ x+ x 2 + 2 dx
1 2 tan x + 1
I =x− tan −1 +C
3 3
Let x + x 2 + 2 = p or x 2 + 2 = p 2 + x 2 − 2 px
m+1 2 u − 3
∴ = 1 ie, integer =− log + C
n 3 u + 3
∴ Let us make the substitution,
1 − 2/ 3 2 t2 + 3 − 3
1 + x 1/ 3 = t 2 ∴ x dx = 2t dt =− log + C
t +3 + 3
3 3 2
∴ cosec 2 x dx = dt ⇒ x 2 + 2 x + 4 = t 2 + x 2 + 2tx
+ cot 2 x − 1 + C 1 3
=4 log | t | − 3 log | 1 − t | + (1 − t )
= − cot x ⋅ ln (cos x + cos 2 x ) − cot x − x + cot 2 x − 1 + C 2
3
dx cos2 x dx = 2 log | x + 2 x + 4 − x | − log
2
64. I = ∫ a ∈N = ∫ 2
(sin x + a sec x ) 2
(a + sin x cos x ) 2 3
| 1 − x 2 + 2x + 4 + x | +
cos2 x dx 2 (1 − x + 2 x + 4 + x )
2
=∫
(a + sin x ⋅ cos2 x + 2a sin x ⋅ cos x )
2 2
3
= 2 log | x 2 + 2 x + 4 − x | − log
4 cos2 x dx 1 + cos 2 x 2
=∫ =2 ∫ dx 3
4a + sin 2 2 x + 4a sin 2 x
2
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 | x 2 + 2x + 4 − 1 − x | −
1 cos 2 x 2 ( x 2 + 2x + 4 − x − 1)
=2 ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx dx
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 (2a + sin 2 x ) 2 66. I = ∫
1 1+ x + 2x + 2
2
= 2I 1 − …(i)
(2a + sin 2 x ) x 2 + 2 x + 2 = t − x, squaring both the sides, we get
dx
I1 = ∫ , x 2 + 2 x + 2 = t 2 + x 2 − 2tx
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2
2 x + 2tx = t 2 − 2
we know
t2 − 2
∴ I1 = ∫
du x=
2 (1 + t )
4a 2 − 1 1 − u 2
( 4a 2 − 1 )
(2a − u ) t 2 + 2t + 2
⇒ dx = dt
sin 2 x + 1 1 (2a − u ) 2 (1 + t ) 2
u = 2a =
2a + sin 2 x ( 4a 2 − 1 ) 3/2 ∫ 1 − u2
du
t2 − 2 t 2 + 4t + 4
∴ 1+ x 2 + 2x + 2 = 1 + t − =
2 (1 + t ) 2 (1 + t )
du ( 4a 2 − 1 ) cos 2 x
⇒ =
(2a + sin 2 x ) 2 2 (1 + t ) (t 2 + 2t + 2 ) (t 2 + 2t + 2 )
dx ⇒ I =∫ dt = ∫ (1 + t ) (t + 2)2 dt
1 2au − 1 (t 2 + 4t + 4 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ (1 + t ) 2
⇒ [2a sin − 1 u + 1 − u 2 ] = I 1 and sin 2 x =
( 4a 2 − 1 ) 3/2 2a − u Using partial fractions, we get
dt dt
1 2a sin 2 x + 1 I =∫ −2 ∫
∴ I = 3/ 2
2a sin − 1 t+1 (t + 2 ) 2
( 4a − 1 )
2
2a + sin 2 x
2
= ln | t + 1 | + +C
2a sin 2 x + 1 1 (t + 2 )
+ 1− − +C
2a + sin 2 x (2a + sin 2 x ) 2
I = ln ( x + 1 + x 2 + 2x + 2 ) + +C
(x + 2) + x 2 + 2x + 2
80 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x4 + 1 (x 2 + 1)2 − 2x 2
67. I =∫ dx = ∫ dx ∴ 1+
x dx = dt or tdx
= dt
x6 + 1 (x 2 + 1) (x 4 − x 2 + 1) 1 + x 2 1 + x2
(1 + 1 / x 2 ) dx x 2 dx
=∫ −2 ∫ 3 2 dt t15 ( x + 1 + x 2 )15
(x + 1 / x − 1)
2 2
(x ) + 1 ∴ I = ∫ t15 ⋅ = ∫ t14 dt = +C= +C
t 15 15
(1 + 1 / x 2 ) dx x 2 dx xn + 1 xn + 1
=∫ − 2 ∫ 70. Qun + 1 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(x − 1 / x )2 + 1 (x 3 )2 + 1 y ax 2 + 2bx + c
In first integral put x − 1 / x = t and in second integral put
x3 = u 1 xn (2ax + 2b ) − 2bxn
=
2a ∫ ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
dt 2 du
=∫ − ∫ u2 + 1
t2 + 1 3 1 (2ax + 2b ) dx b xn
2
=
2a ∫ xn
ax 2 + 2bx + c
−
a ∫ ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
= tan − 1 (t ) − tan − 1 (u ) + C
3 1 (2ax + 2b ) b
un + 1 = ∫x −
n
2 un
= tan − 1 ( x − 1 / x ) − tan − 1 ( x 3 ) + C 2a ax + 2bx + c
2 a
3
I II
dx 1 n
68. I = ∫ un + 1 = [ x ⋅ 2 ax 2 + 2bx + c
(1 − x 3 )1/3 2a
b
Put x = 1 / t, dx = − 1 / t 2 dt − ∫ nxn − 1 ⋅ 2 (ax 2 + bx + c ) dx ] − un
a
dt dt
∴ I =−∫ =−∫ 1 n n n −1 b
t 2 (1 − 1 / t 3 )1/3 t (t 3 − 1 )1/3
=
a
x y −
a ∫x ⋅ ax 2 + 2bx + c dx −
a
un
1 du 1 u+1
=
3 ∫ −
1+u 3 ∫ u −u + 1
2
du ⇒ (n + 1 ) a un + 1 + (2n + 1 ) bun + nc ⋅ un − 1 = xn y …(i)
Now, putting, n = 0 in both the sides, we get
(using partial fractions)
1 du 1 1 / 2 (2u − 1 ) + 3 / 2 au1 + bu0 = x 0y
=
3 ∫ −
u+1 3 ∫ (u 2 − u + 1 )
du
au1 = y − bu0 …(ii)
1 du 1 2u − 1 1 du Putting n = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
=
3 ∫ u + 1 − 6 ∫ u 2 − u + 1 du − 2 ∫ (u − 1 / 2)2 + 3 / 4 2au2 + 3bu1 + cu0 = xy
y − bu0
1 1 1 2au2 + 3b + cu0 = xy [from Eq. (ii)]
= log | u + 1 | − log | u 2 − u + 1 | − a
3 6 2
1 2u − 1 ⇒ 2a 2u2 + 3by − 3b 2u0 + acu0 = axy
⋅ tan − 1 +C
3 /2 3 ⇒ 2a 2u2 = y (ax − 3b ) + (3b 2 − ac ) u0
1 1
= log | (t 3 − 1 )1/3 + 1 | − log | (t 3 − 1 ) 2/3 − (t 3 − 1 )1/3 + 1 | 71. Plan Integration by Substitution
3 6
2 (t 3 − 1 )1/3 − 1 i.e. I = ∫ f { g( x )} ⋅ g′ ( x ) dx
1
− tan − 1 +C
3 3 Put g ( x ) = t ⇒ g′ ( x ) dx = dt
(1 − x 3 )1/3 + x 1 ∴ I = ∫ f (t ) dt
− log (1 − x ) − (1 − x ) + x
3 2/ 3 3 1/ 3 2
1
= log 2
3 x 6 x Description of Situation Generally, students gets confused
2 (1 − x 3 )1/3 − x after substitution, i.e. sec x + tan x = t.
1
− tan − 1 +C Now, for sec x, we should use
3 3x
sec 2 x − tan 2 x = 1
( x + 1 + x 2 )15
69. I = ∫ dx ⇒ (sec x − tan x ) (sec x + tan x ) = 1
1 + x2 1
⇒ sec x − tan x =
Put (x + 1 + x 2 ) = t t
Chap 01 Indefinite Integral 81
sec 2 dx ⇒ ( − 2 x − 3 − 5 x − 6 ) dx = dt
Here, I =∫
(sec x + tan x ) 9/2
⇒ (2 x − 3 + 5 x − 6 ) dx = − dt
Put sec x + tan x = t
dt
⇒ (sec x tan x + sec 2 x ) dx = dt ∴ I =−∫ = − ∫ t − 3 dt
t3
⇒ sec x ⋅ t dx = dt
t− 3 + 1 1 x10
dt =− +C= 2 +C= +C
⇒ sec x dx = −3 + 1 2t 2(x 5 + x 3 + 1) 2
t
1 1 1 dx dx
∴ sec x − tan x =
t
⇒ sec x = t +
2 t
74. ∫ 3
=∫ 3
x 2( x 4 + 1) 4 1 4
sec x ⋅ sec x dx x 5 1 + 4
∴ I =∫ x
(sec x + tan x ) 9/2
1 4
1 1 dt Put 1 + = t 4 ⇒ − 5 dx = 4 t 3dt
t + ⋅ x4 x
2 t t 1 1 1
⇒ I =∫ = ∫ 9/2 + 13/2 dt ⇒
dx
= − t 3dt
t 9/ 2
2 t t x5
1 2 2 1
= − 7/2 + 11/2 + K −t 3dt 1 4
2 7 t 11 t ∴ I =∫ = − ∫ dt = − t + C = − 1 + 4 + C
t 3 x
1 1
= − + 11/ 2
+K 1 x + x+
1 1
1 x+
1
7 (sec x + tan x ) 11 (sec x + tan x )
7/ 2
75. ∫ 1 + x − x e x dx = ∫ e x dx + ∫ x 1 − x 2 e x dx
−1 1 1 2
= + (sec x + tan x ) + K x+
1
x+
1
x+
1
(sec x + tan x )11/2 11 7 = ∫e x dx + xe x −∫
d
( x )e x dx
dx
ex e 3x
72. Since, I = ∫ dx and J = ∫ dx x+
1
x+
1
x+
1
e 4x
+ e +1
2x
1 + e 2x + e 4 x = ∫e x dx + xe x − ∫e x dx
(e − e )
3x x
∴ J −I =∫
1 1
dx 1 x+ x+
1 + e 2x + e 4 x Q ∫ 1 − 2 e x dx = e x
x
Put e x = u ⇒ e xdx = du
1 1 1
x+ x+ x+
1 =∫ e x dx + xe x − ∫ ex x dx
1 − 2
(u 2 − 1 ) u
∴ J −I = ∫ du = ∫ du x+
1
1 + u2 + u4 1
1 + 2 + u2 = xe x +C
u
76. Given, ∫ f ( x ) dx = ψ( x )
1
1 − 2
u I = ∫ x 5 f ( x 3 ) dx
=∫ 2
du Let
1
u + − 1 Put x3 = t
u
dt
1 1 ⇒ x 2dx = …(i)
Put u + = t ⇒ 1 − 2 du = dt 3
u u
1
dt 1 t −1 ∴ I = ∫ t f (t ) dt
=∫ = log +C 3
t −1 2
2
t+1
1 d
u2 − u + 1 e 2x − e x + 1
= t ∫ f (t ) dt _ ∫ (t ) dt dt
dtt
1
= log 2
1
+ C = log 2x +C
3
2 u +u+1 2 e + ex + 1 [Integration by parts]
2x + 5x12
2x + 5x
9 12 9 1
73. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 15 dx = [t ψ (t ) − ∫ ψ (t ) dt ]
(x + x + 1)
5 3 3
x (1 + x − 2 + x − 5 ) 3 3
1
2x − 3 + 5x − 6 = [ x 3ψ ( x 3 ) – 3 ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 ) dx ] + C [from Eq. (i)]
=∫ dx 3
(1 + x − 2 + x − 5 ) 3 1
= x 3ψ ( x 3 ) − ∫ x 2ψ ( x 3 ) dx + C
Now, put 1 + x − 2 + x − 5 = t 3
82 Textbook of Integral Calculus
02
Definite Integral
Learning Part
Session 1
● Integration Basics
Session 2
● Properties of Definite Integral
Session 3
● Applications of Piecewise Function Property
Session 4
● Applications of Even-Odd Property and Half the Integral Limit Property
Session 5
● Applications of Periodic Functions and Newton-Leibnitz’s Formula
Session 6
● Integration as Limit of a Sum
● Applications of Inequality
● Gamma Function
● Beta Function
● Walli’s Formula
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercise
Integration Basics 1 p/ 2
4 ò0
= (1 - 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2x ) dx
What is Definite Integral ? 1 p/ 2 æ 1 + cos 4 x ö
Let f be a function of x defined in the closed interval [a, b ] = ò ç1 - 2 cos 2x + ÷ dx
4 0 è 2 ø
and f be another function, such that f¢ ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x
1 p/ 2 æ 3 - 4 cos 2x + cos 4 x ö
in the domain of f , then =
4 ò0 ç
è 2
÷ dx
ø
b
òa f ( x ) dx = [ f( x ) + c ]ba = f(b ) - f (a )
1 é 4 sin 4 x ù
p/ 2
= êë3x - 2 sin 2x + 4 úû
is called the definite integral of the function f ( x ) over the 8 0
interval [a, b ], a and b are called the limits of integration, a é æ 3p
1 1 ö ù
being the lower limit and b be the upper limit. = ê çè 2 - 2 sin p + 4 sin 2p ÷ø - 0ú
ë8 û
Remark 1 æ 3p ö 3p
= ç - 0 + 0÷ =
In definite integrals constant of integration is never present. 8è 2 ø 16
Working Rules 1 éd æ -1 1 öù
b
y Example 2 The value of ò-1 êë dx çè tan ÷ dx is
x ø úû
To evaluate definite integral ò f ( x ) dx .
a
(a) p / 2 (b) p / 4 (c) -p / 2 (d) None of these
1. First evaluate the indefinite integral ò f ( x ) dx and
1 éd æ -1 1 öù
suppose the result is g( x ). Sol. Let I = ò-1 êë dx çè tan ÷ dx
x ø úû
2. Next find g (b ) and g (a ). d æ -1 1 ö d -1
Here, ç tan ÷= (cot -1 x ) =
3. Finally, the value of the definite integral is obtained dx è x ø dx 1+ x2
by subtracting g(a ) from g(b ). 1 1 1 1
b
\ I =ò - dx = - ò dx
-1 1 + x 2 -1 1 + x 2
Thus, òa f ( x ) dx = [ g( x )]ba = g(b ) - g(a )
= -(tan -1 x )-1 = -[tan -1(1) - tan -1( -1)]
1
y Example 1 Evaluate æp pö p
= -ç + ÷ = -
1 1 p /2 è4 4ø 2
(i) ò dx (ii) ò0 sin 4 x dx
0 3 + 4x Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
1
1 1 é ln (3 + 4 x ) ù Remark
Sol. (i) Here, I = ò0 3 + 4x
dx = ê
ë 4 úû 1
0 1 æd 1ö -1 æ -1 1 ö = tan-1( 1) - tan-1( -1)
Note that ò-1 çè dx tan ÷ dx = ç tan
xø è
÷
x ø -1
1 1 æ 7 ö
= [ln 7 - ln 3] = ln ç ÷ p p p
4 4 è 3 ø = - æç - ö÷ =
4 è 4ø 2
p/ 2
(ii) Let I = ò0 sin 4 x dx
is incorrect, because tan-1 æç ö÷ is not a anti-derivative (primitive)
1
èx ø
1 p/ 2 1 p/ 2
=
4 ò0 (2 sin 2 x )2 dx =
4 ò0 (1 - cos 2x )2 dx of
d æ -1 1 ö
ç tan
dx è xø
÷ on the interval [ -1, 1].
Chap 02 Definite Integral 85
e b
y Example 3 If I n = ò (log x )n dx , then I n + nI n -1 is equal to i.e. òa f ( x ) dx = Area (OLA ) - Area ( AQM ) - Area ( MRB )
1
1 + Area ( BSCD )
(a) (b) e (c) e - 1 (d) None of these
e Remark
e e
Sol. We have, I n = ò1 (log x )n dx = ò1 (log x )n × 1 dx b
123 {
II
òa f ( x ) dx, represents algebraic sum of areas means that area of
I
function y = f ( x ) is asked between a to b.
e n -1 1
\ I n = [x × (log x )n ]e1 - ò n × (log x ) × × xdx b
e
1 x Þ Area bounded = ò | f ( x ) | dx and not been represented
a
= (e - 0) - n ò (loge x )n -1dx = e - n × I n -1 b
by ò f ( x ) dx . e.g. If someone asks for the area of y = x 3
1
\ I n + n × I n -1 = e a
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. between - 1 to 1, then y = x 3 could be plotted as
(a) a = 3 (b) a £ 4
–1
(c) 0 £ a < 3 (d) None of these O 1
2
Sol. We have, ò1 {a 2 + ( 4 - 4a )x + 4 x 3 }dx £ 12
Þ [a 2 x + (2 - 2a )x 2 + x 4 ] 12 £ 12 –1
Þ a 2 (2 - 1) + (2 - 2a )( 4 - 1) + (24 - 14 ) £ 12
Figure 2.2
Þ a 2 + 3(2 - 2a ) + 15 £ 12
Þ a 2 - 6a + 9 £ 0 0 1 1
\ Area = ò - x 3 dx + ò x 3 dx =
Þ ( a - 3) 2 £ 0 -1 0 2
\ a=3 1 1
or using above definition, area = ò | x 3 | dx = 2 ò x 3 dx
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. -1 0
1
é x4 ù 1
=2 ê ú =
Geometrical Interpretation ë 4 û0 2
1 2 2 dx
= ò0 ( x - 1) ( x - 2) dx - ò1 ( x - 1) ( x - 2) dx
3
Sol. Let I = ò- 2 4 + x2
+ ò2 ( x - 1) ( x - 2) dx 2
é1 æ x ö ù 1 é tan - 1 (1) - tan -1 ( -1)ù
1 2
= ê tan - 1 ç ÷ =
ò0 ò1
2 2
= ( x - 3x + 2) dx - ( x - 3x + 2) dx è 2 ø úû êë úû
ë 2 -2
2
3
+ ò2 ( x 2 - 3x + 2) dx
1 ép æ p ö ù p
1 2 3
= ê 4 - çè - 4 ÷ø ú = 4
éx 3
3x ù éx2
3x ù éx 3x 3 ù 2 3 2 2 ë û
=ê - + 2x ú - ê - + 2x ú + ê - + 2x ú
p
ë 3 2 û0 ë 3 2 û1 ë 3 2 û2 Þ I =
4
æ1 3 ö æ 8 12 1 3 ö
= ç - + 2÷ - ç - + 4 - + - 2÷ On the other hand; if x = 1 / t , then
è3 2 ø è3 2 3 2 ø
2 dx 1/ 2 dt 1/ 2 dt
I =ò =-ò =- ò - 1/ 2
æ 27 27 8 12 ö 11 -2 4 + x 2 - 1/ 2 t 2 ( 4 + 1 / t 2 ) 4t 2 + 1
+ç - +6- + - 4÷ =
è3 2 3 2 ø 6 1/ 2
é1 ù
= - ê tan - 1 (2 t ) ú
ë2 û - 1/ 2
æ 1 ö
Evaluation of Definite 1
= - tan - 1 (1) - ç - tan - 1 ( - 1) ÷
2 è 2 ø
Integrals by Substitution p p
=- - =-
p
Sometimes, the indefinite integral may need substitution, 8 8 4
say x = f (t ). Then, in that case don’t forget to change the p 1
\ I = - , when x =
limits of integration a and b corresponding to the new 4 t
variable t. The substitution x = f (t ) is not valid, if it is not In above two results, I = - p / 4 is wrong. Since, the
1
continuous in the interval [a, b ]. integrand > 0 and therefore the definite integral of
4 + x2
y Example 6 Show that this function cannot be negative.
p /2 dx p Since, x = 1 / t is discontinuous at t = 0, then substitution is
ò0 2
a cos x + b sin x2 2 2
=
2ab
; a, b > 0. not valid. (Q I = p / 4 )
x = p/ 2 dx Remark
Sol. Let I = òx = 0 2 2
a cos x + b sin x 2 2 It is important that the substitution must be continuous in the
2 interval of integration.
x = p/ 2 sec x dx
= òx = 0 a 2 + b 2 tan 2 x 1/ 2 sin -1 x
(divide numerator and denominator by cos 2 x )
y Example 8 Evaluate ò0 x×
1- x 2
dx .
1 dy x 2 ln x 1 2 1
Sol. Here, f ¢( x ) = = = – [ x – 1] =
1+ x4 dx 2 4 4
x 2 ln x 1 2
f \ – x = 0 Þ [2 ln x – 1] = 0 (as x > 1 )
2 4
1
x f(x)=0 Þ ln x = Þ x = e
2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
g
88 Textbook of Integral Calculus
p é ¥ ( x 2 + 1) x dx ù
1
¥ é ln a a 2t ù 1 2
4 ë ò0 1 + x 4 ò0
= ê dx + a ú =ê ×
1+ x4 û ú = ( a – 1) [ as {t } = t , if t Î(0,1)]
ë 2 ln a û0 2
pé p ap ù é p 2 p 2a ù 1 2 e –1
= + =ê + ú \ ( a – 1) = Þ a= e
4 êë 2 2 4 úû ë 8 2 16 û 2 2
1 é p 2 p 2a ù é p2 p2 ù p2 Aliter x Î(1, a )
\ l = lim ê + ú = lim ê + ú= Þ loga x Î (0, 1) Þ [loga x ] = 0
a ®¥ a 8 2
ë 16 û a ® ¥ ë (8 2)a 16 û 16
a 1 e –1
\ I = ò x dx = (a 2 – 1) = Þ a= e
Þ k = 16 1 2 2
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
æ 1ö cosec q
13. If f ( x ) is a function satisfying f ç ÷ + x 2f ( x ) = 0 for all non-zero x, then ò f ( x )dx is equal to
èxø sin q
1 æ n ö æ n 1 ö
14. The value of ò çç Õ (n + r )÷÷ çå
ç
÷dx equals to
÷
0
èr =1 ø è k = 1x + k ø
(a) n (b) n ! (c) (n + 1) ! (d) n × n !
0
15. The true set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality ò (3-2x - 2 × 3- x ) dx ³ 0 is true, is
x
(a) [0, 1] (b) [-¥, - 1] (c) [0, ¥] (d) [-¥, - 1] È [1, ¥]
Session 2
Properties of Definite Integral
Properties of Definite Integrals This property says that when integrating from 0 to a, we
b b will get the same result whether we use the function f ( x )
Property I. òa f ( x ) dx = ò
a
f (t ) dt or f (a - x ). The justification for this property will become
clear from the figures below :
i.e. The integration is independent of the change of
variable. y
d d
[ f( x )] = f ( x ) Þ [ f(t )] = f (t )
dx dt
b
Therefore, òa f ( x ) dx = [ f( x )] ba = f(b ) - f(a ) …(i)
x a–x
b x
and òa f (t ) dt = [ f(t )]ba = f(b ) - f(a ) …(ii) 0 a
Remark p /2 p /2
\ò
p/ 2
f (tan x ) dx = ò0
p/ 2
f (cot x ) dx
Þ ò0 f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = ò0 f ( x ) dx
0
p/ 2
y Example 18 Evaluate
(iii) We know, I = ò0 f (sin 2x ) sin x dx …(i)
p /2 dx p /2
p/ 2 é æp öù æp ö (i) ò (ii) ò0 log (tan x ) dx
= ò0 f êsin 2 ç - x ÷ ú × sin ç - x ÷ dx
ë è 2 ø û è 2 ø
0 1 + tan x
p /4 p /2 sin x - cos x
é using a f ( x ) dx =
êë ò0
a
ò0 f (a - x ) dx ù
úû
(iii) ò0 log (1 + tan x ) dx (iv) ò0 1 + sin x cos x
dx
p/ 2
= ò0 f (sin ( p - 2x )) cos x dx
Sol. (i) Let I = ò0
p/ 2 dx
= ò0
p/ 2 cos x
dx …(i)
p/ 2 1 + tan x cos x + sin x
I = ò0 f (sin 2x ) cos x dx …(ii)
p/ 2 cos ( p / 2 - x )
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Then, I = ò0 cos ( p / 2 - x ) + sin ( p / 2 - x )
dx
p/ 2
2I = ò0 f (sin 2x ) (sin x + cos x ) dx p/ 2 sin x
p/ 2 æ pö
= ò0 sin x + cos x
dx …(ii)
= 2 ò0 f (sin 2x ) sin ç x + ÷ dx
è 4ø Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
p æp ö æ p ö p/ 2 sin x p/ 2 cos x
Put x + = ç - q ÷ ç i.e. x = - q ÷ 2I = ò
4 è2 ø è 4 ø 0 sin x + cos x
dx + ò0 sin x + cos x
dx
- p/ 4
Þ 2I = - 2 òp/ 4 f (cos 2q ) cos q dq p/ 2 sin x + cos x p/ 2
p/ 4
= ò0 sin x + cos x
dx = ò0 1 dx
= 2 ò- p/ 4 f (cos 2q ) cos q dq
p p p
= 2 2ò
p/ 4
f (cos 2q )cos q dq (since it is even) = [ x ] p0 / 2 = - 0 Þ 2I = Þ I =
0 2 2 4
p/ 2
\ I = 2 ò0
p/ 4
f (cos 2q ) cos q dq (ii) Let I = ò0 log (tan x ) dx …(i)
p p/ 2 ì æp öü
(iv) Let I = ò0 x f (sin x ) dx …(i) Then, I = ò0 log í tan ç - x ÷ý dx
î è 2 øþ
Replacing x by ( p - x ), we get p/ 2
p
Þ I = ò0 log (cot x ) dx …(ii)
I = ò0 ( p - x ) f (sin ( p - x )) dx
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
p p/ 2 p/ 2
Þ I = ò0 ( p - x ) f (sin x ) dx …(ii) 2I = ò0 log (tan x ) dx + ò0 log (cot x ) dx
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get p/ 2
=ò ( log tan x + log cot x ) dx
p p p 0
2I = ò0 p f (sin x ) dx Þ I = ò0 f (sin x ) dx p/ 2 p/ 2
p p p
2 = ò0 log (tan x × cot x ) dx = ò0 log (1) dx
\ ò0 x f (sin x ) dx =
2 ò0 f (sin x ) dx Þ 2I = 0 Þ I = 0
Chap 02 Definite Integral 91
p/ 4 b b
(iii) Let I = ò0 log (1 + tan x ) dx …(i) Property IV. òa f ( x ) dx = ò
f (a + b - x ) dx
a
p/ 4 (King’s property)
= ò0 log [1 + tan ( p / 4 - x )] dx Proof Put x = a + b - t Þ dx = - dt
p/ 4 æ tan p / 4 - tan x ö Also, when x = a, then t = b, and when x = b
= ò0 log ç1 +
è
÷ dx
1 + tan ( p / 4 ) × tan x ø b a a
\ò f ( x ) dx = ò f (a + b - t ) ( - dt ) = - ò f (a + b - t ) dt
p/ 4 æ 1 + tan x + 1 - tan x ö a b b
= ò0 log ç
è 1 + tan x
÷ dx
ø b b
=ò f (a + b - t ) dt = ò f (a + b - x ) dx
p/ 4 æ 2 ö a a
= ò0 log ç ÷ dx
è 1 + tan x ø b b
\ò f ( x ) dx = ò f (a + b - x ) dx
p/ 4 p/ 4 a a
= ò0 log (2) dx - ò0 log (1 + tan x ) dx a ab
2I = 0 Þ I = 0
a
y Example 19 The value of ò0 log (cot a + tan x ) dx ,
x a+b–x
where a Î(0, p / 2) is equal to x
(a) a log (sin a) (b) - a log (sin a) a b
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Integrating both sides, we get
p/ 3 p p p p ln f ( x ) = – f (–x ) + C
2I = ò 1 dx = - = Þ I =
p/ 6 3 6 6 12 ln[ f ( x )× f (–x )] = C
y Example 21 Prove that f ( x ) × f (–x ) = C
But f ( 0) = 3
b f (x ) b- a
òa f ( x ) + f (a + b - x ) dx = 2 × Þ f 2 ( 0) = C \ C = 9
\ f ( x ) × f (–x ) = 9
b f (x )
Sol. Let I = òa f ( x ) + f (a + b - x )
dx …(i) Aliter f ( x ) × f ¢ ( x )– f (–x ) × f ¢ ( x ) = 0
d
b f (a + b - x ) Þ [ f (–x ) × f ( x )] = 0
then, I = òa f (a + b - x ) + f (a + b - (a + b - x ))
dx dx
Integrating both sides, we get f ( x ) × f (–x ) = Constant
b f (a + b - x ) Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Þ I = òa f (a + b - x ) + f ( x )
dx …(ii)
51 dx
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y Example 24 ò–51 3 + f ( x ) has the value equal to
b f (a + b - x ) + f ( x )
2I = ò dx (a) 17 (b) 34
a f (a + b - x ) + f ( x )
(c) 102 (d) 0
b b-a
Þ 2I = òa 1 dx = (b - a ) Þ I =
2 Sol. Let I =
51 dx 51 dx
ò–51 3 + f ( x ) = ò–51 3 + f (–x )
y Example 22 Solve é using b f ( x )dx = b f (a + b – x )dx ù
- sin t 4 f (z ) dz ëê òa òa ûú
I=ò ×
cos 4 t f (cos 2 t - z ) + f (z ) 51 6 + f ( x ) + f (–x )
2I = ò–51 [3 + f ( x )] [3 + f (–x )]dx
- sin 4 t f (z ) dz
Sol. We have, I = òcos 4
f (cos 2 t - z ) +
...(i) 51 6 + f (x ) + f (-x )
= ò-51
t f (z ) dx
9 + 3[ f ( x ) + f ( - x )] + f ( x ) × f ( - x )
- sin 4 t f (cos 2t - z ) dz
\ I = òcos 4
t f (cos 2 t - z ) + f (z )
..(ii)
=
51 6 + f (x ) + f (-x )
ò-51 18 + 3 [ f ( x ) + f ( - x )] dx
é using b f ( x ) dx = b
f (a + b - x ) dx ù
êë òa òa úû =
1 51
ò dx =
2 × 51
3 – 51 3
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
51
- sin 4 t 4 Þ I = = 17
2I = òcos 4 dz Þ 2I = (z )- sin4 t
3
t cos t
p pa a sin a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin a sin a sin a a
Property V (b). 2 1 2
a a /2 a /2
\ ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò0 x 2 dx + ò1 x dx
ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò
0
f ( x ) dx + ò
0
f (a - x ) dx
éx3 ù
1
é x 3/2 ù
2
Proof As we know, =ê ú +ê ú
a a /2 a ë 3 û 0 ë 3 / 2 û1
ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò
0
f ( x ) dx + ò
a /2
f ( x ) dx
é x3 ù
1
é 2 ù
2
=ê ú +ê x x ú
Put x = a - t Þ dx = - dt in the second integral also, ë 3 û ë 3 û1
0
when x = a / 2, then t = a / 2 and when x = a, then t = 0.
a a /2 0 é 1 ù 2
= ê - 0 ú + [2 2 - 1]
\ ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò
0
f ( x ) dx + ò
a /2
f (a - t ) ( - dt )
ë 3 û 3
a /2 a /2
=ò f ( x ) dx + ò f (a - t ) dt =
1 4 2 2 4 2 1 1
+ - = - = ( 4 2 - 1)
0 0
3 3 3 3 3 3
a a /2 a /2
ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò
0
f ( x ) dx + ò
0
f (a - x ) dx
y Example 27 Evaluate the integral I = ò | 1 - x | dx .
2
0
Property V (c).
b - a, if a < b
ì 0, if f (a + x ) = - f (b - x ) Sol. By definition, | a - b | = ìí
b ï î a - b, if a > b
òa f ( x ) dx = í a +b
| 1 - x | = ìí
(1 - x ), 0 £ x £ 1
ïî 2 òa 2 f ( x ) dx , if f (a + x ) = f (b - x ) Then,
î ( x - 1), 1 £ x £ 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 95
2 1 2 2
\ ò0 | 1 - x | dx = ò0 (1 - x ) dx + ò1 ( x - 1) dx y Example 30 Evaluate ò0 {x } dx, where {x } denotes
1 2
é x2 ù éx2 ù the fractional part of x.
= êx - ú +ê - xú 2 2 2 2
ë 2 û0 ë 2 û1 Sol. ò { x } dx = ò0 ( x - [ x ]) dx = ò0 x dx - ò0 [ x ] dx
0
2
ìæ 1 ö ü ìæ 4 ö æ 1 öü æx2 ö
= ç ÷ - æç ò [ x ] dx + [ x ] dx ö÷
1 2
= í ç1 - ÷ - (0 - 0)ý + í ç - 2÷ - ç - 1÷ý è ò1 ø
îè 2 ø þ îè 2 ø è 2 øþ è ø0
2 0
1
( 4 - 0) - æç ò 0 dx + 1 dx ö÷
1 2
1 ì 1ü
= + í0 + ý = 1
2 î 2þ
=
2 è 0 ò1 ø
= 2 - ( x )12 = 2 - (1) = 1
y Example 28 Evaluate
p 2 Remark
(i) ò0 |cos x | dx (ii) ò0 | x 2 + 2 x - 3| dx In above example, for greatest integer less than or equal to x, it is
compulsory to break it at integral limits.
p p/ 2 p
Sol. (i) ò0 | cos x | dx = ò0 | cos x | dx + òp/ 2 | cos x | dx 9
p/ 2 p
y Example 31 Evaluate ò0 { x } dx , where {x} denotes
= ò0 (cos x ) dx - òp/ 2 (cos x ) dx
the fractional part of x.
= [sin x ] 0p/ 2 - [sin x ] pp/ 2 9 9 æ ö
Sol. ò { x } dx = ò0 ç x - [ x ]÷ dx
0 è ø
= ( 1 - 0) - ( 0 - 1) = 2
9 9
(ii) ò0
2 2
| x + 2x - 3 | dx
= ò0 ( x 1/ 2 ) dx - ò0 [ x ] dx
2 3/2 9 9
1 2
= ( x ) 0 - ò [ x ] dx
= ò0 | x 2 + 2x - 3 | dx + ò1 | x 2 + 2x - 3 | dx …(i)
3 0
2 2
We have, x + 2x - 3 = ( x + 3) ( x - 1) 9
= [27 ] - ò [ x ] dx
3 0
\ x 2 + 2x - 3 > 0 for x < - 3 or x > 1
9
and x 2 + 2x - 3 < 0 for -3< x <1 As ò0 [ x ] dx Þ 0 £ x £ 9 and 0 £ x £ 3
= 0 + ( x ) 1- 1 - 0 = 1 7 p/ 6 3 p/ 2
+ òp [2 sin x ] dx + ò7 p/ 6 [2 sin x ] dx
96 Textbook of Integral Calculus
5 p/ 6 p 7 p/ 6 3 p/ 2 Y
= òp/ 2 1 dx + ò5 p/ 6 0 dx + òp ( - 1) dx + ò7 p/ 6 ( - 2) dx
π/2
1 –2 –1 O 1 2
–tan 1 tan 1
–1 2 1 1 1
–π/2 \ ò- 2 f ( x ) dx = 4 ò0 f ( x ) dx = 4 ´
2
´1´ =1
2
–2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
2 2
y Example 35 The value of ò ( x [ x ]
+ [ x 2 ] x ) dx is
1
1
equal to where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
–tan 1 O tan 1 5 3 2 1 3
(a) + 3 + (2 -2 )+ (9 - 3 )
–1 4 log 3
–2 5 2 1 3 2 1 3
(b) + 3+ + (2 -2 )+ (9 - 3 )
4 3 log 2 log 3
100
\ò [tan - 1 x ] dx is shown as
0 5 2 1 3 2 1 3
(c) + + (2 -2 )+ (9 - 3 )
Y 4 3 log 2 log 3
1
(d) None of the above
2 2
ò1 ( x[x ]
Sol. Let I = + [ x 2 ]x ) dx
O tan 1 100 2 3 2
= ò1 ( x + 1) dx + ò2 ( x 2 + 2x ) dx + ò3 ( x 3 + 3x ) dx
2 3 2
éx2 ù éx3 2x ù éx4 3x ù
= 1 ´ (100 - tan 1) =ê + xú +ê + ú +ê + ú
ë 2 û1 ë 3 log 2 û 2 ë 4 log 3 û 3
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
5 2 1 3 2 1
y Example 34 The value of = + 3+ + (2 -2 )+ ( 32 - 3 3
)
2 4 3 log 2 log 3
ò min { x - [ x ], - x - [ - x ]} dx is equal to (where [.]
-2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
denotes the greatest integer function)
2p
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 y Example 36 The value of ò0 [| sin x | + | cos x |] dx is
(c) 3/2 (d) 2
equal to
Sol. Let f ( x ) = min ( x - [ x ], - x - [ - x ]) = min ({ x }, { - x }) p 3p
(a) (b) p (c) (d) 2p
Graphically, { x } and { -x } could be plotted as; 2 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 97
1 + cosa 1 – cosa
equal to
(a) 1 (b) cosa (c) (d) (a) 0 (b) 1/2
2 2
(p - a) dt
(c) 1/ 2 (d) 1
Sol. Let I = ò- a sin| t | dt , where 2x –a = t Þ dx =
2 Sol. Let
p/ 2 p
1 0 1 p- a I = ò 2 sin t cos t dt + ò [(–sin t cos t ) + (sin t cos t )]dt
=
2 ò- a –sin t dt + 2 ò0 sin t dt p/ 4 1/44444
p 2 42444444 3
zero
p–a 5 p/ 4
òp
0
é1 ù é1 ù + (–2 sin t cos t ) dt
= ê cos t ú - ê cos t ú p/ 2 5 p/ 4
ë 2 û –a ë 2 û0 = òp/ 4 sin 2t dt – ò
p
sin 2t dt
1 1
= [1 – cos a ]– [–cos a – 1] These two integrals cancels
2 2
Þ Zero.
1 1
= (1 – cos a ) + (1 + cos a ) = 1 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
2 2
1 1 2
= (1 – cos a ) + (1 + cos a ) = 1
2 2
y Example 40 The value of ò0 f ( x ) dx , where
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. ì n
ï0 , when x = , n = 1, 2, 3 ...
f (x ) = í n+1 3 is equal to
y Example 38 Let f be a continuous functions
ïî1 , elsewhere
satisfying
ì 1 for 0 < x £ 1 (a) 1 (b) 2
f ¢(ln x ) = í x (c) 3 (d) None of these
îe – 1 for x >1
2 1/ 2 2/3 3/4
and f (0) = 0, then f ( x ) can be defined as Sol. Here, ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò0 1 dx + ò1/ 2 1 dx + ò2 / 3 1 dx + ¼
ì 1 , if x £ 0 ì 1 , if x £ 0 n
(a) f (x) = í (b) f (x) = í x 2
î 1 – e x
, if x > 0 îe – 1, if x > 0
+ òn +1
n -1
1 dx +¼+ ò1 1 dx
n
ì x , if x < 0 ì x , if x £ 0 æ1ö æ2 1ö æ 3 2ö æ n n - 1ö
(c) f (x) = í x (d) f (x) = í x = ç ÷ + ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ +¼+ ç -
îe , if x > 0 îe – 1, if x > 0 ÷ +¼+1
è2ø è3 2ø è 4 3ø èn + 1 n ø
1, for 0 < x £ 1
Sol. f ¢ (ln x ) = ìí =
n
+ ... + 1 , as n ® ¥
î , for x > 1
x n +1
Put ln x = t Þ x = e t We take, limit n ® ¥
t 2
For x > 1; f ¢ (t ) = e for t > 0 We have, ò0 f ( x ) dx = 1 + 1 = 2
t 0
Integrating f (t ) = e + C ; f (0) = e + C Þ C = –1 Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
[ given, f (0) = 0]
98 Textbook of Integral Calculus
10 p
12. The value of ò ([sec-1 x ] + [cot -1 x ])dx (where, [×] denotes the greatest integer function) is equal to
1
(a) (sec 1) - 10p (b) 10p - sec 1
(c) p - sec 1 (d) None of these
p/ 2
13. The value of ò [cot -1 x ]dx (where, [×] denotes greatest integer function) is equal to
-p/ 2
(a) p + cot1 (b) p + cot2
(c) p + cot 1+ cot 2 (d) cot 1+ cot 2
p/ 4
14. The value of ò (tann( x - [ x ]) + tann- 2( x - [ x ]))dx (where, [×] denotes greatest integer function) is equal to
0
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n n-1 n (n - 1) n (n + 1)
2
15. The value of ò [ x 2 - x + 1]dx (where, [×] denotes the greatest integer function) is equal to
0
5+ 5 1+ 5 1- 5 5- 5
(a) b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
a
16. Evaluate ò [ x n ]dx , (where, [×] denotes the greatest integer function).
0
x 1
17. Prove that ò [ x ]dx = x [ x ] - [ x ]([ x ] + 1), where [×] denotes the greatest integer function.
0 2
n
18. If f (n ) = ò0n
[ x ]dx
(where, [×] and {}× denotes greatest integer and fractional part of x and n Î N). Then, the value
ò0 {x }dx
of f (4) is ...
x æ pö
19. If f (n ) = ò [cos t ]dt , where x Î ç2np , 2np + ÷; n Î N and [×] denotes the greatest integer function. Then, the value
0 è 2ø
æ 1ö
of f ç ÷ is ...
èpø
x [x ]
20. If ò [ x ]dx = ò xdx , x Ïinteger (where, [×] and {}× denotes the greatest integer and fractional parts respectively,
0 0
then the value of 4{x } is equal to ...
Session 4
Applications of Even-Odd Property and
Half the Integral Limit Property
òa f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò
a c
f ( x ) dx , if a < c < b
p /2
ò- p / 2 sin
2
y Example 43 Evaluate x dx.
a 0 a
\ ò- a f ( x ) dx = ò
-a
f ( x ) dx + ò
0
f ( x ) dx …(i)
Sol. Let f ( x ) = sin 2 x , then
0 0
Now, ò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( - t ) ( - dt ), where t = - x f ( - x ) = sin 2 ( - x ) = [sin ( - x )]2 = ( - sin x )2
-a a
= sin 2 x = f ( x )
0 a
=-ò f ( - t ) dt = ò f ( - t ) dt So, f ( x ) is an even function, hence
a 0
p/ 2 p/ 2
=ò
a
f ( - x ) dx (using properties I and II)
ò- p/ 2 (sin 2 x ) dx = 2 ò
0
(sin 2 x ) dx
0 p/ 2 1 - cos 2x
=2ò dx
ì a 0 2
ï ò
f ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) is even p/ 2
= í a0 …(ii) æ sin 2x ö p
= çx - ÷ =
ï- ò f ( x ) dx , if f ( x ) is odd è 2 ø 2
î 0 0
p/ 2 p
ò- p/ 2
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get \ sin x dx =
2
ìï 2 a
f ( x ) dx = í ò0
a f ( x ) dx , f ( x ) is even
ò- a ïî y Example 44 The value of ò
1 æ2 - x ö
log ç ÷ dx is equal to
0, if f ( x ) is odd -1 è2+ x ø
1
1 (a) (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 0
ò- 1 ( x
3
y Example 41 Evaluate + 5x + sin x )dx . 2
æ 2- x ö
Sol. Let, f ( x ) = x 3 + 5x + sin x Sol. Let f ( x ) = log ç ÷
è 2+ x ø
\ f ( - x ) = - x 3 - 5x - sin x = - f ( x ) -1
æ 2+ x ö æ 2- x ö
So, f ( x ) is an odd function). Now, f ( - x ) = log ç ÷ = log ç ÷
1
è 2- x ø è 2+ x ø
Hence, ò ( x 3 + 5x + sin x )dx = 0
-1 æ 2- x ö
= - log ç ÷
é ìï2 f ( x )dx , f ( x ) is even ù
a è 2+ x ø
ê using ò f ( x ) dx = í ò0
a
ú
êë -a
ïî0, f ( x ) is odd úû æ 2- x ö
\ f ( - x ) = - log ç ÷ = - f (x )
è 2+ x ø
Chap 02 Definite Integral 101
then p dx p/ 2 dx
(a) a n = b n = 0 (b) b n = 0 ; a n = –
3 Þ 2I = p ò0 1 + cos x 2
= 2p ò0 1 + cos 2 x
2n + 3
é 2a ìï 0, f (2a - x ) = - f ( x ) ù
3 3 3 ê using ò f ( x ) dx = í ú
(c) a n = 0 ; b n = – (d) a n = ;b n = – a
2n + 3 2n + 3 2n + 3 êë 0
ïî 2 ò0 f ( x ) dx , f (2a - x ) = f ( x )úû
1
Sol. We have, ò-1 ( px + q )( x 2n + 1 + an x + bn )dx = 0 p/ 2 sec 2 x
Þ I =p ò0 sec 2 x + 1
dx
Equating the odd component to be zero and integrating,
we get (dividing numerator and denominator by cos 2 x)
2p 2a p
+ n + 2bn q = 0 for all p, q p/ 2 sec 2 x
2n + 3 3 I =p ò0 2 + tan 2 x
dx
3
Therefore, bn = 0 and an = –
2n + 3 Put tan x = t Þ sec 2 x dx = dt
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. Also, when x = 0,then t = 0 and when x = p / 2, then t = ¥
¥
Property VII (a). ¥ dt p æ -1 t ö
ìï a üï
Hence, I =p ò0 2 + t2
= ç tan
è
÷
2 ø
f ( x ) dx = í2 ò0 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) ý
2a 2 0
ò0 ïî 0, if f (2a - x ) = - f ( x )ïþ p æ p ö p 2
= ç -0 ÷ =
2 è 2 ø 2 2
Proof We know,
2a a 2a y Example 50 Prove that
ò0 f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx + ò f ( x ) dx …(i) p /2 p /2 p
2a
0 a
ò0 log (sin x ) dx = ò
0
log (cos x ) dx = -
2
log 2.
Consider the integral ò f ( x ) dx ; putting x = 2a - t , so p/ 2
0 Sol. Let I = ò0 log (sin x ) dx …(i)
that dx = - dt p/ 2
ì a p/ 2
ï ò0 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) = ò0 (log sin x + log cos x ) dx
=í a
…(ii)
ï ò
- f ( x ) dx , if f (2a - x ) = - f ( x ) p/ 2 p/ 2 æ 2 sin x cos x ö
î 0 = ò0 log (sin x cos x ) dx = ò0 log ç
è 2
÷dx
ø
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have p/ 2 æ sin 2x ö
= ò0 log ç
è 2 ø
÷ dx
ïì üï
a
f ( x ) dx = í2 ò0 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) ý
2a
ò0 = ò0
p/ 2
log (sin 2x ) dx - ò0
p/ 2
(log 2) dx
îï 0 , if f (2a - x ) = - f ( x )þï
p/ 2
= ò0 log sin 2x dx - (log 2) ( x )0p/ 2
p x
y Example 49 Evaluate ò0 1 + cos 2 x
dx .
Þ 2I = ò0
p/ 2
log (sin 2x ) dx -
p
log 2 …(iii)
2
p x p/ 2
Sol. Let I = ò0 1 + cos x 2
dx Let I1 = ò0 log (sin 2x ) dx
Chap 02 Definite Integral 103
p dt 1 p æ p x ö æ p x ö
I1 = ò0 log sin t =
2 2 ò0 log sin t dt (putting 2x = t ) \ 2 f ç + ÷ - 2 f ç - ÷ = x (log 2)
è 4 2 ø è 4 2 ø
x /2
1 p/ 2 -2ò log (cos 2z ) dz
×2 ò = log (sin t ) dt 0
2 0
æ p x ö æ p x ö
ì 0, f (2a - x ) = - f ( x ) Þ 2 f ç + ÷ - 2 f ç - ÷ = x (log 2) + f ( x )
é using 2a f ( x ) dx = ï a è 4 2 ø è 4 2 ø
ëê ò0
í2
ïî ò 0 f ( x ) dx , f (2a - x ) = f ( x ), æ p x ö æ p x ö
p/ 2 or f ( x ) - 2 f ç + ÷ + 2 f ç - ÷ = - x log 2
=ò log (sin x ) dx è 4 2 ø è 4 2 ø
0
p Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
\ Eq. (iii) becomes 2I = I - log 2
2 2
æ x ö p
Hence, ò
p/ 2 p
log sin x dx = - log 2. y Example 52 If ò ç ÷ dx = A, then the value
0 0 è 1 + sin x ø
2
2 2
Remark p 2x × cos x / 2
for ò dx is equal to
Students are advised to learn 0 (1 + sin x ) 2
p/ 2 p/ 2 p
ò0 log (sin x ) dx = ò
0
log (cos x ) dx = -
2
log 2. (a) A + 2p - p 2 (b) A - 2p + p 2
(c) 2p - A - p 2 (d) None of these
x
y Example 51 If f ( x ) = - ò log (cos t ) dt, then the p 2x 2 cos 2 x / 2
æp xö
0
æp xö
Sol. Let B= ò0 (1 + sin x )2
dx
value of f ( x ) - 2 f ç + ÷ + 2f ç - ÷ is equal to
è4 2ø è4 2ø p x 2 (2 cos 2 x / 2 - 1)
x \ B-A= ò0 (1 + sin x )2
dx
(a) - x log 2 (b) log 2
2
x p x 2 × cos x
(c) log 2
3
(d) None of these = ò0 (1 + sin x )2
dx
æ p x ö p/ 4 + x / 2
Sol. Here, f ç + ÷ = -
è 4 2 ø ò0 log (cos t ) dt Using by parts,
p
ì x2 ü p x
p/ 4 p/ 4 + x / 2 B- A =í - ý + 2 ò0 dx
=- ò0 log (cos t ) dt - òp/ 4 log (cos t ) dt …(i) î 1 + sin x þ0 ( 1 + sin x)
æ p x ö p/ 4 - x / 2 B - A = - p 2 + 2K …(i)
fç - ÷=-
è 4 2 ø ò0 log (cos t ) dt
p x dx p ( p - x ) dx
p/ 4 p/ 4 - x / 2
where, K= ò0 1 + sin x
= ò0 1 + sin x
=- ò0 log (cos t ) dt - òp/ 4 log (cos t ) dt …(ii)
p dx
æ p x ö æ p x ö
\ 2f ç + ÷ - 2f ç - ÷
\ K=p ò0 1 + sin x
- K,
è 4 2 ø è 4 2 ø
ì 0, f (2a - x ) = - f ( x )
p/ 4 - x / 2 p/ 4 + x / 2 é using 2a f ( x ) dx = ï a
=2ò log (cos t ) dt - 2 ò log (cos t ) dt ò í2
îï ò 0
p/ 4 p/ 4 ëê 0 f ( x ) dx , f (2a - x ) = f ( x ),
p p
Put t = - z in first integral and t = + z in second p/ 2 dx p/ 2 dx
4 4 Þ 2K = 2p ò0 1 + sin x
= 2p ò0 1 + cos x
integral, we get
x /2 æp ö x /2 æ pö p/ 2
= -2ò log cos ç - z ÷ dz - 2ò log cos çz + ÷ dz p/ 2 1 x ì xü
0 è4 ø 0 è 4ø = 2p ò0 2
sec 2 dx = 2p í tan ý
2 î 2 þ0
= 2p
x /2 æ 1 ö
= -2ò log ç (cos 2 z - sin 2 z ) ÷ dz \ K=p
0 è 2 ø
x /2 x /2 Thus, B - A = - p 2 + 2K
=2ò (log 2) dx - 2 ò log (cos 2z ) dz
0 0 Þ B = A - p 2 + 2p
x /2
= x log 2 - 2 ò log (cos 2z ) dz Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
0
104 Textbook of Integral Calculus
y Example 53 The value of As described in the figure above, the new variable t is
a given by,
ò- a (cos - 1 x - sin - 1 1 - x 2 ) dx (a > 0) (where,
æ b¢ - a¢ ö
a t = a¢ + ç ÷ ( x - a ).
cos - 1 x dx = A) is è b -a ø
ò0
b¢ - a¢
(a) pa - A (b) pa + 2A Thus, dt = dx
b -a
(c) pa - 2A (d) pa + A
b
a
(cos - 1 x - sin - 1 1 - x 2 ) dx Þ I = ò f ( x ) dx
Sol. Let I = ò- a (as a > 0) 0
0 -1 -1 æ b¢ æ b -a ö ö æ b -a ö
= ò- a (cos x - sin 2
1 - x ) dx = ò f ça + ç ÷ (t - a ¢ ) ÷ ç ÷ dt
a¢ è è b¢ - a¢ ø ø è b¢ - a¢ ø
a
+ ò0 (cos - 1 x - sin - 1 1 - x 2 ) dx The modified integral has the limits (a¢ to b¢). A particular
0 a case of this property is modifying the arbitrary integration
= ò- a cos - 1 x dx + A - 2 ò sin - 1 1 - x 2 dx
0 limits (a to b) to (0 to 1) i.e. a¢ = 0 and b¢ = 1. For this case,
0 b 1
=- òa ( p - cos - 1 x ) dx + A - 2A I = ò f ( x ) dx = (b - a ) ò f (a + (b - a ) t ) dt
a 0
a -1
= pa - ò0 cos x dx - A
y Example 54 Evaluate
= pa - A - A = pa - 2A æ 2ö2
-5 2 2/ 3 9 çx - ÷
è 3ø
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
ò- 4 e ( x + 5) dx + 3 ò e dx .
1/ 3
Property VII (b) 2
Sol. Here, we know ò e x dx cannot be evaluated by indefinite
b 1
òa f ( x ) dx = (b - a ) ò f [(b - a ) x + a ] dx
0
integral.
-5 + 5 )2 1 - 4 + 5 ]2
Sometimes, it is convenient to change the limits of Let I 1 = ò- 4 e (x dx = ( - 5 + 4 ) ò e [(- 5 + 4 ) x dx
0
integration into some other limits. For example, suppose
1 - 1) 2
we have to add two definite integrals I 1 and I 2 ; the limits \ I1 = - ò0 e (x dx …(i)
of integration of these integrals are different. if we could
2/3 - 2 / 3 )2
somehow change the limits of I 2 into those of I 1 or Again, let I2 = ò1/ 3 e 9 (x dx
vice-versa, or infact change the limits of both I 1 and I 2
2
into a third (common) set of limits, the addition could be é æ 2 1 ö 1 2 ù
9ê ç - ÷ x + - ú
æ 2 1 ö 1
ë è 3 2 ø
accomplished easily. =ç - ÷ò e 3 3 û
dx
è 3 3 ø 0
b
Suppose that I = ò f ( x ) dx . We need to change the limits 1 1 2 1
a = ò e (x - 1) dx = ( - I 1 ) …(ii)
(a to b) to (a¢ to b¢). As x varies from a to b, we need a new 3 0 3
variable t (in terms of x) which varies from a¢ to b¢. æ I1 ö
where, I = I 1 + 3I 2 = I 1 + 3 ç - ÷ = I1 - I1 = 0
è 3 ø
t
-5 + 5 )2 2/3 - 2 / 3 )2
b′ \ ò-4 e (x dx + 3 ò
1/ 3
e 9 (x dx = 0
x x
Þ f (- x ) = - ò f ( - y ) dy , where t = - y Þ f( - x ) = - ò f (y ) dy
a 0
x [Q f is even function Þ f ( - y ) = f (y )]
Þ f( - x ) = ò f (y ) dy
a x
Þ f( - x ) = - ò f (t ) dt
[Q f is an odd function, then f ( - y ) = - f (y )] 0
x
Þ f( - x ) = ò f (t ) dt Þ f( - x ) = - f( x )
a
Hence, f ( x ) is an odd function.
Þ f( - x ) = f( x )
x
Hence, f( x ) = ò f (t ) dt is an even function, if f (t ) is odd. Remark
a x
If f ( t ) is an even function, then for non-zero ‘ a’, ò f ( t ) dt is not
a
x æ1 -t ö necessarily an odd function. It will be an odd function, if
y Example 55 If f ( x ) = ò log ç ÷ dt, then discuss a x
0 è 1+t ø ò f (t ) dt = 0, because, if f( x ) = ò f (t ) dt, it is an odd function.
0 a
\
æ
f ( - t ) = log ç
1+t ö æ 1-t ö Þ òa f ( t ) dt + ò0 f ( t ) dt = - ò f ( t ) dt - ò
0
f ( t ) dt
÷ = - log ç ÷ = - f (t )
a
è 1-t ø è 1+t ø 0 x a x
Þ òa f ( t ) dt - ò
0
f ( - y ) dy = - ò
0
f ( t ) dt - ò
0
f ( t ) dt
Þ f ( - t ) = - f (t ), i.e. f(t ) is odd function
[ where, y = - t in second integral of LHS Þ f ( - y ) = f ( y)]
x æ1 - t ö
\ f ( x ) = ò log ç ÷ dt is an even function. Þ 2ò
0
f ( t ) dt = ò
x
f ( y ) dy - ò
x
f ( t ) dt
0 è1 + t ø a 0 0
0
Property VII (d) If f (t ) is an even function, then Þ 2ò f ( t ) dt = 0
a
x
f( x ) = ò f (t ) dt is an odd function. -ò
a a
0
Þ
0
f ( t ) dt = 0 Þ ò0 f ( t ) dt = 0
-x x x
Proof We have, f( - x ) = ò f (t ) dt = - ò f ( - y ) dy , or f(x) = ò
a
f ( t ) dt is an odd function, [when f ( t ) is even.]
0 0
a
where t = - y Only, if ò f ( t ) dt = 0
0
106 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(d) 2 log æç ö÷
1 1
(a) - (b) 0 (c) 1
2 è 2ø
p/2 1
8. The value of ò dx is equal to
-p/2 e sinx + 1
p p
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) -
2 2
p/2 æé p ù ö
9. If [×] denotes greatest integer function, then the value of ò ç ê ú + 0.5÷ dx is
-p/2 èë 2 û ø
p p
(a) p (b) (c) 0 (d) -
2 2
p /4 ì b sin x ü
10. The equation ò ía sin x + 2
+ cý dx = 0, where a, b, c are constants gives a relation between
- p /4
î 1 + cos x þ
(a) a, b and c (b) a and c (c) a and b (d) b and c
2
2 sin x
11. The value of ò dx , where [×] denotes greatest integer function, is
-2 éxù 1
+
êë p úû 2
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 4 - sin 4 (d) None of these
n+1 3
12. Let f ( x ) be a continuous function such that ò f ( x )dx = n ,n Î Z. Then, the value of ò
3
f ( x )dx is
m -3
ex + 1 1 x
3 e + 1 1
13. Let f ( x ) = x
e -1
and ò 0
x × x
e -1
dx = a. Then, ò t 3 f (t ) dt is equal to
- 1
Y Y
(0, 1) (0, 1)
(a) X (b) X
–3 –1 O 1 3 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
Y Y
1
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
(c) X (d) X
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3
1
3
17. The value of ò g( x )dx is
-3
n
Direction (Q. Nos. 18 to 20)
p sin x
n
Let In = ò dx; n = 0, 1, 2, ...
-p (1 + p x ) sin x
(a) 0 (b) 5p
(c) 10p (d) None of these
10
20. The value of å I 2m is equal to
m =1
(a) 0 (b) 5p
(c) 10p (d) None of these
Session 5
Applications of Periodic Functions and
Newton- Leibnitz’s Formula
Applications of Periodic Functions y Example 56 Evaluate ò0
4p
| cos x | dx .
and Newton-Leibnitz’s Formula Sol. Note that | cos x | is a periodic with period p.
If f ( x ) is a periodic function with period T , then the area p
under f ( x ) for n periods would be n times the area under Let I =4 ò0 | cos x | dx
f ( x ) for one period, i.e. é using property, f ( x ) dx ù
nT T
nT T ëê ò0 f ( x ) dx = n ò
0 ûú
ò0 f ( x ) dx = n ò f ( x ) dx
0
= 4 ìí
p/ 2 p
cos x dx üý
î ò0 cos x dx - òp/ 2 þ
Now, consider the periodic function f ( x ) = sin x as an
ìï æ p/ 2 p üï
example. The period of sin x is 2p. ö æ ö
= 4 í çsin x ÷ - çsin x ÷ ý = 4 {1 + 1} = 8
y ïî è ø0 è ø p/ 2 ïþ
25
2π y Example 57 Prove that ò0 e x - [ x ] dx = 25 (e - 1).
0 A
Sol. Since, x - [ x ] is a periodic function with period one.
x
a π 2π a+2π Therefore, ex - [x ]
has period one
25 ´ 1 - [x ] 1 - [x ]
2π
\ I = ò0 ex dx = 25 ò e x
0
dx
é using property, nT T
f ( x ) dx ù
Figure 2.6 êë ò0 f ( x ) dx = n ò
0 úû
1 -0
a +2p = 25 ò e x dx = 25 (e x ) 10 = 25 (e 1 - e 0 )
Suppose we intend to calculate ò sin x dx as depicted 0
a = 25 (e - 1)
above. Notice that the darkly shaded area in the interval 2np
[2 p, a + 2 p ] can precisely cover the area marked as y Example 58 The value of ò0 [sin x + cos x ] dx is
a +2p 2p equal to
Thus, òa sin x dx = ò sin x dx
0 (a) - np (b) np (c) - 2np (d) None of these
This will hold true for every periodic function, i.e. (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
2np
òa
a +T T
f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx
Sol. Let I = ò0 [sin x + cos x ] dx
0 æ p ö
We know, sin x + cos x = 2 sin ç x + ÷ …(i)
(where T is the period of f ( x )) è 4 ø
This also implies that ì 1, 0 £ x £ p /2
a + nT nT T
ï 0, p / 2 < x £ 3p / 4
ï
òa f ( x ) dx = ò
0
f ( x )dx = n ò f ( x ) dx
0 ï - 1, 3p / 4 < x £ p
\ sin x + cos x = í
b + nT b
ï - 2, p < x < 3p / 2
and òa + nT f ( x ) dx = òa f ( x ) dx ï - 1, 3p / 2 £ x < 7 p / 4
ï
b +nT b T î 0, 7 p / 4 £ x £ 2p
and òa f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x )dx + n ò f ( x ) dx
a 0 2p p/ 2 3 p/ 4
\ò [sin x + cos x ]dx = ò (1) dx + òp/ 2 (0) dx
0 0
Chap 02 Definite Integral 109
p 3 p/ 2 7 p/ 4 2p 5p
+ ò3 p/ 4( - 1)dx + òp ( -2) dx + ò3 p/ 2 ( - 1) dx + ò7 p/ 4 (0) dx y Example 61 The value of ò- 2p cot - 1 (tan x ) dx is
æpö æ 3p ö æ 3p ö æ 7 p 3p ö equal to
= ç ÷ + ( 0) - ç p - ÷ -2ç - p÷ - 1 ç - ÷ +0
è2ø è 4 ø è 2 ø è 4 2 ø 7p 7p 2
(a) (b)
=-p 2 2
3p
Since, sin x + cos x has the period 2p. (c) (d) p 2
2np 2p
2
So, I = ò0 [sin x + cos x ] dx = n ò0 [sin x + cos x ] dx
Sol. Let I =
5p
ò- 2 p cot - 1 (tan x ) dx
= - np
p æ æ p ö ö
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Þ I =7 ò0 cot - 1 ç cot ç - x ÷ ÷ dx …(i)
è è 2 ø ø
5
éQ f ( x ) dx ù
ò- 5
mT T
y Example 59 The value of f ( x ) dx ; where ònT f ( x ) dx = (m - n ) ò
ëê 0 ûú
f ( x ) = minimum ({ x + 1}, { x - 1}), " x ÎR and {.} denotes ì x , 0 < x < p /2
fractional part of x, is equal to As we know, cot - 1 (cot x ) = í
î p + x , p /2 < x < p
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
ì p/ 2 æ p ö p æ p ö ü
Sol. We know, { x + 1} = { x - 1} = { x } \ I = 7 íò ç - x ÷ dx + òp/ 2 ç p + - x ÷ dx ý
î 0 è 2 ø è 2 ø þ
Thus, f ( x ) = minimum ({ x + 1}, { x - 1}) = { x }
ì æp p/ 2 p
5 5 1
ï x2 ö æ 3p x 2 ö üï
Þ ò- 5 f ( x ) dx = ò- 5 { x } dx = (5 - ( - 5)) ò
0
{ x } dx =7í ç x - ÷ +ç x- ÷ ý
ïî è 2 2 ø0 è 2 2 ø p/ 2 ï
þ
[as { x } is periodic with period ‘1’]
1
= 10 ò ( x - [ x ]) dx = 10 ò x dx
1 ïì æ p 2 p 2 ö æ 3p 2 p 2 3p 2 p 2 öïü 7 p 2
= 7 íç - ÷+ç - - + ÷ý =
0 0
ïî è 4 8 ø è 2 2 4 8 øïþ 2
1
æ x ö 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
= 10 ç ÷ =5
è 2 ø0
y Example 62 Let g ( x ) be a continuous and
Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
differentiable function such that
np + V
y Example 60 Show ò0 | sin x | dx = (2n + 1) - cos V , 2 ì 5/ 2 ü
ò0 íî ò 2 [2x - 3] dx ýþ × g ( x ) dx = 0, then g ( x ) = 0
2
2 [ x + 14 ] ì x ü {x } d ì x
cos t dt üý = cos x
ò0 dx î ò0
Sol. Given, í ý dx = ò0 [ x + 14 ] dx Þ í
î þ
2 þ
28 + 2 [ x ] ì x ü {x } x2
Þ ò0 í ý dx = ò0 (14 + [ x ]) dx
î 2 þ
(ii) Let f ( x ) = ò0 cos t 2 dt
d ìd ü ìd ü
28 ì x ü 28 + 2 [ x ] ì x ü \ ( f ( x )) = cos ( x 2 )2 × í ( x 2 )ý - cos (0)2 í (0) ý
Þ ò0 í ý dx +
î 2 þ
ò28 í ý dx = (14 + [ x ]) { x }
î 2 þ
dx î dx þ î dx þ
= 2x × cos x 4
2 ì x ü 2 [x ] ì x ü
Þ 14 ò0 í ý dx + ò0 í ý dx = (14 + [ x ]) { x } d æ x2 ö
î 2 þ î 2 þ Þ ç
dx è ò0 (cos t 2 ) dt ÷ = 2x cos x 4
ø
é using nT f ( x ) dx = n T f ( x ) dx and ù
ê ò0 ò0 ú
ê a + nT ú d æ x ö
dx è ò1/x
nT y Example 65 Evaluate ç cos t 2 dt ÷ .
êò f ( x ) dx = ò f ( x ) dx ; where T is period of f ( x )ú ø
ëa 0 û
Þ 14 + [ x ] = (14 + [ x ]) { x } x
Sol. Let f ( x ) = ò1/ x cos t 2 dt
Þ (14 + [ x ]) (1 - { x }) = 0
2
Þ [ x ] = - 14 d ìd ü æ 1 ö ì d æ 1 öü
\ ( f ( x )) = cos ( x )2 × í ( x )ý - cos ç ÷ í ç ÷ý
Þ x Î [ - 14, - 13) dx î dx þ è x ø î dx è x øþ
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. 1 1 æ 1 ö
= cos x + × cos ç 2 ÷
Property IX. Leibnitz’s Rule for the Differentiation 2 x x 2 èx ø
under the Integral Sign
d æ x ö 1 1 æ 1 ö
(i) If the functions f( x ) and y( x ) are defined on [a, b ] Þ ç
dx è ò1/ x cos t 2 dt ÷ =
ø 2 x
cos x + 2 cos ç 2 ÷
x èx ø
and are differentiable at a point x Î(a, b ) and f ( x , t )
is continuous, then d æ y - t2 x2 ö
d é y(x)
y Example 66 If ç ò0 e dt + ò sin 2 t dt ÷ = 0,
f ( x , t ) dt ù dx è ø
0
dx êë òf ( x ) úû dy
find ×
y(x) ¶ ìd y ( x ) ü ( x , y ( x )) dx
=ò f ( x , t ) dt + í ýf d æ y - t2 x2 ö
f ( x ) ¶x
dx è ò0 ò0
î dx þ Sol. We know, ç e dt + sin 2 t dt ÷ = 0
ìd f ( x ) ü ( x , f ( x )) ø
-í ýf
î dx þ 2 ì d ü ìd ü ìd ü
Þ e - y × í (y )ý - e - 0 í (0)ý + sin 2 ( x 2 ) í ( x 2 )ý
(ii) If the functions f( x ) and y( x ) are defined on [a, b ] î dx þ î dx þ î dx þ
and differentiable at a point x Î(a, b ) and f (t ) is ìd ü
- sin 2 0 í (0)ý = 0
continuous on [ f (a ), f (b )], then î dx þ
d æ y(x)
f (t ) dt ö÷ =
d
dx è òf ( x )
ç { y( x )} f ( y( x )) 2 dy dy 2
ø dx Þ e- y + 2x sin 2 x 2 = 0 Þ = - 2x e y sin 2 x 2
d dx dx
- { f ( x )} f ( f ( x ))
dx y Example 67 Find the points of maxima/minima of
2
x 2 t - 5t + 4
y Example 64 Find the derivative of the following with
respect to x.
ò0 2 + e t dt.
x x2 x2 t 2 - 5t + 4
(i) ò0 cost dt (ii) ò0 cost 2dt Sol. Let f ( x ) = ò0 2 + et
dt
x
Sol. (i) Let f (x ) = ò0 cos t dt
\ f ¢( x ) =
x 4 - 5x 2 + 4
× 2x - 0
2
d ì d ü ì d ü 2 + ex
\ ( f ( x )) = cos ( x ) í ( x ) ý - cos 0 × í (0) ý = cos x
dx î dx þ î dx þ ( x - 1) ( x + 1) ( x - 2) ( x + 2) × 2x
=
é d 2
ê using Leibnitiz’s rule, dx 2 + ex
ë
y (x ) d d ù – + – + – +
òf(x ) f ( t )dt =
dx
{y ( x )} f ( y ( x )) -
dx
{ f( x )} + f ( f( x )) ú
û –2 –1 0 1 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 111
d æ x3 1 ö 1 d 1 d dy 3 - sin 2 x
Sol. ç
dx è òx 2
log t
dt ÷ = ×
ø log x 3 dx
(x 3 ) - ×
log x 2 dx
(x 2 ) Þ
dx
=-
cos y
3x 2 2x
= - d e sin x
3 log x 2 log x y Example 71 Let (F ( x )) = , x > 0. If
dx x
d æ x3 1 ö 1 2
\ ç òx dt ÷ = (x 2 - x ) 4 2e sin x
ò1 dx = F (K ) - F (1), then the possible value of
2
dx è log t ø log x
x
x K is
y Example 69 If y = ò f (t ) sin {K ( x - t )} dt, then
0 (a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18
d 2y d e sin x
prove that + K 2 y = Kf ( x ). Sol. We have, ( F ( x )) =
dx 2 dx x
x
e sin x
Sol. We have, y = ò0 f (t ) sin { K ( x - t )} dt Þ ò x
dx = F ( x ) …(i)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2 2
¶
4 2e sin x 4 e sin (x )
16 e sin t
dy x d Now, ò dx = ò1 d( x 2 ) = ò1 dt
dx ò0 ¶x
= { f (t ) sin K ( x - t )} dt + (x ) 1 x x 2
t
dx
d (Q x 2 = t )
× { f ( x ) sin K ( x - x )} - (0) { f (0) sin K ( x - 0)}
dx = [ F (t )]16
1 = F (16) - F (1)
x
=K ò0 f (t ) cos K ( x - t ) dt + 0 - 0 Þ K = 16
dy x Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Þ = K ò f (t ) cos K ( x - t ) dt
dx 0
y Example 72 The function
Again, differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get x æ 1ö
f ( x ) = ò log | sin t | ç sin t + ÷ dt, where x Î(0, 2p ), then
d 2y ì x ¶ 0 è 2ø
dx
=Kí
2
î
ò0 ¶x
{ f (t ) cos K ( x - t )} dt
f ( x ) strictly increases in the interval
ì d ü d ü æ p 5p ö æ 5p ö
+í f ( x ) × cos K ( x - x ) × ( x )ý - { f (0)cos K ( x - 0) × (0)}ý (a) ç , ÷ (b) ç , 2p ÷
î dx þ dx þ è 6 6 ø è 6 ø
æ p 7p ö æ 5p 7 p ö
= K é- K f (t ) sin K ( x - t ) dt + f ( x ) - 0 ù
x
ëê ò0 ûú
(c) ç
è 6
,
6
÷
ø
(d) ç
è 6 6
, ÷
ø
x
æ 1ö
= - K2 ò0 f (t ) sin K ( x - t ) dt + K f ( x ) Sol. Here, f ¢ ( x ) = log| sin x | çsin x + ÷ > 0
è 2ø
d 2y d 2y
Þ = - K 2y + K f ( x ) Þ + K 2y = Kf ( x ) 1 æ 1ö
dx 2
dx 2 Þ sin x + < 1 and çsin x + ÷ > 0
2 è 2ø
x y 1
y Example 70 If òp / 3 3 - sin 2 t dt + ò
0
cos t dt = 0, Þ 0 < sin x +
2
<1
dy Þ - 1 / 2 < sin x < 1 / 2
then evaluate .
dx æ 5p 7 p ö
Þ x Îç , ÷ as x Î(0, 2p )
Sol. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we have è 6 6 ø
d æ x
3 - sin 2 t dt ö÷ +
d y
dx è òp/ 3 ò0
ç (cos t ) dt = 0 Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
ø dx
112 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(a) 216 (b) 219 (c) 221 (d) 223 Property X. Let a function f ( x , a ) be continuous for
x2 a £ x £ b and c £ a £ d , then for any a Î[c , d ],
ò0
2 4 5
Sol. Here, F(x ) = x + x = t f (t ) dt
b dI (a ) b ¶f ( x , a )
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get if I (a ) = ò f ( x , a ) dx , then =ò dx
a da a ¶a
x 2 f ( x 2 ) × 2x = 4 x 3 + 5x 4
1 xb -1
Þ
5 5
f ( x ) = 2 + x Þ f (r 2 ) = 2 + r
2 y Example 76 Evaluate I(b ) = ò dx ;b ³ 0.
2 2 0 ln x
n
5 n (5n + 13) xb - 1
\ å f (r 2 ) = 2n +
2
n ( n + 1) =
4
Sol. We have, I (b ) = ò0
1
dx
r =1 ln x
12
12 (60 + 13) d 1 ¶ æ xb - 1 ö
Þ å f (r 2 ) =
4
= 219 Þ
db
( I (b )) = ò0 ç
¶b è ln x ø
÷ dx + 0 - 0
r =1
ò0 sin 2 q
dq ; x ³ 0 is equal to On differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
2 sec 2 x
(a) p ( 1 + x - 1) (b) p ( 1 + x - 2) 2f ( x ) . f ¢( x ) = f ( x ) ×
4 + tan x
(c) p ( 1 + x - 1) (d) None of these
sec 2 x
p/ 2 log (1 + x sin 2 q ) Þ f ¢( x ) =
4 + tan x
Sol. Given, f ( x ) = ò0 sin 2 q
dq ; x ³ 0
Integrating both the sides, we get
As above integral is function of x. Thus, differentiating both sec 2 x
the sides w.r.t. ‘ x ’, we get f (x ) = ò 4 + tan x
dx = log ( 4 + tan x ) + C
p/ 2 1 sin 2 q
f ¢( x ) = ò0 1 + x sin 2 q sin 2 q
× dq + 0 - 0 Since, f ( 0) = 0
Þ 0 = log ( 4 ) + C
(using Newton-Leibnitz’s formula) Þ C = - log 4
p/ 2 dq p/ 2 cosec 2 q dq \ f ( x ) = log ( 4 + tan x ) - log ( 4 )
= ò0 1 + x sin q 2
= ò0 cot 2 q + (1 + x ) æpö 5
Þ f ç ÷ = log ( 4 + 1) - log ( 4 ) = log
p/ 2 è4ø 4
æ 1 cot q ö p
= ç- × tan - 1 ÷ = Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
è 1+ x 1 + x ø0 2 1+ x
114 Textbook of Integral Calculus
11. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is continuous function such that f ( x + T ) = f ( x ) for all x Î R. If
T 3 + 3T
I = ò f ( x ) dx , then the value of ò f (2x ) dx is
0 3
3
(a) I (b) 2I (c) 3I (d) 6I
2
x
12. Let f ( x ) = ò 2 - t 2dt , then the real roots of the equation x 2 - f ¢ ( x ) = 0 are
1
1 1
(a) ±1 (b) ± (c) ± (d) ± 2
2 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 115
x
13. Let f ( x ) be an odd continuous function which is periodic with period 2. If g( x ) = ò f (t ) dt , then
0
(a) g (x ) is an odd function (b) g (n ) = 0 for all n ÎN
(c) g (2n ) = 0 for all n ÎN (d) g (x ) is non-periodic
x
14. Let f ( x ) be a function defined by f ( x ) = ò t (t 2 - 3t + 2)dt , 1 £ x £ 3. Then, the range of f ( x ) is
1
(b) é - , 4ù (c) é - , 2ù
1 1
(a) [0, 2] (d) None of these
êë 4 úû êë 4 úû
cos x
2ò cos -1(t )
15. The value of lim 0
dt is
x ®0 2x - sin 2x
1 1 2
(a) 0 (b) (c) - (d)
2 2 3
x bt cos 4t - a sin 4t a sin 4x
16. If ò dt = for all x ¹ 0, then a and b are given by
0 t2 x
1
(a) a = ,b = 1 (b) a = 2,b = 2
4
(c) a = -1,b = 4 (d) a = 2,b = 4
x 1
17. If f ( x ) = ò {f (t )} -1dt and ò {f (t )} -1 = 2, then
0 0
n
Directions (Q. Nos. 19 to 20) Consider the function defined on [0, 1] ® R
sin x – x cos x
f (x) = , if x ¹ 0 and f (0) = 0.
x2 [IIT JEE 2012]
1
19. ò0 f ( x ) dx is equal to
(a) 1– sin (1) (b) sin (1) – 1 (c) sin (1) (d) - sin (1)
1 t
20. lim
t®0 t2 ò0 f ( x ) dx is equal to
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/ 12 (d) 1/24
Session 6
Integration as Limit of a Sum, Applications of Inequality
Gamma Function, Beta Function, Walli’s Formula
n -1
y Example 80 Evaluate the following : 1
æ 1 2 3 n -1 ö
y Example 81 Evaluate S = å as n ® ¥.
(i) lim ç 2 + 2 + 2 +¼ + 2 ÷ r=0 4n - r 2
2
n® ¥ è n n n n ø n -1 n -1
1 1
æ 1 1 1 ö
Sol. Let Sn = å 2 2
= å
(ii) lim ç + +¼ + ÷ r =0 4n - r r =0 n 4 - (r / n )2
n® ¥ è n +1 n +2 2n ø n -1
1 1
æ
= å
n n n ö n r =0 4 - (r / n )2
(iii) lim ç 2 + +¼ + ÷
n ® ¥ è n + 12 n 2 + 22 2n 2 ø n -1
1 1
P P P
Hence, S = lim Sn = lim
n ®¥ n ®¥ n
å
(1 + 2 +¼ + n ) r =0 4 - (r / n )2
(iv) lim ,P >0
nP +1
1
n® ¥ 1 dx é x ù
= ò0 = ê sin - 1 ú
Sol. Let 4 - x2 ë 2 û 0
1 2 3 n -1 æ1ö p p
(i) Sn = + + +¼+ Þ S = sin -1 ç ÷ = \ S=
n2 n2 n2 n2 è2ø 6 6
n
r -1 n
1 æ r -1 ö
= å n2
= å ç
n è n ø
÷
y Example 82 Evaluate
r =2 r =2
n
1 ær ö æ 1 ö æ 1 1 1 ö
Þ S = lim
n®¥
å n
ç ÷
èn ø
ç as n ® ¥ Þ ® 0÷
è n ø
lim ç +
n ® ¥ è 2n + 1 2n + 2
+¼+ ÷ ×
6n ø
r =2
1 1 æ 1 1 1ö
= ò0 x dx =
2
Sol. Let Sn = ç +
è 2n + 1 2n + 2
+¼+ ÷
6n ø
n
1 1 1 1
= å
4n 4n
(ii) Let Sn = + +¼+ 1 1 1
n +1 n +2 2n r = 1 n + r = å 2n + r
= å ×
n 2 + (r / n )
r =1 r =1
n
1
= å æ rö Þ S = lim Sn = ò0
4 dx
= [ln | 2 + x | ] 40
r =1 n ç1 + ÷ n ®¥ 2+ x
è nø
1 n
1 = log 6 - log 2 = log 3
Hence, S = lim Sn = lim
n®¥ n®¥ n
å r \ S = ln 3
r =1 1+
n 4
dx
=
1
ò0 1 + x = [log (1 + x )]0
1
= log 2 y Example 83 Evaluate ò1 (ax 2+ bx + c ) dx from the
n n n first principle.
(iii) Let Sn = 2 + +¼+ 2 4 -1 3
n + 12 n 2 + 22 2n Sol. Let x = 1 + rh , where h = =
n n
n n
n 1 As x ® 1, r ® 0 and x ® 4, r ® n
= å n +r2 2
= å n (1 + r 2 / n 2 ) 4 n
r =1 r =1
n
\ ò1 (ax 2 + bx + c ) dx = lim
n ®¥
åhf (1 + rh )
1 1 n r =0
Hence, S = lim Sn = lim
n ®¥ n ®¥ n
å r2
= lim å h [a (1 + rh )2 + b (1 + rh ) + c ]
n®¥
r =1
1+ r =0
n2
3 é æ ù
n 2
3r ö æ 3r ö
å
1
1 dx é ù p = lim êa ç1 + ÷ + b ç1 + ÷ + c ú
= ò0 = ê tan - 1 xú = n®¥
r =0 n ë ê è n ø è n ø úû
û0 4
2
1+ x ë
n
1 é æ 9r 2
6r ö æ 3r ö ù
= 3 lim å
P
1P + 2P + ¼ + n P rP êa ç1 + 2 + ÷ + b ç1 + ÷ + c ú
n n
1 ær ö
(iv) Let Sn =
nP + 1
= å nP + 1
= å n çè n ÷ø n ®¥
r =0 n ë ê è n nø è nø úû
r =1 r =1
1 é æ 9n (n + 1) (2n + 1) 6n (n + 1) ö
n P = 3 lim a çn + + ÷
ær ö n ®¥ n ê
1
\ S = lim Sn = lim å çè n ÷ø ë è 6n 2 2n ø
n®¥ n®¥ n r =1 æ 3n (n + 1) ö ù
+ b çn + ÷ + cn ú
1 è 2n ø û
1 éxP +1ù 1
= ò0 x P dx = ê
P + 1
ú =
P +1
15
= 3 [a (1 + 3 + 3) + b (1 + 3 / 2) + c ] = 21a + b + 3c
ë û0 2
118 Textbook of Integral Calculus
y Example 85 The interval [0, 4] is divided into n y Example 87 Estimate the absolute value of the
19 sin x
equal sub-intervals by the points x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , ..., x n –1 , x n integral ò dx.
10 1 + x 8
where 0 = x 0 < x 1 < x 2 < x 3 < ... < x n = 4 .
½ 19 sin x ½ ½ sin x ½
½ 19
n Sol. To find, I =½ ò dx ½ £ ò10 ½dx …(i)
If dx = x i – x i –1 for i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, then lim
dx ® 0
å x i dx is ½ 10 1 + x 8
½
8
½1 + x ½
i =1 (using type I)
equal to
32 Since, | sin x | £ 1 for x ³ 10
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) (d) 16
3 ½ sin x ½ 1
The inequality ½ ½£ …(ii)
Sol. lim dx ( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 +...+ x n ) 8 8
½1 + x ½ |1 + x |
dx ® 0
8
y Example 88 The minimum odd value of ‘ a ’ (a > 1) for ò4 f ( x ) dx = 0, which shows f ( x ) can’t have any value
19 sin x 1 greater than zero in the sub-interval [4, 8].
which ò a
dx < , is equal to
10 1 + x 9 Þ f ( x ) is constant in the sub-interval [4, 8] and has to be
zero at all points, x Î[ 4, 8] .
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 9
Þ f ( x ) = 0, " x Î [ 4, 8]
19 sin x dx 19 dx Þ f ( 6) = 0
Sol. Let I = ò10 1+ x a
< ò10 1 + xa
æ sin x 1 ö Type IV. For a given function f ( x ) continuous on[a, b ], if
çQsin x < 1 Þ a
< ÷ you are able to find two continuous functions f 1 ( x ) and f 2 ( x )
è 1+ x 1 + xa ø
19 dx 19 dx on[a, b ]such that f 1 ( x ) £ f ( x ) £ f 2 ( x ), " x Î[a, b ], then
\ I < ò10 1 + xa
< ò10 1 + 10a b b b
9 p 1 dx p
Þ I < a
y Example 91 Prove that £ò £ ×
1 + 10 6 0
4-x -x 2 3 4 2
9 1
\ a
< Þ 1 + 10a > 81 or 10a > 80 i.e. a = 2, 3, 4, 5, ¼ Sol. Since, 4 - x 2 ô4 - x 2 - x 3 ô4 - 2x 2 > 1, " x Î [0, 1]
1 + 10 9
\ Minimum odd value of ‘a’ is 3. 4 - x 2 ô 4 - x 2 - x 3 ô 4 - 2x 2 > 1, " x Î [0, 1]
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. 1 1 1
Þ £ £ , " x Î [0, 1]
Type II. 4-x 2
4-x -x 2 3
4 - 2x 2
½ b f ( x ) g( x ) dx ½ £ æç b
f 2 ( x ) dx ö÷ æç
b
g 2 ( x ) dx ö÷ ,
½ òa òa òa 1 dx 1 dx
½ è øè ø Þ ò0 4-x 2
£ ò0 4 - x2 - x3
2 2
where f ( x ) and g ( x ) are integrable on [a, b ]. 1 1
1
£ ò0 4 - 2x 2
dx , " x Î [0, 1]
y Example 89 Prove that ò0 (1 + x ) (1 + x 3 ) dx cannot 1
1 æ
1
æ -1 x ö 1 dx -1 x ö
exceed 15 / 8 . Þ ç sin
è
÷ £
2 ø0 ò0 4 - x2 - x3
£ ç sin
2 è
÷
2 ø0
(1 + x )(1 + x 3 )dx £ æç ò (1 + x )dx ö÷ æç ò (1 + x 3 ) dx ö÷
1 1 1
Sol. ò p 1 dx p
0 è 0 øè 0 ø Þ
6
£ ò0 4-x -x 2 3
£
4 2
1 1
æ x2 ö æ x4 ö Type V. If m and M be global minimum and global
£ çx + ÷ çx + ÷
è 2 ø0 è 4 ø0 maximum of f ( x ) respectively in[a, b ] , then
b
3 5 15 m (b - a ) £ ò f ( x ) dx £ M (b - a ).
£ × £ a
2 4 8
Proof We have, m £ f ( x ) £ M for all x Î[a, b ]
Type III. If f ( x )ôg( x ) on [a, b ], then b b b
òa
b
f ( x ) dx ³ ò
b
g( x ) dx . In particular, if f ( x ) ³ 0,
Þ òa m dx £ ò
a
f ( x ) dx £ ò
a
M dx
a
b
b Þ m (b - a ) £ ò f ( x ) dx £ M (b - a )
then ò f ( x ) dx ô0. a
a
3
y Example 90 If f ( x ) is a continuous function such y Example 92 Prove that 4 £ ò 3 + x 3 dx £ 2 30.
1
8
that f ( x )ô0, " x Î [2, 10] and ò4 f ( x ) dx = 0, then find Sol. Since, the function f ( x ) = 3 + x 3 increases
f (6 ). monotonically on the interval [1, 3].
Sol. f ( x ) is above the X -axis or on the X -axis for all x Î[2, 10]. \ M = Maximum value of 3 + x 3 = 3 + 33 = 30
If f ( x ) is greater than zero at any sub-interval of [4, 8],
8
then ò f ( x ) dx must be greater than zero. But and m = Minimum value of 3 + x 3 = 3 + 13 = 2
4
120 Textbook of Integral Calculus
¥ b n -1
e - x . x 1 - 1 dx = lim e - x dx æ 1 ö
ò0 ò0
1
Sol. (i) G1 =
b® ¥
Sol. Let I = ò0 ç log ÷
è x ø
dx
b
é ù 1
= lim ê - e - x ú = lim ( - e - b + e 0 ) Put log = t Þ dx = - e -t dt
b® ¥ ë û b® ¥ x
0
0 ¥
=0+1=1 \ I = ò¥ t n - 1 ( - e - t ) dt = ò0 e - t t n - 1 dt
¥ b
(ii) G2 = ò0 e - ¥ x 2 - 1 dx = lim ò0 e - x × x dx n -1
b® ¥ 1 æ 1 ö
b
\ ò0 ç log ÷
è x ø
dx = Gn
é ù
= lim ê - x e - x - e - x ú
b® ¥ ë û0
= lim [( - b e - b - e - b ) - (0 - 1)]
b® ¥
Beta Function
é -b 1 ù - ( b + 1)
= lim ê b - b + 1 úû = blim +1 The beta function is
b® ¥ ë e e ®¥ eb 1
B (m, n ) = ò x m - 1 (1 - x ) n - 1 dx ,
æ 1 ö 0
= ç lim - b ÷ + 1 (using L’Hospital’s rule)
è b® ¥ e ø where m, n > 0
=1
Properties of Beta Function
Properties of Gamma Function (i) B (m, n ) = B (n, m ), where m, n > 0
Gamma function has following properties : GmG n
(ii) B (m, n ) = , where m, n > 0
(i) G 1 = 1, G 0 = ¥ and G (n + 1) = n Gn G (m + n )
e.g. G 5 = 4 G 4 = 4 ´ 3 G 3 = 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 G 2 ¥ x m -1
(iii) B (m, n ) = ò dx
= 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 G1 = 4 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 1 0
(1 + x ) m + n
Chap 02 Definite Integral 121
1 p/ 2 p/ 2
ò0 x ò0 sinn x dx = ò0 cos n x dx
6
y Example 97 Evaluate (1 - x 2 ) dx .
n-1 n- 3 n-5 3 1 p
= × × ¼ × × , n is even.
1 n n-2 n-4 4 2 2
ò0
6 2
Sol. Let, I = x (1 - x ) dx
n-1 n- 3 n-5 4 2
= × × ¼ × × 1, n is odd.
Put let x 2 = t n n-2 n-4 5 3
Þ 2x dx = dt p /2
1 1
y Example 98 Evaluate ò0 sin 4 x × cos 6 x dx.
ò0
5/2
\ I = t (1 - t ) dt
2 Sol. Using Gamma function, we have
1 æ 7 3 ö 1 G 7 /2G 3/2 p/ 4 G ( 5 / 2) G ( 7 / 2) G ( 5 / 2) G ( 7 / 2)
ò0 sin x × cos x dx = æ 4 + 6 + 2 ö =
4 6
I = Bç , ÷= ×
2 è 2 2 ø 2 æ3 7 ö 2 G6
Gç + ÷ 2 Gç ÷
è2 2 ø è 2 ø
5 3 1 1 æ 3 1 öæ 5 3 1 ö
× × × p× × p ç ´ ´ G ( 1 / 2) ÷ ç ´ ´ ´ G ( 1 / 2) ÷
1 2 2 2 5p è 2 2 øè 2 2 2 ø 3p
= 2 = = =
2 4 ×3×2×1 256 2 ´ 5! 512
¥ 2 2
y Example 99 The value of ò0 e -a x
dx is equal to
Walli’s Formula p p
p /2 (a) (b)
An easy way to evaluate ò sin m n
x × cos x dx, where 2a 2a
0
p
m, n Î I + . (c) (d) None of these
p /2 p /2 2a
We have, ò sinm x × cos n x dx = ò sinn x × cos m x dx
0 0 ¥ 2 2
Sol. Let I = ò0 e-a x
dx
(m - 1) (m - 3) ¼ (1 or 2) . (n - 1) (n - 3) ¼ (1 or 2) p
= × , ¥ 1 1 ¥
(m + n ) (m + n - 2) ¼ (1 or 2) e-t × e - t × t - 1/ 2 dt
2 \ I = ò0 2a t
dt =
2a ò0
when both m and n Îeven integer.
(m - 1) (m - 3) ¼ (1 or 2) × (n - 1) (n - 3) ¼ (1 or 2) (put a 2 x 2 = t Þ 2a 2 x dx = dt )
= ,
(m + n ) (m + n - 2) ¼ (1 or 2) 1 ¥ 1/ 2 -1 - t ¥
ò= t × e × dt (using ò e - x x n - 1dx = Gn )
when either of m or n Îodd integer. 2a 0 0
1 1 1 1
Remark = G = p (using G = p)
2a 2 2a 2
If n be a positive integer, then
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
122 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(b - a )m + n × m ! n ! (b - a )m + n + 1 × m ! n !
(a) (b)
(m + n ) ! (m + n + 1) !
(b - a )m × m !
(c) (d) None of these
m!
2 n4 + 1
æ n ! ö 5n5 +1
5. The value of lim ç n ÷
è n ø
is equal to
n®¥
2
(c) æç ö÷
2 1 5
(a) e (b) (d) None of these
e èe ø
ì 1 1 ü
6. The value of lim n í 2 + 2
+ ¼ + to n termsý is equal to
n®¥
î 3n + 8 n + 4 3n + 16 n + 16 þ
log æç ö log æç ö÷
1 9 1 9
(a) ÷ (b)
2 è 5 ø 3 è 5ø
1
(c) log çæ 9 ö
÷ (d) None of these
4 è 5 ø
1 ì 3 p 2p np ü
7. The value of lim ísin + 2 sin3 + ¼ + n sin3 ý is equal to
n®¥ n2 î 4n 4n 4n þ
2 2
(a) (52 - 15n ) (b) (52 - 15n )
9p 2 9p 2
1
(c) (15n - 15) (d) None of these
9p 2
p/ 2
8. The value of f (k ) = ò log (sin2 q + k 2 cos 2 q) dq is equal to
0
(a) p log (1 + K) - p log 2 (b) p log 2 - log (1 + K) (c) log (1 + K) - p log 2 (d) None of these
1
9. If m , n Î N, then I m, n = ò x (1 - x ) dx is equal to
m n
0
m !n ! 2m ! n ! m !n !
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
(m + n + 2) ! (m + n + 1) ! (m + n + 1) !
p sin2 nq
10. The value of I (n ) = ò dq is (" n Î N )
0 sin2 q
np np
(a) np (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 4
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
¥ p l Ex. 3 The true set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequal-
l Ex. 1 If ò f ( x )dx = and f ( x ) is an even function, 0
0 2 ity ò (3 – 2 x – 2 × 3 –x ) dx ³ 0 is true, is
¥ æ 1ö a
then ò f ç x - ÷ dx is equal to (b) (–¥,–1] (c) [0, ¥ ) (d) (–¥, –1] È [0, ¥ )
0 è xø (a) [0, 1]
0
(a)
p
(b)
p
(c) p (d) None of these
Sol. We have, òa 3 – x (3 – x – 2 ) dx ³ 0
4 2 Put 3 – x = t Þ 3 – x ln 3 dx = –dt
¥ p 3–a
Sol. Here, ò0 f (x )dx = 2 Þ
3 -a ét2
ln 3 ò (t – 2 ) dt ³ 0 = ê – 2t ú
ù
³0
1 1
ë 2 û1
Put x = t -
t æ 3 –2a ö æ 1 ö
Þ ç – 2 × 3 –a ÷ – ç – 2 ÷ ³ 0
Þ
æ 1ö
dx = ç1 + 2 ÷dt è 2 ø è2 ø
è t ø
¥ ¥ æ 1ö æ 1ö
\ ò0 f (x )dx = ò1 f çèt - t ÷ø × çè1 + t 2 ÷ødt 3
Þ 3 –2a – 4 ´ 3 –a + 3 > 0 Þ (3 –a – 3 )(3 –a – 1 ) > 0
¥ æ 1ö ¥ æ 1ö 1
= ò f çt - ÷dt + ò f çt - ÷ × 2 dt Þ 3 –a > 31 Þ a < 1 or 3 –a < 3 0 Þ a > 0
1 è t ø 1 è tø t
0 æ1 ö æ Thus, a Î(– ¥,– 1 ] È [ 0, ¥ )
¥ æ 1ö 1ö
= ò f çt - ÷dt + ò f ç - y ÷ × ( -dy ) ç put t = ÷ Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
1 è tø 1 èy ø è yø
¥ æ 1ö 0 æ 1ö l Ex. 4 The value of the definite integral
= ò f çt - ÷dt - ò f çy - ÷dy as f ( x ) is even
1 è tø 1 è yø 2np
¥ æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö ¥ æ 1ö
ò0 max(sin x , sin –1 (sin x ))dx equals to (where, n Î I )
=ò f çt - ÷dt + ò f çt - ÷dt = ò f çt - ÷dt
1 è tø 0 è t ø 0 è tø n( p 2 – 4 ) n( p 2 – 4 )
(a) (b)
¥ æ 1ö ¥ p 2 4
\ ò0 f çè x - x ÷ø dx = ò0 f (x )dx = 2 n( p 2 – 8 ) n( p 2 – 2)
(c) (d)
4 4
l Ex. 2 The value of 2np
Sol. Let I = ò max (sin x, sin –1(sin x )) dx
1 æ n ö æ n 1 ö 0
ò0 è Õ
ç
r =1
( x + r ) ÷ çç å ÷ dx equals to
ø è k = 1 x + k ÷ø
Y
π/2
(a) n (b) n! (c) (n +1)! (d) n × n !
n 1 x π–x
Sol. The given integrand is perfect coefficient of Õ (x + r ) π–x
r =1 O
1 X
é n ù –π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
\ I = ê Õ ( x + r ) ú = (n + 1 )!– n ! = n × n !
ë r =1 û0 –1
Aliter ( x + 1 )( x + 2 )( x + 3 )...( x + n ) = et
–π/2
So that, when x = 0, then t = ln n! when x = 1, then t = ln (n + 1 )!
[ln( x + 1 ) + ln( x + 2 ) + ....... + ln( x + n )] = t p /2 p 2p
=n éò x dx + ò ( p – x ) dx + ò (sin x ) dx ù
æ 1 1 1 ö ëê 0 p /2 p ûú
\ ç + + ... + ÷ dx = dt
è (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + n ) ø é p2 p2 1 æ 2 p2 ö ù
=n ê + – ç p – ÷ – 2ú
ln (n + 1)! (n + 1)! êë 8 2 2è 4 ø úû
Therefore, I =ò et dt = [et ]ln
ln n !
ln n !
ép 2 2
p 3p 2 ù n( p 2 – 8 )
=n ê + – – 2ú =
= e ln (n + 1)! – e ln n ! = (n + 1 )! – n ! = n × n !
ë 8 2 8 û 4
Hence, (d) is the correct answer. Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
124 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x®
p p2
2 Using L’Hospital’s rule,
4 x –
16 [IIT JEE 2007] x log(1 + x )
4 log (1 + x ) 1 1
8 2 2 æ 1ö lim 4 + x2 = lim × =
(a) f ( 2) (b) f ( 2) (c) fç ÷ (d) 4 f ( 2) x ®0 3x x ®0 3x 4 + x 4 12
p p p è 2ø é log (1 + x ) ù
êë using xlim = 1ú
sec 2 x ®0 x û
ò
Sol. lim 2
f (t ) dt
= lim
f (sec 2x ) × 2 sec 2 x tan x - 0
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
2
x®
p p x®
p 2x
4 x2 – 4
16 (applying L’Hospital rule) 1 x 4 (1 – x ) 4
f (2 ) × 4 8 f (2 )
l Ex. 9 The value(s) of ò dx is (are)
= =
0
1+ x 2 [IIT JEE 2010]
p /2 p
22 2 71 3 p
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. (a) –p (b) (c) 0 (d) –
7 105 15 2
1 x 4 (1 – x ) 4
l Ex. 7 Let f be a non-negative function defined on the Sol. Let I = ò dx
x x 0 1 + x2
interval [0,1]. If ò 1 – ( f ¢ (t )) dx = ò 2
f (t ) dt ,0 £ x £ 1 and 1 ( x 4 – 1 )(1 – x ) 4 + (1 – x ) 4
0 0
=ò dx
f (0 ) = 0, then [IIT JEE 2009] 0 (1 + x 2 )
æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1
1 1 (1 + x 2 – 2x )2
(a) f ç ÷ < and f ç ÷ > (b) f ç ÷ > and f ç ÷ > = ò ( x 2 – 1 )(1 – x ) 4dx + ò dx
è 2ø 2 è3 ø 3 è 2ø 2 è3 ø 3 0 0 (1 + x 2 )
1ì 4x 2 ü
æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 = ò í( x 2 – 1 )(1 – x ) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) – 4 x + ý dx
(c) f ç ÷ < and f ç ÷ < (d) f ç ÷ > and f ç ÷ < 0
î (1 + x 2 )þ
è 2ø 2 è3 ø 3 è 2ø 2 è3 ø 3
1æ 4 ö
x x = ò ç( x 2 – 1 )(1 – x ) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) – 4 x + 4 – ÷ dx
Sol. Given, ò0 1 – ( f ¢(t )) 2dt = ò f (t ) dt, 0 £ x £ 1
0
0è 1– x2 ø
Chap 02 Definite Integral 125
1æ 4 ö tan q
= ò ç x 6 – 4x 5 + 5x 4 + 4 –
0è
÷ dx
1 + x2 ø
(c) sinq ò1 f ( x cos q )dx
1 sin q tan q
æp
tanq òsin q
1 4 5 4 ö 22 (d) f ( x )dx
= – + – + 4 – 4ç – 0÷ = – p
7 6 5 3 è 4 ø 7
cos q
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Sol. Let, I = ò f ( x tan q)dx. Put x tan q = z sin q
sin q
1
cos q æ np ö \ I =ò f (z sin q) cos q dz
l Ex. 10 If òsin q f ( x tan q )dx ç q ¹ , n Î I ÷ is equal to
è 2 ø
tan q
Þ dx = cos q dz
tan q tan q tan q
(a) - cos q ò1 f ( x sinq )dx = - cos qò
1
f (z sin q) dz = - cos qò
1
f ( x sin q) dx
sin q
(b) - tanq òcos q f ( x )dx Hence, (a) is correct option.
f ¢¢(t ) æ
Þ lim =0 p /2 æ p öö
t®a 12 l Ex. 20 If I = ò cos 2 bç f (0, b) + f ç 0, - b÷ ÷ db, then
-p / 2 è è 2 øø
1 (t – a )
f ¢(t ) – ( f (t ) + f (a )) – f ¢(t ) [I ] is
Þ lim 2 2 =0
t®a 12(t – a ) (a) e p/ 2 (b) 2
f ¢¢(t ) (c) 2 ( 2e p/ 2 - 1) (d) None of these
Þ lim = 0 f ¢¢(a ) = 0 for any a.
t ® a 12 p /2 æ æ p öö
Sol. Again, I = ò cos2 b ç f ( 0, b ) + f ç 0, - b ÷ ÷ db
-p /2 è è 2 øø
Þ f (a ) is atmost of degree 1.
p /2
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. =ò cos2 b(cosb + sin b) db
-p /2
p /2 p /2
l Ex. 18 If f ¢¢( x ) < 0," x Î (a , b ) and c is a point such =ò cos3 b db + ò cos2 b sin b db
-p /2 -p /2
that a < c < b and (c , f (c )) is the point on the curve for which p /2
F (c ) is maximum, then f ¢(c ) is equal to = 2ò cos3 b db + 0
0
f (b )– f (a ) 2 ( f (b )– f (a )) q
(a) (b) Þ I= Þ [I ] = 2
b –a b –a 3
2 f (b )– f (a ) Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
(c) (d) 0
2b – a
128 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(D) lim p /3 p
n®¥ 1/n -1 =ò 1 dq =
ò1/n + 1 sin (nx ) dx 0 3
Chap 02 Definite Integral 129
10 ò–10
Then, the value of f (x )cos p x dx is. x 1
[IIT JEE 2010] g( x + k 2 ) = ò f (t ) dt + k 2 × ò f (t )dt …(ii)
0 0
ì x - [ x ], if [ x ] is odd
Sol. (4) We have, f ( x ) = í x 1
î 1 + [ x ] - x , if [ x ] is even and g( x + k ) = ò f (t ) dt + k × ò f (t )dt …(iii)
0 0
f ( x ) and cos px are both periodic with period 2 and are both n n 1
even. Thus, å ( g( x + k 2 ) - g( x + k )) = å (k 2 - k ) × ò f (t ) dt
0
k =1 k =1
10 10 n
\ ò-10 f (x ) cos px dx = 2 ò0 f (x ) cos px dx = å (k 2 - k ) × g(1 ), given g( x ) = ò f (t ) dt
0
x
k =1
2
= 10 ò f ( x ) cos px dx æ n(n + 1 )(2n + 1 ) n(n + 1 ) ö
0 =ç - ÷ ´1
è 6 2 ø
1 1 1
ò0 f (x ) cos px dx = ò0 (1 - x ) cos px dx = - ò0 u cos pu du =
n(n - 1 )(n + 1 )
3
¥ ¥
8 8 ´3
\ å n
=å
(n - 1 )n (n + 1 )
n =2
å 2
( g( x + k ) - g( x + k )) n =2
k =2
¥
–10 –9 –2 –1 0 1 2 9 10 æ (n + 1 ) - (n - 1 ) 1 1 ö
= 12 å ç = - ÷
2 2 1
n =2 è (n - 1 ) × n(n + 1 ) (n - 1 )n n(n + 1) ø
ò1 f (x ) cos px dx = ò1 (x - 1) cos px dx = - ò0 u cos pu du éæ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
10 1 40 = 12 ê ç - ÷+ç - ÷+
\ ò-10 f ( x ) cos px dx = - 20 ò u cos pu du = 2
0 p ë è 1 ´ 2 2 ´ 3 ø è 2 ´ 3 3 ´ 4ø
æ 1 1 öù
K+ ç - ÷ú
p2 10 è (n - 1 ) n n (n + 1 ) ø û
Þ
10 ò-10 f (x ) cos px dx = 4 æ1
= 12 ç -
1 ö
÷ =6
è 2 n(n + 1 ) ø n ®¥
130 Textbook of Integral Calculus
[ 0, p ].
2 \ òa | sin x | dx = 8
1 é æp öù p 8p
LHL = lim tan - 1 3 ê tan ç - h ÷ ú at x = Þ b -a = ...(i)
h®0 3 ë è 2 ø û 2 2
a +b
= lim
h®0
1
tan - 1 ( 3 cot h ) Similarly, ò0 | cos x | dx = 9
3
9p
1 p Þ a +b -0= ...(ii)
= lim tan - 1 ( ¥ ) = …(i) 2
h®0 3 2 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), a = p / 4, b = 17 p / 4
1 é æp öù p b 17p / 4
RHL = lim tan - 1 3 ê tan ç + h ÷ ú at x =
Also,
h®0 3 ë è 2 ø û 2
Hence, òa x sin x dx = ò
p/4
x sin x dx
p /4 17p / 4
p /4 + ò
= [ - x cos x ]17
1 cos x dx
= lim tan - 1 ( - 3 cot h ) p /4
h®0 3
17 p 17 p p p p /4
1 p =- cos + cos + [sin x ]17
= lim tan - 1 ( - ¥ ) = - …(ii) 4 4 4 4
p /4
h®0 3 2 3
4p
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), LHL ¹ RHL at x = p / 2 =-
2
Þ Anti-derivative f ( x ) is discontinuous at x = p / 2 . b
So, the correct solution for above integral; \ òa x sin x dx = - 2 2p
p p sec x dx 2
dx
I =ò =ò …(iii)
sin (sin - 1 b ) ½ cos (cos - 1 x)½
2
0 1 + 2 sin x 0 1 + 3 tan 2 x
l Ex. 28 Evaluate ò ½ ½dx.
ìï 0, f (2a - x ) = - f ( x ) cos (cos - 1 a ) -1
Using, ò
2a
f ( x ) dx = í a
½ sin (sin x ) ½
0
ïî 2 ò0 f ( x ) dx, f (2a - x ) = f ( x ) Sol. We know, cos (cos- 1 x ) and sin (sin - 1 x ) could be plotted as
2
We know, if f ( x ) =
sec x
f (p - x ) = f (x ) \ sin (sin - 1 x ) and cos (cos- 1 x ) are identical functions.
1 + 3 tan 2 x
sin (sin - 1 b ) cos (cos- 1 x ) sin (sin - 1 b )
b x -a (a 2 + b 2 ) / 2 x
l Ex. 29 Evaluate òa b-x
dx. l Ex. 30 Evaluate ò 2
(3a + b ) / 42
dx .
( x 2 - a 2 ) (b 2 - x 2 )
b x -a
Sol. Let I =ò dx …(i) (a 2 + b 2 )/ 2
x
a b-x Sol. Let I = ò dx …(i)
( 3a 2 + b 2 )/ 4
( x - a ) (b 2 - x 2 )
2 2
Put x = a cos2 t + b sin 2 t
Put x 2 = a 2 cos2 t + b 2 sin 2 t
\ x - a = a cos2 t + b sin 2 t - a = b [sin 2(t ) + a(cos2 t - 1 )]
Þ 2 x dx = [2a 2 cos t ( - sin t ) + 2b 2 sin t (cos t )] dt
= b sin 2 t - a sin 2 t Þ ( x - a ) = (b - a ) sin 2 t
1
Similarly, b - x = (b - a ) cos2 t Þ x dx = (b 2 - a 2 ) sin 2 t dt
2
\ dx = 2 (b - a ) sin t cos t dt
a2 + b2
where, x = a Þ sin 2 t = 0 Þ t = 0 (Q a < b ) For x2 = = a 2 cos2 t + b 2 sin 2 t,
2
and x = b Þ cos2 t = 0 Þ t = p / 2 a 2 + b 2 = 2 (1 - sin 2 t ) a 2 + 2b 2 sin 2 t
\ Eq. (i) reduces to or (a 2 + b 2 ) = 2a 2 + 2 (b 2 - a 2 ) sin 2 t
p /2 (b - a ) sin 2 t 1 p
I =ò × 2 (b - a ) sin t cos t dt Þ sin 2 t = Þ cos 2t = 0 Þ t =
0 (b - a ) cos2 t 2 4
p /2 sin t 3a 2 + b 2
=ò × 2 (b - a ) sin t cos t dt For x2 = = a 2 cos2 t + b 2 sin 2 t,
0 cos t 4
é sin 2 t sin t ù 3a 2 + b 2 = 4a 2 + 4 (b 2 - a 2 ) sin 2 t
êQ =+ as t Î[ 0, p / 2 ]ú
êë
2
cos t cos t úû 1 1 p
Þ sin 2 t =
Þ cos 2 t = Þ t =
p /2 p /2 4 2 6
= (b - a ) ò 2 sin 2 t dt = (b - a ) ò (1 - cos 2t ) dt \ Eq. (i) reduces to
0 0
p /2
æ sin 2 t ö p /4 1 (b 2 - a 2 ) sin 2 t
= (b - a ) çt - ÷ I =ò × dt
è 2 ø0 p /6 2 (b 2 - a 2 ) sin 2 t (b 2 - a 2 ) cos2 t
é p 1 ù épù p /4
= (b - a) ê æç - sin p ö÷ - æç 0 - sin 0 ö÷ ú = (b - a ) ê ú
1 p /4 æ ö æ p p ö p
è ø è ø =ò dt = ç t ÷ =ç - ÷ =
ë 2 2 2 û ë2û p /6 è ø p /6 è 4 6 ø 12
p
\ I = (b - a )
2 é æ p öù
é put b - x = t ù
e sec x ê sin ç x + ÷ ú
p /4 ë è 4 øû
I =ò
b x -a ê 2ú l Ex. 31 Evaluate ò dx .
Aliter Let
a b-x
dx ê or b - x = t ú 0 cos x (1 - sin x )
ê Þ - dx = 2 t dt ú
ë û é æ p öù
e sec x êsin ç x + ÷ ú
When x = a, then b - a = t 2 Þ b - a =t p /4 ë è 4 øû
Sol. Let I = ò dx
When x = b, then 0 = t 2 Þ 0 = t 0 cos x (1 - sin x )
p /2
Applying integration by parts, p ìï æ t ö üï p 2
1 = í ( p - 0 ) + 4 çè log cos ÷ø ý- {1 - 0 }
I = {(sec x + tan x + 1 ) e sec x } 0p /4 8 ïî 2 0 ïþ 8
2
1 p/4 1 p/4 sec x pì 1 ü p2 p2 1 p2
= í p + 4 log ý- = + p log -
-
2 ò0
(sec x tan x + sec 2x ) × e sec xdx +
2 ò0
e × sec 2 x dx 8î 2þ 8 8 2 8
1 1 sec x p /4 p2 1 p2 p
= {( 2 + 1 + 1 ) e 2 - (1 + 1 ) e } - [e ]0 = - p log 2 = - log 2
2 2 8 2 16 4
1 1 1 e
= ( 2 + 2 ) e 2 - 2e - (e 2 - e ) = (1 + 2 ) e 2 - p x 2 cos x
2 2 2 2 l Ex. 33 Evaluate ò dx .
0
(1 + sin x ) 2
p /4 x 2 (sin 2 x - cos 2 x ) dx
l Ex. 32 Evaluate ò 2
× Sol. Let I = ò
p x 2 cos x p
dx = ò x 2 {(1 + sin x ) - 2 cos x } dx
0
(1 + sin 2 x ) cos x 0 (1 + sin x ) 2 0
2
p/ 4 x (sin 2 x - cos 2 x ) dx Applying integration by parts,
Sol. Let I = ò , p
0 (1 + sin 2 x ) cos2 x æ (1 + sin x ) - 1 ö p (1 + sin x ) - 1
I = çx2 ÷ - ò 2x × dx
1 p/2 t 2 (sin t - cos t ) è -1 ø0 0 -1
8 ò0 (1 + sin t ) (cos2 t / 2 )
= dt (put 2x = t)
p x
= (- p 2 + 0) + 2 ò dx …(i)
1 p/2 t 2 (sin t - cos t ) 0 1 + sin x
I= ò dt …(i)
4 0 (1 + sin t ) (1 + cos t ) é using, a f ( x ) dx = a f (a - x ) dx ù
é using, a a ù êë ò0 ò0 úû
êë ò0 f (x ) dx = ò0 f (a - x ) dx úû p (p - x )
2 I = - p2 + 2 ò dx …(ii)
æ p ö 0 1 + sin x
ç - t ÷ × (cos t - sin t )
1 p /2 è 2 ø
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
4 ò0
I= dt …(ii)
(1 + cos t ) (1 + sin t ) p p
2I = - 2p 2 + 2 ò dx
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 1 + sin x
æ p2 ö p 1 - sin x
ç pt - ÷ (sin t - cos t ) = - 2p 2 + 2p ò dx
0 cos2 x
1 p /2 è 4 ø
2I = ò dt …(iii)
4 0 (1 + cos t ) (1 + sin t ) = - 2 p 2 + 2 p [tan x - sec x ]0p
p/ 2 sin t - cos t = - 2 p 2 + 2 p [ 0 - ( - 1 - 1 )] = - 2 p 2 + 4 p
where, ò dt = 0
0 (1 + cos t ) (1 + sin t ) \ I = - p 2 + 2p
é as 2a f ( x ) dx = 0, if f (2a - x ) = - f ( x ) ù
ëê ò0 ûú l Ex. 34 Compute the following integrals.
\ Eq. (iii) becomes ¥ dx
1 p /2 pt (sin t - cos t ) dt (i) ò f (x n + x - n )ln x =0
I= ò +0 0 x
8 0 (1 + cos t ) (1 + sin t )
¥ dx
p p /2 t {(1 + sin t ) - (1 + cos t )} dt (ii) ò f (x n + x - n )ln x =0
=
8 ò0 (1 + cos t ) (1 + sin t )
0 1+x 2
p p /2 t dt p p /2 t dt Sol. (i) Let t = ln x Þ x = et
=
8 ò0 -
1 + cos t 8 ò0 1 + sin t dx
dx = et dt or = dt
p p /2 t dt p p /2 ( p / 2 - t ) dt x
=
8 ò0 -
1 + cos t 8 ò0 1 + cos t Also, x =0 Þ t =-¥
2p p /2 t dt p 2 p /2 dt and x =¥ Þ t =¥
= ò0 -
1 + cos t 16 ò0 1 + cos t
¥
f ( xn + x - n ) ln x
dx ¥
f (ent + e - nt ) × t dt = 0
8 \ ò0 x ò- ¥
=
p p /2 p2 p /2
=
8 ò0 t (sec 2 t / 2 ) dt -
16 ò0 (sec 2 t / 2 ) dt (Q integrand is an odd function of t)
¥ dx ¥ et
ò0 f ( xn + x - n ) ln x × - nt
1 + x 2 ò- ¥
nt
p ìï æ tö
p /2
p /2 t üï p 2 æ tö
p /2 (ii) = f (e + e ) × t × × dt
= í ç2t × tan ÷ - ò 1 × 2 tan dtý - ç2 tan ÷ 1 + e 2t
8 ïî è 2ø 0 0 2 ïþ 16 è 2ø0
Chap 02 Definite Integral 133
2
t et é x g(t ) ù
Now, if h (t ) = f (ent + e - nt ) ×
1 + e 2t 1 ëê ò0 ûú = 1 ( f ( x ))
2
Þ
- nt nt 1 æ et 1 ö 2 x 2 x
Then, h ( - t ) = f (e + e ) × (- t ) × t çQ = -t ÷
e +e -t
è 1+e 2t
e + et ø 1 1é x 2 ù 1 ( f ( x )) 2
Þ × ò g (t ) dt =
h( - t ) = - h(t ) ê
2 2ë 0 ú
û 2 x
Thus, integrand is an odd function and hence 1 x 1 ( f ( x )) 2
¥ -n dx
Þ
2 ò0
( f ¢(t )) 2 dt =
2 x
[using Eq. (i)]
ò0 f (x + x ) ln x × 1 + x 2 = 0
n
Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
1 x 2 f ( x ) f ¢( x ) - ( f ( x )) 2
[ f ¢( x )]2 =
l Ex. 35 Show that 2 x2
¥ ¥ 1
(a) ò sin x dx = 1 (b) ò cos x dx = 0 Þ [ g( x )]2 x 2 = 2 x f ( x ) ( g( x )) - ( f ( x )) 2
0 0
2
Sol. Let us first evaluate; 2
æ x g( x ) ö æ x g( x ) ö
- sx - sx Þ ç ÷ =4ç ÷ -2
I =ò e sin x dx and J = ò e cos x dx è f (x ) ø è f (x ) ø
Using integer by parts, we get x g( x )
Þ t 2 - 4t + 2 = 0, where t =
f (x )
I = - e - sx cos x - sJ …(i)
4± 8 x f ¢( x )
and J =e - sx
sin x + sI …(ii) Þ t= = 2 ± 2 or =2 ± 2
2 f (x )
Subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Þ ln f ( x ) = 2 ± 2 ln x + constant
½ cos x + s sin x ½ Þ f ( x ) = cx 2 + 2
or cx 2 - 2
I = - e - sx ½ ½
½ 1 + s2 ½
Þ g( x ) = f ¢( x ) = c1 x1 + 2
or c 2 x1 - 2
½ s s ½
2
Þ J = e - sx ½sin x - 2 sin x - 2
cos x ½ where, c1 and c 2 are constants of integration.
½ s +1 1+s ½ But g is continuous on [ 0, ¥ ), then c 2 x1 - 2
is ruled out.
½ sin x - s cos x ½ g( x ) = c1 x1 + 2
= e - sx ½ ½ Hence,
½ 1 + s2 ½
Also, g( 0 ) = c 1 = 1 Þ g( x ) = x1 + 2
¥ 1
Thus, ò0 e - sx sin x dx = 2
s +1 p /4
l Ex. 37 Let I n = ò tan n x dx (n > 1 and is an integer).
¥ s 0
and ò0 e - sx cos x dx = 2 Show that
s +1 1 1 1
¥ ¥ 1
(i) In + In - 2 = (ii) < In <
Now, ò0 sin x dx = lim ò0 e - sx
sin x dx = lim 2 =1 n -1 2 (n + 1) 2 (n - 1)
s® 0 s®0 s + 1
p /4 p/ 4
¥ ¥ s Sol. (i) Given, I n = ò tann x dx = ò tann - 2 x × tan 2 x dx
- sx
ò0 cos x dx = lim ò0 cos x dx = lim 2 =0 0 0
and e
s® 0 s® 0 s +1 p /4 p /4
=ò sec 2 x × tann - 2 x dx - ò tann - 2 x dx
0 0
1 n-2
l Ex. 36 Find a function g : R ® R, continuous in [0, ¥) =ò t dt - I n - 2, where t = tan x
0
and positive in (0, ¥) satisfying g(0 ) = 1 and æ tn -1 ö
1
1
1 x 2 1æ x 2
ö÷ . In + In - 2 = ç ÷ \ In + In - 2 =
2 ò0 x è ò0
g (t ) dt = ç g (t ) dt è n -1 ø 0 n -1
ø
x (ii) For 0 < x < p / 4, we have 0 < tann x < tann - 2 x
Sol. Let f (x ) = ò g(t ) dt
0 So that; 0 < In < In - 2
Þ f ¢( x ) = g ( x ) \ I n + I n + 2 < 2I n < I n + I n - 2
1 1
1 x 1 x Þ < 2I n <
Þ
2 ò0
( f ¢(t )) 2 dt = ò g 2(t ) dt
2 0
…(i) n+1 n -1
1 1
1é x 2 Þ < In <
g(t ) ù = ( f ( x )) 2
1
Þ
ê ò
2ë 0 ú
û 2
2 (n + 1 ) 2 (n - 1 )
134 Textbook of Integral Calculus
2 ò- x 2 ò- x
0 2 = e dz = e dz
Chap 02 Definite Integral 135
x2 z2 ¥ 2dt ¥ 2dt
1 x - 1 2 x 2 =ò =ò
= ò e 4 4 dz = e x /4 × ò e - z /4 dz 0 2 2
(1 + t ) + a (1 - t ) 0 (1 - a ) t 2 + (1 + a )
2 -x 2 -x
2 ¥ dt
1 2 1 2 = ò0
x 2 x 2
= e x /4 ò e - t /4 dt = e x /4 × 2 ò e - t /4 dt 1 -a 2
2 - x 2 0 æ 1+a ö
t2 + ç ÷
é using, a f ( x ) dx = 2 a f ( x ) dx, when f ( - x ) = f ( x ) ù è 1 -a ø
êë ò-a ò0 úû ¥
2 1 æ 1 -a ö 2 p p
x 2 /4 x - t 2 /4 = × × ç tan - 1 t ÷ = × =
=e ò0 e dt 1 - a (1 + a ) /(1 - a ) è 1 + a ø0 1 -a 2 2
1 -a 2
x 2 2 x 2
Þ ò0 e xt × x - t dt = e x /4
ò0 e -t /4
dt (integrating both the sides w.r.t. ‘a’)
Þ f (a ) = p sin - 1 a + c
1
Ex. 42 If f ( x ) = e x + ò (e x + te - x ) f (t ) dt , find f ( x ). p log (1 + 0 cos x ) dx
l
0
But f (0) = ò =0
0 cos x
Sol. We can write f ( x ) = Ae x + Be - x , where Þ c =0
A = 1 + ò f (t ) dt
1
and
1
B = ò tf (t ) dt \ f (a ) = p sin - 1 a
0 0
1 p /2
\ A = 1 + ò ( Ae + Be ) dt = 1 + ( Aet - Be - t ) 0t
t -t
l Ex. 44 Evaluate ò cosec q tan - 1 (c sin q ) dq.
0 0
A = 1 + A (e1 - 1 ) - B (e - 1 - 1 ) p /2
Sol. Let f (c ) = ò cosec q × tan - 1 (c sin q) dq
-1 0
Þ (2 - e ) A + (e - 1) B = 1 …(i)
p /2 (sin q)
1 \ f ¢(c ) = ò cosec q × dq + 0 - 0
B = ò t ( Aet + Be - t ) dt 0 1 + c 2 sin 2 q
0
p /2 dq
= A (tet - et ) 0t + B ( - te - t - e - t ) 01 =ò
0 1 + c 2 sin 2 q
B = A + B (1 - 2e - 1 )
p /2 cosec 2 q dq p /2 cosec 2 q dq
Þ A - 2e - 1 B = 0 …(ii) =ò =ò
0 2 2 2
c + cosec q 0 (c + 1 ) + cot 2 q
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get p /2
æ ö
A=
2 (e - 1 )
,B =
e -1 =-
1 ç tan - 1 cot q ÷
4e - 2e 2
- 2e ç c + 1 ÷ø 0
2
4 c2 +1 è
2 (e - 1 ) x e - 1 - x p
Hence, f (x ) = ×e + ×e f ¢(c ) =
4e - 2e 2 4 - 2e 2 c2 + 1
Integrating both the sides, we get
l Ex. 43 If | a | <1, show that p dc p
f (c ) = ò = log (c + c 2 + 1 ) + A
p log (1 + a cos x ) 2 c +1 2
2
ò0 dx = p sin - 1 a.
cos x where, f ( 0 ) = A
p /2
Sol. Given, | a | < 1 But f (0) = ò cosec q tan - 1 ( 0 ) dq = 0
0
p log (1 + a cos x )
Let f (a ) = ò dx p
0 cos x Þ f (c ) = log (c + c 2 + 1 )
2
p cos x p dx
\ f ¢(a ) = ò dx = ò
0 cos x × (1 + a cos x ) 0 1 + a cos x p /2
l Ex. 45 Evaluate ò sec q × tan - 1 (a cos q ) dq.
0
(differentiating w.r.t. ‘a’ using Leibnitz rule)
æ x dx 2 ö Sol. Given definite integral is a function of ‘a’. Let its value be I (a ).
ç put tan = t Þ = 2
, when x = 0, t = 0 ÷ p /2
ç 2 dt 1 + t ÷ Then, I (a ) = ò sec q × tan - 1 (a cos q) dq
è and when x = p , t ® ¥ ø 0
p /2 1
2dt Þ I ¢(a ) = ò sec q × × cos q dq + 0 - 0
0 1 + a cos2 q
2
¥ 1 + t2
Þ f ¢(a ) = ò (using Leibnitz rule)
0 æ 1 -t2 ö
1+a ç ÷ p /2 1 p /2 sec 2 q
è 1 + t2 ø =ò 2
dq = ò
2
dq
0 1 + a cos q 0 sec 2 q + a 2
136 Textbook of Integral Calculus
3p/ 2 3p/ 2 1 1
=ò 2 cos2 x dx = ò (1 + cos 2 x ) dx Again, I = ò (tx + 1 - x )n dx = ò {(1 - x ) + tx} n dx
0 0 0 0
3p / 2 1 n
æ sin 2 x ö = ò { C 0 (1 - x )n + nC1 (1 - x )n - 1 (tx ) + nC 2 (1 - x )n - 2
= çx + ÷ 0
è 2 ø0
(tx ) 2 + K+ nCr (1 - x )n - r (tx )r + K + nCn (tx )n } dx
3p 1
Þ I 1(1 ) = = I 1(n ) Þ I (n ) = - I 1(n ) [using Eq. (i)] 1 ì n ü
2 2n =ò í å Cr (1 - x )n - r (tx )r ý dx
n
0
3p î r =0 þ
\ I (n ) = - n 1
4n =å n
Cr tr ò0 {(1 - x )n - r xr } dx ...(ii)
r =0
¥
l Ex. 50 Evaluate ò e - x sin n x dx , if n is an even integer. From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
0 n 1 1
Sol. Here, I n = ò
¥
e -x
sin x dxn å nCr tr ò0 (1 - x )n - r xr dx =
n+1
{tn + tn - 1 + tn - 2 + K + t + 1}
0 r =0
¥
= ( - sinn x e - x ) 0¥ + n ò sinn - 1 x cos x e - x dx Equating coefficient of tk on both the sides, we get
0 1 1
¥
n
Ck ò (1 - x )n - k xk dx =
= n ò (sinn - 1 x × cos x )(e - x ) dx [where ( - sinn x e - x ) 0¥ = 0 ] 0 n+1
0
I II 1 1
n -1
Þ ò0 (1 - x )n - k xk dx = n
Þ I n = n [( - sin x × cos x e - x ) 0¥ Ck (n + 1 )
¥ ¥
+ (n - 1 ) ò sinn - 2 x cos2 x e - xdx - ò sinn x e - x dx ]
0 0 l Ex. 52 Given a real valued function f ( x ) which is
¥ -x n-2 ¥ -x
I n = n (n - 1 ) ò e sin x dx - n 2
ò0 e n
sin x dx monotonic and differentiable, prove that for any real
0
numbers a and b;
= n (n - 1 ) I n - 2 - n 2I n b f (b) -1
òa (a)} dx = ò
2 2
2 {f (x ) - f 2 x {b - f (x )} dx
Þ (n + 1 ) I n = n (n - 1 ) I n - 2 f (a )
ì ((t - 1 ) x + 1 )n + 1 ü
1 Sol. We know,
=í ý é æpö ùé æ 2p ö ù
z 10 - 1 = (z 2 - 1 ) êz 2 - 2 cos ç ÷ z + 1 ú êz 2 - 2 ç cos ÷ z + 1 ú
î (n + 1 ) (t - 1 ) þ 0 ë è 5 ø ûë è 5 ø û
1 æ 2 4p öæ 2 6p ö
= {tn + tn - 1 + tn - 2 + K + t + 1 } ...(i) ´ ç z - 2 cos z + 1 ÷ ç z - 2 cos z +1 ÷
n+1 è 5 øè 5 ø
138 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1 æ 1 öæ p 1 öæ 2p 1 ö 1 é ap æb öù
or z5 - = ç z - ÷ ç z - 2 cos + ÷ ç z - 2 cos + ÷ I= + b ln ç ÷ ú
z5 è z øè 5 z øè 5 z ø a 2 + b 2 êë 2 èa øû
æ 4p 1 ö æ 6p 1 ö bp
´ ç z - 2 cos + ÷ ç z - 2 cos + ÷ Again, abI + b 2I =
è 5 z øè 5 z ø 2
Put z = cos q + i sin q and abI – a 2J = a ln(b / a )
Þ 2 i sin 5 q = (2 i sin q) (2 cos q - 2 cos p / 5 ) (2 cos q - 2 cos 2 p / 5 )
´ (2 cos q - 2 cos 4 p / 5 ) (2 cos q - 2 cos 6 p / 5 ) 1 é bp æb öù
On subtracting, we get J = 2ê
– a ln ç ÷ ú
2
a +b ë 2 èa øû
Þ sin 5 q = 16 sin q (cos2 q - cos2 p / 5 ) (cos2 q - cos2 2 p / 5 )
sin q (cos2 q - cos2 p / 5 ) (cos2 q - cos2 2 p / 5 ) 1 Aliter Convert a cos x + b sin x into a single cosine say
Þ = cos ( x + f ) and put ( x + f ) = t.
sin 5 q 16
¥ ln x dx
sin q (cos2 q - cos2 p / 5 ) (cos2 q - cos2 2 p / 5 )
ò0
1 l Ex. 56 Evaluate .
\ ò0 sin 5 q
dq 2
x + 2x + 4
1 1 1
=ò dq = ¥ ln x dx
0 16 16 Sol. I = ò (put x = 2t Þ dx = 2dt to make coefficient of
n
0x 2 + 2x + 4
n CK x 2 and constant term same)
l Ex. 54 Show that lim S =e - 2.
K
n® ¥ k =0 n (K + 3 ) ¥ ln 2 + ln t ln 2 ¥ dt 1 ¥ ln t dt
=2 ò 2
dt = ò 2
+ ò 2
n n
CK n
0 4(t + t + 1 ) 2 140 t2 +4t +31 2 1
0 t +t +1
4243
1 n 1
Sol. lim
n® ¥
å K
n (K + 3)
= lim
n®¥
å K +3
CK × K
n
I1 I 2 = zero
K =0 K =0 ¥ ln t dt æ 1 1 ö
I2 = ò ç put t = Þ dt = – 2 dy ÷
n
1 1 æ 1 1 ö 2
t +t +1è ø
å y
0
ò0 x K + 2 dx çQ = x K + 2 dx ÷ y
è K + 3 ò0
n
= lim CK × K
n®¥ n ø
K =0 0 ln y ×( +1 )
I2 = ò dy
1 æ 2 n
æ x ö ö
K ¥ æ 1 1 ö 2
=ò
0
çç x lim
è n®¥
å C K × ç ÷ ÷÷ dx
n
è n ø ø
ç 2
èy
+
y
+ 1 ÷
ø
y
K =0
ln y dy ln y dy
ïì x ö ïü
n 0 0
1 æ I2 = ò = -ò = –I 2
= ò x 2 í lim ç 1 + ÷ ý dx ¥ y2 +y +1 ¥ y2 +y +1
n®¥ è n ø ïþ
îï
0
¥
é n ù ¥ dt é 2 –1 [t + (1 / 2 )] ù
2
1 æ x ö Now, I 1 = ò = tan
= ò x × e dx 2 x
êQ lim ç1 + ÷ = e ú
x
2 ê ú
êë n ® ¥ è n ø 0 2
0
úû æ 1ö æ 3ö ë 3 3 û0
çt + ÷ + ç ÷
1 ì 1 ü è 2ø è 2 ø
= ( x × e ) 0 - ò 2 x × e dx = e - 2 í ( x e ) 0 - ò e dxý
2 x 1 x x 1 x
0 î 0 þ 2 é p p ù 2p ln2 2 p p ln 2
= – = \I= × =
= e - 2 {e - e + 1 } = e - 2 3 êë 2 6 úû 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
¥ ln x dx
p /2 cos x Note For a > 0, I = ò =0
l Ex. 55 Let I = ò dx 0 ax 2 + bx + a
0 a cos x + b sin x
p /2
[Hint By putting x = 1 / t, we get I = – I , so I = 0]
sin x
and J = ò dx , where a > 0 and b > 0.
0 a cos x + b sin x l Ex. 57 Find a function f , continuous for all x (and not
Compute the values of I and J. x f (t ) sin t
p zero everywhere) such that f 2 ( x ) = ò dt .
Sol. Q aI + bJ = ...(i) 0 2 + cos t
2
p /2 b cos x – a sin x f (t )sin t x
and bI – aJ = ò dx Sol. We have, f 2( x ) = ò dt
0 a cos x + b sin x 2 + cost 0
\ bI – aJ = ln[a cos x + b sin x ]p0 /2 (Note that f 2( x ) being an integral function of a continuous
function is continuous and differentiable)
æ bö
Þ bI – aJ = ln ç ÷ ...(ii) f ( x ) × sin x
èaø 2 f ( x ) f ¢( x ) =
2 + cos x
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Integrating, we get 2 f ( x ) = C – ln(2 + cos x )
ap
a 2I + abJ = Q x = 0 Þ f ( 0 ) = 0 Þ C = ln 3
2
1 3
b 2I – abJ = b ln(b / a ) \ f ( x ) = ln
2 2 + cos x
Chap 02 Definite Integral 139
¥ tan –1 ax – tan –1 x 2a p × 2a pa
l Ex. 58 Evaluate ò dx, where a is a =– [tan –1 t 1 – a 2 ]¥0 = – =–
2 2
0 x 1–a 2 1–a 1–a2
parameter. –1
tan ax – tan –1 x
¥ or I = p 1 – a 2 + C
Sol. Let I =ò dx
0 x
If a = 0 and I = 0, then C = –p
dI ¥ 1× x ¥ dx
da ò0 (1 + a 2x 2 ) x
\ = dx = ò
0 1 + a 2x 2 \ I = p æè 1 – a 2 – 1 öø
1 ¥ dx 1 p
= [a tan –1 x ]¥0 =
a 2 ò0 x 2 + 1 a 2
=
2a p /2 æ 1 + a sin x ö dx
a2
l Ex. 60 Evaluate ò ln ç ÷ (|a | <1).
0 è 1 – a sin x ø sin x
p da p
ò dI = 2 ò a Þ I = 2 lna + C p/ 2 æ 1 + a sin x ö dx
Sol. Let I =ò ln ç ÷ (| a | < 1 )
When a = 1 and I = 0 then C = 0
0 è 1 – a sin x ø sin x
p dI p/ 2 2 sin x dx
I = ln a
da ò0 (1 – a 2 sin 2 x ) sin x
Hence, \ = ×
2
ln (1 – a 2 x 2 ) p/ 2 2 sec 2 x
1 =ò dx
l Ex. 59 Evalute ò0 dx (a 2 < 1). 0 1 + tan 2 x – a 2 tan 2 x
x 2 (1 – x 2 )
p/ 2 2 sec 2 x
1 ln (1 – a 2x 2 ) =ò dx (put tan x = t )
Sol. Let I =ò dx, | a| < 1 0 (1 – a 2 ) tan 2 x + 1
0 2 2
x (1 – x )
¥ 2 dt 2 ¥ dt
=ò
(1 – a 2 ) t 2 + 1 (1 – a 2 ) ò0
=
dI 1 – 2ax 2 dx 0
æ 1 ö
2
\ =ò × (put x = sin q)
da 0 (1 – a 2x 2 ) x 2 1 – x 2 t2 + ç ÷
è 1–a2 ø
p /2 2adq p /2 2a sec 2 q dq 2 p
=ò =ò Þ = [tan –1(t 1 – a 2 )]¥0 =
0 2 2
a sin q – 1 0 a tan 2 q – (1 + tan 2 q)
2
1–a2 1–a2
p da
p /2 2a sec 2 q dq Þ dI =
=-ò (put tan q = 1) 1–a2
0 (1 – a 2 ) tan 2 q + 1
When a = 0 and I = 0 , then C = 0
¥ 2adt 2a ¥ dt
=ò 2 2
or – 2 ò0 2 \ I = p sin –1(a )
0 (1 – a ) t + 1 (1 – a ) æ 1 ö
2
t +ç ÷
è 1–a2 ø Hence, I = p sin –1a + C
#L Definite Integral Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
4 (y 2 − 4y + 5) sin (y − 2)dy dt 2
1. The value of ∫
1
is 8. If x satisfies the equation ∫ x
0
(2y 2 − 8y + 1) 0
t + 2t cos α + 1
2
(c) –2 (d) None of these − ∫ dt x − 2 = 0(0 < α < π ), then the value of
−3 t 2 + 1
2. Let f ( x ) = x 2 + ax + b and the only solution of the x is
equation f ( x ) = minimum f ( x ) is x = 0 and f ( x ) = 0 has α 2 sin α
β (a) ± (b) ±
root α and β, then ∫ x 3 dx is equal to 2 sin α α
α
1 1 α sin α
(a) (β 4 + α 4 ) (b) (a 2 − b 2 ) (c) ± (d) ± 2
4 4 sin α α
(c) 0 (d) None of these
x t dt
x y dy 9. If f ( x ) = e g ( x ) and g ( x ) = ∫ , then f ′ (2) is equal to
∫ (3 − 2 sin t ) dt + ∫ cos t dt = 0, then at x = π
2
3. 2
1+t4
π /2 0 dx
(a) 2/17 (b) 0
and y = π is
(c) 1 (d) Cannot be determined
(a) 3 (b) − 2
(c) − 3 (d) None of these 10. If a, b and c are real numbers, then the value of
1 t
sin −1 (sin x ) + cos −1 (cos x )
4 (1 + x 2 ) lim ln ∫ (1 + a sin bx )c / x dx equals
4. ∫ dx = log t→ 0 t 0
–4
x 2 a ab
(1 + x ) 1 +
2
(a) abc (b)
17 c
bc ca
c − π (c) (d)
+bπ tan −1 (where, [⋅] denotes greatest integer a b
1 + cπ
r = 4n
n
function), then number of ways in which a − (2b + c )
a −5
11. The value of lim
n→ ∞
∑
r =1 r (3 r + 4 n ) 2
is equal to
distinct object can distributed among persons
c 1 1
(a) (b)
equally, is 35 14
9! 12 ! 15 ! 10 ! 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) × 3! (c) (d)
(3 !) 3 ( 4 !) 3 (5 !) 3 (6 !) 3 10 5
5. The value of the definite integral x
12. Let f ( x ) = ∫ e t dt and h( x ) = f (1 + g ( x )) where g ( x ) is
2
∞ dx −1
∫0
(1 + x )(1 + x 2 )
a
(a > 0) is
defined for all x , g ′ ( x ) exists for all x, and g ( x ) < 0 for
π π x > 0. If h ′ (1) = e and g ′ (1) = 1, then the possible values
(a) (b)
4 2 which g(1) can take
(c) π (d) Some function of a (a) 0 (b) −1
(c) −2 (d) −4
6. The value of the definite integral
3π /4
∫0
[(1 + x ) sin x + (1 − x ) cos x ] dx is 13. Let f ( x ) be a function satisfying f ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) with
3π π f (0) = 1 and g be the function satisfying
(a) 2 tan (b) 2 tan
8 4 f ( x ) + g( x ) = x 2 .
π 1
(c) 2 tan (d) 0 The value of the integral ∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) dx is
8 0
1 /n tan −1 (nx ) 1 5
7. Let C n = ∫ dx , then lim n 2 ⋅ C n is equal (a) e − e 2 − (b) e − e 2 − 3
1 /n + 1
sin −1 (nx ) n→ ∞ 2 2
to 1 1 2 3
(c) (e − 3 ) (d) e − e −
(a) 1 (b) 0 2 2 2
1
(c) −1 (d)
2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 141
g (x ) dt
14. Let f ( x ) = ∫ , 21. The value of π ∫
2008
x | sin πx | dx is equal to
1+t2
0
0
cos x
where g ( x ) = ∫ (1 + sin t 2 ) dt . Also, h( x ) = e − | x | and (a) 2008 (b) π 2008 (c) 1004 (d) 2008
0
1 π n
n
f ( x ) = x 2 sin , if x ≠ 0and f (0) = 0, then f ′ is equal to
x 2 22. lim
n→ ∞
∑
k =1 n + k 2x 2
2
, x > 0 is equal to
(a) l′( 0 ) (b) h′ ( 0 − ) (a) x tan −1 ( x ) (b) tan −1 ( x )
1 − cos x
(c) h′ ( 0 ) +
(d) lim tan −1 ( x ) tan −1 ( x )
x → 0 x sin x (c) (d)
x x2
π
15. For f ( x ) = x 4 + | x |, let I 1 = ∫ f (cos x ) dx and 23. Let a > 0 and f ( x ) is monotonic increasing such that
0
a b
I2 = ∫
π /2
f (sin x ) dx , then
I1
has the value equal to f (0) = 0 and f (a ) = b, then ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f −1
( x ) dx is
0 0
0 I2 equal to
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (a) a + b (b) ab + b (c) ab + a (d) ab
(c) 2 (d) 4 4
1/ 3x 2x 1/ 3 x4
24. If ∫ cos −1 dx = k ∫ , then
16. Let f be a positive function. Let −1 / 3
1− x4 1+ x2 0
1− x4
k k
I1 = ∫ ( x ) f ( x (1 − x )) dx ; I 2 = ∫ f ( x (1 − x )) dx , ‘k’ is equal to
1 −k 1 −k
I (a) π (b) 2π (c) 2 (d) 1
where 2k − 1 > 0. Then, 2 is
I1 ∞ 1 ln x
(a) k (b) 1/2
25. ∫0
f x + ⋅
x x
dx is equal to
−1 2
32. If ∫ (ax 2 − 5) dx = 0 and 5 + ∫ (bx + c ) dx = 0, then
n
−2 1
34. If I n = ∫ ({x + 1}{x 2 + 2} + {x 2 + 3} {x 3 + 4 }) dx , (where,
−n
(a) ax 2 − bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in (1, 2) {} denotes the fractional part), then I 1 is equal to
(b) ax 2 − bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in ( −2, − 1 ) 1 2 1
(a) − (b) − (c) (d) None of these
(c) ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in ( −2, − 1 ) 3 3 3
(d) None of the above π /2 sin (2n − 1) x 2
π / 2 sin nx
6 35. Let I n = ∫ dx , J n = ∫ ,n ∈N,
33. The value of ∫ ( x + 12x − 36 + x − 12x − 36 ) dx 0 sin x 0
sin 2 x
0
is equal to then
(a) 6 3 (b) 4 3 (a) Jn + 1 − Jn = I n (b) Jn + 1 − Jn = I n + 1
(c) 12 3 (d) None of these (c) Jn + 1 + Jn = Jn (d) Jn + 1 − Jn + 1 = Jn
(a) ∫
π /2
0
ln (cot x ) dx (b) ∫
2π
0
sin 3 x dx f (x ) = x 2 + x 2 ∫−1
tf (t ) dt + x 3 ∫ −1
f (t ) dt ,
then which of the following hold(s) good?
e dx π 1 + cos 2 x
(c) ∫ (d) ∫ dx 1 10 30
1 /e x (ln x )1 / 3 0 2 (a) ∫ t f (t ) dt = (b) f (1 ) + f ( −1 ) =
−1 11 11
38. The equation 10x 4 − 3x 2 − 1 = 0 has 1 1 20
(c) ∫ t f (t ) dt > ∫ f (t ) dt (d) f (1 ) − f ( −1 ) =
−1 −1
(a) atleast one root in ( −1, 0 ) 11
(b) atleast one root in (0, 1) 43. Let f ( x ) and g ( x ) be differentiable functions such that
(c) atleast two roots in ( −1, 1 ) x
f ( x ) + ∫ g (t ) dt = sin x (cos x − sin x ) and
(d) no root in (−1, 1) 0
( a + t r ) 1/ p
0 53. lim ( f ( x )) f ( − x ) is
Suppose lim = l, where x→ ∞
x→ 0 bx − sin x (a) 3 (b) 6
p ∈ N , p ≥ 2, a > 0, r > 0 and b ≠ 0. (c) 1 (d) None of these
46. If l exists and is non-zero, then 54. The function f ( x ) is
(a) b > 1 (b) 0 < b < 1 (a) increasing for all x (b) non-monotonic
(c) b < 0 (d) b = 1 (c) decreasing for all x (d) None of these
47. If p = 3 and l = 1, then the value of ‘a’ is equal to Passage IV
(a) 8 (b) 3 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
(c) 6 (d) 3/2
f ( x ) = ∫ ( 4t 4 − at 3 ) dt and g ( x ) is quadratic satisfying
x
to g ( 0) + 6 = g ′ ( 0) − c = g ′′ ( c ) + 2b = 0. y = h( x ) and y = g ( x )
3 2 1 7 intersect in 4 distinct points with abscissae x i ; i = 1, 2, 3, 4 such
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 9 i
that ∑ = 8, a, b, c ∈ R + and h( x ) = f ′ ( x ) .
xi
Passage II
(Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 55. Abscissae of point of intersection are in
Suppose f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two continuous functions defined (a) AP (b) GP
1
for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 . Given, f ( x ) = ∫ e x + 1 ⋅ f ( t ) dt and (c) HP (d) None of these
0
g (x ) = ∫ e
1
x+ t
⋅ g ( t ) dt + x. 56. ‘a’ is equal to
0 (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 20 (d) 12
49. The value of f (1) equals 57. ‘c’ is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 25 (b) 25/2 (c) 25/4 (d) 25/8
(c) e −1 (d) e
Passage V
50. The value of g (0) − f (0) equals (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0 v ( x) dy dy
3 − e2 e2 − 2 e2 − 1 Let y = ∫ f ( t ) dt , let us define as
u ( x) dx dx
g (0) = v′ ( x ) f 2 ( v( x )) − u′ ( x ) f 2 ( u( x )) and the equation of the
51. The value of equals
g (2) dy
tangent at ( a, b ) and y − b = ( x − a ).
(a) 0 (b)
1
(c)
1
(d)
2 dx ( a , b)
3 e2 e2 x2
58. If y = ∫ t 2 dt , then the equation of tangent at x = 1 is
x
Passage III (a) x + y = 1 (b) y = x − 1
(Q. Nos. 52 to 54) (c) y = x (d) y = x + 1
We are given the curves y = ∫
x
f ( t )dt through the point x4 dy
−∞ 59. If y = ∫ (ln t )dt , then lim is equal to
x2 x → 0+ dx
1
0, any y = f ( x ), where f ( x ) > 0 and f ( x ) is differentiable, (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −1
2
∀ x ∈ R through ( 0, 1) . Tangents drawn to both the curves at
x d
60. If f ( x ) = ∫ e t
2
/2
(1 − t 2 ) dt , then f ( x ) at x = 1 is
the points with equal abscissae intersect on the same point on 1 dx
the X-axis. (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) −1
144 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Column I Column II (B) The value of the definite integral (q) e−1/ 4
1 1/ e
∫ e− x dx + ∫ − ln x dx is equal to
2
π
(B) 3π (q) positive f ′ is
,π 2
4
(B) (q) 2
(C) 3π 7π (r) non-negative If f (x ) is a non-zero differentiable
,
2 4
x
function such that ∫ f (t ) dt = { f (x )}2 ,
0
x
70. Let f ( x ) = ∫ e (1 + t ) 2
dt and g ( x ) = (h / x ), where h( x ) is defined for all x ∈ h. If g 1 / 2 = e 4 and h′ (2) = 1. Then, absolute value
−2
π2 π2
∫ 0
e t (sin 6 at + cos 4 at )dt
(a) −2 (b) +2 [More than One Correct Option 2015]
4 4
(c) π − e − π / 2
2
(d) π + e π / 2
2 e 4π − 1 e 4π + 1
(a) a = 2, L = π (b) a = 2, L =
e −1 eπ + 1
73. The total number of distincts x ∈[0, 1] for which e 4π − 1 e 4π + 1
t2 (c) a = 4, L = (d) a = 4, L =
eπ − 1 eπ + 1
∫
x
dt = 2x − 1 is
0 1+t4 [Integer Type 2016]
n
Directions (Q. Nos. 77 to 78) Let F : R → R be a thrice
74. Let f ( x ) =7 tan x + 7 tan x –3 tan x – 3 tan 2 x for all
8 6 4
differentiable function. Suppose that F(1) = 0, F(3 ) = − 4
π π and F′ ( x ) < 0 for all x ∈(1, 3 ). Let f ( x ) = xF( x ) for all x ∈ R.
x ∈ – , . Then, the correct expression(s) is/are
2 2
77. The correct statement(s) is/are
[More than One Correct Option 2015] [Passage Based Questions 2015]
π /4 1 π /4
(a) ∫ x f ( x ) dx = (b) ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0 (a) f ′ (1 ) < 0
0 12 0
π /4 π /4
(b) f (2 ) < 0
1
(c) ∫ x f ( x ) dx = (d) ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1 (c) f ′ ( x ) =/ 0 for any x ∈(1, 3 )
0 6 0
(d) f ′ ( x ) = 0 for some x ∈(1, 3 )
192x 3 1
75. Let f ′ ( x ) = for all x ∈ R with f = 0. If 3
78. If ∫ x 2 F ′ ( x ) dx = − 12 and
3
2 + sin 4 πx 2 1 ∫1
x 3 F ′′( x ) dx = 40, then the
1
m ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M, then the possible values of m and M correct expression(s) is/are
t /2 3
(a) 9 f ′ (3 ) + f ′ (1 ) − 32 = 0 (b) ∫ f ( x ) dx = 12
are [More than One Correct Option 2015] 1
3
1 1 (c) 9 f ′ (3 ) – f ′ (1 ) + 32 = 0 (d) ∫ f ( x ) dx = − 12
(a) m = 13, M = 24 (b) m = , M = 1
4 2
(c) m = − 11, M = 0 (d) m = 1, M = 12
146 Textbook of Integral Calculus
C. 3 dx r. π
∫ 2 1 − x2 3
value of f (2) is .... [Integer Answer Type 2011]
1
x (1 − x )
4 4
B. The number of points in the interval [ − 13 , 13 ] at q. 2 Then, a is equal to [More than One Correct Option 2010]
which f (x ) = sin(x 2 ) + cos(x 2 ) attains its maximum (a) 5 (b) 7
−15 −17
value, is (c) (d)
2 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 147
n Directions (Q Nos. 91 to 92) Let f ( x ) = (1 − x )2 sin 2 x + x 2 , 94. Let f be a non-negative function defined on the interval
x 2 ( t − 1)
∀ x ∈ R and g ( x ) = ∫ − ln t f ( t ) dt ∀ x ∈ (1, ∞).
x x
1 t+1 [0, 1]. If ∫ 1 − ( f ′(t )) 2 dt = ∫ f (t ) dt , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and
0 0
[Passage Based Questions 2010] f (0) = 0, then [Only One Option Correct 2009]
91. Consider the statements 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P : There exists some x ∈ R such that, (a) f < and f > (b) f > and f >
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
f ( x ) + 2x = 2 (1 + x 2 ).
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Q : There exists some x ∈ R such that 2 f ( x ) + 1 = 2x (1 + x ). (c) f < and f < (d) f > and f <
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
Then,
π sin nx
(a) both P and Q are true (b) P is true and Q is false 95. If I n = ∫ dx , n = 0, 1, 2,..., then
(c) P is false and Q is true (d) both P and Q are false −π
(1 + π x ) sin x
[More than One Correct 2009]
92. Which of the following is true? 10
(a) g is increasing on (1, ∞ ) (a) I n = I n + 2 (b) ∑I 2m + 1 = 10 π
(b) g is decreasing on (1, ∞ ) 10
m =1
where C is a constant of integration, then the ordered (a) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is a true
explanation for Statement I
pair (a, b) is equal to [2017 JEE Main]
(b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not a
1 1 1 1
(a) − , 0 (b) − , 1 (c) , 0 (d) , − 1 true explanation for Statement I
5 5 5 5
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
1 /n (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
(n + 1)(n + 2) K 3n
99. lim is equal to
n→ ∞
n 2n [2016 JEE Main] 103. The intercepts on X-axis made by tangents to the curve,
x
18
(a) 4
27
(b) 2
9
(c) 2 (d) 3 log 3 − 2 y = ∫ | t | dt , x ∈ R, which are parallel to the line y = 2x ,
0
e e e
are equal to [2013 JEE Main]
log x 2
100. The integral ∫ (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2
4
dx is equal to
2 log x 2 + log(36 − 12x + x 2 ) (c) ± 3 (d) ± 4
x
[2015 JEE Main]
104. If g ( x ) = ∫ cos 4t dt , then g ( x + π ) equals
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 6 0 [2012 AIEEE]
g( x )
π
x x (a) (b) g( x ) + g( π ) (c) g( x ) − g( π ) (d) g( x ) ⋅ g( π )
101. The integral ∫ 1 + 4 sin 2 − 4 sin dx is equal to g( π )
2 2 [2014 JEE Main] 1 8 log (1 + x )
105. The value of ∫
0
2π dx is
(a) π − 4 (b) −4−4 3 0
1+ x2 [2011 AIEEE]
3 π π
(c) 4 3 − 4 (d) 4 3 − 4 − π / 3 (a) log 2 (b) log 2 (c) log 2 (d) π log 2
8 2
148 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Answers
Exercise for Session 1 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b)
π+ 2 2 3 4 2 19. (a) 20. (b)
1. 2. 1 3. 2 4. − 5.
8 3 4 3
1 π Exercise for Session 6
6. − 1 7. loge 3 8. π 9. (b − a)
20 2 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c)
π −π π
12. 1 + − 2 e1/
1 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
10. + log ( 2 − 1) 11. 2
2 2 2 2 4
13. 10 ! 14. (d) 15. (d) Chapter Exercises
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a)
Exercise for Session 2 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (c)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (a)
16 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (a)
7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 11. 12. 0 13. (c)
π 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
14. (d) 31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (a,b,c)
37. (c,d) 38. (a) 39. (a,b,c) 40. (c,d) 41. (a,b,d)
Exercise for Session 3 42. (b,d) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a,b,c) 46. (d) 47. (a)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (b) 53. (c)
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (b)
54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a)
12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)
k 60. (a) 61. (c) 62. (c)
∑ (r − 1) ⋅ (r − (r − 1)1/ n ) + k (9 − k1/ n )
1/ n
16. 63. (A) → (q), (B) → (s), (C) → (p), (D) → (r)
r =1
64. (A) → (q), (B) → (r), (C) → (s), (D) → (p)
18. 3 19. 1 20. 2
65. (A) → (s), (B) → (p), (C) → (q)
66. (A) → (s), (B) → (r), (C) → (r), (D) → (q)
Exercise for Session 4
67. (8) 68. (0) 69. (3) 70. (2) 71. (2) 72. (a)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a)
73. (1) 74. (a,b) 75. (b) 76. (a,c) 77. (a,b,c) 78. (c,d)
7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 79. (0) 80. (9) 81. (a) 82. (b)
19. (c) 20. (a) 83. A→s, B→s, C→p, D→r 84. (d) 85. (2) 86. (b)
87. (a) 88. (8/3) 89. (a) 90. (b,d) 91. (c) 92. (b)
Exercise for Session 5 93. (4) 94. (c) 95. (a,b,c) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (c)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 99. (b) 100. (c) 101. (d) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (c)
7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 105. (d) 106. (c) 107. (b) 108. (d) 109. (b)
= log (1 + π 2 ) + 2 π (tan −1 x ) π4 − [log (1 + 16 ) − log (1 + π 2 )]
17
= log(1 + π 2 ) + 2 π (tan −1 4 − tan −1 π ) − log
1 + π2
Solutions = log
(1 + π 2 ) ⋅ (1 + π 2 )
= log
17
17
(1 + π 2 ) 2
+ 2 π tan
−1 4 − π
1 + 4π
4 −π
+ 2 π tan −1 tan −1
1 + 4 π
(1 + π 2 ) 2 −1 c − π
4 (y 2 − 4y + 5 )sin (y − 2 )dy On comparing with log + bπ tan , we get
1. Let I = ∫ a 1 + cπ
0 (2y 2 − 8y + 1 )
Put y −2 =z a = 17, b = 2 and c = 4
a −5
⇒ dy = dz ∴ a − (2b + c ) = 17 − 8 = 9 and =3
c
2 (z + 1 )sin z
2
∴ I =∫ dz Thus, the number of ways to distribute 9 distinct bijective into
z = −2 (2z 2 − 7 ) 9!
3 persons equally is .
a
(3 !) 3
⇒ I = 0, as ∫ –a
f ( x ) dx = 0, when f (– x ) = − f ( x )
5. Put x = tan θ
(z + 1 )sin z
2
and f (z ) = dz is an odd function. π /2 dθ π /2 (cos θ )a π
(2z 2 − 7 ) ∴ I =∫ =∫ dθ ⇒ I =
0 1 + (tan θ )a 0 (sin θ )a + (cos θ )a 4
2. Hence, f ( x ) = x 2 + ax − b 3π /4 3π /4
6. I = ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx + ∫ x (sin x − cos x ) dx
{
−a 0 0 144244 3
The solution of f ( x ) = minium f ( x ) is x = .
I
II
3π /4
2 =∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx
0
Given, f ( x ) minimum is at x = 0. 3π /4
⇒
−a
= 0 or a = 0
+ [ x ( − cos x − sin x )]30 π / 4 + ∫ 0
(sin x + cos x ) dx
2 3π /4
=2 ∫ (sin x + cos x ) dx + 0 = 2 [ − cos x + sin x ]30 π / 4
∴ f ( x ) = x 2 − b = 0 has roots α and β. 0
1 1 3π
⇒ α = b and β = − b =2 + + + 1 = 2 ( 2 + 1 ) = 2 tan
2 2 8
β − b
⇒ ∫ α
x 3dx = ∫ x 3dx = 0 1
tan −1 (nx )
7. We have, Cn = ∫ n 1
b
dx
a
f ( x )dx = 0, when f ( − x ) = f ( x ) sin −1 (nx )
∫ −a
n +1
1 1 tan −1 (t )
3. Here, ∫
x
(3 − 2 sin t ) dt + ∫
2
y
cost dt = 0
Cn =
n ∫ n
n +1 sin −1 (t )
dt (put nx = t)
π /2 0
dy − 3 − 2 sin x
2 ∫
sin −1 t
dtn
n +1 0
⇒ = L= form
dx cosy 1 0
− 3 Applying Leibnitz rule, n
dy
∴ = = 3 n
dx ( π , π ) −1 tan −1
n+1 1
x2 0−
4. Here, −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 ⇒ 0 ≤ <1 n (n + 1 ) 2
sin −1
17 n+1 π 2 1
L = lim = ⋅ =
x2 n→ ∞ 1 4 π 2
∴ = 0 and sin −1 (sin x ) is an odd function. − 2
17 n
3 t 2 sin 2t
4 sin −1 (sin x ) cos−1 (cos x )
Let, I = ∫ dx + ∫
4
dx 8. ∫ dt = 0 as the integrand is an odd function.
−4 (1 + x 2 ) × 1 −4 (1 + x 2 ) × 1
−3 t2 + 1
cos−1 (cos x )
1 dt
= 0+2 ∫
π
dx Also, ∫0 t 2 + 2t cos α + 1
0 (1 + x 2 )
1
π x 2π 1 t + cos α α
= tan −1 =
4
I = 2 ∫ dx + ∫ dx
0 1 + x2 π (1 + x 2 ) sin α sin α 2 sin α
0
150 Textbook of Integral Calculus
= ln lim 0 π
t→0 t = ∫ f (cos x ) dx
0
(1 + a sin bt )c /t lim a sin bt π /2 π /2
= ln lim = ln e t → 0 = ln eabc = abc ∴ I1 = 2 ∫ f (cos x ) dx ⋅ 2 ∫ f (sin x ) dx = 2 I 2
t→0 1 t /c 0 0
1 I1
11. Tr = ⇒ =2
2 I2
r r
⋅ n 3 + 4 Aliter Let u = cos x ⇒du = − sin x dx
n n
1 f (u )
1 4n
1 4 dx ∴ I1 = ∫ du
S=
n
∑ r
2
=∫
0 x (3 x + 4 ) 2
−1
1 − u2
1 r
3 + 4 ⋅ ⇒ I1 = 2 ∫
1 f (u )
du ...(i)
n n 0
1 − u2
3 1
Put 3 x + 4 = t ⇒ ⋅ dx = dt Similarly, with sin t = t,
2 x 1 f (t )
4 I2 = ∫ dt ...(ii)
2 10 dt 2 1 2 1 1 2 6 1 1 − t2
∫
0
= = = − = ⋅ =
3 4 t 2 3 t 10 3 4 10 3 40 10 I1
x From Eqs. (i) and (ii), =2
12. Given, f ( x ) = ∫ e dt; h( x ) = f (1 + g( x )); g( x ) < 0 for x > 0
t2
I2
−1
k
1 + g (x ) 16. Given, I 1 = ∫ x f ( x (1 − x )) dx and
Now, h( x ) = ∫
2
et dt = f (1 + g( x )) (given) 1 −k
−1
k
Differentiating, we get h′ ( x ) = e (1 + g ( x )) ⋅ g′ ( x )
2
I2 = ∫ f ( x (1 − x )) dx
1 −k
Now, h′ (1 ) = e (given)
Using King’s property I 1 = ∫
k
(1 − x ) f ( x (1 − x )) dx
(1 + g (1 )) 2 1 −k
∴ e ⋅ g′ (1 ) = e
k
⇒ (1 + g(1 )) 2 = 1 2I 1 = ∫ f ( x (1 − x )) dx = I 2
1 −k
⇒ 1 + g(1 ) = ± 1 I2
⇒ g(1 ) = 0 (not possible) ∴ =2
I1
or g(1 ) = − 2 1 1
Since, f ( 0 ) = 1 ∴ 1 = f (0) = C Y
∴ f ( x ) = e x and hence g( x ) = x 2 − e x
1 1
Thus, ∫ f ( x ) g( x ) dx = ∫ ( x 2e x − e 2 x ) dx
0 0
1
1e 2 x
= [ x e ] − 2 ∫ xe dx −
2 x 1
0
x
X
0
2 0 –1 O 1
1
= (e − 0 ) − 2 [( xe x )10 − (e x )10 ] − (e 2 − 1 ) a 1
2 =2 + c = [2a + 6c ]
1 3 3
= (e − 0 ) − 2 [(e − 0 ) − (e − 1 )] − (e 2 − 1 ) 1
2 ∴ A= [ f ( −1 ) + 4 f ( 0 ) + f (1 )]
1 2 3 3
=e − e −
2 2
Chap 02 Definite Integral 151
⇒ 2 log 2 a = 2 log 2 a ⇒ a ∈ R +
a a
⇒ x = f −1 (y ) = g(y ) = ∫ f ( x )dx + ∫ xf ′ ( x ) dx
0 0
1/x ln (1 + t 2 )
20. Consider I = ∫ dt ...(i) a
= ∫ ( f ( x ) + xf ′ ( x )) dx = [ xf ( x )] a0 = a f (a ) = ab
−1 / x 1 + et 0
1/x ln (1 + t 2 ) x4 2x
I =∫
1/ 3
⇒ dt (using King’ property) 24. Let I = ∫ cos−1 dx ...(i)
−1 / x 1 + e −t −1 / 3 1 − x4 1 + x2
1/x ln (1 + t 2 ) et x4 −2 x
I =∫
1/ 3
dt ...(ii) ⇒I = ∫ cos−1 dx (using King’s property)
−1 / x 1 + et −1 / 3 1 − x4 1 − x4
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1/ 3 x4 2x
1/x 1/x ⇒ I =∫ 4
π − cos−1 dx ...(ii)
2I = ∫ ln (1 + t 2 ) dt = 2 ∫ ln (1 + t 2 ) dt −1 / 3 1−x 1 − x4
−1 / x 0
1/x On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ I =∫ ln (1 + t 2 ) dt
0 1/ 3 x4 1/ 3 x4
1/x ∴ 2I = π ∫ dx ⇒ 2 I = 2 π ∫ dx
l = lim x ∫ ln (1 + t ) dt −1 / 3 1 − x 4 1 − x4
3 2
Hence, 0
x→∞ 0
1/x ∴ k=π
= lim
∫ 0
ln (1 + t 2 ) dt 0
form 25. Put ln x = t or x = et ⇒dx = et dt
x→∞ x −3 0 ∞ t t ∞
∴ I =∫ f (et + e −t ) e dt = ∫ f (et + e −t ) t dt = 0
Using L’ Hospital’s rule, −∞ et −∞
π ∫0
2I = | sin t | dt = (2008 ) 2 ⋅ ∫ | sin t | dt lim
λ → 0 λ
− 1
ln
4
e 4
0
=e = e 2 ln 2 − 1 = e =
e
152 Textbook of Integral Calculus
−1
27. Let y = f ( x ) ⇒ x = f −1 (y ) = g(y )
2
32. ∫ −2
(ax 2 − 5 ) dx + ∫1
(bx + c ) dx + 5
dy = f ′( x ) dx −1
5 5 =∫ (ax 2 − 5 − bx + c + 5 ) dx = 0
∴ I = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ xf ′ ( x ) dx −2
1 1
Hence, ax 2 − bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in ( −2, − 1 ).
When y = 2, then x = 1 6
1 f(1) = 2 1
1 x3 2
= − 2 ∫ { x 2 } dx = − 2 × = −
5 f(5) = 10
0
3 0 3
sin 2 nx − sin 2 (n − 1 ) x
π /2
35. Jn − Jn − 1 = ∫ dx
5
0 sin 2 x
∴ I = ∫ ( f ( x ) + x f ′ ( x )) dx = | x f ( x ) |15 π / 2 sin (2n − 1 ) x ⋅ sin x
1
=∫ dx = I n
= 5 f (5 ) − f (1 ) = 5 ⋅ 10 − 2 = 48
0 sin 2 x
π /2
i.e. Jn − Jn − 1 = I n
28. I = ∫ sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx …(i) ⇒ Jn + 1 − Jn = I n + 1
0
π /2 π π π
=∫ sin − x sin 2 − x sin 3 − x dx
0 2 2 2 36.
Y
π /2
⇒ I =∫ − cos x sin 2 x cos 3 x dx …(ii) π
0 –
π /2
2
∴ 2I = ∫ − sin 2 x (cos x cos 3 x − sin 3 x sin x ) dx
0 1
π /2
=∫ − sin 2 x cos ( 4 x ) dx –π –π π
– 3–π
–
– –
0 2 4 O 2 4 π
X′ X
–π
π /2
=−∫ sin 2 x (2 cos 2 x − 1 ) dx
2
4
0
π /2 π /2 π /2
I2 = ∫ cos { π (1 − cos 2 x )} dx 1 1 dx
Now, ∴ 2I = ∫ dx = ∫
0 0 (sin x + cos x ) 2
2 0
1 1
2
π /2
sin x + cos x
=−∫ cos ( π cos 2 x ) dx 2 2
0
π 1 π /2 dx
1
2
=− ∫ cos ( π cos t ) dt (put 2x = t ) =
2 ∫ 0 π
sin 2 + x
0
2 π /2 4
=−
2 ∫ 0
cos ( π cos t ) dt = I 3
1 π /2 π 1 π
π /2
2 ∫0
= cosec 2 + x dx = − cot 4 + x
⇒ I2 + I3 = 0 4 2 0
π /2
I3 = − ∫ cos ( π sin t ) dt 1 1
0 =− [ −1 − 1 ] = 1 ⇒I =
∴ I2 + I3 = 0 ...(ii) 2 2
Hence, I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 42. We have, f ( x ) = x 2 + ax 2 + bx 3
1 1
a=∫ t f (t ) dt and b = ∫
1
40. f ( x ) = 2 ∫ (1 − t ) cos ( xt ) dt where,
−1 −1
f (t ) dt
0 123 123
I II 1
t
1
Now, a=∫ t [(a + 1 ) t 2 + bt 3 ] dt
sin xt 1 1 1 −1
= 2 (1 − t ) + ∫ sin xt dt = 2 0 − 2 cos xt
1 2b
∫
x 0 x 0
x 0 ⇒ a = 2b t 4dt = . ..(i)
0 5
1 − cos x
f (x ) = 2 (x ≠ 0)
x 2
1 1
Again, b=∫ f (t ) dt = ∫ ((a + 1 ) t 2 + bt 3 ) dt
−1 −1
1 1
If x = 0, then f ( x ) = ∫ (1 − | t | ) dt = 2 ∫ (1 − t ) dt = 1 1
−1 0 ⇒ b = 2 ∫ (a + 1 ) t 2 dt
0
∴ option (c) is correct.
1 − cos x 2(a + 1 )
⇒ b= ...(ii)
f ( x ) =
2 , if x ≠ 0 3
Hence, x2
, if x = 0 5a 2(a + 1 )
1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), =
∴ f is continuous at x = 0. 2 3
∴ option (d) is correct. 5 2 2 11 2
⇒ − a= ⇒ a=
2 3 3 6 3
41. Given, f ( f ( x )) = − x + 1
Replacing x by f ( x ), we get 4 10
⇒ a= and b =
f ( f ( f ( x ))) = − f ( x ) + 1 11 11
f (1 − x ) = − f ( x ) + 1 1 4 1 10
f ( x ) + f (1 − x ) = 1 ...(i)
Hence, ∫ −1
t f (t ) dt =
11
and ∫ −1
f (t ) dt =
11
∴ f ( x ) = (a + 1 ) x 2 + bx 3
1 1
Now, J = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (1 − x ) dx (using King’s property)
0 0
1 f (1 ) = (a + 1 ) + b
⇒ 2 J = ∫ ( f ( x ) + f (1 − x )) dx f ( −1 ) = (a + 1 ) − b
0
1 1 30
⇒ 2J = ∫ dx = 1 ⇒ J = ⇒ f (1 ) + f ( −1 ) = 2(a + 1 ) =
0 2 11
1 20
Put x = in Eq. (i), and f (1 ) − f ( −1 ) = 2b =
4 11
1 1 1 3 43. Given, ( f ′ ( x )) 2 + ( g( x )) 2 = 1
F + F 1 − = 1 ⇒ F + F = 1
4 4 4 4 x
Now I =∫
π /2 sin x
dx
f (x ) + ∫ 0
g(t ) dt = sin x (cos x − sin x )
0 (sin x + cos x ) 3 Differentiating both the sides, we get
π f ′ ( x ) + g( x ) = cos 2 x − sin 2 x ...(i)
sin − x
π /2 2 Squaring both the sides of Eq. (i), we get
I =∫ dx
0
π π
3
( f ′ ( x )) 2 + ( g( x )) 2 = 2 f ′ ( x ) ⋅ g( x ) = 1 − sin 4 x
sin − x + cos − x
2 2 ⇒ 1 + 2 f ′ ( x ) ⋅ g( x ) = 1 − sin 4 x
π /2 cos x ∴ 2 f ′ ( x ) g( x ) = − sin 4 x
⇒ I =∫ dx
0 (cos x + sin x ) 3 Now, substituting g( x ) = −
sin 4 x
in Eq. (i), we get
2 f ′ (x )
154 Textbook of Integral Calculus
sin 4 x x2 x2 1
f ′ (x ) − = cos 2 x − sin 2 x 47. l = lim ⋅ ⋅
2 f ′ (x ) x→0 (a + x )
r 1/p
(1 − cos x ) x 2
Put f ′ (x ) = t 1 2
= 2 lim = 1/p
⇒ 2t 2 − 2 (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) t − sin 4 x = 0 x→0 (a + x )
r 1/p
a
2 (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) ± 4(1 − sin 4 x ) + 8 sin 4 x If p = 3 and l = 1, then 1 =
2
⇒ a =8
⇒ t=
4 a1 / 3
2 2
∴ 4t = 2 (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) ± 4(1 − sin 4 x ) + 8 sin 4 x 48. If, p = 2 and a = 9, then l = 1 / 2 =
9 3
1
⇒ 2t = (cos 2 x − sin 2 x ) ± 1 + sin 4 x 49. Here, f ( x ) = e x ∫ et ⋅ f (t ) dt
0
1 4
4244 3
Taking + ve sign, 2t = cos 2 x − sin 2 x + cos 2 x + sin 2 x f ( x ) = Ae x
A ( say)
...(i)
⇒ t = cos 2 x ⇒ f (t ) = Aet
Taking − ve sign, t = − sin 2 x 1
where, A = ∫ et ⋅ f (t ) dt
Since, f ′ ( x ) = cos 2 x or f ′ ( x ) = − sin 2 x 0
1 1
1 cos 2 x ⇒ A = ∫ et ⋅ Aet dt; A = A ∫ e 2t dt
f ( x ) = sin 2 x + C1 or f (x ) = + C2 0 0
2 2
Now, A ∫ e 2t dt − 1 = 0 ⇒ A = 0, as ∫ e 2t dt ≠ 0
1 1
f (0) = 0 0 0
Hence, f ( x ) = 0 ⇒ f (1 ) = 0
⇒ C1 = 0 and C 2 = − 1 / 2 1
∴
1
f ( x ) = sin 2 x or f (x ) =
cos 2 x − 1 50. Again, g( x ) = e x ∫ 0
et g(t ) dt + x
2 2 ⇒ g( x ) = Be x + x ...(ii)
If f ′ ( x ) = cos 2 x, then g( x ) = − sin 2 x ⇒ g(t ) = Bet + t
If f ′ ( x ) = − sin 2 x, then g( x ) = cos 2 x
1 t
where, B = ∫ et g(t ) dt ⇒ B = ∫ et ( Bet + t ) dt
0 0
1
i.e. f ( x ) = sin 2 x and g( x ) = − sin 2 x 1 1
2 ⇒ B=B ∫ 0
e 2t dt + ∫ 0
et ⋅ t dt
cos 2 x − 1
⇒ f (x ) = and g( x ) = cos 2 x 1 1 2 1
2 But ∫ 0
e 2t dt =
2
(e − 1 ) and ∫ 0
tet dt = 1
x
44. Consider f ( x ) = ∫ (t1
sin at + {
bt + {
c )dt B
−x 23
even odd even
∴ B = (e 2 − 1 ) + 1
2
x
= 2 ∫ (t sin at + c ) dt ⇒ 2 B = B(e 2 − 1 ) + 2
0
2
cos at x
x cos at ⇒ 3 B = Be 2 + 2 ⇒ B=
= 2 −t +∫ dt + | ct| x0 (using I.B.P.) 3 − e2
a 0 0 a 2 x 2
− x cos ax 1 From Eq. (ii), g( x ) = e + x ⇒ g( 0 ) =
=2 + 2 sin ax + cx 3 − e2 3 − e2
a a
Also, f (0) = 0
f (x ) cos ax sin ax 2 2
∴ lim = lim 2 − + + c ∴ g( 0 ) − f ( 0 ) = − 0=
x→0 x x→0
a a ⋅ ax 3 − e2 3 − e2
1 1 2e 2 6
= 2 − + + c = 2c 51. g(2) = +2=
a a
3 − e2 3 − e2
π
= ⋅ n (tan −1 nx ) 0∞ = − tan −1 an
∞ n dx 1
45. Consider I = ∫ g( 0 ) 2 3 − e2 1
a 1 n 2 ∴ = ⋅ =
n x + 2
2 2
g(2 ) 3 − e 2
6 3
n
π, if a < 0 Solutions (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
π −1
∴ L = lim − tan an = π / 2 , if a = 0 We have the equations of the tangents to the curve
n→ ∞ 2 x
0 , if a > 0 y =∫ f (t )dt and y = f ( x ) at arbitrary points on them are
−∞
x
Y −∫ f (t ) dt = f ( x ) ( X − x )
2 2
t dt
x x ...(i)
∫0 (a + tr )1 / p (a + xr )1 / p
−x
x
Also, f ( x ) has y = 0 as asymptotes.
x−
f (x ) ∫ f (t ) dt
= x − −∞ ∴ f ( x ) can be shown as
f ′ (x f (x )
Y
f (x ) f ′ (x )
⇒ x
= π –1
e, tan–1
∫ −∞
f (t ) dt f (x )
2 2
x
⇒ ∫ −∞
f (t ) dt = cf ( x ) ...(iii)
X
O 1
0 1
As, f ( 0 ) = 1 ⇒ ∫ f (t ) dt = c × 1 ⇒ c =
−∞ 2
π 1
tan–1
–1
x 1 – e 2
∫−∞
2
⇒ f (t ) dt =f ( x ); differentiating both the sides and
2
integrating and using boundary conditions, we get f ( x ) = e 2 x ; Clearly, f ( x ) is neither injective nor subjective, also graph for
y = 2ex is tangent to y = e 2 x . [f (x)] can be shown, as
∴ Number of solutions = 1.
Cearly, f ( x ) is increasing for all x.
−2 x
∴ lim (e 2 x )e =1 (∞ 0 form)
x→∞
T 1 − cos 2 x
⇒ 2 ≥2 ⇒
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
=k =∫ dx
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
0 2
T
x 1 T 1
⇒
1 2 3 4
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = k4 = − sin 2 x = − sin 2T
2 4 0 2 4
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
24 1 1 sin 2T 1
⇒ = k4 ⇒ k = 2 ∴ L= − lim =
3/2 2 T→∞ 4 T 2
1 3
∴ Roots are , 1, and 2. Also, a = 20 and c = 25
T
(B) For a = 1, ∫ 4 sin 2 x dx ⇒ L = 2
2 2 0
dy T
58. At x = 1, y = 0, = 2x ⋅ (x 4 )2 − (x 2 )2 = 1 (C) For a = − 1, ∫ 0 dx = 0 ⇒ L = 0
dx 0
( x + sin θ ) 3
1
(1 + sin θ ) 3 − sin 3 θ π 1+0 π
64. Q f (θ ) = = f′ = = − 1, g = 0
2 π 2
3 0 3 1 + g3
1 2
( x + cos θ ) 3 (1 + cos θ ) 3 − cos3 θ π
and g(θ ) = = ∴ f′ = −1
3 0 3 2
1 + 3 sin θ + 3 sin 2 θ 1 + 3 cos θ + 3 cos2 θ x
∴ f (θ ) =
3
and g(θ ) =
3
(B) We have, ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = { f ( x )} 2
Differentiating both the sides, we get
Now, f (θ ) − g(θ ) = (sin θ − cos θ ) + (sin 2 θ − cos2 θ )
1
and f (θ ) − g(θ ) = (sin θ − cos θ ) (1 + sin θ + cos θ ) f (x ) = 2 f (x ) ⋅ f ′ (x ) ⇒ f ′ (x ) =
2
Now verify all matchings. 1
Integrating both the sides, f ( x ) = x + C
65. (A) Let a = 2008, then 2
where, f ( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
1 x
I = ∫ (1 + axa ) e x dx
a
⇒ f (x ) = ⇒ f (2 ) = 1
0 2
1
I = ∫ (e x + axa e x ) dx (note : axa = ax ⋅ xa − 1 ) (C) Maximum when a = − 1, b = 2 ⇒a + b = 1
a a
0
1 sin 2 x b
∴ I = ∫ (e x + e x ⋅ x ⋅ axa − 1 ) dx + a + 2 = 0, then
a a
(D) If lim
0 x→0 x3 x
1
= ∫ ( f ( x ) + x f ′ ( x )) dx, where f ( x ) = e x
a
sin 2 x + ax 3 + bx
0 lim =0
Hence, I = [ xe x ] 10 = e
a x→0 x3
Consider I 2 = ∫
1 /e
− ln x dx sin 2 x + ax 3 − 2 x
1 ∴ lim =0
x→0 x3
Put − ln x = t ⇒ − ln x = t 2 ⇒ x = e − t
2
4
Using left hand rule and solving, we get a =
dx = − 2t e − t dt
2
⇒ 3
1
∴ I2 = ∫ {
1 1 1
∴ 3a + b = 2
3) dt = [te ] 0 − ∫0 e dt = e − ∫0 e dt
te −4
t2 −t 2 1 −t 2 −t 2
t ⋅ (1
−4
22
0
sin nx sin x sin 2 x
I II
67. Let B = ∑ n = + + ...
1 1 1 1 4 4 42
I 2 = ∫ e − x dx +
− ∫ e −t dt = = e −1
2
n =1
Hence,
e 0 0 e x 2x
and A = 1 + cos + cos 2 + ...
Note that, if f ( x ) = e − x , then f −1 ( x ) = − ln x
2
4 4
1 eix ei 2 x 1
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n
n 2 ∴ A + iB = 1 + + 2 +…=
(C) L = lim ⋅ ⋅ K 4 4 eix
n → ∞ n n n n 1−
4
1 1 4
⇒ ln L = lim 2 Thus, B imaginary part of =
n→ ∞ n eix 4 − cos x − i sin x
1−
1 2 3 n 4
1 ⋅ ln n + 2 ⋅ ln n + 3 ⋅ ln n + K + n ⋅ ln n 4 sin x 4 sin x
∴ B= ⇒ f (x ) =
r r 17 − θ cos x 17 − θ cos x
General term of ln L = 2 ln
n n π π
4 sin x 1 25
1 n r r
and ∫ 0
f ( x )dx = ∫
17 − θ cos x 2
0
= log
9
Sum = ⋅ ∑ ln
n r = 1 n n 5
= log = log
m
1 3 n
1 x 2 ⋅ ln x 1 1 1
ln L = ∫ x ln x dx = −2 ∫ x2 dx ∴ m + n =8
0
2 0 0 x π /2 cos xdx
1 68. Here, I = ∫
− π / 2 1 + 2 [sin −1 (sin x )]
1 x2 1
= 0 − =−
2 2 0 4 −1 cos x 0 cos x dx 1 π / 2 cos x
=∫ dx + ∫ + ∫ cos x dx + ∫ dx
−1 / 4 − π / 2 −3 −1 −1 3
∴ L =e 0 1
g′ ( x ) 1 −π / 2 −1 1 1 π /2
66. (A) We have, f ′ ( x ) = = ∫ cos xdx + ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx + ∫ cos x dx
3 −1 0 0 3 1
1 + g 3 (x )
1 π /2 1
1 π / 2 sin 2 (n + 1 ) θ − sin 2 nθ 1 −t 3 t 5 t 7 1 −1 1 1
1
π ∫0
69. Here, f ( x + 1) − f ( x ) = dθ = − + ... = − + ...
sin 2 θ 2 3 10 21 0 2 3 10 21
1 π / 2 sin (2n + 1 ) θ ⋅ sin θ
= ∫ dθ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
π 0 sin 2 θ =− + + + ... = − + + + ...
2 3 10 21 2 × 3 20 42
1 π / 2 sin (2n + 1 ) θ
= ∫ dθ 1 1 1 1 1 1
π 0 sin 2 θ = − − + − + − + ...
1 sin 2n θ ⋅ cos θ 2 3 4 5 6 7
cos 2n θdθ
π /2 π /2
π ∫0 ∫
= dθ+
sin θ 0 2
= loge 2 − 1 = loge
Using, cosθ + cos3θ + cos5θ + ....+ cos (2n − 1 ) θ e
n ⋅ (2θ ) ∴ K =2
sin
= 2 ⋅ cos(θ + (n − 1 ) θ ) π /2 x 2 cos x
2θ 72. Let I =∫ dx …(i)
sin − π /2 1 + e x
2
Q b f ( x ) dx = bf (a + b − x ) dx
∫a ∫a
1 sin 2nθ
i.e. cosθ + cos3θ + cos5θ + ...+ cos(2n − 1 ) θ =
2 sin θ
∴ f (n + 1 ) − f (n ) =
1 π /2 x 2 cos ( − x )
⇒ I =∫ dx …(ii)
π −π / 2 1 + e− x
2 π / 2 cosθ + cos3θ + ...+ cos (2n − 1 ) θ ⋅ cosθ dθ + 0
∫0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 π /2
= ∫ {(2 cosθ cosθ ) + (2 cos3θ cosθ ) π /2 1 1
π 0 2I = ∫ x 2 cos x + dx
− π /2
1 + e x
1 + e− x
+ … (2 cos (2n − 1 ) ⋅ cosθ )}dθ
1 π /2 π /2 π /2
= ∫ 1 ⋅ dθ, as ∫ cos2nθ dθ = 0 =∫ x 2 cos x ⋅ (1 ) dx
π 0 0 − π /2
1
∴ f (n + 1 ) − f (n ) = a a
2 Q ∫−a f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx, when f ( − x ) = f ( x )
1 1 2 0
If n = 1 , f (2 ) − f (1 ) = as f (1 ) = ⇒ f (2 ) =
2 2 2 π /2
1 ⇒ 2I = 2∫ x 2 cos x dx
If n = 2, f (3 ) − f (2 ) = 0
−2 4
⇒ g′ ( x ) = h′ ( x ) ⋅ e (1 +h ( x )) x t2
73. Let f ( x ) = ∫ dt
⇒ g′ ( x ) = h′ ( x ) ⋅ e 01 + t
4
g′ (2 ) = h′ (2 ) ⋅ e (1 +h ( x ))
2
⇒
x2
⇒ e 4 = 1 ⋅ e (1 +h ( 2 )) , given g′ (2 ) = e 4 and h′ (2 ) = 1 ⇒ f ′ (x ) = > 0, for all x ∈[ 0, 1 ]
2
1 + x4
∴ (1 + h(2 )) 2 = 4
∴f ( x ) is increasing.
⇒ 1 + h(2 ) = 2, − 2
At x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0 and at x = 1,
∴ h(2 ) = − 3, 1
∴ Absolute sum for all possible values of h(2 ) = −3 + 1 = 2 1 t2
f (1 ) = ∫ dt
01 + t
4
π /2 1 π /2
71. Let I = ∫ sin x ⋅ log (sin x )dx = ∫ sin x ⋅ log (sin 2 x )dx
0 2 0
t2 1
1 π / 2 Because, 0< <
= ∫ sin x ⋅ log (1 − cos2 x )dx 1+t 4
2
2 0
Put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt 1 1 t2 11
1 1
⇒ ∫ 0 ⋅ dt < ∫
0 1 + t
4
dt < ∫ ⋅ dt
∴ I = ∫ log (1 − t 2 ) dt 2
0 0
2 0
1
1 1 ( −t 2 ) 2 ( −t 2 ) 3 ⇒ 0 < f (1 ) <
= ∫ −t 2 − + ... dt 2
2 0 2 2
158 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Y 12 16 2
3
⇒ 16 x − 1 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 24 x −
4 4
1/2 2
f( x) 1
Again, integrating between the limits to 1, we get
2
1 1 1 3
∫1 / 2 (16x − 1)dx ≤ ∫1 / 2 f (x )dx ≤ ∫1 / 2 24x − 2 dx
X 4 4
O 1
Y
⇒ 5 − x ≤ ∫1 / 2 f ( x )dx ≤ 5 − 2 x
(1, 1) 1 / 2 1 / 2
11 2 1 33 6
y = 2x −1 ⇒ + ≤ ∫ f ( x )dx ≤ +
5 5 1/2 10 10
1/2
y = f( x) ⇒ 2.6 ≤ ∫
1
f ( x ) dx ≤ 3 . 9
1/2
4π
X′
O
X 76. Let I 1 = ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos6 at )dt
1 0
π 2π
= ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt + ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt
0 π
3π 4π
+ ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt + ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt
2π 3π
(0, − 1) Y′
∴ I1 = I 2 + I 3 + I 4 + I 5 …(i)
From the graph, the total number of distinct solutions for 2π
x ∈ ( 0, 1 ] = 1. [as they intersect only at one point] Now, I3 = ∫ e (sin at + cos at ) dt
t 6 6
π
π /4 π /4 Put t = 2π + t ⇒dt = dt
Now, ∫ 0
x f ( x )dx = ∫
0
x (7 tan 6 x − 3 tan 2 x ) sec 2 x dx
I II ∴
π
I 4 = ∫ et + 2 π (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt
0
= [ x (tan 7 x − tan 3 x )] π0 / 4
π /4
= e 2π ⋅ I 2 …(iii)
−∫ 1 (tan 7 x − tan 3 x ) dx 4π
0 and I 5 = ∫ e (sin at + cos at ) dt
t 6 6
3π
π /4
=0−∫ tan 3 x (tan 4 x − 1 )dx Put t = 3π + t
0
π
= –∫
π /4
tan 3 x (tan 2 x − 1 ) sec 2 x dx ∴ I 5 = ∫ e 3 π +t (sin 6 at + cos6 at ) dt
0
0
π /4 π /4 ∫ 0
et (sin 6 at + cos6 at )dt
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ (7 tan x − 3 tan x ) sec x dx
6 2 2
Also, 1⋅ (e 4 π − 1 )
0 0
= (1 + e π + e 2 π + e 3 π ) = for a ∈ R
1 e π −1
= ∫ (7t 6 − 3t 2 )dt = [t 7 − t 3 ]10 = 0
0
77. According to the given data, F ( x ) < 0, ∀x ∈ (1, 3)
192 x 3
75. Here, f ′ (x ) = We have, f (x ) = x F (x )
2 + sin 4 πx
3
⇒ f ′ (x ) = F (x ) + x F ′ (x ) …(i)
192 x 192 x 3
∴ ≤ f ′ (x ) ≤ ⇒ f ′ (1 ) = F (1 ) + F ′ (1 ) < 0
3 2 [given F (1 ) = 0 and F ′ ( x ) < 0]
1 Also, f (2 ) = 2 F (2 ) < 0 [using F ( x ) < 0,∀x ∈(1, 3 )]
On integrating between the limits to x, we get
2 Now, f ′ (x ) = F (x ) + x F ′ (x ) < 0
x 192 x 3 x x 192 x 3
∫1 / 2 3 dx ≤ ∫1 / 2 f ′ (x )dx ≤ ∫1 / 2 2 dx ⇒ f ′ (x ) < 0
[using F ( x ) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (1,3 )]
Chap 02 Definite Integral 159
3
3π
78. Given, ∫ 1
x 2 F ′ ( x ) dx = − 12 ⇒ loge α + 1 −
4
=9
3
⇒ [ x 2 F ( x )]13 − ∫ 2 x ⋅ F ( x ) dx = − 12 81. Plan This type of question can be done using appropriate
1
3 substitution.
⇒ 9 F (3 ) − F ( 1 ) − 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx = − 12 [Q xF ( x ) = f ( x ), given] π /2
1 Given, I = ∫ (2 cosec x )17 dx
3 π /4
⇒ − 36 − 0 − 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx = −12 π /2 217 ( cosec x )16 cosec x ( cosec x + cot x )
=∫
1
dx
3
( cosec x + cot x )
∫ f (x )dx = −12
π /4
∴
1
3 Let cosec x + cot x = t
and ∫1
x 3 F ′′ ( x )dx = 40 ⇒ ( − cosec x ⋅ cot x − cosec 2 x ) dx = dt
3 and cosec x − cot x = 1 / t
⇒ [ x F ′ ( x )] − ∫ 3 x 2 F ′ ( x ) dx = 40
3 3
1
1 1
⇒ 2 cosec x = t +
⇒ [ x 2 ( xF ′ ( x )] 13 − 3 × ( −12 ) = 40 t
16
⇒ { x 2 ⋅ [ f ′ ( x ) − F ( x )]} 13 = 4 1
1 t + dt
⇒ 9 [ f ′ (3 ) − F (3 )] − [ f ′ (1 ) − F (1 )] = 4 ∴ I=−∫ 2
17 t
2 +1
⇒ 9 [ f ′ (3 ) + 4 ] − [ f ′ (1 ) − 0 ] = 4 2 t
⇒ 9 f ′ (3 ) − f ′ (1 ) = − 32
[ x ], x ≤ 2 Let t = e u ⇒ dt = e u du. When t = 1, e u = 1 ⇒ u = 0
79. Here, f ( x ) =
0, x > 2 and when t = 2 + 1, eu = 2 + 1
2 x f (x 2 ) ⇒ u = ln( 2 + 1 )
∴ I =∫ dx
−1 2 + f ( x + 1 ) 0 eu du
⇒ I =−∫ 2(eu + e − u )16
0 x f (x 2 ) 1 x f (x 2 ) ln ( 2 + 1 ) eu
=∫ dx + ∫ dx ln ( 2 + 1 )
−1 2 + f (x + 1) 0 2 + f (x + 1) =2 ∫ (eu + e − u )16 du
0
2 2
2 x f (x ) 3 x f (x )
+ ∫
1 2 + f (x + 1)
dx + ∫ 2 2 + f (x + 1)
dx 82. Plan Newton-Leibnitz’s formula
d ψ (x ) d d
x f (x 2 ) ∫ f (t ) dt = f { ψ ( x )} ψ ( x ) − f { φ ( x )} φ ( x )
dx
2
+ ∫ dx dx
φ ( x )
dx
3 2 + f (x + 1) x2
0 1 2 x ⋅1 3 2 Given, F (x ) = ∫ f ( t ) dt
= ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 0 dx + ∫ dx + ∫ 0 dx + ∫ 0 dx 0
−1 0 1 2+ 0 2 3
∴ F ′ (x ) = 2x f (x )
Also, F ′ (x ) = f ′ (x )
Q − 1 < x < 0 ⇒ 0 < x 2 < 1 ⇒ [ x 2 ] = 0, ⇒ 2x f ( x ) = f ′ ( x )
0 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < x 2 < 1 ⇒ [ x 2 ] = 0, f ′ (x )
⇒ = 2x
1 < x2 < 2 ⇒ [x 2 ] = 1 f (x )
1 < x < 2 ⇒
2 < x + 1 < 1 + 2 ⇒ f ( x + 1 ) = 0, f ′ (x )
2 < x < 3 ⇒2 < x 2 < 3 ⇒ f ( x 2 ) = 0,
⇒ ∫ f (x )
dx = ∫ 2 x dx
+c
⇒ In f ( x ) = x 2 + c ⇒ f ( x ) = e x
2
and 3 < x < 2 ⇒3 < x 2 < 4 ⇒ f ( x 2 ) = 0
⇒
2
2 x x2 1 1
2
f (x ) = K e x [ K = ec ]
⇒ I =∫ dx = = (2 − 1 ) =
1 2 1
4 4 4 Now, f (0) = 1
∴ 4I = 1 ⇒ 4I − 1 = 0 ∴ 1=K
2
1 12 + 9 x 2 Hence, f (x ) = e x
α = ∫ e ( 9 x + 3 tan x )
−1
80. Here, dx 4
0 1 + x2 F (2 ) = ∫ et dt = [et ]40 = e 4 − 1
0
Put 9 x + 3 tan −1 x = t 1 dx
3 83. (A) Let I = ∫
⇒ 9 + dx = dt
−1 1 + x2
1+ x2 Put x = tanθ
9 + 3π / 4
∴ α=∫ e dt = [e ]
t t 9 + 3π / 4
0 =e 9 + 3π / 4
−1 ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
0
3π π /4 π
⇒ loge 1 + α = 9 + ∴ I = 2∫ dθ =
4
0 2
160 Textbook of Integral Calculus
∫
1 dx f ( x ) dx = 0
(B) Let I =∫ (D) Plan
−a
0
1−x 2
If f ( − x ) = − f ( x ), i.e. f ( x ) is an odd function.
Put x = sinθ ⇒ dx = cosθ d θ
1 + x
π /2 π Let f ( x ) = cos 2 x log
∴ I = ∫ 1 dθ = 1 − x
0 2
1 − x
f ( − x ) = cos 2 x log = − f (x )
3
dx 3 1 1 + x
(C) ∫ = log 1 + x
2 1 − x2 2 1 − x 2
Hence, f ( x ) is an odd function.
1 4 3 1 2
= log − log = log
1/2
2 −2 −1 2 3 So, ∫ −1 / 2
f ( x ) dx = 0
2 dx π π (A) → (q); (B) → (r); (C) → (p); (D) → (s)
(D) ∫ = [sec −1 x ]12 = − 0 =
1
x x −1
2 3 3 85. Plan Integration by parts
d
84. (A) Plan
∫ f (x ) g(x ) dx = f (x ) ∫ g(x ) dx − ∫ dx [ f (x )] ∫ g(x ) dx dx
(p) A polynomial satisfying the given conditions is taken.
(q) The other conditions are also applied and the number of 1 d2
Given, I = ∫ 4 x 3 (1 − x 2 ) 5 dx
polynomial is taken out. 0 I dx 2 II
Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c d 1 d
1
= 4 x 3 (1 − x 2 ) 5 − ∫ 12 x 2 (1 − x 2 ) 5 dx
f (0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 dx 0 0 dx
[ ]
1
1 ax 3 bx 2 1
Now, ∫0 f ( x ) dx = 1 ⇒
3
+
2 0
=1 = 4 x 3 × 5 (1 − x 2 ) 4 ( − 2 x )
0
α β − 12 [ x (1 − x 2 ) 5 ]10 − ∫ 2 x (1 − x 2 ) 5 dx
2
1
⇒ + = 1 ⇒ 2a + 3b = 6
3 2 0
1
As a, b are non-negative integers. = 0 − 0 − 12 ( 0 − 0 ) + 12 ∫ 2 x (1 − x 2 ) 5 dx
0
So, a = 0, b = 2 or a = 3, b = 0 1
∴ f ( x ) = 2 x or f ( x ) = 3 x 2 (1 − x 2 ) 6 1
= 12 × − = 12 0 + 6 = 2
(B) Plan Such type of questions are converted into only sine 6 0
or cosine expression and then the number of points of maxima π /2 2 π − x
in given interval are obtained. 86. I = ∫ x + log π + x cos x dx
− π /2
f ( x ) = sin ( x 2 ) + cos ( x 2 )
a
= 2
1
2
cos ( x 2 ) +
1
sin ( x 2 )
As, ∫ −a
f ( x ) dx = 0, when f ( − x ) = − f ( x )
2 π /2 π /2
π π π ∴ I =∫ x 2 cos x dx + 0 = 2 ∫ ( x 2 cos x ) dx
= 2 cos x 2 cos + sin sin ( x 2 ) = 2 cos x 2 − − π /2 0
4 4 4 π /2
π π = 2 {( x 2 sin x ) 0π / 2 − ∫ 2 x ⋅ sin x dx }
For maximum value, x 2 − = 2nπ ⇒ x 2 = 2nπ +
0
4 4 π2 π /2
π =2 − 2 {( − x ⋅ cos x ) π0 / 2 − ∫ 1 ⋅ ( − cos x ) dx }
⇒ x=± , for n = 0 4 0
4
π 2
π 2
π 2
9π =2 − 2 (sin x ) 0π / 2 = 2 − 2 = − 4
x=± , for n = 1 4 4 2
4
So, f ( x ) attains maximum at 4 points in [ − 13, 13 ]. 87. Put x 2 = t ⇒ x dx = dt /2
(C) Plan dt
log 3
sin t ⋅
I =∫ 2
a a
∴
(p) ∫ −a
f ( x ) dx = ∫
−a
f ( − x ) dx log 2 sin t + sin (log 6 − t )
...(i)
a a
1
⇒ lim =
1 x n→ ∞ n(n + 1 ) 60
88. Given, f (1) = and 6 ∫ f (t )dt = 3x f ( x ) − x 3 , ∀ x ≥ 1 (n + 1 )a − 1 ⋅ n 2a +
3 1 2
a
r
n
Using Newton-Leibnitz formula.
2∑
Differentiating both sides
r =1 n 1
⇒ 6 f ( x ) ⋅ 1 − 0 = 3 f ( x ) + 3 xf ′ ( x ) − 3 x 2 ⇒ lim a −1
=
n→ ∞
1 60
1 1 + ⋅ (2na + n + 1 )
⇒ 3 xf ′ ( x ) − 3 f ( x ) = 3 x 2 ⇒ f ’( x ) − f ( x ) = x n
x
1 n r
a
xf ’( x ) − f ’( x ) d x 1 1
⇒ =1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ lim 2 ∑ ⋅ nlim =
x2 dx x
n→ ∞ n
r =1 n → ∞ 1
a −1
1 60
1 + ⋅ 2a + 1 +
n n
On integrating both sides, we get
1 1 1 1
⇒
f (x )
= x +c Q f (1 ) = ⇒ 2 ∫ ( xa ) dx ⋅ =
3 1 ⋅ (2a + 1 ) 60
0
x
1 2 2 2 ⋅ [ xa +1 ] 10 1
= 1 + c ⇒ c = and f ( x ) = x 2 − x ⇒ =
3 3 3 (2a + 1 ) ⋅ (a + 1 ) 60
4 8 2 1
∴ f (2 ) = 4 − = ∴ =
3 3 (2a + 1 ) (a + 1 ) 60
Note Here, f (1 ) = 2, does not satisfy given function. ⇒ (2a + 1 ) (a + 1 ) = 120
1
∴ f (1 ) = ⇒ 2a 2 + 3a + 1 − 120 = 0
3
⇒ 2a 2 + 3a − 119 = 0
2 4 8
For that f ( x ) = x − x and f (2 ) = 4 − =
2
⇒ (2a + 17 ) (a − 7 ) = 0
3 3 3
−17
1 x 4 (1 − x ) 4 ⇒ a = 7,
89. Let I = ∫ dx 2
0 1 + x2
91. Here, f ( x ) + 2x = (1 − x ) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 + 2x …(i)
1 ( x 4 − 1 ) (1 − x ) 4 + (1 − x ) 4
=∫ dx where, P : f ( x ) + 2 x = 2 (1 + x ) 2 …(ii)
0 (1 + x 2 )
∴ 2 (1 + x 2 ) = (1 − x ) 2 sin 2 x + x 2 + 2 x
1 1 (1 + x 2 − 2 x ) 2
= ∫ ( x 2 − 1 )(1 − x ) 4 dx + ∫ dx ⇒ (1 − x ) 2 sin 2 x = x 2 − 2 x + 2
0 0 (1 + x 2 )
⇒ (1 − x ) 2 sin 2 x = (1 − x ) 2 + 1 ⇒ (1 − x ) 2 cos2 x = − 1
1 4x 2
= ∫ ( x 2 − 1 )(1 − x ) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) − 4 x + dx which is never possible.
0
(1 + x 2 ) ∴ P is false.
1 4 Again, let Q : h( x ) = 2 f ( x ) + 1 − 2 x (1 + x )
= ∫ ( x 2 − 1 )(1 − x ) 4 + (1 + x 2 ) − 4 x + 4 − dx
0 1 + x2 where, h( 0 ) = 2 f ( 0 ) + 1 − 0 = 1
1 4 h(1 ) = 2 f (1 ) + 1 − 4 = − 3, as h( 0 ) h(1 ) < 0
= ∫ x 6 − 4x 5 + 5x 4 − 4x 2 + 4 − dx
0 1 + x2 ⇒ h( x ) must have a solution.
x 7 4x 6 5x 5
1 ∴ Q is true.
4x 3
= − + − + 4 x − 4 tan −1 x 92. Here, f ( x ) = (1 − x ) 2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x 2 ≥ 0, ∀ x.
7 6 5 3 0
x 2 (t − 1 )
1 4 5 4 π 22 and g( x ) = ∫ − log t f (t ) dt
= − + − + 4 − 4 − 0 = − π 1 t + 1
7 6 5 3 4 7
90. Converting infinite series into definite integral 2 ( x − 1 )
⇒ g′( x ) = − log x ⋅ f ( x ) …(i)
h(n ) ( x + 1 ) 1 23
i.e. lim + ve
n→ ∞ n
h (n )
For g′( x ) to be increasing or decreasing,
1 r 2(x − 1)
n→ ∞ n ∑
lim f = ∫ f ( x ) dx let φ( x ) = − log x
r = g (n )
n (x + 1)
162 Textbook of Integral Calculus
4 1 − (x − 1)2 In = ∫
π sin nx
φ′( x ) = − = 95. Given dx …(i)
(x + 1) 2
x x (x + 1)2 −π (1 + π x ) sin x
b b
φ′( x ) < 0, for x > 1 ⇒ φ( x ) < φ(1 ) ⇒ φ( x ) < 0 …(ii) Using ∫ a
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (b + a − x ) dx, we get
a
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
g′( x ) < 0 for x ∈ (1, ∞ )
π π x sin nx
In = ∫ dx …(ii)
∴ g( x ) is decreasing for x ∈ (1, ∞ ).
−π (1 + π x ) sin x
x − [ x ], if [ x ] is odd. On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
93. Given, f ( x ) = π sin nx π sin nx
1 + [ x ] − x , if [ x ] is even. 2I n = ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx
− π sin x 0 sin x
f ( x ) and cos π x both are periodic with period 2 and both are sin nx
even. [Q f ( x ) = is an even function]
10 10
sin x
∫ f ( x ) cos π x dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) cos π x dx π sin nx
∴ ⇒ In = ∫ dx
− 10 0 0 sin x
π sin (n + 2 ) x − sin nx
Y Now, In + 2 − In = ∫ dx
0 sin x
π 2 cos (n + 1 ) x ⋅ sin x
=∫ dx
X 0 sin x
–10 – 9 – 2 – 10 1 2 9 10 π
π sin (n + 1 ) x
= 2 ∫ cos (n + 1 ) x dx = 2 =0
0
(n + 1 ) 0
2
= 10 ∫ f ( x ) cos π x dx ∴ In + 2 = In …(iii)
π
sin nx
0
Since, In = ∫ dx ⇒ I 1 = π and I 2 = 0
1 1 1 0 sin x
Now, ∫ f (x ) cos π x dx = ∫ (1 − x ) cos π x dx = − ∫ u cos π u du
0 0 0
From Eq. (iii) I 1 = I 3 = I 5 = .... = π and I 2 = I 4 = I 6 = ... = 0
10 10
2 2 1
⇒ ∑I = 10 π and Σ I 2m = 0
∫ f (x ) cos π x dx = ∫ (x − 1) cos πx dx = − ∫ u cos π u du
2m + 1
and m =1
m =1
π2
10
10 −∫10
⇒ f ( x ) cos π x dx = 4
n
1 1 n
1 1
= ∑ ⋅
k k 2 n → ∞ k∑
< lim
x x
k =0 n =0 n
2
94. Given ∫ 1 − { f ′(t )} 2 dt = ∫ f (t ) dt, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 1+ + 2 k k
1 + +
0 0 n n n
n
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x by using Leibnitz’s rule, 1
1 1 2 2 1
we get =∫ dx = tan −1 x +
0 1 + x + x2 3 3 2 0
1 − { f ′ ( x )} 2 = f ( x ) ⇒ f ′ ( x ) = ± 1 − { f ( x )} 2
f ′ (x ) 2 π π π π
=
⋅ − = i.e. Sn <
⇒ ∫ 1 − { f ( x )} 2
dx = ± ∫ dx
3 3 6 3 3 3 3
π
⇒ sin −1 { f ( x )} = ± x + c Similarly, Tn >
3 3
Put x = 0 ⇒ sin −1 { f ( 0 )} = c 3π / 4 dx
⇒ c = sin −1 ( 0 ) = 0 [Q f ( 0 ) = 0 ] 97. I =∫ …(i)
π / 4 1 + cos x
∴ f ( x ) = ± sin x 3π / 4 dx
but f ( x ) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [ 0, 1 ] I =∫ …(ii)
π / 4 1 − cos x
∴ f ( x ) = sin x
As we know that, Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii)
3π / 4
2 3π / 4
sin x < x, ∀ x > 0 2I = ∫ 2
dx ⇒ I = ∫ cosec 2 x dx
π /4
sin x π /4
1 1 1 1
∴ sin < and sin < I = − (cot x ) 3ππ/ /44 = 2
2 2 3 3
1 1 1 1
98. I 4 + I 6 = ∫ ( tan 4 x + tan 6 x ) dx = ∫ tan 4 x sec 2 x dx
⇒ f < and f <
2 2 3 3 1 1
= tan 5 x + c ⇒ a = ,b = 0
5 5
Chap 02 Definite Integral 163
1 x − a, x ≥a
(n + 1 ) ⋅ (n + 2 ) K (3n ) n 101. Plan Use the formula, | x − a | =
99. (b) Let l = lim − ( x − a ), x <a
n→ ∞
n 2n
to break given integral in two parts and then integrate
1
separately.
(n + 1 ) ⋅(n + 2 ) ... (n + 2n ) n
= lim 2
n→ ∞ π x π x
n 2n
1
∫ 0
1 − 2 sin dx = ∫ | 1 − 2 sin | dx
2 0 2
n + 1 n + 2 n + 2n n π
x π x
= lim K =∫ 1 − 2 sin dx − ∫ π 1 − 2 sin dx
n
3
n→ ∞
n n 0 2 3
2
π
Taking log on both sides, we get π
x 3 x π
1 1 2 2n = x + 4 cos − x + 4 cos = 4 3 − 4 −
log l = lim log 1 + 1 + ... 1 + 2 0 2 π 3
n→ ∞ n
n n n 3
π /3 dx
2n 102. Let I =∫ …(i)
1 1 2 π /6 1 +
⇒ log l = lim log 1 + n + log 1 + n + ...+ log 1 + n
tan x
n→ ∞ n
π /3 dx π /3 dx
∴ I =∫ =∫
1 2n r 1 + cot x
⇒ log l = lim ∑ log 1 + π
π /6 π /6
n→ ∞ n n 1 + tan − x
r =1 2
2
⇒ log l = ∫ log (1 + x ) dx π /3 tan xdx
0 ⇒ I =∫ …(ii)
2 π /6 1 + tan x
1
⇒ log l = log (1 + x ) ⋅ x − ∫ ⋅ x dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 + x 0 π /3
2 x + 1 −1 2I = ∫ dx ⇒ 2 I = [ x ]ππ // 36 dx
log l = [log (1 + x ) ⋅ x ] − ∫
π /6
⇒ 2
dx
1+x
0
0
1 π π π
⇒ I = − =
2 1 2 3 6 12
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − ∫ 1 − dx
0 1 + x Statement I is false.
log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − [x − log 1 + x ]
b b
⇒
2
But ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f (a + b − x )dx is a true statement by
0 a a
a a
Q Tangent to the curve y = ∫ | t | dt, x ∈ R are parallel to the
0
and then add. Let line y = 2 x
4 log x 2 ∴ Slope of both are equal ⇒ x = ± 2
I =∫ dx ±2
2 log x 2 + log(36 − 12 x + x 2 )
Points, y =∫ | t | dt = ± 2
0
4 2 log x Equation of tangent is
=∫ dx
2 2 log x + log(6 − x ) 2 y − 2 = 2 ( x − 2 ) and y + 2 = 2 ( x + 2 )
4 2 log x dx For x intercept put y = 0, we get
=∫
2 2[log x + log(6 − x )] 0 − 2 = 2 ( x − 2 ) and 0 + 2 = 2 ( x + 2 )
log x dx
4 ⇒ x=±1
⇒ I =∫ …(i) x
[log x + log(6 − x )]
2 104. Given integral g( x ) = ∫ cos 4 t dt
0
4 log(6 − x ) To find g( x + π ) in terms of g( x ) and g( π ).
⇒ I =∫ dx …(ii)
2 log(6 − x ) + log x x
g( x ) = ∫ cos 4 t d t
Q f ( x )dx = f (a + b − x )dx
b b 0
∫a ∫a t =x +π
⇒ g( x + π ) = ∫ cos 4 t d t
t =0
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x x +π
4 log x + log(6 − x ) = ∫ cos 4 t d t + ∫ cos 4 t d t
2I = ∫ dx 0 x
2 log x + log(6 − x )
= g( x ) + I 1 (say)
4 x +π π
⇒ 2 I = ∫ dx = [ x ] 4
2
I1 = ∫ cos 4 t d t = ∫ cos 4t dt
2 x 0
⇒ g( x + π ) = g( x ) + g( π ) x 5π
Here, f (x ) = ∫ t sin t dt, where x ∈ 0,
But the value of I 1 is zero. 0 2
π
sin 4 t sin 4 π sin 0 f ′ ( x ) = { x sin x − 0 } …(i)
⇒ I1 = = − =0
4 0 4 4 (using Newton-Leibnitz formula)
⇒ g( x + π ) = g( x ) − g( π ) ∴ f ′ ( x ) = x sin x = 0
In my opinion, the examiner has made this question keeping ⇒ sin x = 0
g( x ) + g( π ) as the only answer in his/her mind. However,
∴ x = π, 2π
he/she did not realise that the value of the integral I 1 is
1
actually zero. Hence, it does not matter whether you add to or f ′′( x ) = x cos x + sin x
subtract from g( x ). 2 x
1 8 log (1 + x ) At x = π, f ′′( π ) = − π < 0
105. I =∫ dx
0 (1 + x 2 ) ∴ Local maximum at x = π. At x = 2π, f ′′(2 π ) = 2 π > 0
Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ
∴ Local minimum at x = 2π.
When x = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0
∴ θ=0 107. We have, p′( x ) = p′ (1 − x ), ∀ x ∈ [ 0, 1 ], p ( 0 ) = 1, p (1 ) = 41
When x = 1 = tanθ ⇒ p ( x ) = − p (1 − x ) + C
π ⇒ 1 = − 41 + C
⇒ θ=
4 ⇒ C = 42
π / 4 8 log [1 + tan θ ] ∴ p ( x ) + p (1 − x ) = 42
∴ I =∫ ⋅ sec 2 θ dθ
0 1 + tan 2 θ Now,
1 1
I = ∫ p ( x ) dx = ∫ p (1 − x ) dx
π /4 0 0
I =8 ∫ log (1 + tan θ ) dθ …(i) 1 1
0 ⇒ 2 I = ∫ ( p ( x ) + p (1 − x )) dx = ∫ 42 dx = 42
0 0
a a
Using ∫ 0
f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx, we get
0
⇒ I = 21
π
π /4 π 108. Let I = ∫ [ cot x ] dx …(i)
I =8 ∫ log 1 + tan − θ dθ 0
0
4 π π
⇒ I =∫ [cot ( π − x )] dx = ∫ [ − cot x ] dx …(ii)
π /4 1 − tan θ 0 0
=8 ∫ log 1 + dθ
0
1 + tan θ On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
π π π
π /4 2 2I = ∫ [cot x ] dx + ∫ [ − cot x ] dx = ∫ ( − 1 ) dx
=8 ∫ log dθ …(ii) 0 0 0
0
1 + tan θ [Q[ x ] + [ − x ] = − 1, if x ∉ z and 0, if x ∈ z ]
π
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = [− x ] = − π 0
π /4 2 π
2I = 8 ∫ ∴ I =−
log {1 + tan θ } + log
+ θ
d θ 2
0
1 tan
1 sin x 1 x
π /4 109. Since, I = ∫ dx < ∫ dx ,
⇒ I =4∫ log 2 dθ = 4 ⋅ log 2(θ ) π0 / 4 0 x 0 x
0
f (t )dt = f [ ψ( x )] ⋅ ψ( x ) − f [ φ( x )] φ( x )
d d
dx ∫ φ ( x ) dx dx J <2
CHAPTER
03
Area of
Bounded Regions
Learning Part
Session 1
● Sketching of Some Common Curves
● Asymptotes
Session 2
● Area Bounded by Two or More Curves
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
(5) y 2 = − 4a ( x − h ); a, h > 0
(iii) Parabola Y
It is the locus of points such that its distance from a fixed
point is equal to its distance from a fixed straight line.
Taking the fixed straight line x = − a, a > 0 and fixed point v
X
(0, 0) (h, 0)
(a, 0 ), we get the equation of parabola y 2 = 4ax .
of X.
(iv) Curve turns at (0, 0) which is called the vertex of the v
X
(–h, 0) (0, 0)
curve.
(v) The curve extends to infinity. It is not a closed curve.
(1) y 2 = 4ax (Standard equation of parabola)
Figure 3.7
Y y2 =4ax
(7) x 2 = 4ay ; a > 0
Y
v
X
(0, 0)
X
Figure 3.2 v (0, 0)
Figure 3.3
(3) y = 4a ( x + h ); where a and h are positive.
2
X
(0, 0)
Y
v (0, –k)
v
X Figure 3.9
(–h, 0) O
(9) x = 4a (y − k ); a, k > 0
2
Y
Figure 3.4
(4) y 2 = − 4ax ; a > 0
Y
v v (0, k)
X X
(0, 0) (0, 0)
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.5
168 Textbook of Integral Calculus
(11) x = − 4a (y + k ); a, k > 0
2 Major axis 2a (along x-axis) 2b (along y-axis)
Minor axis 2b (along y-axis) 2a (along x-axis)
Y Directrices a a b b
x = and x = − y= and y = −
e e e e
Eccentricity e b2 a2
1− 2
1−
a b2
X Latus-rectum 2b 2 2a 2
(0, 0)
v (0,–k) a b
Focal distances of ( x , y ) a ± ex b ± ey
Figure 3.14
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 169
x2 y2 Latus-Rectum
(2) 2
+ 2
= 1; b > a > 0 (Conjugate ellipse)
a b The chord(s) of the hyperbola passing through the focus F
Y (or F ′) and perpendicular to the transverse axis. The
(0,b) length of the latus-rectum can be evaluated by
substituting x = ± ae in the equation for the hyperbola :
x2 y2
− =1
(–a,0) (0, 0) (a,0)
X a 2 a 2 (e 2 − 1)
y2
⇒ e2 − =1
a 2 (e 2 − 1)
(0,–b)
a2 ⋅b 4 b4
⇒ y 2 = a 2 (e 2 − 1) 2 = =
Figure 3.15 a4 a2
(x − h)2 (y − k ) 2 b2
(3) + = 1; a > 0, b > 0 and a > b ⇒ y =± .
a2 b2 a
Y 2b 2
Thus, the length of the latus-rectum is .
a
y=k b a
c (h, k) We discussed in the unit of Ellipose that an ellipse with
centre at (α, β) instead of the origin and the major and
minor axis parallel to the coordinate axes will have the
equation
X
O x=h ( x − α ) 2 (y − β) X2 Y2
+ = 1 or + =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Figure 3.16
where X → x − α and Y → y − β.
(x − h) 2
(y − k ) 2
(4) 2
+ = 1, where a < b The same holds true for a hyperbola. Any hyperbola with
a b2 centre at (α, β) and the transverse and conjugate axis
Y
parallel to the coordinate axes will have the form
b (x − α )2 (y − β) 2
− =1
y=k a2 b2
X2 Y2
or =1 −
a2 b2
O
X
where X → x − α and Y → y − β.
Figure 3.17 We can, using the definition of a hyperbola, write the
equation of any hyperbola with an arbitrary focus and
(v) Hyperbola directrix, but we will rarely have the occassion to use it.
A hyperbola is the locus of a moving point such that the x2 y2
(1) − = 1 (Standard equation of hyperbola)
difference of its distances from two fixed points is always a2 b2
constant. The two fixed point are called the foci of the
hyperbola. Constrast this with the definition of the ellipse Y
where we had the sum of focal distances (instead of
difference) as constant. As in the case of the ellipse, we have
Focal distance of P ( x , y ) X
(–a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
a
d 1 = e ( PF ) = e x − = ex − a
e
a
d 2 = e ( PF ′ ) = e x + = ex + a
e Figure 3.18
170 Textbook of Integral Calculus
y2 x2
(2)
b2
−
a2
= 1 (Conjugate hyperbola) Some More Curves which Occur
Y Frequently in Mathematics in
Standard Forms
1. y = –x Y y=x
X
(0, 0)
X
Figure 3.19 (0, 0)
1
–2 –1
Figure 3.20 X
1 2 3
(x − h) 2
(y − k ) 2 –1
(4) 2
− 2
= 1; a > b > 0
a b –2
y=k c
a a Figure 3.24
(y, k)
Greatest integer function y =[ x ]
3. y = ex
Y
X
O
y=x
x=h
(x − h) 2
(y − k ) 2
(5) 2
− = −1 (0, 0) (1, 0)
X
a b2
Y
b Figure 3.25
y=k c
(x, h) 4. Y
b
(0, 1)
X y = e–x
2
O
X
x=h
e.g. The values of y obtained from y 2 = 4ax are So, the origin is a point of inflexion.
imaginary for negative values of x . So, the curve does not Y y = x3
exist on the left side of Y-axis. Similarly, the curve
a 2 y 2 = x 2 (a − x ) does not exist for x > a as the values of y
are imaginary for x > a.
X' X
O
X
y Example 6 Sketch the curve y = sin 2x .
O (1, 0) (2,0) (3, 0)
Sol. We note the following points about the curve
(i) The equation of the curve remains unchanged, if x is
(0, – 6) replaced by ( − x ) and y by ( − y ), so it is symmetric in
opposite quadrants. Consequently, the shape of the
Clearly, y decreases as x decreases for all x < 1 and y curve is similar in opposite quadrants.
increases as x increases for x > 3. (ii) The curve passes through origin.
Keeping all the above points in mind, we sketch the curve (iii) Putting x = 0 in the equation of the curve, we get
as shown in figure. y = 0. So, the curve crosses the Y -axis at (0, 0) only.
Putting y = 0 in the equation of the curve, we get
y Example 5 Sketch the graph for y = x 2 − x .
sin 2x = 0 ⇒ 2x = nπ, n ∈ Z
Sol. We note the following points about the curve
nπ
(i) The curve does not have any kind of symmetry. ⇒ x= , n ∈Z
2
(ii) The curve passes through the origin and the tangent
at the origin is obtained by equating the lowest degree So, the curve cuts the X -axis at the points
term to zero. …, ( − π, 0), ( − π / 2, 0), (0, 0), ( π / 2, 0), ( π, 0), …
174 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dy d 2y dy
= 0 ⇒ sin 2x = 0 ⇒ 2x = nπ, n ∈ Z
(iv) y = sin 2x ⇒ = 2 cos 2x and = − 4 sin 2x Now,
dx dx 2 dx
dy nπ
Now, = 0 ⇒ cos 2x = 0 ⇒x = , n ∈ Z ⇒ x = ± π / 2 , ± π , ± 3 π / 2 , ± 2 π, …
dx 2
π 3π d 2y
⇒ 2x = ± , ± ,… Clearly, < 0 at x = ± π / 2 , ± 3π / 2 , ± 5π / 2, …
2 2 dx 2
π 3π
⇒ x =± ,± ,… d 2y
4 4 and > 0 at x = ± π , ± 2π , ± 3π …
dx 2
2
d y π 5π
Clearly, < 0 at x = , , … So, x = ± π / 2 , ± 3π / 2 , ± 5π / 2, … are the points of
dx 2 4 4
local maximum and local maximum value at these
3π 7π points is 1. Points x = ± π , ± 2π , ± 3π, … are points of
and atx = − ,− ,…
4 4 local minimum and the local minimum value at these
d 2y 3π 7 π points is 0.
and > 0 at x = , ,… dy
dx 2 4 4 (iv) y = sin 2 x ⇒ = sin 2x
π 5π dx
and at x =− ,− ,… dy π
4 4 Clearly, > 0 when 0 < x <
π 5π 7 π dx 2
So, the points x = , , ,… dy π
4 4 4 and < 0 when < x < π.
3π 7π dx 2
and x = − ,− , … are points of local maximum So, the given curve is increasing in the interval
4 4
and local maximum values at these points are 1. [0, π / 2] and decreasing in [ π / 2, π ].
π 5π 3π 7 π (v) sin 2 ( π + x ) = sin 2 x for all x. So, the periodicity of the
Similarly, x = − , − , … and x = , , … are
4 4 4 4 function is π. This means that the shape of the curve
points of local minimum and local minimum value at repeats at the interval of length π.
these points is ( − 1).
Y
(v) sin 2 ( x + π ) = sin 2x for all x. So, the periodicity of
the function is π. This means that the pattern of the
curve repeats at intervals of length π. (–5π/2,1) (–3π/2,1) (–π/2, 1) (π/2,1) (3π/2,1) (5π/2,1)
X
Y
(–2π,0) (–π,0) O (π,0) (2π,0) (3π,0)
(–3π/4, 1) (π/4, 1) (5π/4, 1)
X
(0, 0)
Keeping the above facts in mind, we sketch the curve as
(–π/4, –1) (3π/4, –1) (7π/4, –1) shown in figure.
2. If in the right hand member of the equation of the Thus, its graph is as shown in figure
curve y = f ( x ) it is possible to single out a linear part Y
so that the remaining part tends to zero as x → ± ∞, y = 1 (asymptote)
i.e. if y = f ( x ) = Kx + b + g( x ) and g( x ) → 0 for
x → ± ∞, then the straight line y = Kx + b is the x2–1
y= 2
asymptote of the curve. x +1
f (x ) X
3. If there exist finite limits lim = K and (–1, 0) (1, 0)
x→ ±∞ x
(5) Check the behaviour of the function for x → 0 ± ∴ The straight lines x = 0 and y = x are the asymptotes of
the graph of the given function.
(6) Find the values of x, if possible for which f ( x ) → 0.
Now, consider f ( x 2 ) − f ( x 1 ) (for x 2 > x 1 )
(7) The interval of increase and decrease of the function 1 1
in its range. Hence, determine the greatest and the = ( x 2 − x1 ) + −
x 2 x1
least values of the function if any.
1
= ( x 2 − x1 ) 1 − < 0 for x 1 x 2 ∈(0, 1]
Remark
x 1 x 2
(5), (6) and (7) gives the points where the function cuts the
coordinate axes. and it is > 0 for x 1 x 2 ∈ [1, ∞ ).
Thus, f ( x ) increases for x ∈ [1, ∞ ) and decreases for
x2 −1 x ∈(0, 1].
y Example 8 Construct the graph for f ( x ) = ⋅
x2 +1 Thus, the least value of the function is at x = 1 which is
x2 − 1 2 f (1) = 2. Thus, its graph can be drawn as
Sol. Here, f ( x ) = =1−
x +1
2
x +1
2
Y y=x
(1) The function f ( x ) is well defined for all real x.
⇒ Domain of f ( x ) ∈ R.
(2) f ( − x ) = f ( x ), so it is an even function. (1, 2)
1 1 b
For x → ∞ f ( x ) → ; for x → − ∞, f ( x ) → then ∫ f ( x ) dx will equal A1 − A2 + A 3 − A 4 and not
2 2 a
1 A1 + A2 + A 3 + A 4 .
∴ lim f ( x ) =
x→±∞ 2 If we need to evaluate A1 + A2 + A 3 + A 4 (the magnitude
1 of the bounded area), we will have to calculate
∴ The straight line y = is asymptote of the graph of the
2 x y z b
given function. ∫a f ( x ) dx + ∫x f ( x ) dx ∫y f ( x ) dx + ∫z f ( x ) dx
1
As x increases from (0, ∞ ), decreases from (0, ∞ ) and e 1/ x From this, it should also be obvious that
x
b b
decreases from (0, ∞ ). Thus, (1 + e 1/ x ) decreases from (2, ∞ ).
∫a f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ | f ( x ) | dx
a
1
∴ f ( x ) increases from 0, for x ∈ (0, ∞ ). (2) The area under the curve y = f ( x ) from x = a to x = b
2
is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the area
Similarly, f ( x ) increases from (1 / 2, 1) for x → ( − ∞, 0). under the same curve from x = b to x = a, i.e.
i.e. f ( x ) is an increasing function except for x = 0. b a
Thus, its graph can be drawn as shown in figure ∫a f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
b
A2
A1 x y A3 b A1
z
x
a A2 A4
x
a b c
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 177
b b
Observe that A = ∫ f ( x ) dx = ( A + A1 ) − A1 Observe that area (rect AXYB) < ∫ f ( x ) dx < area (rect DXYC)
a a
c
= ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx
c
(6) Let us consider the integral of f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) from x = a
a b to x = b. To evaluate the area under f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ), we can
c b
= ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx separately evaluate the area under f 1 ( x ) and the area under
a a f 2 ( x ) and add the two area (algebraically).
Analytically, this relation can be proved easily using the b b b
Newton Leibnitz’s formula.
Thus, ∫a ( f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )) dx = ∫a f 1 ( x ) dx + ∫ f 2 ( x ) dx
a
(4) Let f ( x ) > g( x ) on the interval [a, b]. Then, Now consider the integral of kf ( x ) from x = a to x = b. To
b b evaluate the area under kf ( x ), we can first evaluate the area
∫a f ( x ) dx > ∫ g( x ) dx
a under f ( x ) and then multiply it by k, that is :
b b
This is because the curve of f ( x ) lies above the curve of
g( x ), or equivalently, the curve of f ( x ) − g( x ) lies ∫a kf ( x ) dx = k ∫a f ( x ) dx
above the x-axis for [a, b ] (7) Consider the odd function f ( x ), i.e. f ( x ) = − f ( − x ). This
measn that the graph of f ( x ) is symmetric about the origin.
y y= f(x)
y
y= g(x) +
A2
–a
a
–
A1
x
a b
m B x=a
A
X Y
x
x=a x=b
178 Textbook of Integral Calculus
a 3 (0, 1) 3
x B (0,b)
a c b
y2 x2 a2 a2
∴ =1− = 2 a 3a 2 − log (2a + a 3 ) + log a
b2 a2 2 2
b2 2 2 2a + a 3
⇒ y2 = (a 2 − x 2 ) = 2 a 3 −
a
log
a2 2 a
b
⇒ y=± a2 − x 2 = 2 a 2 3 − a 2 log (2 + 3 ) sq units
a
In the first quadrant, y Example 14 Find the area common to the parabola
b
y= a2 − x 2 5x 2 − y = 0 and 2x 2 − y + 9 = 0.
a
a b b a Sol. Given curves are y = 5x 2 …(i)
A=4∫ a 2 − x 2 dx = 4 ∫0 a − x dx
2 2
0 a a and y = 2x 2 + 9 …(ii)
a
b x a2
x
=4 a2 − x 2 + sin − 1 x 2=
y–9
a 2 2 a 0 Y x 2 = y /5 2
b a 2 −1 a
4b a 2
=4 0 + sin − {0 + 0} = ⋅ sin −1(1) (0, 9)
a 2 a a 2
π
= 2ab X
2 (0, 0)
A = πab sq units
(a, 0) (2a,0)
A= ∫− 3
(y1 − y 2 ) dx
is to be taken as y 2 .
= ∫0 1
3
∴ Area ( A ) = ∫− 3
{(2x 2 + 9 ) − 5x 2 } dx x4
=
− x 3 + x 2
1 x4
+ − x 3
+ x 2
2
4
3 4 1
= ∫− 3
(9 − 3x 2 ) dx 0
1 1
3 = − 1 + 1 + ( 4 − 8 + 4 ) − − 1 + 1
=2∫ (9 − 3x 2 ) dx 4 4
0
1 1 1
= 2 [9 x − x 3 ] 0 3 = + = sq unit
4 4 2
= 2 [9 3 − 3 3 ]
Area = 12 3 sq units
y Example 16 Find the area between the curves
y = 2x 4 − x 2 , the X-axis and the ordinates of two
y Example 15 Find the area enclosed by minima of the curve.
y = x ( x − 1) ( x − 2) and X-axis.
Sol. The given curve is y = 2x 4 − x 2 .
Sol. The given curve is y = x ( x − 1) ( x − 2). It passes through 1
When y = 0, then x = 0, 0, ±
(0, 0), (1, 0) and (2, 0). 2
The sign scheme for y = x ( x − 1) ( x − 2) is as shown in The sign scheme is as shown below
figure. + +
–∞ – ∞
+ + –1 1
– 0 1 – 2 2 2
From the sign scheme it is clear that the curve is + ve when Therefore, it is clear that the curve cuts the X -axis at
0 < x < 1 or x > 2, hence in these regions the curve lies x=−
1
, 0 and
1
⋅
above X -axis while in the rest regions the curve lies below 2 2
X -axis. 1 1
The curve is –ve in − ,0 and 0, while positive in
2 2
Remark dy dy
Sometimes the discussion of monotonicity of function helps the rest. Now, = 8x 3 − 2x . The sign scheme for is as
dy dx dx
us in sketching polynomials. In the present case, = 3x 2 − 6 x + 2 below
dx
dy 1 dy
When = 0 , then ; x = 1 ± . Sign scheme for is + +
dx 3 dx –∞ – 0 – ∞
–1 1
+ + 2 2
–
1– 1 1+ 1
3 3 i.e. The curve decreases in ( − ∞, − 1 / 2) and (0, 1 / 2) and
increases in the rest of portions. Also, the function possess
Thus, it is clear that the curve increases in − ∞, 1 −
1
, minimum at x = − 1 / 2 and 1/2 while maximum at x = 0.
3
Therefore, the graph of the curve is as shown below
decreases in 1 − and again increases in
1 1
,1+
3 3
1 + 1 , ∞ . Therefore, the graph of the curve is as below Y
3
Y –1/2 1/2
X
1 O 1
1 –
1+ 2 2
3
X
O 1 1
1–
1/ 2
3
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ | 2x 4 − x 2 | dx
0 1/ 2
1/ 2 x5 x3
Hence, required area = 2∫ − (2x 4 − x 2 )dx = −2 2 −
0
5 3 0
7
∫ 0 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2) dx + ∫ 1 x ( x − 1) ( x − 2) dx
1 2
= = sq unit
120
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 181
2. Find the area under the curve y = ( x 2 + 2)2 + 2x between the ordinates x = 0 and x = 2.
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 2x − x 2 and the X-axis.
5. Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4 − x 2 and the line y = 0 and y = 3.
6. Find the area bounded by x = at 2 and y = 2at between the ordinates corresponding to t = 1and t = 2.
9. Sketch the graph of y = x + 1in [0, 4] and determine the area of the region enclosed by the curve, the axis of
X and the lines x = 0, x = 4.
10. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve xy − 3x − 2y − 10 = 0 , X-axis and the lines x = 3, x = 4.
Session 2
Area Bounded by Two or More Curves
Area Bounded by Two If confusion arises in such case evaluate
or More Curves b
∫a | f ( x ) − g( x ) | dx which gives the required area.
Area bounded by the curves y = f ( x ), y = g( x ) and the
Y
lines x = a and x = b. y = f(x)
Let the curves y = f ( x ) and y = g( x ) be represented by AB
and CD, respectively. We assume that the two curves do
not intersect each other in the interval [a, b ].
Thus, shaded area = Area of curvilinear O
X
trapezoid APQB − Area of curvilinear trapezoid CPQD
b b b y = g(x)
= ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g( x ) dx = ∫ { f ( x ) − g( x )} dx x=a x=b
a a a
Figure 3.34
Y
Area between two curves y = f ( x ), y = g( x ) and the lines
b
A B x = a and x = b is always given by ∫ { f ( x ) − g( x )} dx
y = f(x) a
provided f ( x ) > g( x ) in [a, b ]; the position of the graph is
immaterial. As shown in Fig. 3.34, Fig. 3.35, Fig. 3.36.
C y = g(x)
D Y
X
O P Q x=a x=b
x=a x=b
Figure 3.32
X
O y = f(x)
Now, consider the case when f ( x ) and g( x ) intersect each
other in the interval[a, b ].
First of all we should find the intersection point of
y = f ( x ) and y = g( x ). For that we solve f ( x ) = g( x ). Let
y = g(x)
the root is x = c . (We consider only one intersection point
Figure 3.35
to illustrate the phenomenon).
Thus, required (shaded) area Y y = f(x)
c b
= ∫ { f ( x ) − g( x )}dx + ∫ { g( x ) − f ( x )} dx
a c
Y
y = g(x)
X
y = g(x) O
x=b
x=a
y = f(x) Figure 3.36
X
O a c b y Example 17 Sketch the curves and identify the
region bounded by x = 1 / 2 , x = 2, y = log e x and
Figure 3.33
y = 2 x . Find the area of this region. [IIT JEE 1991]
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 183
Sol. The required area is the shaded portion in the following Now, we know that
figure. C ≤ 0 denotes the region, inside the circle C = 0.
y = 2x
Y P ≤ 0 denotes the region, inside the parabola P = 0.
S ≤ 0 denotes the region, which is negative side of the line
S = 0.
∴ Required area = Area of curvilinear ∆OMRO
y = loge x + Area of trapezium MNSR – Area of curvilinear ∆ONSO
2 1
∫0
X
= 8x dx +
( MR + NS ) ⋅ MN
2
x=2 – (Area of square ONSG − Area of sector OSGO)
x = 1/2 2 1 π ⋅ 32
=∫ 8x dx + ( 4 + 3) ⋅ 1 − 32 −
1 0 2 4
In the region ≤ x ≤ 2; the curve y = 2x lies above as
2 9 π 1
compared to y = loge x . = − sq units
2
4 6
Hence, required area = ∫1/ 2 (2x − log x ) dx
2x
2 y Example 19 Find the area of the region
= − ( x log x − x ) {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}.
log 2 1/ 2
Sol. Let R = {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 + 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}
4 − 2 5 3
= − log 2 + sq units = {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 + 1} ∩ {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x + 1}
log 2 2 2
∩ {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}
= R1 ∩ R 2 ∩ R 3
y Example 18 Find the area given by
where, R1 = {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x 2 + 1}
x + y ≤ 6, x 2 + y 2 ≤ 6 y and y 2 ≤ 8 x .
R 2 = {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x + 1}
Sol. Let us consider the curves
and R 3 = {( x , y ) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2}
P ≡ y 2 − 8x = 0 …(i)
Thus, the sketch of R1, R 2 and R 3 are
C ≡ x 2 + y 2 = 6y
Y
i.e. x 2 + ( y − 3) 2 − 9 = 0 …(ii) 5
1
S ≡ x +y −6=0
+
and …(iii)
x2
4
y=
The intersection points of the curves (ii) and (iii) are given y=x+1
by 3 (2, 3)
y = x2 + 1 (1, 2)
(6 − y )2 + y 2 − 6y = 0 2
i.e. y = 3, 6 (0, 1)
Y R1∩R2∩R3
P (0, 6) R (2, 4) X
O 1 2
Sol. The region formed by y ≥ x is the outer region of the Thus, required area
parabola y 2 = x , when y ≥ 0 and x ≥ 0 and x 2 + y 2 < 2 is 3 − 3 ( 1 + x ) − ( 3 − x ) ( x − 1)
the region inner to circle x 2 + y 2 = 2 shown as in figure.
= ∫1
2
− 3 ( 1 + x ) + ( 3 − x ) ( x − 1)
− dx
y=x 2
x, y > 0
=− (3 − x ) ( x − 1) dx = ∫ 12 − ( x − 2)2 dx
3 3
∫1 1
O 1
1 3
1 −1 x − 2
= −
2 ( x − 2 ) − x 2
+ 4 x − 3 + sin
2 1 1
π
= sq units
Now, to find the point of intersection put y 2 = x in 2
x 2 + y 2 = 2. {x } , x ∉ Z
y Example 22 If f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = { x } 2
⇒ x2 + x − 2 = 0 1, x ∈ Z
⇒ ( x + 2) ( x − 1) = 0 (where, {.} denotes fractional part of x), then the
⇒ x = 1, as x ≥ 0 area bounded by f ( x ) and g ( x ) for x ∈[0, 10] is
1
∴ Required area = ∫0 ( 2 − x 2 − x ) dx 5
(a) sq units (b) 5 sq units
1
3
x 2 − x2 x 2 3/2 10
= + sin − 1 − x (c) sq units (d) None of these
2 2 3 3
0
1 π 2 π 1 { x } , x ∉z
= + − = − sq units Sol. As, f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = { x } 2 , where both f ( x )
2 4 3 4 6 1 , x ∈z
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. and g ( x ) are periodic with period ‘1’ shown as
the curve 5x 2 + 6 xy + 2y 2 + 7 x + 6 y + 6 = 0. 1
∴ 2y 2 + 6 (1 + x ) y + (5x 2 + 7 x + 6) = 0 1
= 10 ∫ [( x )1/ 2 − x 2 ] dx
0
− 3 ( 1 + x ) ± ( 3 − x ) ( x − 1)
⇒ y= x 3/2 x 3
1
2 = 10 −
Clearly, the values of y are real for all x ∈[1, 3]. Thus, the 3/2 3 0
graph is as shown below
2 1 10
= 10 − = sq units
Y 3 3 3
O 1 2 3 Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
X
= ∫1
2
(2x 2 − 2) dx + ∫
2
( 4 − x 2 ) dx y Example 25 Let f ( x ) = x 2 , g ( x ) = cos x and
2
2 2 α , β (α < β) be the roots of the equation
x3 x3
= 2 ⋅ − 2x + 4 x − 18 x 2 − 9 πx + π 2 = 0. Then, the area bounded by the
3 1 3 2 curves y = fog ( x ), the ordinates x = α , x = β and the
Y X-axis is
1 π
2 (a) (π − 3) sq units (b) sq units
2 3
π π
(c) sq units (d) sq units
4 12
Sol. Here, y = fog ( x ) = f { g ( x )} = (cos x )2 = cos 2 x
y X Also, 18x 2 − 9 πx + π 2 = 0
–2 –1 O 1 2
⇒ ( 3x − π ) ( 6x − π ) = 0
4 2 2 8 2 2 π π
= − 2 2 − − 2 + 8 − − 4 2 − ⇒ x = , (as α, β)
3 3 3 3 6 3
20 20 − 12 2
= − 4 2 + = sq units
3 3
O π/2 π 3π X 1 π 1 3 3 π
2π = + − =
–1 2 2 6 2 2 2 12
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Thus, | y | = sin 2x is whenever positive, y can have both
positive and negative values, i.e. the curve is symmetric y Example 26 Find the area bounded by the curves
about the axes. x 2 + y 2 = 25, 4 y = | 4 − x 2 | and x = 0 above the X-axis.
π 3π
sin 2x is positive only in 0 ≤ x ≤ and π ≤ x ≤ ⋅ Thus, Sol. The 1st curve is a circle of radius 5 with centre at (0, 0).
2 2
π
the curve consists of two loops one in 0, and another 4 − x2 x2
2 The 2nd curve is y = = 1 −
3π 4 4
in π, .
2 which can be traced easily by graph transformation.
y
O π/2 π 3π x
2
π /2
Thus, required area = 4 ∫0 (sin 2x ) dx (–5, 0) (–4, 0) (–2, 0) (2, 0) (4, 0) (5, 0)
π /2
cos 2x
= 4 − = − 2 (cos π − cos 0)
2 0
= − 2 ( − 1 − 1) = 4 sq units
Hence, (d) is the correct answer. When the two curves intersect each other, then
186 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x2
2
1
x + 1 −
2
= 25 ⇒ x = ± 4 y Example 28 Let f ( x ) = max sin x , cos x , , then
4 2
4 x 2 determine the area of region bounded by the curves
Hence, required area = 2 ∫ 25 − x 2 − 1 − dx y = f ( x ), X-axis, Y -axis and x = 2π .
0
4
1
4 2 x2 4 x2 Sol. We have, f ( x ) = max sin x , cos x , . Graphically, f ( x )
= 2 ∫ 25 − x 2 dx − ∫ 1 − dx + ∫ 1 − dx 2
0 0
4 2
4 could be drawn as
Y
25 4 4 8 4
= 2 6 + sin −1 − − = 25 sin −1 + 4 cos x sin x
2 5 3 3 5 1
cos x
1/2
1/2
y Example 27 Find the area enclosed by | x | + | y | = 1. p X
O p/4 5p/6 5p/3 2p
Sol. From the given equation, we have
| y | = 1 − | x |0 [Q| y |0]
⇒ − 1≤ x ≤ 1 Here, the graph is plotted between 0 to 2π and between the
points of intersection the maximum portion is included,
Y thus the shaded part is required area
1 Interval Value of f ( x )
i.e. for 0≤ x < π / 4 cos x
for π / 4 ≤ x < 5π / 6 sin x
for 5π / 6 ≤ x < 5π / 3 1/2
X
–1 O 1 for 5π / 3 ≤ x < 2π cos x
Hence, required area
π /4 5π /6 5π /3 1 2π
I =∫ cos x dx + ∫ sin x dx + ∫ dx +∫ cos x dx
0 π /4 5π /6 2 5π /3
–1 π /4 5π /6 1 5π /3 2π
= (sin x )0 − (cos x ) π / 4 + ( x )5 π / 6 + (sin x )5 π / 3
Therefore, the curve exists for x ∈ [ − 1, 1] only 2
|x |−1 1 3 1 1 5π 5π 3
and for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1; y = ± (1 − | x | ) i.e. y = = − 0 − − − + − + 0 +
2 2 2 2 3 6 2
− (| x | − 1)
Thus, the required graph is as given in figure. 5π
= + 2 + 3 sq units
∴ Required area = ( 2 )2 = 2 sq units 12
2. The area bounded by the curve y = 2x − x and the straight line y = x is given by
2
3. The area bounded by the curve y = x x , X-axis and the ordinates x = − 1, x = 1is given by
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) None of these
5. The area of the figure bounded by the cuves y = e x , y = e − x and the straight line x = 1is
1 1 1
(a) e + (b) e − (c) e + −2 (d) None of these
e e e
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 187
6. Area of the region bounded by the curve y 2 = 4x ,Y-axis and the line y = 3 is
(a) 2 (b) 9/4 (c) 6 3 (d) None of these
7. The area of the figure bounded by y = sin x , y = cos x is the first quadrant is
(a) 2 ( 2 − 1) (b) 3 + 1 (c) 2 ( 3 − 1) (d) None of these
−x
8. The area bounded by the curves y = xe , y = xe x
and the line x = 1is
2 2 1 1
(a) (b) 1 − (c) (d) 1 −
e e e e
9. The areas of the figure into which the curve y 2 = 6x divides the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 are in the ratio
2 4π − 3 4π + 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
3 8π + 3 8π − 3
8 8 8 8
(a) 2 π + (b) 4 π + (c) π + (d) π −
3 3 3 3
1
14. A point P moves inside a triangle formed by A (0, 0), B 1, , C (2, 0 ) such that min {PA, PB, PC} = 1, then the
3
area bounded by the curve traced by P, is
3π π π 3π
(a) 3 3 − (b) 3 + (c) 3 − (d) 3 3 +
2 2 2 2
15. The graph of y 2 + 2xy + 40 | x | = 400 divides the plane into regions. The area of the bounded region is
(a) 400 (b) 800 (c) 600 (c) None of these
16. The area of the region defined by | x | − | y | ≤ 1and x + y ≤ 1 in the xy - plane is
2 2
8 2 2
(a) (7 + 5 5 ) sq units (b) (7 + 5 5 ) sq units (c) (5 5 − 7) sq units (d) None of these
3 3 3
π
19. The area bounded by the curve f ( x ) = | tan x + cot x | − | tan x − cot x | between the lines x = 0, x = and the
2
X-axis is
(a) log 4 (b) log 2 (c) 2 log 2 (d) 2 log 2
If f ( x ) = max sin x , cos x , , then the area of the region bounded by the curves y = f ( x ), X -axis, Y-axis and
1
20.
2
5π
x = is
3
5π 5π
(a) 2 − 3+ sq units (b) 2 + 3+ sq units
12 2
5π
(c) 2 + 3+ sq units (d) None of these
2
JEE Type Solved Examples :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
2
l Ex. 1 If A denotes the area bounded by Required area = 4 ∫ ( 5 − x 2 − 1 ) dx
sin x + cos x 1
f (x ) = , X-axis, x = π and x = 3π, then 2 1
x = 10 sin −1 − sin −1 − 4
5 5
(a) 1 < A < 2 (b) 0 < A < 2
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
(c) 2 < A < 3 (d) None of these
2 2 2π | sin x + cos x| 2 2 l Ex. 4 The area of the region between the curves
Sol. <∫ dx <
2π π x 2π 1 + sin x 1 − sin x
1 1 1 y= and y = and bounded by the lines
Q π < x < 2π ⇒ < < ...(i) cos x cos x
2 π x π
π
2 2 3π | sin x + cos x | 2 2 x = 0 and x = is
<∫ dx < ...(ii) 4 [IIT JEE 2008]
3π 2π x 2π
2 −1 t
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) ∫ dt
5 2 3 2
0
(1 + t ) 1 − t 2
2
<A<
3π π 2 −1 4t
(b) ∫ dt
⇒ 0.75 < A < 1.3 0
(1 + t ) 1 − t 2
2
l Ex. 8 Consider the functions f ( x ) and g ( x ), both l Ex. 9 Area of the region bounded by the curve y = e x
defined from R → R and are defined as f ( x ) = 2 x − x 2 and and lines x = 0 and y = e is [IIT JEE 2009]
e
g ( x ) = x n where n ∈N . If the area between f ( x ) and g ( x ) is (a) e − 1 (b) ∫ ln (e + 1 − y ) dy
1
1/2, then n is a divisor of 1 e
(a) 12 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 30 (c) e − ∫ e x dx (d) ∫ lny dy
0 1
Sol. Solving, f ( x ) = 2 x − x 2 and g( x ) = xn we have
Sol. Shaded area = e − ∫ e x dx = 1
1
2 x − x 2 = xn ⇒ x = 0 and x = 1 0
g(x) = xn Y
O
X
O 1
n + 1 1
1 x3 x
A = ∫ (2 x − x 2 − xn ) dx = x 2 − −
0
3 n + 1 0
e
=1− −
1 1 2
= −
1 Also, ∫ 1 ln(e + 1 − y ) dy
3 n+1 3 n+1
2 1 1 2 1 1 Put e + 1 −y = t
Since, − = ⇒ − =
3 n+1 2 3 2 n+1 ⇒ −dy = dt
4 −3 1 1
= ∫ ln t( −dt ) =
e
⇒
6
=
n+1
⇒ n+1 =6 0 ∫ 0 lnt dt
⇒ n =5 e
= ∫ ln y dy = 1
1
Thus, n is a divisor of 15, 20, 30.
Hence, (b), (c) and (d) are the correct answers. Hence, (b), (c) and (d) are the correct answers.
Sol. xn+ 1 = x 3 ⇒ n = 2. b x
(d) − ∫ dx − bf (b ) + af (a )
Hence, (b) is the correct answer. a 3 [{ f ( x )} 2 − 1]
b b
l Ex. 15 The whole area bounded by y = f ( x ), y = g ( x ) Sol. Required area = ∫ f ( x ) dx = [ xf ( x )]ba − ∫ xf ′ ( x ) dx
a a
b x
and x = 0 is = bf (b ) − af (a ) + ∫ a 3[{ f (x )} 2 − 1] dx
11 8 13
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
8 3 3
1 1 11 1
Sol. Required area = ∫ sin 4 πx dx − ∫ ln x dx =
0 0 8
l Ex. 18 ∫ −1 g ′ ( x ) dx is equal to
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. (a) 2g( −1) (b) 0 (c) −2g(1) (d) 2g(1)
1
Passage III Sol. I = ∫ g′ ( x ) dx = [ g( x )]1−1 = g(1 ) − g( −1 )
−1
(Q. Nos. 16 to 18)
Since, y 3 − 3y + x = 0 ...(i)
Consider the function defined implicitly by the equation
y 3 − 3y + x = 0 on various intervals in the real line. If and y = g( x )
Since, { g( x )} 3 − 3 g( x ) + x = 0 [by Eq. (i)]
x ∈( −∞,−2 ) ∪ ( 2, ∞ ), the equation implicitly defines a
unique real-valued differentiable function y = f ( x ). If At x = 1, { g(1 )} − 3 g(1 ) + 1 = 0
3
...(ii)
x ∈( −2, 2 ), the equation implicitly defines a unique At x = −1, { g( −1 )} 3 − 3 g( −1 ) − 1 = 0 ...(iii)
real-valued differentiable function y = g ( x ) satisfying
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
g(0 ) = 0. [IIT JEE 2008]
{ g(1 )} 3 + { g( −1 )} 3 − 3 { g(1 ) + g( −1 )} = 0
l Ex. 16 If f ( −10 2 ) = 2 2, then f ′′( −10 2 ) is equal to { g(1 ) + g( −1 )} { g(1 ) 2 + g( −1 ) 2 − g(1 ) g( −1 ) − 3 } = 0
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 ⇒ g(1 ) + g( −1 ) = 0, g(1 ) = − g( −1 )
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
7 33 2 7 33 2 7 33 7 33 ⇒ I = g(1 ) − g( −1 ) = g(1 ) − ( − g(1 )) = 2 g(1 )
Sol. ∴ y 3 − 3y + x = 0 Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
192 Textbook of Integral Calculus
π 2 ⇒ Curve is y = e − a eax ⇒ y = e a ( x − 1)
Sol. Here, y = cos x − cos x and y = x x 2 − could be
2 2
4 Y
drawn as in figure. 1 +1
y = x2(x2 – π )
Y 2 a
4
a P (1, 1)
e
X
O π
–π
2 y=cos x
2 X
– cos2 x O
1 1 1 + 1/a
4
0 1
1+
1 a a
π /2 π2 2 = {y (log y − 1 ) + ay }1e –a + (1 + a ) y − y 2
=2 ∫ cos x − cos2 x − x 4 + x dx a 2 a
0 4
1
π /2 = {( − 1 + a ) − e − a ( − a − 1 ) − ae − a}
x sin 2 x x 5 π 2x 3 a
= 2 sin x − − − +
2 4 5 12 0
a
2
1 1
+ (1 + a ) 1 + − 1 − 1 + − 1 2
π π5 a 2 a
=2− +
2 120
1 1 + a a 1 1
= [ − 1 + a + ae − a + e − a − ae − a ] + − 2 +
a a 2 a a
l Ex. 20 A curve y = f ( x ) passes through the point
y y
area of the bounded region enclosed between the parabolas
Using graph transformation we can sketch the curves. x2
x=–e y = x − bx 2 and y = is maximum.
Y b
x2
Sol. Eliminating y from y = and y = x − bx 2, we get
(0, 1) b
x 2 = bx − b 2x 2
X
(1– e, 0) O b
⇒ x = 0,
1 + b2
y
0 ∞
Hence, required area = ∫ log ( x + e ) dx + ∫0 e − x dx
1 −e
e ∞
=∫ log (t ) dt + ∫0 e − x dx
1
(putting x + e = t ) x
= [t log t − t ]1e − [e −x
] ∞
0 =1 + 1 =2
O
(1 +bb , 0 (
2
C B X
(–a, 0) O (a, 0)
y = –x
⇒ x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 − x
(0, –a)
⇒ x 2 + y 2 ≤ x 2 − 2x + 1
From the figure it can be concluded that when powers of | x |
⇒ y 2 ≤ 1 − 2x
and | y | both is reduced to half the straight lines get stretched
Similarly, for points lying in the ∆OAD the side y = 1 is the inside taking the shape as above.
closest side and therefore the region S is determined by
Thus, required area = 4 [shaded area in the first quadrant]
x 2 ≤ 1 − 2y
πa 2 a
Since, the edges are symmetric about the origin. Hence, by the =4 − ∫ ( a − x ) 2 dx
above inequality and by symmetry, the required area will be the 4 0
shaded portion in the figure given below (since in 1st quadrant x, y > 0 ), hence
Y y=x | x| + |y | = a
⇒ x + y = a
M ⇒ y = ( a − x )2
L
O N (1/2,0) X (0, a)
x 2 + y 2 = a2
(a, 0)
(–a, 0) O
y = –x x + y = a
other, then x + y =a
(0, –a)
x 2 = 1 − 2x ⇒ x 2 + 2x − 1 = 0
2
⇒ x = 2 − 1, − 2 − 1 Hence, required the area = π − a 2
3
196 Textbook of Integral Calculus
l Ex. 30 Show that the area included between the parabo- Hence, required area
8 1
= ∫ {( x + x x ) − (x − x
las y 2 = 4a ( x + a ) and y 2 = 4b (b − x ) is (a + b ) ab . 0
x )} dx
3
Sol. Given parabolas are 1
= ∫ (2 x x ) dx
y = 4a ( x + a )
2
…(i) 0
1 4
and y 2 = 4b (b − x ) …(ii) = 2 ∫ x 3/2 dx = sq unit
0 5
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x = (b − a ) and y = ± 2 ab l Ex. 32 Prove that the areas S 0 , S1 , S 2 ,… bounded by the
∴ P and Q are (b − a, 2 ab ) and (b − a, − 2 ab ) respectively, X-axis and half-waves of the curve y = e − αx sin βx , x 0.
and the points A and A′ are ( − a, 0 ) and (b, 0 ), respectively. form a geometric progression with the common ratio
Y g = e − π α /β .
P
Sol. The curve y = e − α x sin βx intersects the positive X-axis at the
points where y = 0.
∴ e − α x sin βx = 0
X
A O M A′ Y
(–a, 0) (b, 0) +1
y = e –αx
S0
Q S2
X
Now, required area = Area APA′ QA = 2 Area APA′ A O π/β 2π/β 3π/β S3
S1
= 2 [ Area APMA + Area MPA′ M ] –αx
y = –e
b −a
=2 2 b (b − x ) dx
b
∫ −a 2 a (a + x ) dx + ∫b −a
–1
b −a nπ
b
⇒ sin βx = 0 ⇒ xn = , n = 0, 1, 2, …
=4 a ∫ −a a + x dx + 4 b ∫b −a b − x dx
β
2
b −a
2
b The function y = e − α x sin βx is positive in the interval
=4 a (a + x ) 3/2 + 4 b − (b − x ) 3/2
3 −a 3 b −a
( x 2K , x 2 K + 1 ) and negative in ( x 2K + 1, x 2K + 2 ), i.e. the sign of the
function in the interval ( xn , xn + 1 ), therefore
8 8 b 8 (n + 1) π / β − α x
= a (b ) 3/2 + (a ) 3/2 = ab (a + b ) sq units Sn = ∫ e sin βx dx
3 3 3 n π /β
(n + 1) π / β
( − 1 )n + 1 e − αx
l Ex. 31 Determine the area of the figure bounded by two = (α sin β x + β cos β x )
branches of the curve (y − x ) 2 = x 3 and the straight line x =1. α +β
2 2
n π /β
Sol. Given curves are (y − x ) 2 = x 3 βe − n π α / β
= {1 + e − π α /β }
y −x=±x x (α 2 + β 2 )
y =x+x x …(i) βe − (n + 1) π α /β {1 + e − π α /β }
y =x−x Sn + 1 (α 2 + β 2 )
x …(ii) Hence, g = = − n π α /β
= e − π α /β
Sn βe {1 + e − π α /β }
and x =1 …(iii)
α 2 + β2
Which could be drawn as; shown in figure.
which completes the proof.
Y
x
x l Ex. 33 Let b ≠ 0 and for j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n. Let S j be the area
x+
y=
y=x–x x
of the region bounded by Y-axis and the curve x ⋅ e ay = sin by ,
jπ ( j + 1) π
X ≤y ≤ . Show that S 0 , S1 , S 2 , ..., Sn are in geomet-
O 1/2 1 2 b b
ric progression. Also, find their sum for a = −1 and b = π.
( j + 1) π /b ( j + 1) π /b − ay sin by
Sol. Here, S j = ∫ x dy = ∫ e dy
j π /b j π /b
x=1
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 197
( j + 1) π /b 1 e t1 + e − t1
e − ay e t1 − e − t1 t1 dx
= 2 ( − a sin by − b cos by ) =2 −∫ y dt
a +b 2 2 2 dt
2 1
j π /b
e 2t1 − e − 2t1 t1 e t − e − t
2
e − a ( j + 1) π /b e − aj π /b
= × (− b ) (− 1) j + 1 − 2 ( −b ) ( −1 ) j = 2 −∫ dt
a +b
2 2
a + b2 8 0 2
e − a ( j + 1) π /b e − ajπ /b e 2t1 − e − 2t1 1 t1
=|b | + = − ∫0 (e 2t + e − 2t − 2 ) dt
a +b a2 + b2
2 2
4 2
t1
e − ajπ /b − aπ /b e 2t1 − e − 2t1 1 e 2t1 e − 2t1
=|b | {e + 1}; { j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n} = − − − 2t1
a2 + b2 4 2 2 2 0
S j +1 e − a ( j + 1) π /b − aπ /b e − ajπ /b − aπ /b
Now, = |b | {e + 1} | b | 2 {e + 1} e 2t1 − e − 2t1 1 e 2t1 e − 2t1
Sj a +b
2 2
a + b2 = − − − 2t1 = t1
4 2 2 2
= e − aπ /b for all j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n
Hence, S 0, S1, S 2, ..., Sn are in GP with common ratio e − aπ /b . l Ex. 35 Find the area enclosed by circle x 2 + y 2 = 4,
For a = − 1 and b = π, we have x x
parabola y = x 2 + x + 1, the curve y = sin 2 + cos and
e j π (e + 1 ) 4 4
Sj = ; j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n
π2 + 1 X-axis (where, [.] is the greatest integer function).
n n
e jπ (e + 1 ) (e + 1 ) π en + 1 − 1 x x
y = sin 2 + cos
∴ ∑ Sj = ∑ π2 + 1
=
π + 1 e −1
Sol. Q
4 4
j =0 j =0
x x
Q 1 < sin 2 + cos < 2 for x ∈ ( − 2, 2 ]
4 4
l Ex. 34 For any real
2 x x
et + e − t et − e − t ∴ y = sin + cos =1
t, x = 2 + ,y = 2 + is a point on the hyper- 4 4
2 2
Y
bola x 2 − y 2 − 4 x + 4y − 1 = 0. Find the area bounded by the
(0, 2)
hyperbola and the lines joining the centre to the points
corresponding to t 1 and − t 1 .
et + e − t et − e − t
Sol. The points x = 2 + ,y =2 + is on the curve
2 2
X
( x − 2 ) 2 − (y − 2 ) 2 = 1 or x 2 − y 2 − 4 x + 4y − 1 = 0 (–2, 0) – 3 –1 –1/2 O 3 (2, 0)
Y
t)
P( 1
(0, –2)
g
y = (1–x)2
ctin
x
gle
max
12 − 3 x 2
ma
2 6 /3
Ne Required area = ∫ − 1 dx
Ne
− 2 6 /3 4
gle
max y = 2x (1–x)
cti
n
3 2 6 /3 2 6 /3
g
X
=
2 ∫−2 6 /3
4 − x 2 dx − ∫
− 2 6 /3
1 dx
O 1 1 2 1
Ne
3 2 3 2 2 4
gl
= 2 sin − 1 + − 6
ect
3 3 3
in g
For figure it is clear that maximum graph (i.e. above max graph − 2, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
l Ex. 38 Let f (x ) = , where
x − 2, 0 < x ≤ 3
is considered and others are neglected).
1
∴ For x ∈ 0, , x 2 ≤ 2 x (1 − x ) ≤ (1 − x ) 2 g ( x ) = min { f (| x | ) + | f ( x ) |, f (| x | ) − | f ( x ) | }. Find the
3
area bounded by the curve g ( x ) and the X-axis between the
1 1 ordinates at x = 3 and x = − 3.
For x ∈ , , x 2 ≤ (1 − x ) 2 ≤ 2 x (1 − x )
3 2
− x − 2, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
1 2 Sol. Here, f (| x | ) =
For x ∈ , , (1 − x ) 2 ≤ x 2 ≤ 2 x (1 − x ) x − 2, 0 < x ≤ 3
2 3
2, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
2
For x ∈ , 1 , (1 − x ) 2 ≤ 2 x (1 − x ) ≤ x 2 | f ( x ) | = − x + 2, 0 < x ≤ 2
3 x − 2, 2 < x ≤ 3
Hence, f ( x ) can be written as
− x − 4, − 3 ≤ x ≤ 0
(1 − x ) 2 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 / 3
∴ f (| x | ) − | f ( x ) | = 2 x − 4, 0 < x ≤ 2
f ( x ) = 2 x (1 − x ), for 1 / 3 ≤ x ≤ 2 / 3 0,
2 < x ≤3
2
x , for 2 / 3 ≤ x ≤ 1
Hence, the area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ); X -axis and the Y
f (x)
lines x = 0 and x = 1 is given by
1/ 3 2/ 3 1 (3, 1)
=∫ (1 − x ) 2 dx + ∫ 1/ 3 2 x (1 − x ) dx + ∫ 2/ 3 ( x
2
) dx
0 X
–3 O 2 3
17
= sq unit
27
–2
l Ex. 37 Find the ratio in which the curve, Graph of f (x)
y = [ − 0.01 x 4 − 0.02 x 2 ] [where, [⋅] denotes the greatest inte- Y
y = (|x|)
ger function) divides the ellipse 3 x 2 + 4y 2 = 12.
Sol. Here, y = [ − 0.01 x 4 − 0.02 x 2 ]
X
i.e. y = − 1, when − 2 < x < 2 –2 O 2
y = − 1 cut the ellipse 3 x 2 + 4y 2 = 12
8 2 2 (0, –2)
At x 2 = or x = ±
3 3 Graph of f (|x|)
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 199
Y 1
l Ex. 40 Let O (0, 0 ), A ( 2, 0 ) and B 1, be the vertices
3
(3, 1)
of a triangle. Let R be the region consisting of all those
X points P inside ∆ OAB which satisfy
O 2 3
d (P , OA ) ≤ min {d (P , OB ), d (P , AB )} , when ‘d’ denotes the
distance from the point to the corresponding line. Sketch the
region R and find its area. [IIT JEE 1997]
Graph of |f (x)| Sol. Let the coordinate of P be ( x, y ).
Equation of line OA ≡ y = 0
Y
Equation of line OB ≡ 3y = x
Equation of line AB = 3y = 2 − x
–3
X d ( P , OA ) = Distance of P from line OA = y
O 2 3 | 3y − x |
(–3,–1) d ( P , OB ) = Distance of P from line OB =
2
| 3y + x − 2 |
d ( P , AB ) = Distance of P from line AB =
(0,–4) 2
Graph of g(x)
Y
Since, | f ( x ) | is always positive. 1
B
3
g( x ) = f (| x | ) − | f ( x ) |
where the graphs could be drawn as shown in above figures.
P
From the graph, required area
1 1 23 X
= (1 + 4 ) × 3 + × 2 × 4 + 0 = sq units O (0, 0) A (2, 0)
2 2 2
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), P moves inside the triangle as shown in Sol. We have, x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 2y + 1 = 0
figure. or ( x − 2 ) 2 + (y + 1 ) 2 = 4 …(i)
Y 1
B 1,( )
3
Y
Q (x–2)2 +(y+1)2 = 4
x x x x x x x
A x x x x x x x (4, 0)
x x x x x x x
X x x x x x x x X
O (0, 0) C (2, 0) O (2– 3, 0) (2+ 3, 0)
(1, 0)
3
x x
As ∠QOB = ∠OBQ = 15 °, ∆OQB is an isosceles triangle
f (x) = )100 + )= 0
35
⇒ OC = AC = 1 unit for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
1
Area of shaded region = area of ∆OQA = (base) × (height) Now, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4,
2
1 x3 x x3 x
= (2 ) (1 tan 15 ° ) = tan 15 ° 0≤ + <1 ⇒ + =0
2 100 35 100 35
= (2 − 3 ) sq units So, we have to find out the ratio in which X-axis divides the
circle (i).
l Ex. 41 A curve y = f ( x ) passes through the origin and Now, at X-axis, y =0
lies entirely in the first quadrant. Through any point P ( x , y ) So, (x − 2)2 = 3
on the curve, lines are drawn parallel to the coordinate axes. So, it cuts the X-axis at (2 − 3, 0 ) and (2 + 3, 0 ).
If the curve divides the area formed by these lines and coor- 2+ 3
dinate axes in m : n, find f ( x ). Therefore, required area, A = ∫ ( 4 − ( x − 2 ) 2 − 1 ) dx
2− 3
x
Sol. Area of (OAPB ) = xy , Area of (OAPO ) = ∫ f (t ) dt 4π − 3 3
0 =
3
Y y = f (x) A 4π − 3 3
∴ Required ratio = =
4π − A 8π + 3 3
x
0
f (t ) dt
=
m So, ∫1 ( f ( x ) − x ) dx = (t + 1 + t 2 ) − (1 + 2 )
∫0 f (t ) dt n
Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. t, we get
x
⇒ n xy = (m + n ) ∫ f (t ) dt f (t ) − t = 1 +
t
⇒ f (t ) = 1 + t +
t
0
1 + t2 1 + t2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy x
n x + y = (m + n ) f ( x ) = (m + n ) y , as y = f ( x ) or f (x ) = 1 + x +
dx 1 + x2
m dx dy m
⋅ = ⇒ ⋅ (log x ) = log y − log c, where c is a constant. l Ex. 44 The area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ), X-axis
n x y n
⇒ y = cxm /n and ordinates x =1and x = b is (b − 1) sin (3b + 4 ) , find f ( x ) .
Sol. We know that the area bounded by the curve y = f ( x ), X-axis
b
l Ex. 42 Find the ratio of the areas in which the curve and the ordinates x = 1 and x = b is ∫ f ( x ) dx.
1
x3 x b
y = + divides the circle x + y − 4 x + 2y + 1 = 0
2 2 From the question; ∫ f ( x ) dx = (b − 1 ) sin (3b + 4 )
1
100 35 Differentiating w.r.t. b, we get
(where, [.] denotes the greatest integer function). f (b ) ⋅ 1 = 3 (b − 1 ) cos (3b + 4 ) + sin (3b + 4 )
⇒ f ( x ) = 3 ( x − 1 ) cos (3 x + 4 ) + sin (3 x + 4 )
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 201
l Ex. 45 Find the area of region enclosed by the curve l Ex. 46 Let f ( x ) be a function which satisfy the equation
(x − y ) 2 (x + y ) 2 f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f (y ) for all x > 0, y > 0 such that f ′ (1) = 2.
+ = 2 (a > b), the line y = x and the posi- Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
a2 b2
tive X-axis. y = f ( x ), y = | x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 | and x = 0.
(x − y )2 (x + y )2 Sol. Take x = y = 1 ⇒ f (1 ) = 0
Sol. The given curve + = 2 is an ellipse major 1
a b2 2
Now, y =
and minor axes are x − y = 0 and x + y = 0, respectively. x
1 1 1
The required area is shown with shaded region. ⇒ 0 = f x ⋅ = f (x ) + f ⇒ f = − f (x )
x x x
Y x 1
y = –x y=x ∴ f = f ( x ) + f = f ( x ) − f (y ) …(i)
y y
f (x + h ) − f (x )
Now, f ′ ( x ) = lim
h→ 0 h
X
x+h
O f
x
= lim [using Eq. (i)]
h→ 0 h
h
f 1 + − f (1 )
x f ′ (1 )
Instead of directly solving the problem we can solve equivalent = lim = [Q f (1 ) = 0 ]
h→ 0 h x
problem with equivalent ellipse whose axes are x = 0 and y = 0. ⋅x
2 x
The equivalent region is shown as (OA′ B′ O ) where the f ′ (x ) =
x2 y 2 x
equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1 . ⇒ f ( x ) = 2 log x + c [since, f (1 ) = 0 ⇒ c = 0]
a b
∴ Required area = Area ( ∆OA′ A′′ + A′ A′′ B′ ) ⇒ f ( x ) = 2 log x
Thus, f ( x ) = 2 log x and y = | x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11 x − 6 | could be
ab ab
where, A′ = , plotted as
a2 + b2 a +b
2 2
y = 2 log x
Y
1 ab ab 1 a 2b 2 y=|x3– 6x2+11x–6|
Area ∆OA′ A′′ = × × = 2 …(i) 1 A
a2 + b2 2 a + b
2
2 a2 + b2
O
a x2 X
Area of A′ B′ A′′ = ∫ ab b 1 − 2 dx B
a
a2 + b2
b a
a ∫
= ⋅ ab a 2 − x 2 dx
2
a +b 2 C
a Hence, required area
b x a 2
x
= a2 − x2 + sin − 1
a 2
1 0
2 a ab / = ∫ ( x 3 − 6 x 2 + 11 x − 6 ) dx + ∫−∞ e
y /2
dy
a2 + b2 0
1
b a2 π ab a 2b 2 x 4 6 x 3 11 x 2
= − +
− 6x + 2 (e y /2 ) 0− ∞
= 0+ ⋅ − ⋅ a 2 − 2
a 2 2 2 a2 + b2 a + b 2 4 3 2
0
a2 b 1 11
− sin − 1 = −2 + − 6 − ( 0 ) + 2 (e 0 − e − ∞ )
2 a 2 + b 2 4 2
1 11 1
b π a2 a2 b a 3b = + − 8 + 2 = − sq unit
= − sin − 1 − 4 2 4
a 4 2 a 2 + b 2 2 (a 2 + b 2 )
l Ex. 47 Find the area of the region which contains all the
π ab ab a 2b 2
= − sin − 1 b − …(ii) points satisfying condition | x − 2y | + | x + 2y | ≤ 8 and xy ≥ 2.
4 2 a 2 + b 2 2 (a + b )
2 2
x
Sol. The line y = ± divide the xy plane in four parts
Hence, required area = Sum of Eqs. (i) and (ii) 2
Region I 2y − x ≤ 0 and 2y + x ≥ 0
π ab ab b
= − sin − 1 So that, | x − 2y | + | x + 2y | ≤ 8
a +b
4 2 2 2
⇒ ( x − 2y ) + ( x + 2y ) ≤ 8 ⇒ 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
202 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Region II 2y − x 0 and 2y + x ≥ 0 1
{x} − , if x ∉ I
So that, | x − 2y | + | x + 2y | ≤ 8 = 2
0, if x ∈ I
⇒ − ( x − 2y ) + ( x + 2y ) ≤ 8 ⇒ 0 ≤ y ≤ 2
Region III 2y + x ≤ 0, 2y − x ≥ 0 Thus, g( x ) = max { x 2, f ( x ), | x | }
So that, | x − 2y | + | x + 2y | ≤ 8 which could be graphically expressed as
⇒ − ( x − 2y ) − ( x + 2y ) ≤ 8 ⇒ − 4 ≤ x ≤ 0
y = x2 y = x2
max
Region II y= x y= x
x
2y –x ≥ 0, 2y+x ≥ 0
ma
y
ma x
x max ma
y =1
2
Region III Region I
x –2 –1 –1 O 1
1
2
1 2
2 2 y =– 1
2y–x ≥ 0, 2y+x ≤ 0 2y–x ≤ 0, 2y+x ≥ 0 2
x 2, − 2 ≤ x ≤ − 1
Region IV − x, − 1 ≤ x ≤ − 1 / 4
2y–x ≤ 0, 2y+x ≤ 0 1
Clearly, g( x ) = x + , − 1 / 4 ≤ x ≤ 0
2
Region IV 2y + x ≤ 0, 2y − x ≤ 0
x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
So that, | x − 2y | + | x + 2y | ≤ 8 ⇒ − 2 ≤ y ≤ 0
x 2
, 1 ≤ x ≤2
Here, all the points lie in the rectangle.
2
Hence, required area = ∫ g( x ) dx
Y −2
−1 − 1/ 4 0 1
=∫ ( x 2 ) dx + ∫ −1 ( − x ) dx + ∫ − 1/ 4 x + dx
−2 2
(0, 2) D 1 2
C
+ ∫ 0 x dx + ∫ 1 x 2 dx
E
−1 −1 / 4 0 1 2
X x3 x2 x2 1 x2 x 3 275
A (1, 0) B (4, 0) = − + + x + + = sq
3 −2 2 −1 2 2 −1 / 4 2 0 3 1 48
units
1 f ′ (y )
x − [ x ] − , if x ∉ I = lim − 8 x (using L’Hospital’s rule)
Sol. Here, f (x ) = y→ 0 1
2
0, if x ∈ I = f ′ ( 0 ) − 8 x = 8 − 8x [given, f ′ ( 0 ) = 8 ]
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 203
= lim
g( x ) + g(y ) + 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 − g( x ) l Ex. 51 Sketch the graph of cos − 1 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x ) and find
y→ 0 y the area enclosed between y = 0, y = f ( x ) and x ≥ −1 / 2.
g(y ) y (3 x + 3 xy )
2
= lim + Sol. Here, f ( x ) = cos− 1 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x )
y→ 0
y y
Let x = cos θ and 0 ≤θ ≤ π
g′ ( 0 )
= + 3x = − 4 + 3x
2 2
⇒ f ( x ) = cos− 1 ( 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ )
1
∴ g′ ( x ) = − 4 + 3 x 2 = cos− 1 (cos 3θ ); 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 3 π
⇒ g( x ) = x 3 − 4 x [ as g( 0 ) = 0 ] …(ii) 3θ, 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ π
Points where f ( x ) and g( x ) meets, we have ⇒ f ( x ) = 2 π − 3θ, π < 3θ ≤ 2 π
3θ − 2 π , 2 π < 3θ ≤ 3 π
f ( x ) = g( x ) or 8 x − 4 x 2 = x 3 − 4 x
⇒ x = 0, 2, − 6 3 cos− 1 x, 1/2 ≤ x ≤1
−1
Y = 2 π − 3 cos x, −1/2 ≤ x <1
−1
3 cos x − 2 π , − 1 ≤ x < − 1 / 2
y = f(x)
− 3 / 1 − x 2 , 1/2 < x <1
y = g(x)
X ∴ f ′ (x ) = 3 / 1 − x , − 1 / 2 < x < 1 / 2
2
O (2, 0)
− 3 / 1 − x , − 1 < x < − 1 / 2
2
− 3x
, 1/2 < x <1
x 3 − 4 x, x ∈ [ − 2, 0 ] ∪ (2, ∞ )
(1 − x )
2 3/ 2
Now, | g( x ) | =
4 x − x , x ∈ [ − ∞, − 2 ] ∪ ( 0, 2 )
3 3x
and f ′′ ( x ) = , −1/2 < x <1/2
(1 − x )
2 3/ 2
∴ Area bounded by y = f ( x ) and y = | g( x ) | between x = 0 to x = 2
2 − 3x
=∫ {(8 x − 4 x 2 ) − ( 4 x − x 3 )} dx , −1 < x < −1/2
0 (1 − x 2 ) 3/ 2
4 Thus, the graph for f ( x ) = cos− 1 ( 4 x 3 − 3 x ) is
2
=∫ ( x 3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x ) dx = sq units
0 3
Y
l Ex. 50 Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = x 2 and y = sec − 1 [ − sin 2 x ], where [.] denotes the great- π
est integer function.
Sol. As we know, [ − sin 2 x ] = 0 or − 1. But sec − 1 ( 0 ) is not defined.
π/2
Y
X
–1 –1/2 O 1/2 1
y=π
1
Thus, required area = ∫ f ( x ) dx
− 1/ 2
X
– π O π =∫
1/ 2 1
(2 π − 3 cos−1 x )dx + ∫ (3 cos−1 x )dx
− 1/ 2 1/ 2
204 Textbook of Integral Calculus
π
1/ 2 1 (iii) For λ = − a, we have y 2 = 4a ( x + a )
= 2π − 3 ∫ − sin − 1 x dx + 3 ∫ (cos− 1 x ) dx
− 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
x 2 = 4a (y + a )
π 1 as 1/2 sin − 1 x dx = 0
= +3∫ cos− 1 x dx
2 1/ 2 ∫ − 1/2 The point of intersection in the 1st quadrant
P = ((2 + 2 2 ) a, (2 + 2 2 ) a )
π
1 x
= + 3 ( x cos− 1 x )11/2 + ∫ dx Required area = 2 (area of ∆OPQ − area APQA )
2 1/ 2
1−x 2
1
3 3 of ∆OPQ = ⋅ (2 + 2 2 ) 2 a 2 = 2 (1 + 2 ) 2 a 2
On solving, we get = sq units 2
2
(2 + 2 2 ) a (2 + 2 2 ) a x2
Area of APQA = ∫ y dx = ∫ − a dx
2a 2a 4a
l Ex. 52 Consider two curves y 2 = 4a ( x − λ ) and
(2 + 2 2 ) a
x 2 = 4a (y − λ ), where a > 0 and λ is a parameter. Show that 1 x3 ( 2 + 2 2) a
= − a ( x ) 2a
(i) there is a single positive value of λ for which the two 4a 3 2a
curves have exactly one point of intersection in the 1st 1
quadrant find it. = [(2 + 2 2 ) 3 ⋅ a 3 − 8a 3 ] − 2 2 a 2
12a
(ii) there are infinitely many negative values of λ for which 4 2 + 12 2
the two curves have exactly one point of intersection in = a
3
the 1st quadrant.
(iii) if λ = − a, then find the area of the bounded by the 4 2 + 12 2
∴ Required area = 2 2 (1 + 2 ) 2 + a
two curves and the axes in the 1st quadrant. 3
Sol. The two curves are inverse of each other. Hence, the two 4
= (15 + 8 2 ) a 2
curves always meet along the line y = x. 3
Consider, y 2 = 4a ( x − λ ) and put x = y
⇒ y 2 − 4ay + 4aλ = 0
l Ex. 53 Let f ( x ) be continuous function given by
4a ± 4 a 2 − aλ
2x , |x|≤1
⇒ y = = 2a ± a 2 − aλ f (x ) = 2
2 x + ax + b , | x | > 1
Since, y is real ⇒ a 2 − aλ 0 or λ ≤ a
Find the area of the region in the third quadrant bounded
(i) If 0 < λ < a, then there are two distinct values of y and by the curves x = − 2 y 2 and y = f (x ) lying on the left of the
both 2 (a + a 2 − aλ ) and 2 (a − a 2 − aλ ) are positive, line 8x + 1 = 0. [IIT JEE 1999]
i.e. both points lie in the first quadrant. Sol. Given, a continuous function f ( x ), given by
If λ = a, then y = 2a only, i.e. only one point of Y
intersection (2a, 2a ).
Hence, there is exactly one point of intersection in 1st
quadrant for λ = a. It is infact the points of tangency of
the two curves.
(ii) If λ < 0, then y = 2 (a + a 2 − aλ ) > 0 and X
–2 –1 O 1
y = 2 (a − a − aλ ) < 0. i.e. the only point of intersection
2
–1
is in the first quadrant, the other in the 3rd quadrant.
Hence, there are infinitely many such values.
x2 = 4a (y + a) –2
y=x
Y
1
x = –2 x = –1 x = –
y 2 = 4 a (x + a ) 8
B P 2 x, | x | ≤1
(0, 2a) f (x ) = 2
x + ax + b , | x | >1
x 2 + ax + b, − ∞ < x < − 1
Q
X i.e. f (x ) = 2 x, −1 ≤ x ≤1
O A
2 1<x<∞
(2a, 0) x + ax + b ,
Q f is continuous.
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 205
Now, y = x 2 + 2x − 1 = (x + 1)2 − 2 Y
or (y + 2 ) = ( x + 1 ) 2 (1,4) (4,4)
x+y=3 4
y
We need the area of the region in third quadrant bounded by x]
4[
the curves a = − 2y 2, y = f ( x ) lying on the left of the line 2 =
3 x
8 x + 1 = 0.
x
y]
⇒ (y + 2 ) = ( x + 1 ) 2
4[
2
=
y2
Cuts the Y-axis at (0, –1) and the X-axis at
( − 1 − 2, 0 ) and ( − 1 + 2, 0 ). 1
When x = 1 and y = 2 X
O 1 2 3 4
Solving x = − 2y 2 and (y + 2 ) = ( x + 1 ) 2, we get
(y + 2 ) = ( − 2y 2 + 1 ) 2
Thus, x 2 = 4 [ x ] y and y 2 = 4 [ y ] x
⇒ 4y − 4y + 1 − y − 2 = 0
4 2
⇒ x 2 = 4y and y 2 = 4 x when 1 ≤ x, y ≤ 4 which
⇒ 4y − 4y − y − 1 = 0
4 2
could be plotted as;
For y = − 1, 4y 4 − 4y 2 − y − 1 = 0 Thus, required area
2 4 x2
At y = − 1, x = − 2 =∫ (2 x − 3 + x ) dx + ∫2 2 x − dx
1 4
−1 x
∴ Required area = ∫ − − − ( x + 1 ) + 2 dx
2
2 4
−2
2 4 x2 4 x3
= x 3/ 2 − 3 x + + x 3/ 2 −
− 1/ 8 x 3 2 1 3 12
∫ −1
2
+ − − − 2 x dx
2 8 2 4 1
= −6 + 2 − −3 +
−1
−1/ 8 3 3 2
( − x / 2 ) 3/2 ( x + 1 ) 3 ( − x / 2 ) 3/2 2 x 2
= − + 2x + 3 − 32 64 8 2 8
3 3 2 + − − −
(1 / 2 ) (1 / 2 ) 3 12 3 12
2 − 2 2 − 1
19
−1 − 1/ 8 = sq units
4 x 3/ 2 ( x + 1 ) 3 4 x 3/ 2 6
= − − + 2x + − − x 2
2 2
3 3 − 2 3 − 1
l Ex. 55 Find all the values of the parameter a (a ≥1) for
4 1 3/ 2 4 (− 1)3
= − 0 − 2 − (1 ) 3/2 − −4 which the area of the figure bounded by pair of straight lines
3 2 3 3 1
y 2 − 3y + 2 = 0 and the curves y =[a ] x 2 , y = [a ] x 2 is
4 1 3/ 2 4 1 3/ 2 1 2
− − (− 1)2 + − greatest, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
3 2 3 16 64
1
4 4 1 4 4 1 Sol. The curves y = [a ] x 2 and y = [a ] x 2 represent parabolas
= −2 − − + 4 − +1+ − 2
3 ⋅ 2 2 3 3 3 ⋅ 2 2 3 (64 ) 64 which are symmetric about Y-axis.
4 1 257 The equation y 2 − 3y + 2 = 0 gives a pair of straight lines
= + = sq units
3 3(64 ) 192 y = 1, y = 2 which are parallel to X-axis.
206 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Thus, the area bounded is shown as l Ex. 56 Find the area in the first quadrant bounded by
Y [ x ] + [y ] = n, where n ∈N and y = i (where, i ∈N ∀ i ≤ n +1) ,
[ ⋅ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
y = [a] x2 y = 1 [a] x2
2 Sol. As we know, [ x ] + [y ] = n ⇒ [ x ] = n − [y ]
y=2 When y = 0, [ x ] = n ⇒n ≤ x < n + 1
When y = 1, [ x ] = n − 1 ⇒n − 1 ≤ x < n − 2
y=1 When y = 2, [ x ] = n − 2
⇒ n − 2 ≤ x < n − 3. ... and so on.
X When y = n, [ x ] = 0 ⇒ 0 ≤ x < 1
O
which could be shown as
From the above figure,
y=2
Required area = 2 ∫ ( x 2 − x1 ) dy
y =1 n=1
n
2 2y y
=2 ∫ − dy D
1 [a ] [a ] C
A B
2 ( 2 − 1) 2 2 ( 2 − 1 ) 2 3/ 2 2
=
[a ] ∫1 y dy =
[a ] 3
(y ) 1 4
3
4 ( 2 − 1 ) 3/ 2 2
= ⋅ (2 − 1 ) 1
3 [a ]
1 2 3 4 5 n n+1
4 (5 − 2 − 2 2 ) 4 (5 − 3 2 )
= =
3 [a ] 3 [a ] From the above figure,
∴ Area is the greatest when [a ] is least, i.e. 1. = (n + 1 ) area of square ABCD = (n + 1 ) ⋅ 1
∴ Area is the greatest when [a ] = 1 Required area = (n + 1 ) sq units
Hence, a ∈[1, 2 )
#L Area of Bounded Regions Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
1. A Point P( x , y ) moves such that [x + y + 1] = [x ]. (where 7. Let ‘a’ be a positive constant number. Consider two
[⋅] denotes greatest integer function) and x ∈(0, 2), then curves C 1 : y = e x , C 2 : y = e a − x . Let S be the area of the
the area represented by all the possible positions of P, is S
part surrounding by C 1 , C 2 and the Y -axis, then lim 2
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 a→ 0 a
(c) 4 2 (d) 2 equals
2. If f : [− 1, 1] → − , , f ( x ) =
1 1 x (a) 4 (b) 1/2
. The area bounded
2 2 1+ x2 (c) 0 (d) 1/4
−1 1 1 8. 3 points O (0, 0), P (a, a 2 ), Q ( −b, b 2 )(a > 0, b > 0) are on the
by y = f ( x ), X-axis, x = , x = − is
2 2 parabola y = x 2 . Let S 1 be the area bounded by the line
1 e PQ and the parabola and let S 2 be the area of the ∆OPQ,
(a) loge (b) log
2 2 the minimum value of S 1 S 2 is
1 e 1 e (a) 4/3 (b) 5/3
(c) log (d) log
2 3 2 2 (c) 2 (d) 7/3
3. If the length of latusrectum of ellipse 9. Area enclosed by the graph of the function y = ln 2 x − 1
E 1 : 4( x + y − 1) 2 + 2 ( x − y + 3) 2 = 8 lying in the 4th quadrant is
2 4
x2 y2 (a) (b)
and E 2 : + 2 = 1, (0 < p < 1) are equal, then area of e e
p p 1 1
(c) 2 e + (d) 4 e −
ellipse E 2 , is e e
π π 3
(a)
2
(b)
2
10. The area bounded by y = 2 − | 2 − x | and y = is
|x|
π π
(c) (d) 4 + 3 ln 3 19
2 2 4 (a) (b) − 3 ln 2
2 8
4. The area of bounded by the curve 3
(c) + ln 3
1
(d) + ln 3
4 | x − 2017 2017 | + 5 | y − 2017 2017 | ≤ 20, is 2 2
(a) 60 (b) 50 11. Suppose g ( x ) = 2x + 1 and h( x ) = 4 x 2 + 4 x + 5 and
(c) 40 (d) 30 h( x ) = ( fog )( x ). The area enclosed by the graph of the
5. If the area bounded by the corve y = x 2 + 1, y = x and function y = f ( x ) and the pair of tangents drawn to it
the pair of lines x 2 + y 2 + 2xy − 4 x − 4y + 3 = 0 is K from the origin, is
(a) 8/3 (b) 16/3
units, then the area of the region bounded by the curve
(c) 32/3 (d) None of these
y = x 2 + 1, y = x − 1 and the pair of lines
12. The area bounded by the curves y = − − x and
( x + y − 1)( x + y − 3) = 0, is
(a) K (b) 2 K x = − −y where x , y ≤ 0
K (a) cannot be determined
(c) (d) None of these
2 (b) is 1/3
6. Suppose y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) are two functions whose (c) is 2/3
(d) is same as that of the figure bounded by the curves
graphs intersect at the three points (0, 4), (2, 2) and (4, 0) y = − x ; x ≤ 0 and x = −y ;y ≤ 0
with f ( x ) > g ( x ) for 0 < x < 2 and f ( x ) < g ( x ) for
2 < x < 4. If
4
13. y = f ( x ) is a function which satisfies
∫0 [ f ( x ) − g ( x )] dx = 10 (i) f ( 0 ) = 0 (ii) f ′′( x ) = f ′( x ) and (iii) f ′( 0 ) = 1
4
and ∫ [g ( x ) − f ( x )] dx = 5, then the area between two Then, the area bounded by the graph of y = f ( x ), the
2
curves for 0 < x < 2, is lines x = 0, x − 1 = 0 and y + 1 = 0, is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (a) e (b) e − 2
(c) 15 (d) 20 (c) e − 1 (d) e + 1
208 Textbook of Integral Calculus
60. Find the maximum area of the ellipse that can be 70. Find all the values of the parameter a (a ≤ 1) for which the
inscribed in an isosceles triangles of area A and having area of the figure bounded by the pair of straight lines
1
one axis lying along the perpendicular from the vertex y 2 − 3y + 2 = 0 and the curves y = [a ] x 2 , y = [a ] x 2 is
of the triangles to its base. 2
the greatest, where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
61. In the adjacent figure the graphs of two function 71. If f ( x ) is positive for all positive values of X and
y = f ( x ) and y = sin x are given. y = sin x intersects,
y = f ( x ) at A (a, f (a )); B ( π, 0) and C (2π, 0). f ′ ( x ) < 0, f ′′ ( x ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R + , prove that
1 n n n
A i (i = 1, 2, 3) is the area bounded by the curves y = f ( x ) f (1) + ∫ f ( x ) dx < Σ f (r ) < ∫ f ( x ) dx + f (1).
2 1 1
and y = sin x . between x = 0 and x = a; i = 1 r =1
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 213
parabola y 2 = 8x touch the circle at the points P,Q and 2+1 4t 2+1 t
(c) ∫ dt (d) ∫ dt
the parabola at the points R, S. Then, the area 0
(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2 0
(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2
(in sq units) of the quadrilateral PQRS is
[Single Correct Option 2014] n
Directions (Q. Nos. 81 to 83) Consider the functions
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 15 defined implicity by the equation y3 − 3 y + x = 0 on
75. The area enclosed by the curves y = sin x + cos x and various intervals in the real line. If x ∈ ( −∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ),
the equation implicitly defines a unique real-valued
π
y = | cos x − sin x | over the interval 0, is differentiable function y = f ( x ). If x ∈ ( − 2, 2), the equation
2 implicitly defines a unique real-valued differentiable
[Single Correct Option 2014] function y = g ( x ), satisfying g (0) = 0.
(a) 4( 2 − 1 ) (b) 2 2( 2 − 1 ) [Passage Based Questions 2008]
(c) 2 ( 2 + 1 ) (d) 2 2( 2 + 1 )
81. If f ( − 10 2 ) = 2 2, then f ′′ ( − 10 2 ) is equal to
76. If S be the area of the region enclosed by 4 2 4 2
(a) (b) −
y = e − x , y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. Then,
2
7 33 2 7 33 2
[More than One Option Correct 2012] 4 2 4 2
1 1 (c) 3 (d) − 3
(a) S ≥ (b) S ≥ 1 − 73 73
e e
1 1 1 1 1 82. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = f ( x ),
(c) S ≤ 1 + (d) S ≤ + 1 −
4 e 2 e 2 the X -axis and the lines x = a and x = b, where
− ∞ < a < b < − 2, is
77. Letf : [−1, 2] → [0, ∞ ) be a continuous function such that b x
2 (a) ∫ dx + bf (b ) − af (a )
f ( x ) = f (1 − x ), ∀x ∈ [−1, 2]. If R1 = ∫ x f ( x ) dx and R 2 a 3 [{ f ( x )} 2 − 1]
−1
b x
are the area of the region bounded by y = f ( x ), (b) − ∫ dx + bf (b ) − af (a )
a 3 [{ f ( x )} 2 − 1]
x = − 1, x = 2 and the X-axis. Then,
b x
[Single Correct Option 2011] (c) ∫ dx − bf (b ) + af (a )
(a) R1 = 2 R2 (b) R1 = 3 R2 (c) 2 R1 = R2 (d) 3 R1 = R2 a 3 [{ f ( x )} 2 − 1]
78. If the straight line x = b divide the area enclosed by b x
(d) − ∫ dx − bf (b ) + af (a )
y = (1 − x ) , y = 0 and x = 0 into two parts R1 (0 ≤ x ≤ b )
2 a 3 [{ f ( x )} 2 − 1]
1 1
and R 2 (b ≤ x ≤ 1) such that R1 − R 2 = . Then, b equals
4
83. ∫− 1 g ′ ( x ) dx is equal to
to [Single Correct Option 2011] (a) 2 g( − 1 ) (b) 0 (c) − 2 g(1 ) (d) 2 g(1 )
214 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Solutions
Area of ellipse E 2, is
π
π ⋅ p ⋅ p = π p 3/ 2 =
2
4. Area of bounded region by
4 | x − 2017 2017| + 5 | y − 2017 2017| ≤ 20, is same as area of the
1. Here, [ x + y ] = [ x ] − 1 region bounded by 4 | x | + 5 | y | ≤ 20.
1
when x ∈[ 0, 1 ) ⇒[ x + y ] = − 1 ⇒ 4 × × 4 × 5 = 40
2
−1 ≤ x + y < 0 …(i) Y
when x ∈[1, 2 ) ⇒ [ x + y ] = 0 4
∴ 0 ≤ x + y <1 …(ii)
which can be shown, as
O
Y x=1 x=2 X
−5 5
−1 0 1 2 X
5. Here, y = x 2 + 1 and y = x − 1 are inverse of each other.
The shaded area is given K units
x+y=1 ⇒ Area of the region bounded by y = x 2 + 1, y = x − 1 and
( x + y − 1 ) ( x + y − 3 ) = 0, is 2K units.
x+y=0 y = x2 + 1
Y
x+y=−1 y=x
∴ Required area = 2
1/ 2
2. Required area = 2 ∫ f − 1 ( x ) dx
0
K y = √x
Let, f −1 ( x ) = t ⇒ x = f (t ) 1
dx = f ′(t )dt
1 X
∴ A = 2 ∫ (t ⋅ f ′ (t )dt 0 1 3
0 x+y=3
1
1 x+y=1
= 2 t ⋅ f (t ) − ∫ 1 ⋅ f (t )dt
0 0
1 t 4 4
6. Given, ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx = 10
= 2 f (1 ) − ∫ dt 0 0
0 1 + t2
( A1 + A3 + A4 ) − ( A2 + A3 + A4 ) = 10
1
1
= 2 f (1 ) − log (1 + t 2 ) A1 − A2 = 10 ...(i)
2 0
Y
1 y = f(x)
= 2 f (1 ) − log 2
2 (0,4)
A1
1 1 e
=2 − log 2 = 1 − log 2 = log (2,2) y = g(x)
2 2 2 2
2 2
x + y − 1 x − y + 3 A3 A2
2 2 A4
3. Here, E1 : + =1 O 2
X
12 ( 2 )2 (4,0)
4 4
a2 2 Again, ∫ g( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx = 5
Length of latusrectum = 2 = = 2 2 2
b 2
( A2 + A4 ) − A4 = 5
2p 2
Now, = 2 ⇒ p 3/2 = 2 −1//2 A2 = 5 ...(ii)
p
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii),
⇒ P = 2 −1/ 3 A1 = 15
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 217
7. Solving, e x = ea − x , we get e 2x = ea ⇒ x =
a x > 1, y increasing and 0 < x < 1, y is decreasing
2 e
A= ∫1/e (ln x − 1 ) dx
2
x
Y y=e
e e
= ∫1/e ln x dx − ∫ dx
2
a 1/e
(0,e )
e ln x 1
= [ x ln 2 x ]e1/e − 2 ∫ ⋅ x dx − e −
y=e a–x 1/e x e
(0,1)
1 e ln x 1
X = e − − 2∫ ⋅ x dx − e −
O e 1/e x e
a /2 a
S =∫ (e ⋅ e − x − e x ) dx = [ −(ea ⋅ e − x + e x )] a0/2
= − 2 [ x ln x ]e1/e − ∫ dx
e
0
1/e
= (ea + 1 ) − (ea /2 + ea /2 ) = ea − 2ea /2 + 1 = (ea /2 − 1 ) 2
1 1 4 4
2 2 = − 2 e + − e − = =
S ea / 2 − 1 1 ea / 2 − 1 e e e e
∴ = =
a 2
a 4 a /2 2 − (2 − x ), if x ≤ 2 = x x, if x ≤ 2
10. y = =
∴ lim
S
=
1 2 − ( x − 2 ), if x ≥ 2 = 4 − x 4 − x, if x ≥ 2
a→ 0 a 2 4 3
, if x > 0
a2 −b2
8. mPQ = = a − b equation of PQ Also, y = x
3
a +b − , if x < 0
Q(–b,b2) x
Y
3
P(a,a2)
2
O 3/2
1
a −b 2 2
y −a2 = ( x − a ) or y − a 2 = (a − b )( x − a ) X
a +b O 1 3/2 2 3
y = a 2 + x(a − b ) − a 2 + ab y=x y = 4–x
y = (a − b ) x + ab 2 3 3 3
A=∫ x − dx + ∫ ( 4 − x ) − dx
3/ 2 x 2 x
a
∴ S1 = ∫ ((a − b ) x + ab − x ) dx 2
−b
2 3
(a + b ) 3 x2 x2
which simplifies to . ...(i) = − 3 ln x + 4 x − − 3 ln x
6 2 3/ 2 2 2
a a2 1 9 3 9
1 1 1 = 2 − 3 ln 2 − − 3 ln + 12 − − 3 ln 3 − (8 − 2 − ln 2 )
Also, S 2 = −b b 2 1 = [ab 2 + a 2b ] = ab (a + b ) ...(ii) 8 2
2
2 2 2
0 0 1 7 3 19
= − 3 ln 2 + 3 ln 3 − 3 ln 2 + − 3 ln 3 + 3 ln 2 = − 3 ln 2
S1 (a + b ) 3 (a + b ) 2 1 a b 8 2 8
2
∴ = ⋅ = = + +2 11. Given, g( x ) = 2x + 1; h( x ) = (2x + 1) 2 + 4
S2 6 ab (a + b ) 3ab 3 b a
S1 4 Now, h( x ) = f [ g( x ) ]
∴ = (2 x + 1 ) 2 + 4 = f (2 x + 1 )
S2 min
3
2 ln x Y
9. y = ln x − 1 ⇒ y ′ =
2
=0 ⇒ x =1
x
Y
(0,4) P(2,8)
y = mx
I X X
O I/e e O
–1
218 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Let 2x + 1 = t ⇒ f (t ) = t 2 + 4 y ′′ = −e x − [e − x − xe − x ] = e − x [ −1 − 1 + x ] = ( x − 2 )e − x
∴ f (x ) = x 2 + 4 ...(i)
Solving, y = mx and y = x + 4 2
x 2 − mx + 4 = 0 X
x=2
Put D = 0 ; m 2 = 16 ⇒ m = ±4
Tangents are y = 4 x and y = −4 x
2
A = 2 ∫ [( x 2 + 4 ) − 4 x ] dx = 2 ∫ ( x − 2 ) 2dx
2 For point of inflection y ′′ = 0 ⇒ x =2
0 0 2 −x 2 –x
2 A = ∫ xe dx = [ − xe − x ] 20 + ∫0 e = ( −2e −2 ) − (e − x ) 20
2 16 0
= ( x − 2 ) 3 = sq units
3 3 = −2e −2 − (e −2 − 1 ) = 1 − e −2 − 2e −2 = 1 − 3e −2
0
O
X
dy
Now, = 2a x + b = 1
y+1=0 dx ( 0, 0 )
–1
∴ b = 1, a = 1
Hence, the curve is y = x 2 + x
f ′( x ) = e f ( x ) = e + k, f ( 0 ) = 0 ⇒ k = −1
x x
0 0 1
f (x ) = e x − 1 A = ∫ 1 ( x 2 + x − x ) dx = ∫ 1 ( x 2 ) dx = sq units
− − 24
1 2 2
Area = ∫ (e x − 1 + 1 ) dx = [e x ]10 = e − 1 −x
0 18. IF = e
1
14. A = 2∫ [y 1 − y − (y − 1)] dy = 2
2 2 ∴ ye − x = ∫ e − x (cos x − sin x ) dx. Put − x = t
0
Y = − ∫ et (cos t + sin t ) dt = − et sin t + C
1 y e − x = e − x sin x + C
x =y √1–y2
Y
X
(–1,0) O
–1 x = y2–1
X
O
15. y = xe −x
y ′ = e − x − x e − x = (1 − x ) e −x increasing for x < 1 Since, y is bounded when x → ∞ ⇒ C = 0
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 219
∴ y = sin x −2+ 2 2 x 2 + 8
π /4 ∴ Required area = 2 ∫ ( − x + 3 ) − dx
Area = ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx = 2 − 1 0
4
0
−2+ 2 2
6x 2 3x 3 2 −2+ 2 2 1 x3
19. I = ∫ (6x − 3x ) dx = 2
− = 3 x 2 − x 3 = x 2(3 − x ) = ∫ ( 4 − 4 x − x ) dx = 4 x − 2 x 2 −
2
2 3 4 0 2 3 0
A1 = I (2 ) − I (1 ) = 4 − 2 = 2 units 1
A2 = I (2 ) − I (3 ) = 4 − 0 = 4 units = [12 x − 6 x 2 − x 3 ]0−2+ 2 2
6
A3 = I (3 ) − I ( 4 ) = 0 − ( −16 ) = 16 units 1
= [12( − 2 + 2 2 ) − 6( − 2 + 2 2 ) 2 − ( −2 + 2 2 ) 3 ]
Y 6
1
= [ − 24 + 24 2 − 6( 4 + 8 − 8 2 ) − ( −8 + 16 2 ) + 24 2 − 48 ]
6
A1 1
3 4 X = [ − 24 + 24 2 − 72 + 48 2 + 56 − 40 2 ]
–1 0 1 2 A2 6
A3
1 8 4
= [32 2 − 40 ] = ( 4 2 − 5 ) = ( 4 2 − 5 )
O 6 6 3
22. Shaded region represents S ∩ S ′ clearly area enclosed is 2 sq
units.
⇒ One value of a will lie in (3, 4). (0,1)
Using symmetry, other will lie in (–2, –1).
2π
20. Required area, A = ∫ ((sin x − x ) + 2 π ) dx
π
π2
O
(–1,0) 1/3 2/3 (1,0)
= − 2 sq units
2
21. g ( x ) = | f (| x | ) − 2 | = | | x | − 1 − 2 | = | | x | − 3 |
(0, –1)
− x − 3, x < −3
( | x | − 3 ), x < −3 − ( − x − 3 ), − 3 ≤ x < 0 α α
= − (| x | − 3 ), − 3 ≤ x < 3 =
23. Required area is 2 ∫ ex ln x dx + ∫ (1 − 1 − ( x − 1) 2 ) dx
0 1
| x | −3 x ≥3 − ( x − 3 ), 0 ≤ x <3
x − 3, x ≥3
− x − 3, x < −3
x + 3, − 3 ≤ x < 0
=
− x + 3, 0 ≤ x < 3
x − 3, x ≥3 1
Now, x − 4y + 8 = 0
2
–1 –1
⇒ x 2 = 4(y − 2 )
Y x2=4(y–2)
y=–x–3 y=x–3 24. y = 2ax − x 2 ⇒ ( x − a ) 2 + y 2 = a 2
3
y=x+3 Let P (h, k ) be a point, then BP > PN
2 y=–x+3 For the bounded condition BP = PN = k
1
X¢ X Now, AP = a − k = (h − a ) 2 + k 2
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
h2
⇒ k =h−
(–2+2Ö2, 0) 2a
Y¢
For point of intersection,
x 2 − 4( − x + 3 ) + 8 = 0
⇒ x 2 + 4x − 4 = 0 B
− 4 ± 16 + 16 P
⇒ x= = −2 ± 2 2
2
∴ Point of intersection is at x = − 2 + 2 2 N C(a,0)
220 Textbook of Integral Calculus
x2 dy 2 dy
2
dy
∴ Boundary of the region is y = x − x 2 1 + = y 2 + x 2 = 2 xy
2a dx dx dx
a x2 2a 2
Required area = 2 ∫ x − dx = dy x2 −y 2
0 2a 3 ⇒ =− [homogeneous form]
dx 2 xy
25. f ′( x ) = 2x − a. At (2, 4), f ′( x ) = 4 − a x2 + y 2
2 −x
2
1
Equation of normal at (2, 4) is (y − 4 ) = − (x − 2) dy 1 − x x − x
2
y 2 − x2
(4 − a ) = = = =
dx y xy xy 2 xy
Let point of intersection with X and Y-axes be A and B
respectively, then Since, option (a) is true (equation of circle).
4a − 18 If option (a) is true (b) can’t be (It is parabola).
A ≡ ( − 4a + 18, 0 ) B ≡ 0,
a −4 If option (a) is true, option (c) is also true where c = 1.
9
Since, a > as 30. ∴ sin 2 x ≤ sin x , ∀ x ∈ ( 0, π )
2 Therefore, area of y = sin 2x will be lesser from area of y = sin x.
1 ( 4a − 18 )
∴ Area of triangle = ( 4a − 18 ) =2 Statement II is obviously true.
2 (a − 4 )
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
⇒ ( 4a − 17 ) (a − 5 ) = 0
17 31. Let the line y = kx + 2 cuts y = x 2 − 3 at x = α and α = β, area
⇒ a = 5 or β β
4 bounded by the curves = ∫ (y1 − y 2 ) = ∫ {(kx + 2 ) − ( x 2 − 3 )} dx
α α
1
26. Max { f ( x ), g ( x )} = [| f ( x ) + g ( x )| + | f ( x ) − g ( x )| ] (k 2 + 20 ) 3/2
2 ⇒ f (x ) =
1 6
Min { f ( x ), g ( x )} = [| f ( x ) + g ( x )| − | f ( x ) − g ( x )| ] which clearly, shows the Statement II is false but f (k ) is least
2
b when k = 0.
∴ Area = ∫ [max { f ( x ), g( x )} − min { f ( x ), g( x )}] dx Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
a
27. Area bounded by parabola y = x 2 − 7x + 10 and X -axis is given 32. As of region bounded by parabola y 2 = 4x and x 2 = 4y is
4
by 4 x2 4 x3 32 16 16
5 5 9 ∫0 2 x − dx = x 3/2 − = − = sq units
∫ 2| x − 7 x + 10| dx = ∫ | − x 2 + 7 x − 10| dx = 4
2
sq units 3 12 0 3 3 3
2 2
x2 y 2 Hence, Statement I is false.
28. Area bounded by the ellipse + = 1 will be the same as 33. As the area enclosed by | x | + | y | ≤ a is the area of square
a2 b2
x2 y 2 ( i. e., 2a 2 ).
the area bounded by the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 and π ab
b a ∴Area enclosed by| x + y | + | x − y | ≤ 2 is area of square shown as
∴ Required area = π (2 )(3 ) = 6 π sq units y y=x
29. OP = x
dy 2 2
If slope is , then equation of tangent is
dx
dy X
Y −t = (X − x )
dx
y = –x
P(x,y)
1
∴ Area = 4 × 2 × 2 = 8 sq units
P 2
Also, the area enclosed by | x + y | + | x − y | ≤ 2 is symmetric
about X -axis, Y -axis, y = x and y = − x.
O ∴Both the Statements are true but Statement II is not the
correct explanation of Statement I.
Length of perpendicular from origin to this tangent is b
dy
34. ∫ a { f (x ) − g(x )} dx is true for all quadrants.
Y −x
x= dx ∴ Statement II is false.
2
dy The area bounded by y = x ( x − 1 ) and y = x (1 − x ).
1+
x
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 221
Y f ′(e x ) e x
y = x(x–1)
40. Q g′( x ) =
1 + e 2x
2a ⋅ (e 2x − 1 )
Now, f ′(e x ) = 2x
0 1
X (e + ae x + 1 ) 2
It is seen from the above that f ′(e x ) and so g′( x ) is positive on
y =x (1–x) ( 0, ∞ ) and negative on ( − ∞, 0 ).
1 41. Clearly, x = a sin 3 t, y = a cos3 t, ( 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π )
1 x 2 x 3
∴ Area enclosed = 2 ∫ x (1 − x ) dx = 2 − S =∫
2π
a sin 3 t ⋅ a ⋅ 3 sin 2 t ( − sin t ) dt
0
2 3 0 0
1 1 3 − 2 1 π /2
= 2 − = 2 = = −3a 2 × ∫ sin 4t cos2 t dt
2 3 6 3 0
X = − 3 πa 2 = 3 πa 2 [absolute value]
0 1x0 3/2 x1 2 x2 x3 3
1/2 2
t 1 t 1
43. x = (6 − t ) = (6t − t 2 ), y = (6 − t ) = (6t 2 − t 3 )
3 3 8 8
x 2 − ax + 1
38. f ( x ) = ∴ Area = ∫
6t 1
(6 − t ) ⋅ (12t − 13t 2 )dt
x 2 + ax + 1 03 8
For differentiation, better write f ( x ) as 6
1 6 4 1 t 5 5
∫
2 ax = (t + 24t 2 − 10t 3 ) dt = + 8t 3 − t 4
f (x ) = 1 − 2
x + ax + 1 8 0 8 5 2 0
2a ( x 2 − 1 ) 1 7776 216 27
Now, on differentiation f ( x ) = 2 ...(i) = + 1728 − 3240 = = sq units
( x + ax + 1 ) 2 8 5 5 × 8 5
f ′ (1 ) = 0 = f ′ ( −1 ) 44. (A) Required area = 4s
Then, the options (b) and (d) are eliminated. π π
s = ∫ ( x + sin x ) dx − ∫ x dx
Again, for the differentiating Eq. (i) gives 0 0
( x + ax + 1 ) ⋅ 2 x − ( x − 1 )
2 2 2 π 2
π2
= − cos π + cos 0 − = 2 sq units
2 2
2 ( x 2 + ax + 1 ) (2 x + a )
f ′′( x ) = 2a ⋅
( x 2 + ax + 1 ) 4 y=x
4a 4a
f ′′( −1 ) = − , f ′′(1 ) = − y=f(x)=x+sin x
(2 − a ) 2 (2 + a ) 2
s
f –1(x)
Combining both f ′′(1 ) (2 + a ) 2 + f ′′( −1 )(2 − a ) 2 = 0
π
(x 2 − 1) ( x − 1 )( x + 1 )
39. f ′( x ) = 2a 2 = 2a 2
( x + ax + 1 ) 2 ( x + ax + 1 ) 2
If is easily seen that f ( x ) decreases on ( −1, 1 ) and has a local
minimum at x = 1, because the derivatives changes its sign
from negative to positive.
222 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1
(B) Required area = 2 ∫ xe x dx = 2 [ xe x − e x ]10 = 2 (C) The line y = x + 2 intersects y = x 2 at x = − 1 and x = 2
0
The given region is shaded region area
Y
X
x = –1 O x =1
–1 1 2
15 2 9
2 ∫ −1
= − x 2 dx =
2
(C) y = x and | y | = 2 x both the curve are symmetric about
2 3
3 9 3
4 x 2 = x 3 ⇒ x = 0, 4 9
x-intercept = , y-intercept = 3
4 16 2
Required area = 2 ∫ (2 x − x 3/2 ) dx = 9 1
0 5 Area = 4 × × 3 × = 27 sq units
(D) x + | y | = 1 2 2
(0,1)
X
–2 –1 1 2
0 (1,0)
1 5
Area is given by A = 2 ∫ ( x 2 − 3 x + 2 ) dx =
0 3
5
⇒ 3A + 2 = 3 ⋅ + 2 = 7
| y | = 1 − x and x = 1 − | y | 3
⇒ for x > 0, y > 0, y = 1 − x
1 1
47. For c < 1; ∫ (8x − x ) dx =
2 5
c 3
1 dy 1
=− 8 1 8c 3 c 6 16
2 y dx 2 x ⇒ − − − =
3 6 3 6 6
dy x
=− 8 c 16 8 1 17
3
dx y ⇒ c 3 − + = − + =
3 6 3 3 6 6
dy
<0 ⇒ c = −1
dx
1 1 Again, for c ≥ 1 none of the values of c satisfy the required
Function is decreasing required area = ∫ (2 x − 2 x ) = . condition that
0 3 c 16
∫1(8x − x ) dx = 3 ⇒ c + 2 = 1
2 5
45. (A) The area = 2 unit
π
(B) Area enclosed = ∫ sin x dx = 2
0
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 223
x; x <2 3 / x; x>0 2x − x 2
48. y = and y = 51. Clearly, f (x ) =
4 − x ; x ≥ 2 − 3 / x x <2 2
Y
P (0,2) y=x
Q (0,3/2)
B
R S
C
√3 2 3
A
Required area = PQRSP = Area PQRP + Area PRSP O
X
2
(0,0) M N (3/2,0) (2,0)
3 3 3
= ∫ x − dx + ∫ ( 4 − x ) − dx (3/4,0) (1,0)
3 x 2 x
1 1
4 − 3 ln 3 Since, 2 x + 2y = 3; passes through A 1, and B , 1
= sq units 2 2
2 so bounded area A
5 = Area OAB = 2 [Area OCM + Area CMNA – Area ONA]
49. Equation of AB y = ( x − 2)
2 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 5
=2 × × + + × − ∫ 0(2x − x ) dx =
2
3 −5 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 24
Equation of BC y − 5 = ( x − 4 ) ⇒y = − x + 9
6−4 ⇒ 24 A = 5
0 −3 3 −1 π
Equation of CA y − 3 = ( x − 6 ) ⇒y = ( x − 2 ) 52. f ( x ) = min sin x, cos− 1, x , x ∈ [ 0, 1]
2 −6 4 6
Required area 1/ 2 −1 1 3 1 1
∴ Area = ∫ cos− 1 x dx
2 2 2 ∫ 3 /2
sin x, dx + − +
5 4 6 3 6 0
= ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx + ∫ − ( x − 9 ) dx − ∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
2 2 4 4 2 3 −1
4 6 6 = ( x sin − 1 x + 1 − x 2 )10/2 +
5 (x − 2) 2 (x − 9) 2 3 (x − 2) 2 4
= − − + ( x cos−1 x − 1 − x 2 ) 3 /2
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2
π 3 −1 3 −1
5 1 3 = (1 − 3 ) + +
= [2 2 − 0 ] − [( −3 ) 2 − ( −5 ) 2 ] − [ 4 2 − 0 ] 2 2 2
2 2 8
3 π 9−π a−π
5 1
= × 4 − [9 − 25 ] − [16 − 0 ]
3 = ( 3 − 1) − = =
4 12 6 ( 3 + 1 ) b( 3 + 1 )
4 2 8
1 3 ∴ a = 9, b = 6 ⇒ a − b = 3
= 5 − [ − 16 ] − × 16 = 5 + 8 − 6 = 7 sq units
2 8 x
53. Given, f = f ( x ) − f (y ) …(i)
50. If [| x | ] = 1 and [| y | ] = 0, then 1 ≤ | x | < 2,0 ≤ | y | < 1 y
⇒ x ∈ ( −2, − 1 ] ∪ [1, 2 ), y ∈ ( −1, 1 ) Putting, x = y = 1, f (1 ) = 0
h
If [| x | ] = 0, [| y | ] = 1 f 1 +
f (x + h ) − f (x ) x
Now, f ′ ( x ) = lim = lim [from Eq. (i)]
Y h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
2
h
f 1 +
x
= lim
h→ 0 h
1
⋅x
3 x f (1 + x )
⇒ f ′ (x ) = since, lim =3
2 x
x → 0 x
–2 –1 1
X
O Y
–1 (e, 3)
D y=3
C
–2
B A
Then, x ∈ ( −1, 1 ), y ∈ ( −2, − 1 ] ∪ [1, 2 ] O (1, 0) (e, 0)
X
a (b + c ) x cx
+b⋅
A ( R ) + A (S ) h h
So, =
A (T ) hx / 2
y = 3π/16
2
= 2 (ab + ac + bc )
h
We need to maximize (ab + bc + ca ) subject to a + b + c = h.
One way to do this is first to fix a, so b + c = h − a.
Then, (ab + bc + ac ) = a (h − a ) + bc
and bc is maximized when b = c. We now wish to maximize
1 y 2 ab + b 2 subject to a + 2 b = h. This is a straight forward
⇒ xd ( xy ) = x 2y 3 dy − 2 dx
x x calculus problem giving a = b = c = 1 / 3. Hence, the maximum
2 ratio is 2/3 (independent of T ).
d ( xy ) y y 1 1 y
⇒ = ⋅d ⇒ − = +C 60. Consider a coordinate system with vertex P of the isosceles
( xy ) 2
x x xy 2 x ∆PQR at (a, 0 ) and Q and R at ( 0, b ) and ( 0, − b ) respectively.
At, x = 4, y = − 2 1
A = a ⋅ 2 b = ab …(i)
2 2
1 1 1
So, = − +C ⇒ C =0 Let the centre of ellipse be (α , 0 ) and the axes be of lengths, 2α
8 2 2
and 2 β.
Hence, y 3 + 2x = 0
( x − α ) 2 (y ) 2
So, f ( x ) = ( − 2 x )1/3 So, the equation of ellipse is + 2 =1
α2 β
The second equation given is Y
sin 2 x −1 cos 2 x −1
y =∫ sin t dt + ∫1/8 cos t dt Q
(0, b)
1/ 8
π
1/ 2 π 3 3π 3π
=∫ dt = ⋅ = , and g ( x ) = Now, the line PQ is tangent to the ellipse. To apply condition
2
1/ 8 2 8 16 16 of tangency, let us take a new system x′ y ′ whose origin is at
3π (α , 0 ).
So, we must find the area between y = f ( x ), y =
16 Then, x = x′ + α and y = y ′.
3π 1 3π
3 x′ 2 y ′ 2
At y = ;x =− = P (say) So, the ellipse becomes 2 + 2 = 1
16 2 16 α β
x′ + α y ′
0 3π and the line PQ becomes + =1
Hence, area = ∫ + (2 x )1/3 dx
P 16 a b
b α
3π
0 which can be written as y ′ = − x′ + b 1 −
x 4 /3
4
1 3π a a
= x + 21/3 ⋅ = sq units
16 4 / 3 P 8 16 α
2 2
b
So, b2 1 − = α2 − + β2
A ( R ) + A (S ) ay + bz a a
59. As in the figure =
A (T ) h x /2 2α
⇒ β2 = b 2 1 − …(ii)
where h = a + b + c, the altitude of T . a
Now, area of ellipse = π α β ⇒ A 2 = π 2α 2β 2
2α
Using Eq. (ii), A 2 = π 2α 2b 2 1 − = f (x ) (say)
c a
z 6α 2
b f ′ ( x ) = π 2 b 2 2α −
a
a y
6α 2 a
x f ′ (α ) = 0 ⇒ 2α = ⇒ α = (α ≠ 0 )
a 3
226 Textbook of Integral Calculus
12α 63. By the symmetry of the figure circle(s) of maximum area will
Since, f ′′ (α ) = π 2 b 2 2 − = − 2 π b = ( − ve)
2 2
a have the end point of diameter at the vertex of the two
(at α = a / 3) parabola.
1 1
a a2 2 π 2A 2 ⇒ Radius of circle = × AB = × 8 = 4 units
So, f = π2 ⋅ ⋅ b2 1 − = [using Eq. (i)] 2 2
3 9 3 27
πA 3π A
Hence, ( A ) max = = sq units
3 3 9
a a
61. A1 = ∫ {sin x − f ( x )} dx = − [cos x ]a0 − ∫ f ( x ) dx O (1,0)
0 0
3 + 2x – x2
a
= − (cos a − 1 ) − ∫ f ( x ) dx = 1 − sin a + (a − 1 ) cos a (given)
0
a 3 1
⇒ − cos a − ∫
0
f ( x ) dx = − sin a + (a − 1 ) cos a So, the area of shaded region = 4 ×
∫1 (3 + 2 x − x 2 ) dx −
4
a 16
⇒ −∫ f ( x ) dx = − sin a + a cos a area of circle = 4 − 4π sq units
0 3
a 3
⇒ ∫0 f ( x ) dx = sin a − a cos a 1 a
64. Area of ∆AOB = 2 × × × a 2 =
2 2
a
2
Differentiating w.r.t. a.
y = 4x2
f (a ) = cos a − (cos a − a sin a ) = a sin a
A D B
∴ f ( x ) = x sin x
Now, y = sin x and y = f ( x ) intersects at
⇒ a sin a = sin a ⇒ (a − 1 ) sin a = 0
⇒ a =1 [as sina = 0]
C
Hence, A1 = 1 − sin 1
π
–a/2 O a/2
A2 = ∫ ( x sin x − sin x ) dx = π − 1 − sin 1
1
2π
A3 = ∫ | x sin x − sin x | dx = 3 π − 2 a /2 a3 a3 a3
π Area = Area OCBD − ∫ 4 x 2 dx =
− =
0 2 6 3
62. For x = 1, y = b ⋅ 5 x + 4 = 5b + 4 Area of triangle
= lim
dy x → 0 Area between the line and parabola
and = b ⋅ 5 x log 5 ⇒ 5b log 5 = 40 log 5 ⇒ b = 8
dx a3 / 2 3
The two curves intersects at points where = lim =
x → 0 a3 / 3 2
8 ⋅ 5 x + 4 = 25 x + 16 1
65. Required area = × 2 × 2 = 2 sq units
⇒ 5 2x − 8 ⋅ 5 + 12 = 0 ⇒ x = log 5 2, x = log 5 6 2
Hence, the area of the given region; Y
log 5 6
=∫ {8 ⋅ 5 x + 4 − (25 x + 16 )} dx (–1, 2) (1, 2)
log 5 2
log 5 6
=∫ (8 ⋅ 5 x − 25 x − 12 ) dx
log 5 2
X
log 5 6 (–1, 0) (1, 0)
8 ⋅ 5x 25 x
= − 12 x −
loge 5 loge 25 log 2
5 (–1, –2) (1, –2)
log 36 log 6
−5 5 8 ⋅5 5
= + − 12 (log 5 6 − log 5 2 )
loge 25 loge 5 π ( 2 )2
log 4
5 5
log 2
8 ⋅5 5 66. Required area = 4 × − (π − 2) = 8 sq units
+ − 2
loge 25 loge 5
− 36 48 4 16 (0, 2)
= + − 12 [log 5 3 ] + −
2 loge 5 loge 5 2 (loge 5 ) (loge 5 )
16
= − 12 log 5 3 = 4 log 5 e 4 − 4 log 5 25
loge 5 O (2, 0)
e 4
= 4 log 5 sq units
27
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 227
67. 5 sq units b 2
Now, curves are y = bx 2 and y = x
Y 2
5 Y y = bx2
y = bx2/2
4 y=2
3
y=1
2
X
1
X
0 1 2 3 4 5
Bounded area = 2 ∫ ( x 2 − x1 ) dy
2
68. Area of the square ABCD = 2 sq units 1
2 2y y
C =2 ∫ − dy
1 b b
2
2 y 3/ 2 1 y 3/ 2
=2 ⋅ − ⋅
D
b 3/2 b 3 / 2 1
B 4 4
= (( 2 − 1 ) y 3/2 ) 12 = ( 2 − 1 ) (2 2 − 1 )
3 b 3 b
A Area will be maximum when b = [a ] is least.
As a ≥ 2 ⇒ [a ]least = 1 ⇒ 1 ≤ a < 2
1 π 71. Since, f ′ ( x ) < 0 ⇒ f ( x ) is a decreasing function and also
Area of the circle = π × = sq units.
2 2 f ′′ ( x ) > 0 ⇒ f ( x ) is concave upwards.
π Hence, the graph of the function y = f ( x ) is as follows :
Required area = 2 − sq units
2
Y
69. 2| x | ⋅ | y | + 2| x | −1 ≤ 1 …(i)
Clearly, this region is symmetrical about X and Y -axes.
Let x < 0, Eq. (i) gives,
2 x − y + 2 x −1 ≤ 1
1 − 2 x −1 1
⇒ y ≤ =2−x −
2x 2
X
Y 1 2 3 4 5 n–1 n
x = 1/2 (i)
Y
1/2 y = 1/2
C B
X
O 1/2
–1/2
n
n Y
⇒ ∑ f (r ) < ∫
1
f ( x ) dx + f (1 ) …(i)
(1,2)
r =1 C
1)
Let Su denotes the area of the shaded region in figure (ii). B (– 4,
1 1 (1,0)
⇒ Su = f (1 ) + f (2 ) + ( f (2 ) + f (3 )) + … X′ X
2 2 –9 (– 4,0) A E (– 3,0) 0 D 6
1
+ ( f (n − 1 ) + f (n ))
2
= [( f (1 ) + f (2 ) + f (3 )) + … + f (n − 1 ) + f (n )] Y′
1
− ( f (1 ) + f (n )) ∴ Required area = Area of trapezium ABCD
n
1 1 2 − Area of ABE under parabola
= ∑ f (r ) − f (1 ) − f (n )
r =1
2 2 − Area of CDE under parabola
1 −3 1
From figure (ii) it is clear that; = (1 + 2 )(5 ) − ∫ − ( x + 3 ) dx − ∫ ( x + 3 ) dx
2 − 4 − 3
n
Su > ∫ f ( x ) dx
−3
1
1
n
1 n 15 ( − 3 − x ) 3/2 ( x + 3 ) 3/ 2
= − −
⇒ ∑ f (r ) − ( f (1 ) + f (n )) > ∫ f ( x ) dx
2 1 2 −
3 3
r =1
n 2 − 4 2 –3
1 n
⇒ ∑ f (r ) > ∫
1 2
f ( x ) dx +
( f (1 ) + f (n )) 15 2
=
2
+ [ 0 − 1 ] − [8 − 0 ] =
15 2 16 15 18 3
− − = − =
r =1
n 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
> ∫ f ( x ) dx + 4 ⋅ f (1 ) …(ii)
1 2 73. Since, F ′ (a ) + 2 is the area bounded by x = 0, y = 0, y = f ( x )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get and x = a .
a
∴ ∫0 f (x )dx = F ′ (a ) + 2
n
1 n n
2
f (1 ) + ∫1 f ( x ) dx < ∑ f (r ) < ∫
1
f ( x ) dx + f (1 ).
r =1 Using Newton-Leibnitz formula,
72. Here, {( x, y ) ∈ R 2 : y ≥ | x + 3|, 5y ≤ ( x + 9) ≤ 15} f (a ) = F ′′(a ) and f ( 0 ) = F ′′( 0 ) …(i)
x 2 + π /6
∴ y ≥ | x + 3| Given, F (x ) = ∫ 2
2 cos t dt
x
x + 3 , when x ≥ − 3 On differentiating,
⇒ y ≥
− x − 3 , when x ≤ − 3 π
F ′ ( x ) = 2 cos2 x 2 + ⋅ 2 x − 2 cos2 x ⋅ 1
6
x + 3 , when x ≥ − 3
or y2 ≥ Again differentiating,
− 3 − x, when x ≤ − 3
π π π
Shown as F ′′( x ) = 4 cos2 x 2 + − 2 x cos x 2 + sin x 2 + 2 x
6 6 6
y2=–x–3 Y
y2=x+3 + { 4 cos x ⋅ sin x }
2 2 π π π
= 4 cos x + − 4 x 2 cos x 2 + sin x 2 +
6 6 6
X′
0
X + 2 sin 2 x
–3 2 π
∴ F ′′( 0 ) = 4 cos = 3
Y′ 6
Also, 5y ≤ ( x + 9 ) ≤ 15 ∴ f (0) = 3
⇒ ( x + 9 ) ≥ 5y and x ≤ 6 2
74. Let equation of tangent to parabola be y = mx +
Shown as m
Y It also touches the circle x 2 + y 2 = 2.
2
(0, 9/5) ∴ = 2
m 1 + m
2
X
(–9, 0) 0 ⇒ m4 + m2 = 2 ⇒ m4 + m2 − 2 = 0
x=6 ⇒ (m 2 − 1 ) (m 2 + 2 ) = 0
⇒ m = ± 1, m 2 = − 2 [rejected m 2 = − 2]
∴ {( x, y ) ∈ R : y ≥ | x + 3|, 5y ≤ ( x + 9 ) ≤ 15 }
2
So, tangents are y = x + 2, y = − x − 2.
They intersect at ( −2, 0 ).
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 229
Y
R Since, x 2 ≤ x when x ∈[ 0, 1 ]
− x 2 ≥ − x or e − x ≥ e − x
2
P ⇒
T(–2,0) 1 − x2 1
X′ X ∴ ∫0 e dx ≥ ∫ e − x dx
O 0
1
Q ⇒ S ≥ − (e − x )10 = 1 − …(i)
e
Y′ 1
Also, ∫ e − x dx ≤ Area of two rectangles
2
S
0
Equation of chord PQ is −2 x = 2 ⇒ x = − 1
1 1 1
Equation of chord RS is 0 = 4( x − 2 ) ⇒ x = 2 ≤ 1 × + 1 − ×
2 2 e
∴ Coordinates of P, Q, R, S are 1 1 1
P ( −1, 1 ), Q ( −1, − 1 ), R (2, 4 ), S (2, − 4 ) ≤ + 1 − …(ii)
2 e 2
(2 + 8 ) × 3
∴ Area of quadrilateral = = 15 sq units 1 1 1 1
2 ∴ + 1 − ≥ S ≥ 1 − [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2 e 2 e
75. To find the bounded area between y = f ( x ) and y = g( x ) 2
77. R1 = ∫ x f ( x ) dx …(i)
between x = a to x = b. −1
b b
Y
f (x) Using ∫ a f (x ) dx = ∫ a f (a + b − x ) dx
g (x) 2
R1 = ∫ (1 − x ) f (1 − x ) dx
g (x) −1
f (x) 2
∴ R1 = ∫ (1 − x ) f ( x ) dx …(ii)
−1
a c X
O b [f ( x ) = f (1 − x ), given]
c b Given, R2 is area bounded by f ( x ), x = − 1 and x = 2.
∴ Area bounded = ∫ [ g( x ) − f ( x )]dx + ∫ [ f ( x ) − g( x )]dx 2
a c ∴ R2 = ∫ f ( x ) dx …(iii)
b −1
= ∫ | f ( x ) − g( x )| dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a
π 2
Here, f ( x ) = y = sin x + cos x, when 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 R1 = ∫ f ( x ) dx …(iv)
2 π
−1
cos x − sin x, 0≤x≤
4 From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
and g( x ) = y = | cos x − sin x | =
π π 2 R1 = R2
sin x − cos x, ≤x≤
could be shown as 4 2 78. Here, area between 0 to b is R1 and b to 1 is R2.
b 1 1
∴ ∫0 (1 − x ) dx − ∫b (1 − x ) dx = 4
Y 2 2
f(x) y = sin x + cos x
√2
= √2 sin x + π
b 1
(1 − x ) 3 (1 − x ) 3 1
4 ⇒ −3 − −3 = 4
1
0 b
g(x) g(x) 1 1 1
X ⇒ − [(1 − b ) − 1 ] + [ 0 − (1 − b ) 3 ] =
3
O π/4 π/2 3 3 4
2 1 1 1
π /4 ⇒ − (1 − b ) = − + = −
3
∴ Area bounded = ∫ {(sin x + cos x ) − (cos x − sin x )} dx 3 3 4 12
0
π /2 1
⇒ (1 − b ) 3 =
+ ∫π /4 {(sin x + cos x ) − (sin x − cos x )} dx 8
π /4 π /2 1 1
=∫ ⇒ (1 − b ) = ⇒ b=
0
2 sin x dx + ∫π /4 2 cos x dx 2 2
= − 2 [cos x ]0π /4 + 2 [sin x ]ππ //24 1 x
79. Shaded area = e − ∫ e dx = 1
0
= 4 − 2 2 = 2 2( 2 − 1 ) sq units e
1
— X
√e 0 1
X 1 e e
O 1 1 = ∫ ln t ( − dt ) = ∫ ln t dt = ∫ lny dy = 1
— e 1 1
√2
230 Textbook of Integral Calculus
π /4 1 − sin x
1
1 + sin x 83. Let I = ∫ g′( x ) dx = [ g( x )]1− 1 = g (1) − g ( − 1)
80. Required area = ∫ − dx −1
0 cos x cos x
Since, y 3 − 3y + x = 0 …(i)
1 + sin x 1 − sin x
> >0 and y = g (x )
Q
cos x cos x
∴ { g( x )} 3 − 3 g( x ) + x = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
x x
2 tan 2 tan At x = 1, { g(1 )} − 3 g(1 ) + 1 = 0
3
…(ii)
1+ 2 1− 2
At x = − 1, { g( − 1 )} 3 − 3 g( − 1 ) − 1 = 0 …(iii)
1 + tan 2
x
1 + tan 2
x
π /4
=∫ 2 − 2 dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
0 x x { g(1 )} 3 + { g( − 1 )} 3 − 3 { g (1 ) + g( − 1 )} = 0
1 − tan 2 1 − tan 2
2 2 ⇒ [ g(1 ) + g( − 1 )][{ g(1 )} 2 + { g( − 1 )} 2 − g(1 ) g( − 1 ) − 3 ] = 0
x x
1 + tan 2 1 + tan 2 ⇒ g(1 ) + g ( − 1 ) = 0
2 2
⇒ g(1 ) = − g( − 1 )
x x ∴ I = g(1 ) − g( − 1 ) = g(1 ) − { − g(1 )} = 2 g(1 )
π /4
1 + tan 1 − tan
=∫ 2 − 2 dx 1 2 2 x2
1 − tan x 84. Required area = ∫ (1 + x )dx + ∫ (3 − x )dx − ∫
1 + tan
0 x dx
0 1 0 4
2 2
Y
x x x y=1+√x
1 + tan − 1 + tan 2 tan (0, 3) (1, 2)
π /4 π /4 4y=x 2
=∫ 2 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx
0 x 0 x
1 − tan 2 1 − tan 2 (0, 1) (2, 1)
2 2 x+y=3
x 1 2 x
Put tan = t ⇒ sec dx = dt X′
(0, 0) (1, 0)(2, 0) (3, 0)
X
2 2 2
π
tan 4t dt Y′
=∫ 8
(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2 3/ 2 1
2 2
x2 x3
0
x
= x + + 3 x − −
2 −1 4t dt π 3 /2 0 2 1 12 0
As ∫0 (1 + t ) 1 − t
2 2
[Q tan
8
= 2 − 1]
2 1 8
= 1 + + 6 − 2 − 3 + −
81. Given, y − 3y + x = 0
3 3 2 12
5 3 2 3 5
⇒ 3y 2
dy
−3
dy
+1=0 …(i) = + − = 1 + = sq units
dx dx 3 2 3 2 2
d 2y 2
d 2y 85. Given equations of curves are y 2 = 2x, ...(i)
dy
⇒3y 2 2 + 6y − 3 2 = 0 …(ii)
dx dx dx which is a parabola with vertex (0, 0) and axis parallel to
X-axis.
At x = − 10 2, y = 2 2
And x 2 + y 2 = 4x ...(ii)
On substituting in Eq. (i) we get
which is a circle with centre (2, 0) and radius = 2
dy dy dy 1
3(2 2 ) 2 ⋅ − 3⋅ +1=0 ⇒ =− On substituting y 2 = 2 x in Eq. (ii), we get
dx dx dx 21
x 2 + 2x = 4x ⇒ x 2 = 2x
Again, substituting in Eq. (ii), we get
2 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 2
d 2y 1 d 2y
3(2 2 ) 2 + 6 (2 2 ) ⋅ − − 3 ⋅ 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 0 or y = ± 2 [using Eq. (i)]
dx 2 21 dx
Now, the required area is the area of shaded region, i.e.
d 2y 12 2
⇒ 21 ⋅ =−
dx 2
(21 ) 2 Y
d y − 12 2 − 4 2
2
A(2,2)
⇒ = = 3 2 x2+y2=4x
dx 2 (21 ) 3 7 ⋅3
b b b X′
82. Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx = [ f ( x ) ⋅ x ]ba − ∫ f ′( x ) x dx (0, 0) B (2,0)
X
a a a
2
b y =2x
= bf (b ) − af (a ) − ∫ f ′( x ) x dx
a
b xdx
= bf (b ) − af (a ) + ∫a 3[{ f (x )} 2 − 1] Y′
−1 −1 Area of a circle 2
dy Required area = − ∫ 2 x dx
Q f ′ ( x ) = dx = = 4 0
3(y 2
− 1 ) 3[{ f ( x )} 2
− 1 ]
Chap 03 Area of Bounded Regions 231
2 x(2 ) y (5 / 3 )
π(2 ) 2 2 x 3/ 2 + =1
= − 2 ∫ x1/2dx = π − 2 9 5
4 0
3 /2 0
Y
2 2 8 (0,3)
=π− [2 2 − 0 ] = π − sq units P
3 3
(–2, 5/3)
86. Given region is {( x, y ) : y 2 ≤ 2x and y ≥ 4x − 1} M L (2, 5/3)
y ≤ 2 x represents a region inside the parabola
2
Q
X′ X
y 2 = 2x …(i) (–2,0) O (2,0) (9/2, 0)
and y ≥ 4 x − 1 represents a region to the left of the line M′ L′
y = 4x − 1 …(ii) (–2, –5/3) (2, –5/3)
y
90. Given Two parabolas x 2 = and x 2 = 9y 1
4 π
To find The area bounded between the parabolas and the O
straight line y = 2. π π 3π 2π
−1 2 2
The required area is equal to the shaded region in the drawn
figure.
Y
y = 4x 2
1
y = x2
9 π 3π/2
y=2 O π/2
π /4 5π / 4
Required area = ∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx + ∫π /4 (sin x − cos x ) dx
X 0
3π / 2
+∫ (cos x − sin x ) dx
5π / 4
The area of the shaded region (which can be very easily found
= [sin x + cos x ]0π /4 + [ − cos x − sin x ]5ππ/4/4 + [sin x + cos x ]35ππ //24
by using integration) is twice the area shaded in first quadrant.
2 y 25 = ( 4 2 − 2 ) sq units
Required area = 2 ∫ 3 y − dy = 2 ∫ y dy
0 2 0 2 93. The equation of tangent at (2, 3) to the given parabola is
y=2
x = 2y − 4
y 3/ 2 10 20 2 Y
=5 = (2 3/2 − 0 ) = (2, 3)
3 /2 y = 0 3 3
1
91. Given, y = x, x = e and y = , x ≥ 0
x
Since, y = x and x ≥ 0 ⇒ y ≥0 X′ X
(– 4, 0)
∴ Area to be calculated in I quadrant shown as 2
Y ′ (y – 2) = (x – 1)
Y 3
∴ Required area = ∫ {(y − 2 ) 2 + 1 − 2y + 4 }dy
y=x 0
3
(y − 2 ) 3
= − y 2 + 5y
A 3 0
B 1 8
O y = 1/x =
− 9 + 15 + = 9 sq units
X′ X 3 3
D (1, 0) C (e, 0)
x=e 94. Given, equations of curves are x + 3y 2 = 1 ... (i)
Y′
∴ Area = Area of ∆ODA + Area of DABCD and x + 2y = 0
2
... (ii)
1 e 1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= (1 × 1 ) + ∫ dx
2 1 x y = ± 1 and x = − 2
1 1
= + (log | x | ) e1
2
∴ Required area = ∫ −1(x1 − x 2 )dy
1 Y
= + {log | e | − log 1 } [Q log | e | = 1 ]
2 (−2, 1)
1 3
= + 1 = sq units (1, 0)
2 2 X
X′
92. Graph of y = sin x is −
1, 0
8 − 11 , 0
Y 12
(−2, −1)
1
O π 3π/2 Y′
X′ X 1 1
π/2
∫ −1(1 − 3y ∫ −1(1 − y
–2π 2π 3π = 2
+ 2y ) dy =2 2
) dy
−1
Y′ 1
1 y3 1 4
and graph of y = cos x is = 2 ∫ (1 − y 2 ) dy = 2 y − = 2 1 − = sq units
0
3 0 3 3
CHAPTER
04
Differential
Equations
Learning Part
Session 1
● Solution of a Differential Equation
Session 2
● Solving of Varibale Seperable Form
Session 3
● Solving of Linear Differential Equations
● Bernoulli’s Equation
● Orthogonal Trajectory
Session 4
● Exact Differential Equations
Session 5
● Solving of First Order and Higher Degrees
Practice Part
● JEE Type Examples
● Chapter Exercises
Session 1
Solution of a Differential Equation
These three examples should be sufficient for you to realise variable (while treating the other independent variable y as
why and how differential equations arise and why they are ¶
a constant). A similar interpretation can be attached to .
important. ¶y
Such equations are termed partial differential
In all the three equations mentioned above, there is only
equations but we shall not be concerned with them in
independent variable (the time t in all the three cases).
this chapter.
Such equations are termed ordinary differential
equations. We might have equations involving more than Consider the ordinary differnetial equation
one independent variable : d 2y dy
+x + x2 =c
¶f ¶f 2 dx
+x = x2 dx
¶x ¶y The order of the highest derivative present in this
¶ equation is two; thus we shall call it a second order
where the notation stands for the partial derivative, i.e.
¶x differential equation (DE, for convenience).
¶f
the term would imply that we differentiate the function The order of a DE is the order of the highest derivative
¶x
f with respect to the independent variable x as the that occurs in the equation
Chap 04 Differential Equations 235
Containing n arbitrary constants c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , ¼, c n , then by Using Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
differentiating this n times, we shall get n-equations. dy d 2y
x = xy 2
+2
Now, among these n-equations and the given equation, in dx dx
all (n + 1) equations, if the n arbitrary constants Which is the required differential equation.
c 1 , c 2 , c 3 , ¼, c n are eliminated, we shall evidently get a
differential equation of the nth order. For there being n y Example 5 Find the differential equation whose
differentiation, the resulting equation must contain a solution represents the family c ( y + c ) 2 = x 3 .
derivative of the nth order. Sol. Differentiating c (y + c )2 = x 3 …(i)
dy
We get c [2 (y + c )] = 3x 2 but from Eq. (i), we have
Algorithm for Formation dx
2x 3 dy
of Differential Equations (y + c ) 2
(y + c )
dx
= 3x 2
Step I Write the given equation involving independent 2x 3 dy 2x dy
variable x (say), dependent variable y (say) and the Þ × = 3x 2 i.e. × =3
y + c dx y + c dx
arbitrary constant.
2x é dy ù 2x é dy ù
Step II Obtain the number of arbitrary constants in Step Þ =y +c \ c = -y
3 êë dx úû 3 êë dx úû
I. Let there be n arbitrary constants.
Substituting c in Eq. (i), we get
Step III Differentiate the relation in step I, n times with 2
respect to x. é 2x æ dy ö ù é 2x dy ù 3
ê 3 ç ÷ - yú ê ú =x
ë è dx ø û ë 3 dx û
Step IV Eliminate arbitrary consstants with the help of n
equations involving differential coefficients obtained in Which is the required differential equation.
step III and an equation in step I. y Example 6 Find the differential equation whose
The equation so obtained is the desired differential solution represents the family y = ae 3x + be x .
equation. The following examples will illustrate the above
procedure. Sol. y = ae 3 x + be x …(i)
Differentiating the given equation twice, we get
y Example 3 Form the differential equation, if dy d 2y
= 3ae 3 x + be x and = 9ae 3 x + be x
y 2 = 4a ( x + b ), where a, b are arbitrary constants. dx dx 2
Sol. Differentiating y 2 = 4a ( x + b ) w.r.t. x, From the three equations by eliminating a and b, we obtain
d 2y 4dy
2y ×
dy
= 4a i.e. y
dy
= 2a - + 3y = 0
dx dx dx 2 dx
Remark
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get The order of the differential equation will be equal to number of
2 2 independent parameters and is not equal to the number of all the
d y æ dy ö
y + ç ÷ =0 parameters in the family of curves.
dx 2 è dx ø
which is the required differential equation. Thus, the y Example 7 Find the order of the family of curves
+ c4
elimination of arbitrary leads to the formation of a y = (c 1 + c 2 ) e x + c 3 e x .
differential equation. Sol. Here, the number of arbitrary parameters is 4 but the
order of the corresponding differential equation will not
y Example 4 Find the differential equation whose be 4 as it can be rewritten as, y = (c 1 + c 2 + c 3 e c 4 ) e x ,
solution represents the family xy = ae x + be - x . which is of the form y = Ae x . Hence, the corresponding
Sol. xy = ae x + be - x …(i) differential equation will be of order 1.
Differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
y Example 8 The differential equation of all
dy
x + y = ae x - be - x …(ii) non-horizontal lines in a plane is given by
dx d 2y d 2x
Differentiating Eq. (ii) w.r.t. x, we get (a) 2
=0 (b) =0
dx dy 2
d 2y dy dy
x + ×1 + = ae x + be - x …(iii) d 2y d 2x
dx 2
dx dx (c) 2
= 0 and =0 (d) All of these
dx dy 2
238 Textbook of Integral Calculus
O (a, 0)
x (c) (3 xy 2 + x 2 y 3 ) (y 1 - xy ) = 3 xy 1 (y - xy 1 - x 2 y 2 )
(d) None of the above
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), Sol. Equation of all conics whose centre lies at origin, is
2 2 2
æ x + yy ¢ ö æ x + yy ¢ ö æ x + yy ¢ ö ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 1 …(i)
çx - ÷ + çy - ÷ =ç ÷
è 1 + y¢ ø è 1 + y¢ ø è 1 + y¢ ø Differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
2 2 2 2ax + 2hxy1 + 2hy + 2byy1 = 0
æ xy ¢ - yy ¢ ö æy - x ö æ x + yy ¢ ö
Þ ç ÷ +ç ÷ =ç ÷ Þ ax + h (y + xy1 ) + byy1 = 0
è 1 + y¢ ø è1 + y ¢ ø è 1 + y¢ ø
Multiplying by x equation becomes,
Þ ( x - y )2 (y ¢ )2 + (y - x )2 = ( x + yy ¢ )2
ax 2 + h ( xy + x 2y1 ) + bxyy1 = 0 …(ii)
2 2 2
Þ ( x - y ) (1 + (y ¢ ) ) = ( x + yy ¢ ) Subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. h ( xy - x 2y1 ) + b (y 2 - xyy1 ) = 1
240 Textbook of Integral Calculus
2. The order and degree of the differential equation of all tangent lines to the parabola x 2 = 4y is
(a) 1, 2 (b) 2, 2 (c) 3, 1 (d) 4, 1
2
d y 2
æ dy ö æd y ö 2
3. The degree of the differential equation + 3 ç ÷ = x 2 log ç 2 ÷ is
è dx ø
dx 2 è dx ø
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Not defined
7. The differential equation of all parabolas having their axes of symmetry coincident with the axes of x, is
(a) yy 2 + y12 = y + y1 (b) yy 2 + y12 = 0 (c) yy 2 + y12 = y1 (d) None of these
8. The differential equation of all conics whose axes coincide with the coordinate axes, is
(a) xyy 2 + xy12 - yy1 = 0 (b) yy 2 + y12 - yy1 = 0
(c) xyy 2 + (x - y ) y1 = 0 (d) None of these
9. The differential equation having y = (sin- 1 x )2 + A (cos - 1 x ) + B, where A and B are arbitrary constant, is
(a) (1 - x 2 ) y 2 - xy1 = 2 (b) (1 - x 2 ) y 2 + yy1 = 0
(c) (1 - x ) y 2 + xy1 = 0 (d) None of these
10. The differential equation of circles passing through the points of intersection of unit circle with centre at the
origin and the line bisecting the first quadrant, is
(a) y1 (x 2 + y 2 - 1) + (x + yy1 ) = 0 (b) (y1 - 1) (x 2 + y 2 - 1) + (x + yy1 ) 2 (x - y ) = 0
2 2
(c) (x + y - 1) + yy 2 = 0 (d) None of these
Session 2
Solving of Variable Seperable Form,
Homogeneous Differential Equation
dy x dx + y dy a2 - x 2 - y 2
y Example 22 Solve ( x + y ) 2 = a2. y Example 24 Solve = .
dx x dy - y dx x2 + y 2
dy
Sol. ( x + y )2 = a2 …(i) Sol. Let x = r cos q , y = r sin q
dx
dy dt dy æ dt ö So that x2 + y2 = r 2 …(i)
Put x + y = t Þ 1 + = or =ç - 1÷
dx dx dx è dx ø y
and tan q = …(ii)
ì dt ü x
\ Eq. (i) reduces to t 2 í - 1ý = a 2
î dx þ From Eq. (i), we have d ( x 2 + y 2 ) = d (r 2 )
2 dt 2 2
i.e. t = a + t , separating the variable and integrating. i.e. x dx + y dy = r dr …(iii)
dx
t2 æ a2 ö æ y ö
From Eq. (ii), we have d ç ÷ = d (tan q )
ò dx = ò a 2 + t 2 dt = ò çè1 - a 2 + t 2 ÷ø dt è x ø
æt ö x dy - y dx
\ x = t - a tan -1 ç ÷ + C i.e. = sec 2 q dq
èa ø x2
æx + yö i.e. x dy - y dx = x 2 sec 2 q dq = r 2 cos 2 q sec 2 q dq …(iv)
i.e. x = x + y - a tan - 1 ç ÷ +C
è a ø Using Eqs. (iii) and (iv) in the given equation, we get
æx + yö
i.e. y = a tan -1 ç ÷ - C is the required general solution. r dr a2 - r 2 dr
è a ø = i.e. = dq
2 2
r dq r a -r2
2
y Example 23 Solve æ r ö
i.e. sin -1 ç ÷ = q + C or r = a sin (q + C )
(2x + 3y - 1) dx + (4 x + 6 y - 5) dy = 0. è a ø
Sol. (2x + 3y - 1) dx + ( 4 x + 6y - 5) dy = 0 …(i) or x 2 + y 2 = a sin {C + tan - 1 (y / x )}
Substitute u = 2x + 3y - 1 It is advised to remember the results (iii) and (iv).
du 3dy dy 1 æ du ö
\ =2+ or = ç - 2÷
dx dx dx 3 è dx ø
\ Eq. (i) reduces to
1 æ du ö
Homogeneous
u + (2u - 3) ç
3 è dx
- 2÷ = 0
ø Differential Equation
2 1 du By definition, a homogeneouos function f ( x , y ) of degree
i.e. u - (2u - 3) + (2u - 3) =0
3 3 dx n satisfies the property
-u +6 1 du
i.e. + (2u - 3) =0 f ( lx , ly ) = ln f ( x , y )
3 3 dx
Writing this in the variable-separable form For example, the functions
æ 2u - 3 ö f 1 (x , y ) = x 3 + y 3
ç ÷ du = dx
è u -6 ø
f 2 ( x , y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2
2u - 3
\ ò dx = ò u - 6 du f 3 ( x , y ) = x 3 e x /y + xy 2
2 ( u - 6) + 9 are all homogeneous functions, of degrees three, two and
\ x +C = ò du
( u - 6) three respectively (verify this assertion).
\ x + C = 2u + 9 ln | u - 6 | Observe that any homogeneous function f ( x , y ) of degree
\ x + C = 2 (2x + 3y - 1) + 9 ln | 2x + 3y - 7 | n can be equivalnetly written as follows :
3x + 6y - 2 + 9 ln | 2x + 3y - 7 | = C is the general solution. æy ö æxö
f (x , y ) = x n f ç ÷ = y n f ç ÷
èxø èy ø
Remarks
Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates For example, f (x, y ) = x 3 + y 3
separation of varibales. It is convenient to remember the
following differentials. æ æy ö3ö æ æx ö3ö
= x 1+ ç ÷ ÷ =y3
3ç ç1 + ç ÷ ÷
1. x dx + y dy = r dr 2. x dy - y dx = r 2 dq ç èxø ÷ ç èy ø ÷
è ø è ø
3. dx 2 + dy 2 = dr 2 + r 2d q2
244 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Having seen homogeneous functions we define Step III Shift v on R.H.S and seperate the variables in v
homogeneous DEs as follows : and x.
Any DE of the form M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y )dy = 0 Step IV Integrate both sides to obtain the solution in
dy M(x , y ) terms of v and x.
or =- is called homogeneous if M ( x , y ) and
dx N (x , y ) y
Step V Replace v by in the solution obtained in step IV
N ( x , y ) are homogeneous functions of the same degree. x
to obtain the solution in terms of x and y.
What is so special about homogeneous DEs? Well, it turns
out that they areextremely simple to solve. To see how, Following examples illustrate the procedure.
æy ö
we express both M ( x , y ) and N ( x , y ) as, say x n M ç ÷ and y Example 25 Solve y dx + (2 xy - x ) dy = 0.
èxø
æy ö Sol. y dx + (2 xy - x ) dy = 0 …(i)
x n N ç ÷ . This can be done sicne M ( x , y ) and N ( x , y ) are
èxø This is homogeneous type. Substitute y = ux
both homogeneous function of degree n. Doing this dy x du
\ =u +
reduces our DE to dx dx
æy ö æy ö \ Equation ux dx + (2 x 2 u - x ) (u dx + x du ) = 0
xnM ç ÷ Mç ÷
dy M(x , y ) èxø èxø æy ö i.e. x × { udx + (2 u - 1) u dx + x du (2 u - 1) } = 0
=- = =- =P ç ÷
dx N (x , y ) æy ö æy ö èxø
xnN ç ÷ N ç ÷ i.e. dx (2u 3 / 2 - u + u ) + x du (2 u - 1) = 0
èxø èxø
dx æ 2 u - 1 ö
- M (t ) Separating the variables, +ç ÷ du = 0
(The function P (t ) stands for ) x è 2 u 3/2 ø
N (t )
1
Now, the simple substitution y = vx reduces this DE to a Integrating both the sides ln | x | + ln | u | + =C
u
VS form
1 x æ yö
y = vx or ln | xu | + =C or ln | y | + = C çQu = ÷
u y è xø
dy dy
Þ =v + x Which is the general solution.
dx dx
dy æy ö y Example 26 Solve ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx - 2xy dy = 0.
Thus, = p ç ÷ transforms to
dx èxø dy x 2 + y 2 1 é x y ù
Sol. Here, = = ê + ú
dv dx 2xy 2ë y x û
v +x = P (v )
dx dy du
dv dx With y = ux , =u + x , so that the differential
Þ = dx dx
P (v ) - v x equation becomes
This can now be integraed directly since it is in VS form. du 1 æ 1 ö
u+x = ç + u÷
Let us see some examples of solving homogeneous DEs. dx 2 è u ø
x du 1 + u 2
Þ = -u
dx 2u
Alogorithm for Solving x du 1 - u 2
Þ =
Homogeneous Differential Equation dx 2u
2u dx
Step I Put the differential equation in the form Þ ò 1-u 2
du = ò
x
dy f ( x , y )
=
dx y ( x , y ) Þ - log | 1 - u 2 | = log | x | - log | C |
dy dv Þ x (1 - u 2 ) = C
Step II Put y = vx and =v + x in the equation in
dx dx x2 - y2 æ yö
Þ =C çQ u = ÷
step I and can out x from the right hand side. The x è xø
dv
equation reduces to the form v + x = f (v ). Hence, x 2 - y 2 = xC , is the required solution.
dx
Chap 04 Differential Equations 245
2 dy y y2 Sol. Since, xy = v , y =
v
and d ( x y ) = d v
y Example 27 Solve = + × x
dx x x2 i.e. x dy + y dx = dv
Sol. The above equation is homogeneous so that we put y = ux . æ v ö x dv - v dx
and dy = d ç ÷=
é du ù du è x ø x2
Þ 2 êu + x = u + u 2 Þ 2u + 2x = u + u2
ë dx úû dx v
i.e. x dy = dv - dx
du du dx x
Þ 2x = u2 - u Þ 2 =
dx u - u 2x v ì v ü
\ f (v ) dx + g (v ) í dv - dx ý = 0
du 1 dx
x î x þ
Þ ò u ( u - 1) = 2 ò x \
v { f (v ) - g (v )}
dx + g (v ) dv = 0
x
1 1 1 dx
Þ ò u - 1 du - ò u du = 2 ò x i.e.
dx
+
g (v ) dv
=0
x v { f (v ) - g (v )}
1
Þ log | u - 1 | - log | u | = log | x | + log | C | Which is in variables separable form.
2
u - 1½
Þ log½ = log | C x|
½ u ½ Reducible to Homogeneous Form
u -1 y-x
Þ =C x Þ =C x Type I
u y
Many a times, the DE specified may not be homogeneous
Þ y - x =C x ×y but some suibtale manipulation might reduce it to a
Which is the required solution. homogeneous form. Generally, such equations involve a
function of a rational expression whose numerator and
y Example 28 Solve denominator are linear functions of the variable, i.e., of
(1 + 2 e x / y ) dx + 2 e x / y (1 - x / y ) dy = 0. the form
dy æ ax + by + c ö
Sol. The appearance of x / y in the equation suggests the =f ç ÷ …(i)
substitution x = vy or dx = v dy + y dv. dx è dx + cy + f ø
\ The given equation is Note that the presence of the constant c and f causes this
(1 + 2 e v ) (v dy + y d v ) + 2 e v (1 - v ) dy = 0 DE to be non-homogeneous.
i.e. y (1 + 2 e v ) d v + (v + 2 e v ) dy = 0 To make it homogeneous, we use the substitutions
x ® X +h
1 + 2 ev dy
i.e. dv + =0 y ®Y + k
v + 2 ev y
and select h and k so that
1 + 2 ev dy
Integrating, ò v + 2 ev
dv + ò y
=0 ah + bk + c = 0 ü
…(ii)
ý
dh + ek + f = 0þ
log | v + 2 e v | + log | y | = log | C |
æ a dö
æ xö This can always be done ç if ¹ ÷ . The RHS of the DE in
Þ (v + 2 e v ) y = C çv = ÷ è b eø
è yø
æ a ( X + h ) + b (Y + k ) + c ö
æx x /y ö
(i) now reduces to = f ç ÷
Þ ç + 2e ÷ y = C è d ( X + h ) + e (Y + k + f ) ø
èy ø
æ aX + bY ö
Þ ( x + 2ye x / y ) = C , is required solution. =f ç ÷ (Using Eq. (ii))
è dX + eY ø
y Example 29 Show that any equation of the form This expression is clearly homogeneous! The LHS of Eq. (i)
y f ( xy ) dx + x g ( xy ) dy = 0 dy dy dY dX dy dx
is which equals × × . Since × = 1, the
dx dY dX dx dY dX
can be converted to variable separable form by substi- dy dY
LHS equals . Thus, our equation becomes
tuting xy = v . dx dX
246 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dY æ aX + bY ö Thus,
=f ç ÷ …(iii)
dX è dX + eY ø ax + by + c l(dx + ey ) + c
=
We have thus succeeded in transforming the dx + ey + f dx + ey + f
non-homogeneous DE in Eq. (i) to the homogeneous DE in This suggests the substitution dx + ey = v , which will give
Eq. (iii). This can now be solved as described earlier. dy dv
d +e =
dy 2y - x - 4 dx dx
y Example 30 Solve the DE = × dy 1 æ dv ö
dx y - 3x + 3 Þ = ç -d÷
dx e è dx ø
Sol. We substitute x ® X + h and y ® Y + k where h , k need
to be determined Thus, our DE reduces to
dy dY (2Y - X ) + (2k - h - 4 ) 1 æ dv ö lv + c
= = ç -d÷ =
dx dX (Y - 3X ) + (k - 3h + 3) e è dx ø v+f
h and k must be chosen so that dv lev + ec
Þ = +d
2k - h - 4 = 0 dx v+f
k - 3h + 3 = 0 ( le + d )v + (ec + d )
This gives h = 2 and k = 3. Thus, =
v+f
x = X +2
(v + f )
y =Y + 3 Þ dv = dx
( le + d ) v + ec + df
Our DE now reduces to
dY 2Y - X which is in VS form and hence can be solved.
=
dX Y - 3X dy x + 2y - 1
y Example 31 Solve the DE = ×
Using the substitution Y = vX , and simplifying, we have dx x + 2y + 1
(verify),
Sol. Note that h , k do not exist in this case which can reduce
v -3 -dX
2
dv = this DE to homogeneous form. Thus, we use the substitu-
v 5v + 1 X
tion
We now integrate this DE which is VS; the left-hand side x + 2y = v
can be integrated by the techniques described in the unit of dy dv
Indefinite Integration. Þ 1+2 =
dx dx
Y
Finally, we substitute v = and Thus, our DE becomes
X
1 æ dv ö v -1
X = x -2 ç - 1÷ =
2 è dx ø v +1
Y =y -3
dv 2v - 2 3v - 1
to obtain the general solution. Þ = + 1=
dx v +1 v +1
Type II v +1
Þ dv = dx
Suppose our DE is of the form 3v - 1
dy æ ax + by + c ö Þ
1æ 4 ö
=f ç ÷ ç1 + ÷ dv = dx
dx è dx + ey + f ø 3 è 3v - 1 ø
Integrating, we have
We try to find h, k so that
1æ 4 ö
ah + bk + c = 0 çv + ln (3v - 1)÷ = x + C 1
3 è 3 ø
dh + ek + f = 0
Substituting v = x + 2y , we have
What if this system does not yield a solution? Recall that
4
a d x + 2y + ln (3x + 6y - 1) = 3x + C 2
this will happen if = . How do we reduce the DE to a 3
b e
2
homogeneous one in such a case? Þ y - x + ln (3x + 6y - 1) = C
3
a b
Let = = l (say).
d e
Chap 04 Differential Equations 247
1
y Example 32 The solution of the differential ± y + y 2 + 2x 2
(a) 2 x 2 =
dy sin y + x x
equation = is
dx sin 2y - x cos y ± 2 y + y + 2 x2
2
(b) 2x =
x
x2
(a) sin 2 y = x sin y + +C ±
1
y + x 2 + 2y 2
2 (c) 2 y 2 =
x2 x
(b) sin 2 y = x sin y - +C
2 (d) None of the above
x2
(c) sin 2 y = x + sin y + +C Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
2 æ æ dy ö ö
2 2
x2 æ dy ö dy
(d) sin 2 y = x - sin y + +C y 2 ç ÷ + 4 x 2 + 4 xy × = (y 2 + 2x 2 ) çç1 + ç ÷ ÷÷
è dx ø dx è è dx ø ø
2
dy sin y + x 2
Sol. Here, = dy y 1 æy ö
dx sin 2y - x cos y Þ = ± ç ÷ +1 …(i)
dx x 2 èx ø
dy sin y + x
Þ cos y = , put sin y = t Let y = vx
dx 2 sin y - x
dv dy
dt t +x Þ v+x =
Þ = , put t = vx dx dx
dx 2 t - x
\ Eq. (i) becomes
x dv vx + x v +1
+v = = dv 1 2
dx 2vx - x 2v - 1 v+x =v ± v +1
dx 2
dv v +1 v + 1 - 2v 2 + v dv dx
\ = -v =
x
dx 2v - 1 2v - 1
or ò 1 2
=ò
x
v +1
2v 2 - v dx 2
or 2
dv =
- 2v + 2v + 1 x
Þ 2 log | v + v 2 + 2 | = log | xC |
On solving, we get
½ y + y 2 + 2x 2 ½
x2 Þ 2 log½ ½ = log | xC |,
sin 2 y = x sin y + +C ½ x ½
2
putting x = 1 and y = 0
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
2
Þ C = ( 2)
y Example 33 The equation of curve passing through
1
(1, 0) and satisfying y + y 2 + 2x 2 ±
\Curves are given by = 2x 2
æ dy ö
2
2 ç
æ æ dy ö 2 ö x
+ = 2
+ ÷
ç y
è dx
2 x ÷
ø
( y 2 x ) ç 1 + çè dx ÷ø ÷ , is given by Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
è ø
248 Textbook of Integral Calculus
9. A curve C has the property that if the tangent drawn at any point P on C meets. The coordinate axes at A and B,
then P is the mid point of AB. The curve passes through the point (1, 1). Then the equation of curve is
x
(a) xy = 1 (b) =1
y
(c) 2x = xy - 1 (d) None of these
p
10. The family of curves whose tangent form an angle with the hyperbola xy = 1, is
4
(a) y = x - 2 tan-1 (x ) + K (b) y = x + 2 tan-1 (x ) + K
-1
(c) y = 2x - tan (x ) + K (d) y = 2x + tan-1 (x ) + K
11. A and B are two separate reservoires of mater capacity of reservoir are filled completely with water their inlets
are closed and then the water is released simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of flow of water out
of each reservoir at any instant of time is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir at that time. One
1
hour after the water is released, the quantity of water in the reservoir A is 1 times the quantity of the water in
2
reservoir B. The time after which do both the reservoirs have the same quantity of water, is
(b) log3 / 4 æç ö÷
1
(a) log3 / 4 (2)
è 2ø
(c) log1/ 2 æç ö÷
1
(d) None of these
è 2ø
12. A curve passes through (2, 1) and is such that the square of the ordinate is twice the rectangle contained by the
abscissa and the intercept of the normal. Then the equation of curve is
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 9x (b) 4x 2 + y 2 = 9x
(c) 4x 2 + 2y 2 = 9x (d) None of these
x (1+ y 2 )
13. A normal at P ( x , y ) on a curve neets the X-axis at Q and N is the foot of the ordinate at P. If NQ = .
(1+ x 2 )
Then the equation of curve passing through (3, 1) is
(a) 5(1+ y 2 ) = (1+ x 2 ) (b) (1+ y 2 ) = 5(1+ x 2 )
(c) (1+ x 2 ) = (1+ y 2 ). x (d) None of these
14. The curve for which the ratio of the length of the segment intercepted by any tangent on the Y-axis to the length
of the radius vector is constant (k), is
(a) (y + x 2 - y 2 )x k -1 = c (b) (y + x 2 + y 2 )x k -1 = c
(c) (y - x 2 - y 2 )x k -1 = c (d) (y - x 2 + y 2 )x k -1 = c
15. A point P ( x , y ) nores on the curve x 2/ 3 + y 2/ 3 = a 2/ 3, a > 0 for each position ( x , y ) of p, perpendiculars are drawn
from origin upon the tangent and normal at P, the length (absolute valve) of them being P1( x ) and P2( x )
brespectively, then
dp1 dp2 dp1 dp2
(a) . <0 (b) . £0
dx dx dx dx
dp dp dp dp
(c) 1 . 2 > 0 (d) 1 . 2 ³ 0
dx dx dx dx
Session 3
Solving of Linear Differential Equations,
Bernoulli’s Equation, Orthogonal Trajectory
Differential Equations Step III Multiply both sides of equation in Step I by I.F.
Step IV Integrate both sides of the equation obtained in
First Order Linear step III. w.r.t x to obtain y (I.F.) = ò Q .(I. F. ) dx + C
Differential Equations This gives the required solution following examples
illustrate the procedure.
A differential equation is said to be linear if an unknown
variable and its derivative occur only in the first degree. dy
y Example 34 Solve + 2y = cos x .
An equation of the form dx
dy Sol. It is a linear equation of the form
+ P ( x ) × y = Q ( x ).
dx dy
+ Py = Q ( x )
Where P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are functions of x only or constant dx
is called a linear equation of the first order. where P = 2 and Q = cos x
IF = e ò = eò
Pdx 2dx
To get the general solution of the above equation we Then = e 2x
proceeds as follows. By multiplying both the sides of the Hence, the general solution is y (IF) = ò Q (IF) dx
above equation by e ò , we get
Pdx
y × e 2x = òe
2x
i.e. cos x dx + C
Pdx dy
eò × + yP × e ò = Q e ò
Pdx Pdx 2x
e
dx y × e 2x = [2 cos x + sin x ] + C
5
dy d
i.e. e ò × (e ò ) = Q e ò
Pdx Pdx Pdx
+y dy y
dx dx y Example 35 Solve + = log x .
d dx x
(y e ò ) = Q × e ò
Pdx Pdx
i.e.
dx Sol. It is a linear differential equation of the form
dy
\ Integrating, we get y e ò = ò Q e ò dx + C
Pdx Pdx
+ Py = Q ( x )
dx
Here, the term e ò which converts the left hand 1
Pdx
Here, P = , Q = log x
expression of the equation into a perfect differential is x
IF = e ò = eò
Pdx 1/ x dx
called an Integrating factor. In short it is written as IF. Then = e log x = x
Thus, we remember the solution of the above equation as Hence, the general solution is
y ( IF ) = òQ (IF) dx + C. y (IF) = ò Q (IF) dx + C
i.e. yx = ò (log x ) x dx + C
Algoritm for Solving A Linear x2 1 x2
yx = (log x ) × -ò × +C
Differential Equation i.e.
2 x 2
Step I Write the differential equation in the form x2 x2
i.e. yx = (log x ) - +C
dy / dx + Py = Q and obtain P and Q. 2 4
Chap 04 Differential Equations 251
dy y p 3 3
y Example 36 Solve = × Now, when x= ,y =
dx 2y ln y + y - x 6 8
3 3 æ 1 ö 1 3
Sol. The equation can be written as \ ç 1- ÷ = × +C Þ C =0
8 è 3 ø 2 2
dx 2y ln y + y - x x
= = (2 ln y + 1) - sin 2x
dy y y \ y=
2 (1 - tan 2 x )
dx 1
i.e. + × x = (2 ln y + 1)
dy y dy
y Example 38 Solve + y f¢ ( x ) = f( x ) × f¢ ( x ), where
1 dx
In this equation it is clear that P = and Q = (2 ln y + 1).
y f( x ) is a given function.
Which are function of y only because equation contains Sol. Here, P = f¢( x ) and Q = f( x ) f¢ ( x )
IF = e ò
derivatives of x with f¢ ( x ) dx
= e f(x )
respect to y.
\ The solution is
IF = e ò = eò
Pdy 1/ y dy
= e ln y = y
y e f (x ) = òf( x ) × f¢ ( x ) × e f (x ) dx = ò t ×e
t
dt ,
\ The solution is; x (IF) = ò(2 ln y + 1) (IF) dy
where f( x ) = t
i.e. xy = ò(2 ln y + 1) × y dy = y ln y + C 2
y e f ( x ) = e t ( t - 1) + C
C i.e. ye f (x ) = { f( x ) - 1} e f (x ) + C
i.e. x = y ln y +
y
Note In some cases a linear differential equation may be of the
form
dx
dy
+ P1 x = Q1, where P1 and Q1 are function of y alone. In Bernoulli’s Equation
such a case the integrating factor is eò 1 .
P dy
Sometimes a differential equation is not linear but it can
dy be converted into a linear differential equation by a
y Example 37 Solve cos 2 x - y tan 2x = cos 4 x , suitable substitution. An equation of the form
dx dy
p æ p ö 3 3 + Py = Q y n . (n ¹ 0, 1)
where | x | < and y ç ÷ = × dx
4 è 6 ø 8
Where P and Q are functions of x only, is known as
Sol. The given equation can be written as Bernoulli’s equation (for n = 0 the equation is linear.)
dy It is easy to reduce the above equation into linear form as
- sec 2 x × tan 2x × y = cos 2 x
dx below :
2 tan x
ò+ sec 2 x dx
2
Dividing both the sides by y n , we get
IF = e ò
- tan 2 x × sec x dx tan 2 x - 1
=e
dt
òt dy
=e , where t = tan 2 x - 1 y -n + P y1 -n = Q
dx
= e ln | t | = | t | = | tan 2 x - 1 |
dy dz
p
It is given that | x | < and for this region tan 2 x < 1. Putting y 1 - n = z and hence, (1 - n ) y - n = the
4 dx dx
dz
\ IF = (1 - tan 2 x ) equation becomes + (1 - n ) Pz = (1 - n ) Q which is linear
dx
\ The solution is
in z.
y (1 - tan 2 x ) = ò cos 2 x (1 - tan 2 x ) dx
IF = e ò
(1 - n ) P dx
Here,
= ò(cos x - sin x ) dx
2 2
\ The solution is,
zeò
(1 - n ) Pdx (1 - n ) Pdx
= ò(cos 2x ) dx =
sin 2x
+C = ò {(1 - n ) × Q × e ò } dx
2
252 Textbook of Integral Calculus
dy
y Example 43 Solve
dx
+ x ( x + y ) = x 3 ( x + y ) 3 - 1. Orthogonal Trajectory
Sol. The given equation can be written as Any curve, which cuts every member of a given family of
æ dy ö curves at right angles, is called an orthogonal trajectory of
ç + 1 ÷ + x ( x + y ) = x 3 ( x + y )3
è dx ø the family. For example, each straight line passing through
d (x + y ) the origin, ie , y = kx is an orthogonal trajectory of the
i.e. + x ( x + y ) = x 3 ( x + y )3
dx family of the circles x 2 + y 2 = a 2 .
d (x + y )
i.e. ( x + y )- 3 × + x ( x + y )- 2 = x 3
dx Procedure for Finding the
Let ( x + y )- 2 = z so that - 2 ( x + y )- 3
d ( x + y ) dz
=
Orthogonal Trajectory
dx dx (i) Let f ( x , y , c ) = 0 be the equation of the given family of
The given equation reduces to curves, where c is an arbitrary parameter.
1 dz (ii) Differentiate f = 0; w.r.t. ‘x’ and eliminate ‘c’, i.e. form
- + xz = x 3
2 dx a differential equation.
dz
i.e. - 2xz = - 2x 3 dx dy
dx (iii) Substitute - for in the above differential
dy dx
IF = e ò
- 2 x dx 2
= e- x equation. This will give the differential equation of
\ The solution is the orthogonal trajectories.
2 2 2
z × e - x = ò - 2x 3 × e - x dx = ( x 2 + 1) e - x + C (iv) By solving this differential equation, we get the
required orthogonal trajectories.
1 2
= Ce x + x 2 + 1
(x + y ) 2
y Example 45 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the
hyperbola xy = C .
dy
y Example 44 Solve sin y × = cos y (1 - x cos y ). Sol. The equation of the given family of curves is xy = c …(i)
dx
Differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get
Sol. The given differential equation is
x dy
dy +y =0 …(ii)
sin y = cos y (1 - x cos y ) dx
dx dx dy
dy Substitute - for in Eq. (ii), we get
or sin y - cos y = - x cos 2 y dy dx
dx
x dx
Dividing by cos 2 y, we get - +y =0 …(iii)
dy
dy
tan y × sec y ×
- sec y = - x This is the differential equation for the orthogonal
dx trajectory of given family of hyperbola. Eq. (iii) can be
dy dv rewritten as x dx = y dy , which on integration gives
Let sec y = v Þ sec y tan y × =
dx dx x 2 - y 2 = C.
dv
So that -v = - x This is the family of required orthogonal trajectories.
dx
Which is linear differential equation with P = - 1, Q = - x y Example 46 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the
curves y = cx 2 .
IF = e ò = eò
Pdx - 1 dx
= e- x Sol. Here, y = cx 2 ...(i)
The solution is given by Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
v × e - x = ò - x × e - x dx = xe - x + e - x + C dy
= 2cx ...(ii)
dx
= e - x ( x + 1) + C
Eliminating c from Eqs. (i) and (ii),
or v = (1 + x ) + Ce x
æ 1 dy ö 2
y=ç ÷x
or sec y = (1 + x ) + Ce x è 2x dx ø
254 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Þ
dy
2y = x ...(iii) æx2 ö
Þ - dy = d ç ÷
dx èy ø
This is the differential equation of the family of curves
given in Eq. (i). Integrating both the sides, we get
dy dx x2
Now, to obtain orthogonal trajectory replace by - in -y = + C Þ x 2 + y 2 + Cy = 0
dx dy y
Eq. (iii). Represents family of orthogonal trajectory.
dx
Þ 2y = - x y Example 48 Find the orthogonal trajectory of the
dy
circles
or 2y dy = - x dx
x 2 + y 2 - ay = 0.
Integrating both the sides, we get
x2 Sol. Here, x 2 + y 2 - ay = 0 ...(i)
2
y =- + C1
2 Differentiating, we get
2 2
Þ x + 2y = C 1, is the required family of orthogonal 2x + 2yy1 - ay1 = 0
trajectory. 2 ( x + yy1 )
Þ a= ...(ii)
y1
y Example 47 Find the equation of all possible curves
Substituting ‘a’ in Eq. (i), we get
that will cut each member of the family of circles
2 ( x + yy1 )
x 2 + y 2 - 2cx = 0 at right angle. x2 + y2 - y =0
y1
Sol. Here, x 2 + y 2 - 2cx = 0 ...(i)
Þ ( x 2 - y 2 ) y1 - 2xy = 0
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
This is the differential equation of the family of circles
2x + 2yy1 - 2c = 0
given in Eq. (i).
Þ c = x + yy1 ...(ii)
\ The differential representing the orthogonal trajectory is
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we eliminate c
dy dy
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2 ( x + yy1 ) x = 0 obtained by replacing by - .
dx dx
dy
or - x 2 + y 2 - 2xy =0 i.e. - (x 2 - y 2 )
dx
- 2xy = 0
dx dy
This is the differential equation representing the given
family of circles. To find differential equation of the Þ 2xy dy - y 2 dx = - x 2 dx
dy dx x d (y 2 ) - y 2 dx
orthogonal trajectories, we replace by - . Þ = - dx
dx dy x2
dx
Þ y 2 - x 2 = - 2xy æy 2 ö
dy Þ d ç ÷ = - dx
èx ø
Þ y 2 dy = x 2 dy - 2xy dx
Integrating both the sides, we get
yd ( x 2 ) - x 2 dy
Þ - dy = y 2 + x 2 = Cx , is required family of orthogonal trajectories.
y2
Chap 04 Differential Equations 255
dy y y
5. The solution of + log y = 2 (log y )2, is
dx x x
1 1 1
(a) x = log y + C (b) x 2 + log y = C (c) = +C (d) None of these
2x x log y 2x 2
dy
6. The solution of + y f ¢ ( x ) - f ( x ) × f ¢ ( x ) = 0, y ¹ f ( x ) is
dx
(a) y = f (x ) + 1+ ce - f ( x ) (b) y - ce - f ( x )
-f( x )
(c) y = f (x ) - 1+ ce (d) None of these
8. The Curve possessing the property text the intercept made by the tangent at any point of the curve on the
y-axis is equal to square of the abscissa of the point of tangency, is given by
(a) y 2 = x + C (b) y = 2x 2 + cx
2
(c) y = - x + cx (d) None of these
9. The tangent at a point P of a curve meets the y-axis at A, and the line parallel to y-axis at A, and the line
parallel to y-axis through P meets the x-axis at B. If area of DOAB is constant (O being the origin), Then the
curve is
(a) cx 2 - xy + k = 0 (b) x 2 + y 2 = cx
(c) 3x 2 + 4y 2 = k (d) xy - x 2 y 2 + kx = 0
10. The value of k such that the family of parabolas y = cx 2 + k is the orthogonal trajectory of the family of ellipse
x 2 + 2y 2 - y = C, is
(a) y 2 (b) y 3 (c) y4 (d) y 5
Session 4
Exact Differential Equations
Exact Differential Equations \ The solution is,
æ 1 ö x dy + y dx y Example 54 Solve
11. d ç - ÷=
è xy ø x2 y2 y + sin x cos 2 ( xy ) æ x ö
dx + ç + sin y ÷ dy = 0.
æ e y ö x e y dy - e y dx 2
cos ( xy ) 2
è cos ( xy ) ø
12. d ç ÷ =
è x ø x2 Sol. The given differential equation can be written as
æ e ö ye dx - e dy
x x x y dx + x dy
+ sin x dx + sin y dy = 0
13. d ç ÷ = cos 2 ( xy )
èy ø y2
Þ sec 2 ( xy ) d ( xy ) + sin x dx + sin y dy = 0
14. d ( x m y n ) = x m - 1 y n - 1 (my dx + nx dy )
d (tan ( xy )) + d ( - cos x ) + d ( - cos y ) = 0
d [ f ( x , y )]1 - n f ¢ (x , y ) Þ tan ( xy ) - cos x - cos y = C
15. =
1-n ( f ( x , y )) n dy
4 x+y
y Example 51 Solve ( x 2 - ay ) dx + ( y 2 - ax ) dy = 0. y Example 55 Solve dx = x 2 + 2y 2 + y ×
dy x2
Sol. The given differential equation is y -x
dx
x 2dx + y 2dy - a (y dx + x dy ) = 0
Sol. The given equation can be written as
æx3 ö æy 3 ö x dx + y dy y dx - x dy y 2
Þ d ç ÷ +d ç ÷ - ad ( xy ) = 0 = × 2
è 3 ø è 3 ø ( x 2 + y 2 )2 y2 x
x3 y3 d (x 2 + y 2 ) æ x ö
1
Integrating, we get + - a xy = k Þ ò =2ò dç ÷
3 3 2
(x + y ) 2 2 2
x /y è y ø
2
Þ d ( x 2 log y ) + d (y 3 ) = 0
e y
{ xy 2 dy + y 3dx } + { ydx - xdy } = 0, is
(a) e xy + e x / y + C = 0 (b) e xy - e x / y + C = 0
Þ x 2 log y + y 3 = C
(c) e xy + e y / x + C = 0 (d) e xy - e y / x + C = 0
(integrating both the sides)
2
( y - 1)
x
y Example 53 Solve x dx + y dy = x dy - y dx . Sol. Here, e y
× y 2 { xdy + ydx } + {ydx - xdy } = 0
Sol. The given equation can be written as Þ e xy × y 2 × { xdy + ydx } + e x / y {ydx - xdy } = 0
1 æy ö {ydx - xdy }
d (x 2 + y 2 ) = x 2 d ç ÷
2 èx ø or e xy × { xdy + ydx } + e x / y =0
y2
æy ö
2x 2 d ç ÷ æ x ö
d (x 2 + y 2 ) èx ø or e xy × d ( xy ) + e x / y × d ç ÷ =0
Þ = è y ø
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
d (x 2 + y 2 ) 2d (y / x ) or d (e xy ) + d (e x / y ) = 0
Þ =
x2 + y2 1 + (y / x )2 Integrating both the sides, we get
æy ö e xy + e x / y + C = 0
Þ log ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2 tan - 1 ç ÷ + C
èx ø Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
258 Textbook of Integral Calculus
½x -y½ 2
½ xy ½ 2 Þ y 2e xy ( xdy + ydx ) = e x / y (ydx - xdy )
(a) log½ ½= y + C (b) log½ ½= x + C
½ xy ½ 2 ½x -y½ 2 æ ydx - xdy ö
Þ e xy (d ( xy )) = e x / y × ç ÷
½x -y½ 2
½x -y½ è y2 ø
(c) log½ ½= x + C (d) log½ ½= x + C
½ xy ½ 2 ½ xy ½ æ x ö
Þ e xy (d ( xy )) = e x / y × d ç ÷
æ dy dx ö æ 1 1 ö è y ø
Sol. Here, x 2y 2 ç 2 - 2 ÷ + x 2y 3 ç - ÷ dy = 0
è y x ø è y x ø Þ d (e xy ) = d (e x / y )
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö Integrating both the sides, we get
Þ - d ç - ÷ + y ç - ÷ dy = 0
è y x ø è y x ø e xy = e x / y + l
æ1 1ö æ1 1ö Þ xy = log (e x / y + l )
dç - ÷ dç - ÷
èy x ø èy x ø æy 2 ö Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
Þ - + ydy = 0 or =d ç ÷
æ1 1ö æ1 1ö è 2 ø
ç - ÷ ç - ÷ y Example 60 The solution of the differential
èy x ø èy x ø
equation
Integrating both the sides, we get
½ 1 1½ y
2
( y + x xy ( x + y )) dx + ( y xy ( x + y ) - x ) dy = 0, is
log½ - ½ = +C
2 2
½x y½ 2 x +y x
(a) + 2 tan - 1 =C
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. 2 2y
æ y ö ì æ y ö ü
6. The solution of x sin ç ÷ dy = í y sin ç
è x ø è
÷ - x ý dx , is given by
ø
î x þ
æx ö
(a) log x - cos æç ö÷ = log C (b) log x - sin æç ö÷ = C (c) log ç ÷ - cos æç ö÷ = log C
y y y
(d) None of these
èx ø èx ø èy ø èx ø
xdx + ydy a2 - x 2 - y 2
7. The solution of = , is given by
xdy - ydx x2 + y2
y=
xp ax
+ …(i) y Example 66 Solve y = 2px + y 2p 3 .
2 2p
Sol. Solving for x, we get
dy p x dp a ax dp
= + × + - 2× y y 2p 2
dx 2 2 dx 2p 2p dx x= - …(i)
2p 2
dp
Þ p ( p 2 - a) = x ( p 2 - a) × Differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. y, we get
dx
dx 1 y dp dp
dp p = - × - yp 2 - y 2 p ×
Þ = Þ p = Cx dy 2p 2p 2 dy dy
dx x
262 Textbook of Integral Calculus
æ 1 ö dp
or
1
-
p 2p
1
+ yp 2 = - y ç
è 2p 2
+ yp ÷ ×
ø dy
Application of Differential
or (1 + 2yp 3 ) p = - y (1 + 2p 3y ) ×
dp Equations
dy
dp dy C
Differential Equation of First Order
+ = 0 Þ py = C Þ p =
or
p y y But not of First Degree
Substituting this in the Eq. (i), we get 1. The most general form of a first order and higher
y 2
C 2 degree differential equation is
x= - Þ y 2 = 2Cx + C 2
2C 2 p n + P1 p n -1 + P2 p n -2 + K... + Pn = 0 where P1 , P2 ,
……, Pn are function of x, y and p = dy /dx . If a 1st
order any degree equation can be resolved into
(iv) Clairaut’s Equation differential equation (involving p) of first degree and
The differential equation y = px + f ( p ) is known as 1st order, in such case we say that the equation is
Clairaut’s equation. The solution of equation of this type solvable for p.
is given by y = cx + f (c ). Let their solution be
Which is obtained by replacing p by c in the given g 1 ( x , y , c 1 ) ´ g 2 ( x , y , c 2 ) ´ K ´ g n ( x , y , c n ) = 0,
equation. (where c 1 , c 2 , ………, c n , are arbitrary constant) we
take c 1 = c 2 = ..... = c n = c because the differential
Remark equation of 1st order 1st degree contain only one
Some equations can be reduced to Clairaut’s form by suitable arbitrary constant. So solution is
substitution.
g1 (x , y, c ) ´ g2 (x , y, c ) ´ K ´ gn (x , y, c ) = 0
p 2. The most general form of a first order and higher
y Example 67 Solve y = px + ×
1+ p 2 degree differential equation is
c p n + P1 p n -1 + P2 p n -2 + K + Pn = 0, where P1 , P2 ,
Sol. Its solution is, y = cx +
1 + c2 ……, Pn are function of x, y and p = dy /dx . If
differential equation is expressible in the form
y Example 68 Solve 1 + p 2 = tan (px - y ). y = f ( x , p ), then
dy æ dp ö
Step 1 Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get p = f ç x , p, ÷ .
Sol. The given equation is dx è dx ø
1 + p 2 = tan ( px - y )
Step 2 Solving this we obtain f ( x , p, c ) = 0.
Step 3 The solution of differential equation is
or px - y = tan - 1 ( 1 + p 2 ) obtained by eliminating p.
or y = px - tan - 1 ( 1 + p 2 )
N dy
= e 500 (C + kt ) …(iii) y-intercept of the tangent = y 1 - x 1
500 - N dx
But e 500 (C + kt ) = e 500 e kt . Setting C 1 = e 500C , we can write Eq. (ii) The equation of normal at P is,
(iii) as 1
y - y1 = - ( x - x 1 ) x and y-intercepts of
N (dy / dx )
= C 1e 500kt …(iv)
500 - N dy dx
normal are; x 1 + y 1 and y 1 + x 1
At t = 0, N = 5. Substituting these values into Eq. (iv), we dx dy
find
4 (iii) Length of tangent = PT = | y 1 | 1 + (dx / dy ) (2x
= C 1 e 500k (0 ) = C 1 1 , y1 )
495
So, C 1 = 1 /99 and Eq. (iv) becomes
(iv) Length of normal = PN = | y 1 | 1 + (dy / dx ) (2x
1 , y1 )
N 1 500kt
= e …(v) ½ æ dx ö ½
500 - N 99 (v) Length of subtangent = ST =½ y 1 ç ÷ ½
We could solve Eq. (v) for N , but this is not necessary. We ½ è dy ø ( x1 , y 1 )½
seek a value of t when N = 250, one half the population. ½ æ dy ö ½
Substituting N = 250 into Eq. (v) and solving for t, we (vi) Length of subnormal = SN =½ y 1 ç ÷ ½
obtain ½ è dx ø ( x1 , y 1 ) ½
1 500kt
1= e ; ln99 = 500kt (vii) Length of radius vector = x 12 + y 12
99
or t = 0.0091 / k time units. Without additional
information, we cannot obtain a numerical value for the y Example 73 Find the curve for which the area of the
constant of proportionality k or be more definitive about t. triangle formed by the x-axis tangent drawn at any
point on the curve and radius vector of the point of
tangency is constant equal to a 2 .
Geometrical Applications Sol. Tangent drawn at any point ( x , y ) is
Let P ( x 1 , y 1 ) be any point on the curve y = f ( x ), then dy
Y -y = (X - x )
æ dy ö dx
slope of the tangent at P ( = tan y ) = ç ÷ and
è dx ø ( x1 , y 1 ) y
x
P (x1, y1) O (X, 0)
dx
When Y = 0, X = x - y
x dy
O T S N
Area of D = 2a 2 (given)
T′
i.e. ½ 1 × X × Y ½ = 2a 2
Fig. 4.2 ½2 ½
½
½ ½
dx ½
(i) The equation of the tangent at P is, i.e. xy - y 2 = 2a 2
dy ½ dy ½
y - y1 = ( x - x 1 ) when it cuts x-axis, y = 0. dx
dx i.e. xy - y 2 = ± 2a 2
dy
æ dx ö
\ x-intercept of the tangent = x 1 - y 1 ç ÷ dx x 2a 2
è dy ø i.e. - =± 2
dy y y
Chap 04 Differential Equations 265
1 -1
ò- dy
1 dy æ dx ö
IF = e y
= Sol. We know, =ç ÷ , differentiating both the sides
y dx è dy ø
-2
1 2a 2 1 d 2y æ dx ö d æ dx ö dy
\ The solution is x × = ò ± 2 × dy or =-ç ÷ × ç ÷×
y y y dx 2
è dy ø dy è dy ø dx
-2
x 2a 2 × y - 2 a2 æ dx ö d 2 x dy
=± + C , i.e. x = Cy + =-ç ÷ × ×
y -2 y è dy ø dy 2 dx
3
d 2y d 2 x æ dy ö
y Example 74 Find the curve for which the intercept Þ =- ×ç ÷
dx 2 dy 2 è dx ø
cut off by any tangent on y-axis is proportional to the
3
square of the ordinate of the point of tangency. d 2y 2
æ dy ö d x
or + ç ÷ × =0
Sol. The equation of tangent at any point ( x , y ) is dx 2 è dx ø dy 2
dy Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Y -y = (X - x ) 2
dx dy dy æ dy ö
dy y Example 76 The solution of y = x + -ç ÷ ,
When X = 0; Y = y - x = y -intercept dx dx è dx ø
dx is
2
It is given Y µ y . i.e. Y = ky 2 (a) y = (x - 1) 2 (b) 4y = (x + 1) 2
(k being constant of proportionality) (c) (y - 1) 2 = 4 x (d) None of these
dy Sol. The given equation can be written as
i.e. y-x = ky 2
dx dy
2
y = xp + p - p 2 ; where p = …(i)
dy 1 ky dx
i.e. - y=-
dx x x Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 1 k xdp dp dp
i.e. - y- 2 + × = p=p+ + - 2p
dx x y x dx dx dx
1 1 dy dz dz z k dp
Let = z so that, - 2 × = \ + = \ ( x + 1 - 2p ) = 0
y y dx dx dx x x dx
dp
ò
1
dx \ Either = 0 i.e. p = C …(ii)
IF = e x = e log x = x dx
1
kx or x + 1 - 2p = 0 ie, p =
( x + 1) …(iii)
\ The solution is zx = ò x dx = kx + C 2
x Eliminating p between Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Þ = kx + C
y y = Cx + C - C 2
Þ x = kxy + Cy As the complete solution and eliminating p between Eqs. (i)
1 -C 1 and (iii)
Þ x - Cy = kxy Þ + × =1 1 1 1
ky k x y = ( x + 1) x + ( x + 1) - ( x + 1) 2
2 2 4
C1 C 2 æ 1 C ö
Þ + =1 ç where = C 2 and - = C 1 ÷ ie, 4y = ( x + 1)2 as the singular solution.
x y è k k ø
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
y Example 75 For any differential function y = f ( x ),
3 y Example 77 The solution of
d 2y 2
æ dy ö d x 2
the value of 2 + ç ÷ × 2 is equal to æ dy ö dy
dx è dx ø dy ç ÷ + (2x + y ) + 2xy = 0, is
è dx ø dx
dy dy
(a) 2y (b) y 2 (a) (y + x 2 - C 1 ) (x + log y + y 2 + C 2 ) = 0
dx dx
2 (b) (y + x 2 - C 1 ) (x - log y - C 2 ) = 0
dy æ d 2 x ö
(c) y +ç ÷ (d) None of these (c) (y + x 2 - C 1 ) (x + log y - C 2 ) = 0
dx è dy 2 ø
(d) None of the above
266 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Sol. The given equation can be written as y Example 79 The equation of the curve passing
2
p + (2x + y ) p + 2xy = 0, where p =
dy through the points ( 3a, a ) (a > 0) in the form x = f ( y )
dx which satisfy the differential equation;
i.e. ( p + 2x ) ( p + y ) = 0 a 2 dx x y
× = + - 2, is
\ p + 2x = 0, otherwise p + y = 0 xy dy y x
dy dy
Þ + 2x = 0 or +y =0 æ 1+ ey -k ö æ 1+ ey -k ö
dx dx (a) x = y + a ç ÷ (b) x = y + a ç ÷
dy è 1 - 2e y - k ø è 1- ey -k ø
Þ òdy + 2 òx dx = C 1 or ò y + òdx = C 2 æ 1+ ey -k ö
(c) y = x + a ç ÷ (d) None of these
Þ y + x 2 = C1 or log y + x = C 2 è 1- ey -k ø
\ (y + x 2 - C 1 ) = 0 a 2 dx x y
Sol. Here, × = + -2
or ( x + log y - C 2 ) = 0 xy dy y x
Þ (y + x 2 - C 1 ) ( x + log y - C 2 ) = 0 dy 2
Þ a2 = ( x + y 2 - 2xy )
dx
is the required solution.
dy dy dv
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. Þ ( x - y )2 × = a 2 , put x - y = v \ 1 - =
dx dx dx
y Example 78 A curve y = f ( x ) passes through the æ dv ö
Þ v2 ç 1 - ÷ =a
2
è dx ø
origin. Through any point ( x , y ) on the curve, lines are
drawn parallel to the coordinate axes. If the curve dv v 2dv
Þ v 2 - a2 = v 2 Þ 2 = dx
divides the area formed by these lines and coordinate æ 2 ö
dx v - a2
a
axes in the ratio m : n. Then the equation of curve is Þ ç1 + 2 ÷ dv = dx
m /n 2 m /n è v - a2 ø
(a) y = Cx (b) my = Cx
3 m /n Integrating both the sides, we get
(c) y = Cx (d) None of these
a ½v - a½
½
Sol.
Area of OBPO m
= v+ log½ = x +C
Area of OPAO n 2 ½v + a½
y a æ x -y -a ö
Þ (x - y ) + log ç ÷ = x +C
2 è x -y +a ø
B
P (x, y) a æ x -y -a ö
Þ y +C = log ç ÷ …(i)
2 è x -y +a ø
It passes through (3a, a )
a æ 1 ö
Þ a+C = log ç ÷
2 è 3 ø
x
O A a æ 1 ö
Þ C = - a + log ç ÷
2 è 3 ø
x
æ 2 + log 3 ö
Þ
xy - ò0 y dx
=
m x
Þ nxy = (m + n ) ò y dx
Þ C = -aç
è 2
÷
ø
x 0
n
ò0 y dx
\
a
y = (2 + log 3) + log ç
æ x -y -a ö
÷
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2 è x -y +a ø
æ dy ö x -y -a a
n çx + y ÷ = (m + n ) y Þ = e y - k , where k = (2 + log 3)
è dx ø x -y +a 2
y -k
x -y 1+e
Þ
dy
nx= my \ =
dx a 1 - ey -k
m dx dy æ 1 + ey -k ö a
Þ × = , integrating both the sides Þ x =y +aç y -k
÷, where k = (2 + log 3)
n x y è 1-e ø 2
y = Cx m /n Which is required equation of curve.
Hence, (a) is the correct answer. Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
Chap 04 Differential Equations 267
2. If the tangent at any point P of a curve meets the axis of x in T. Then the curve for which OP = PT , O being the
origin is
(a) x = Cy 2 (b) x = Cy 2 or x = C / y 2
(c) x = Cy or x = C / y (d) None of these
3. According to Newton’s law, the rate of cooling is proportional to the difference between the temperature of the
body and the temperature of the air. If the temperature of the air is 20°C and body cools for 20 min from 100°C
to 60°C, then the time it will take for it temperature to drop to 30°C, is
(a) 30 min (b) 40 min
(c) 60 min (d) 80 min
4. Let f ( x , y ) be a curve in the x-y plane having the property that distance from the origin of any tangent to the
curve is equal to distance of point of contact from the y-axis. If f (1, 2) = 0, then all such possible curves are
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 5x (b) x 2 - y 2 = 5x
(c) x 2 y 2 = 5x (d) All of these
x æ 1ö
5. Given the curves y = f ( x ) passing through the point (0, 1) and y = ò
f (t ) passing through the point ç 0, ÷ · The
-¥ è 2 ø
tangents drawn to both the curves at the points with equal abscissae intersect on the x-axis. Then the curve
y = f ( x ), is
x2
(a) f (x ) = x 2 + x + 1 (b) f (x ) =
ex
(c) f (x ) = e 2 x (d) f (x ) = x - e x
6. A curve passing through (1, 0) is such that the ratio of the square of the intercept cut by any tangent on the
y-axis to the Sub-normal is equal to the ratio of the product of the Coordinates of the point of tangency to the
product of square of the slope of the tangent and the subtangent at the same point, is given by
(a) x = e ±2 y/x
(b) x = e ± y/x
(c) y = e ± y/x
-1 (d) xy + e y / x - 1 = 0
7. Consider a curve y = f ( x ) in xy-plane. The curve passes through (0, 0) and has the property that a segment of
tangent drawn at any point P ( x , f ( x )) and the line y = 3 gets bisected by the line x + y = 1. then the equation of
curve, is
(a) y 2 = 9 (x - y ) (b) (y - 3)2 = 9 (1- x - y )
(c) (y + 3)2 = 9(1- x - y ) (d) (y - 3)2 - 9 (1+ x + y )
8. Consider the curved mirror y = f ( x ) passing through (0, 6) having the property that all light rays emerging from
origin, after getting reflected from the mirror becomes parallel to x-axis, then the equation of curve, is
(a) y 2 = 4 (x - y ) or y 2 = 36 (9 + x ) (b) y 2 = 4 (1- x ) or y 2 = 36 (9 - x )
(c) y 2 = 4 (1+ x ) or y 2 = 36 (9 - x ) (d) None of these
Chap 04 Differential Equations 269
sin 2x
ò 1 + sin 2 x dx ò
dt
2
l Ex. 8 Number of straight lines which satisfy the differ-
IF = e =e t = e ln (1 + sin x)
2
dy æ dy ö
ential equation + x ç ÷ - y = 0 is
= 1 + sin 2 x (by putting 1 + sin 2 x = t) dx è dx ø
y (1 + sin 2 x ) = ò cos x dx (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
dy
y (1 + sin 2 x ) = sin x + C ; y ( 0 ) = 0 Þ C = 0 Sol. y = kx + b; =k
dx
sin x æpö 2 Þ kx + b º k + xk 2 Þ k = k 2 and b = k
Therefore, y = ;y ç ÷ =
1 + sin 2 x è 6 ø 5
k = 0 or k = 1
Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
l Ex. 6 The general solution of the differential equation l Ex. 9 Consider the two statements :
dy 1 - x
= is a family of curves which looks most like which Statement I y = sin kt satisfy the differential equation
dx y y ¢¢ + 9y = 0.
of the following? Statement II y = e kt satisfy the differential equation
y ¢¢ + y ¢ - 6y = 0.
(a) (b) (c) (d) The value of k for which both the statements are correct is
(a) -3 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
Sol. Statement I y = sin kt, y ¢ = k cos kt; y ¢¢ = - k 2 sin kt
Sol. ò ydy = ò (1 - x ) dx \ - k 2 sin kt + 9 sin kt = 0
y2 x2
=x- +C sin kt [9 - k 2 ] = 0 Þ k = 0, k = 3, k = - 3
2 2
x 2 + y 2 - 2x = C Statement II y = ekt , y ¢ = kekt ; y ¢¢ = k 2ekt
(x - 1)2 + y 2 = C + 1 = C \ k 2ekt + kekt - 6ekt = 0
Hence, (b) is the correct answer.
ekt [k 2 + k - 6 ] = 0
Remark (k + 3 ) (k - 2 ) = 0
Family of concentric circles with (1, 0) as the centre and k = - 3 or 2
variable radius. Common value is k = - 3.
Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
l Ex. 7 Water is drained from a vertical cylindrical tank
by opening a valve at the base of the tank. It is known that x
l Ex. 10 If y = (where c is an arbitrary constant) is
the rate at which the water level drops is proportional to the ln | cx |
square root of water depth y, where the constant of propor-
the general solution of the differential equation
tionality k > 0 depends on the acceleration due to gravity and
the geometry of the hole. If t is measured in minutes and dy y æxö æxö
= + f ç ÷ , then the function f ç ÷ is
1 dx x èy ø èy ø
k = , then the time to drain the tank, if the water is 4 m
15 x2 x2 y2 y2
deep to start with is (a) (b) - (c) (d) -
y2 y2 x2 x2
(a) 30 min (b) 45 min (c) 60 min (d) 80 min
dy x
Sol. = - k y ; when t = 0; y = 4 Sol. ln c + ln | x| =
dt y
0 dy t 1 y - xy1
ò4 y = - k ò0dt Differentiating w.r.t. x,
x
=
y2
t y2 dy
[2 y ]04 = - kt = - =y - x
15 x dx
t
0-4=- dy y y 2 æxö y2
15 = - 2 Þ fç ÷=- 2
dx x x èy ø x
Þ t = 60 min
Hence, (c) is the correct answer. Hence, (d) is the correct answer.
Chap 04 Differential Equations 271
x a2 a2
l Ex. 11 If ò ty (t ) dt = x 2 + y ( x ), then y as a function of Hence, 2
-a =2 + Ce ; Ce 2
2 = - (2 + a 2 )
a
x is
x 2 - a2 x 2 - a2 a2 x2 - a2
-
(a) y = 2 - ( 2 + a 2
)e 2 (b) y = 1 - ( 2 + a 2
)e 2 C = - (2 + a 2 ) e 2 ;y = 2 - (2 + a 2 ) e 2
x 2
-a 2 Hence, (a) is the correct answer.
2
(c) y = 2 - (1 + a ) e 2 (d) None of these
dy 1-y 2
Sol. Differentiating both the sides, we get l Ex. 12 The differential equation = deter-
xy ( x ) = 2 x - y ¢( x ) dx y
dy é dy ù mines a family of circles with [IIT JEE 2007]
Hence, - xy = - 2 x êëy ¢( x ) = dx ; y ( x ) = y úû
dx (a) variable radii and a fixed centre at (0, 1)
-x 2 (b) variable radii and fixed centre at (0, -1)
IF =e ò - x dx
=e 2 (c) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis
-x 2 -x 2 (d) fixed radius 1 and variable centres along the y-axis
ye 2 =ò -2 xe 2 dx
dy 1 -y2
x 2
x2 Sol. Q =
- - dx y
Let e 2 =t Þ - xe 2 dx = dt y 1
I = ò 2dt
Þ ò 1 -y2
dy = ò dx Þ -
2
×2 1 -y2 = x + C
-
x2
-
x2 Þ - 1 - y 2 = x + C Þ 1 - y 2 = (x + C )2
ye 2 = 2e 2 +C
Þ (x + C )2 + y 2 = 1
x2
y =2+ Ce 2 Therefore, the differential equation represents a circle of fixed
radius 1 and variable centres along the x-axis. Hence, (c) is the
If x = a Þ a 2 + y = 0 Þ y = - a 2 (from the given equation) correct answer.
x x+1
f ( x ) = ò f (t ) cos t dt - sin x \ lim = lim (e -2 + Ce - x )
0 x®2 ex x®2
Differentiating both the sides, we get 3e -2 = e -2 + Ce -2 Þ C = 2
f ¢( x ) = f ( x ) cos x - cos x
\ for x > 2
dy
Let f ( x ) = y ; f ¢( x ) = y = e -2 + 2e - x
dx
dy Hence, y (3 ) = 2e -3 + e -2 = e -2(2e -1 + 1 )
- y cos x = - cos x (L.D.E.)
dx y ¢ = - 2e - x
IF = e ò
- cos x dx
= e - sin x y ¢(3 ) = - 2e -3
Therefore, y × e - sin x = - ò e - sin x cos x dx; Hence, (a), (b) and (d) are the correct answers.
- sin x - sin x sin x
y ×e =C + e ; y = Ce +1 l Ex. 16 A curve y = f ( x ) passes through (1, 1) and
If x = 0; y =0 (from the given relation)
tangent at P ( x , y ) cuts the x-axis and y-axis at A and B
Þ C = -1
respectively such that BP : AP = 3 : 1, then [IIT JEE 2006]
Therefore, f ( x ) = 1 - e sin x
(a) equation of curve is xy ¢ - 3y = 0
Now, minimum value = 1 - e (when x = p /2)
(b) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3y = 4
Maximum value = 1 - e -1 (when x = - p / 2 )
æ 1ö
(c) curve passes through ç 2, ÷
f ¢( x ) = - e sin x cos x è 8ø
Therefore, f ¢( 0 ) = - 1 (d) equation of curve is xy ¢ + 3y = 0
f ¢¢( x ) = - [cos2 x × e sin x - e sin x × sin x ] Sol. Equation of the tangent to the curve y = f ( x ) at ( x, y ) is
æpö Y -y =
dy
(X - x )
f ¢¢ç ÷ = e
è2ø dx
y
Hence, (a), (b) and (c) are the correct answers.
B
dy y=f(x)
l Ex. 15 Let + y = f ( x ) where y is a continuous func- 3
dx
ì e - x , if 0 £ x £ 2 P(x, y)
tion of x with y(0 ) = 1 and f ( x ) = í -2 . Which
îe , if x > 2 1
is of the following hold(s) good? x
O A
-1 -1
(a) y (1) = 2e (b) y ¢ (1) = - e
Q Thus, cuts the x-axis at A and y-axis at B.
(c) y (3 ) = - 2e -3 (d) y ¢ (3 ) = - 2e -3 æ dy ö
çx -y ÷
dy dx æ dy ö
Sol. + y = f ( x ) Þ IF = e x \ Aç , 0 ÷ and B ç 0, - x + y÷
dx ç dy ÷ è dx ø
è dx ø
ye x = ò e x f ( x ) dx + C
Q BP : PA = 3 : 1
Now, if 0 £ x £ 2, then ye x = ò e x e - x dx + C æ dy ö
3 çx -y÷
è dx ø
Þ ye x = x + C +1´0
(dy / dx )
x = 0, y( 0 ) = 1, C = 1 Þ x=
4
\ ye x = x + 1 …(i) dy
x x Þ x + 3y = 0
x+1 2 e - (x + 1)e dx
y = ; y (1 ) = Þ y¢ =
ex e e 2x dy dx
e - 2e -e 1
Þ ò y = ò -3 x
y ¢(1 ) = = 2 =-
e2 e e Þ log y = - 3 log x + log C
x-2 C
If x > 2, ye = ò e
x
dx Þ y = 3
x
ye x = e x - 2 + C Q Curve passes through (1, 1) \ C = 1
y = e -2 + Ce - x æ 1ö
\ Curve is x 3y = 1 which also passes through ç2, ÷ .
è 8ø
As y is continuous. Hence, (c) and (d) are the correct answers.
Chap 04 Differential Equations 273
x ® ¥; y ® ¥ ; x ® - ¥; y ® - ¥ 2 4 1 x3
A= -
3 3 ò0 1 + x 2 dx
y
Put 1 + x2 = t Þ 2x dx = dt
2/3 2 2 2 (t - 1 )
A= - ò dt
x 3 3 1 t
O 2 2 2æ 1ö
= - ò ç1 - ÷ dt
3 3 1 è tø
2 2 2 2
= - [t - ln t ]12 = - [(2 - ln 2 ) - 1 ]
3 3 3 3
2
Area enclosed by y = f -1( x ), x-axis and ordinate at x = 2 2 2
3 = - [1 - ln 2 ] = ln 2
3 3 3
-x 1
1 3 dy x 1 ò 2 dx log |1 - x | 2
l Ex. 23 If the area bounded by y = f ( x ), x = , x = and Þ - 2
× y = 2 , I.F. = e 1- x = e 2 = 1 - x2
2 2 dx 1 - x x
2 2 4
the X-axis is A sq units where f ( x ) = x + x 3 + × x 5 1
3 3 5 \ y × 1 - x2 = ò × 1 - x2 + C
2 4 6 1 - x2
+ × × x 7 +¼ ¥, | x | < 1 ,Then the value of[ 4A ] is (where[× ]
3 5 7 Þ y 1 - x 2 = sin -1 x + C , as f ( 0 ) = 0 Þ C = 0
is G . I . F )
f ¢( x ) = 1 + 2 x 2 +
2 2 4
× 4x 4 + × × 6x 6 + ¼ ¥ sin -1 x
Sol. Here, Þ y =
3 3 5 1 - x2 p
æd ö
= 1 + x ç ( xf ( x )) ÷ 3 /2 sin x -1 æt2 ö 2 1 é p2 p2 ù
p /3
è dx ø Þ A=ò dx = ò t dt = ç ÷ = ê - ú
1/ 2
1 - x2 p /6 è 2 øp 2ë 4 36 û
Þ f ¢( x ) = 1 + x xf ¢( x ) + f ( x ) 6
Þ (1 - x 2 ) f ¢( x ) = 1 + xf ( x ) \ [ 4A ] = 1
f ( 0 ) = 5, f (2 ) = 7 xy + x2 + y 2
Þ log = ± k ln x + C
Hence, the global maximum value = 7, the global minimum x
value = 5.
Which are the equations of the required curves.
276 Textbook of Integral Calculus
2
l Ex. 27 Let u( x ) and v ( x ) satisfy the differential equa- Þ
æ dy ö
y2 + y2 ç 2 dy
= ± k2 - y 2
÷ = k or y
du dv è dx ø dx
tions + p( x ) u = f ( x ) and + p( x ) v = g ( x ), where
dx dx y dy
Þ = ± dx
p( x ), f ( x ) and g ( x ) are continuous functions. k2 - y 2
If u ( x 1 ) > v ( x 1 ) for some x 1 and f ( x ) > g ( x ), for all x > x 1 , Integrating both the sides, we get
prove that any point ( x , y ), where x > x 1 , does not satisfy the
- k 2 - y 2 = ± x + C , since it passes through ( 0, k ) ® C = 0.
equation y = u( x ) and y = v ( x ). [IIT JEE 1997]
\ - k2 - y 2 = ± x
Sol. Given that
du dv or k2 - y 2 = x2
+ p( x ) × u = f ( x ) and + p( x ) × v = g ( x )
dx dx Þ x 2 + y 2 = k 2, is required equation of the curve.
Subtracting, we get
d (u - v )
+ p( x ) × (u - v ) = f ( x ) - g( x ) l Ex. 29 A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the
dx
property that the perpendicular distance of the normal at
Multiplying by e ò
p ( x ) dx
, we get any point P on the curve from the origin is equal to the
d (u - v ) distance of P from x-axis. Determine the equation of the
eò + (u - v ) × p( x ) × e ò
p ( x ) dx p ( x ) dx
×
dx curve. [IIT JEE 1999]
= { f ( x ) - g( x )} × e ò
p ( x ) dx
Sol. Let P ( x, y ) be any point on the curve y = f ( x ). Then, the
d equation of the normal at P is,
{(u - v ) e ò } = { f ( x ) - g( x )} e ò
pdx p ( x ) dx
i.e.
dx 1
Y -y = - (X - x )
Since, exponential function takes only positive values and (dy / dx )
f ( x ) > g( x ) for all x > x1, RHS is + ve; x > x1 dy æ dy ö
or X +Y -çy +x ÷=0 ...(i)
\
d
{(u - v ) × e ò
p ( x ) dx
}=0 dx è dx ø
dx It is given that distance of Eq. (i) from origin = Distance from
(u - v ) × e ò
p ( x ) dx x-axis (i. e. y )
ie, is increasing function.
½ æ dy ö ½
Hence, if e ò
p ( x ) dx
= f( x ), then for x > x1 ½ 0 - çè y dx + x ÷ø ½
We have, {u( x ) - v( x )} f ( x ) > {u( x1 ) - v( x1 )} f ( x1 ) i.e. ½ ½= y
{u( x1 ) - v( x1 )} × f( x1 ) ½ æ dy ö
2 ½
i.e. u( x ) - v( x ) > > 0 [Q u( x1 ) > v( x1 )] ½ 1+ç ÷ ½
f( x ) ½ è dx ø ½
Thus, u( x ) > v( x ), " x > x1 æ dy ö
2 é æ dy ö ù
2
Þ çy + x ÷ = y 2 ê1 + ç ÷ ú
i.e. u( x ) ¹ v( x ), " x > x1 è dx ø êë è dx ø ú
û
Hence, no point ( x, y ) such that x > x1 can satisfy the equations dy
y = u ( x ) and y = v( x ). Þ x 2 + 2 xy =y2
dx
2 2
dy y - x
or =
l Ex. 28 A normal is drawn at a point P ( x , y ) of a curve. It dx 2 xy
meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constant length k, then which is homogeneous differential equation and we can solve
show that the differential equation describing such curves is, by homogeneous or by total differential.
Here, using total differential,
dy
y = ± k 2 - y 2 and the equation of such a curve pass- 2 xy dy - y 2 dx = - x 2 dx
dx
ing through (0, k ). [IIT JEE 1994] x d (y 2 ) - y 2 dx
Þ = - dx
x2
Sol. Let y = f ( x ) be the curve such that the normal at P ( x, y ) to this
æ y2 ö
curve meets x-axis at Q. Then, Þ d ç ÷ = - dx
PQ = length of the normal at P è x ø
2 Integrating both the sides, we get
æ dy ö
=y 1+ç ÷ y2
è dx ø Þ =-x+C ...(ii)
x
But PQ = k
It passes through (1, 1) Þ C = 2
2
æ dy ö y2
\ y 1+ç ÷ =k \ = - x + 2 or y 2 = - x 2 + 2 x
è dx ø x
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2 x = 0, is required equation of curve.
Chap 04 Differential Equations 277
l Ex. 30 A country has a food deficit of 10%. Its population l Ex. 31 A right circular cone with radius R and height H
grows continuously at a rate of 3% per year. Its annual food contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate proportional to
production every year is 4% more than that of the last year. its surface area in contact with air (proportionality constant
Assuming that the average food requirement per person = k > 0), find the time after which the cone is empty.
remains constant, prove that the country will become [IIT JEE 2003]
self-sufficient in food after n years, where n is the smallest Sol. Let the semi-vertical angle of the cone be q and let the height
log e 10 - log e 9 of the liquid at time ‘t’ be ‘h’ from the vertex V and radius of
integer bigger than or equal to .[IIT JEE 2000] the liquid cone be r. Let V be the volume at time t. Then,
(log e 1.04) - 0.03
O R B
Sol. Let P0 be the initial population, Q0 be its initial food produc- A
tion.
Let P be the population of the country in year t and Q be its
food production in year t.
dP 3 P dP 3 O' r
H
Þ = or = dt
dt 100 P 100
Integrating, we get h
θ
3
log P = t+C
100
At t = 0, we have P = P0 1 2
V = pr h
Þ C = log P0 3
Þ P = P0 e 0.03 t ...(i) 1 æ rö
Þ V = pr 3 cot q çQ tan q = ÷
3 è hø
It is given that the annual food production every year is 4%
more than that of last year. Let S be the surface area of the liquid in contact with air at time t.
æ 4 ö
t Then, S = pr 2
Þ Q = Q0 ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø dV
Þ µS
Let the average consumption per person be k units. dt
æ 90 ö dV
Þ Q0 = kP0 ç ÷ = 0.9 kP0 Þ = - kS , k is constant of proportionality.
è 100 ø dt
d æ 1 3 ö 2
\ Q = 0.9 kP0 (1.04)t ...(ii) Þ ç pr cot q ÷ = - kpr
dt è 3 ø
This gives quantity of food available in year t. The population
dr
in year t is, Þ pr 2 cot q = - kpr 2 Þ cot q dr = - k dt
dt
P = P0 e 0.03 t [from Eq. (i)] 0 T
On integrating, we get cot q ò dr = - k ò0 dt
\ Consumption in year, t = kP0e 0.03 t ...(iii) R
( X - x ) + (Y - y )
dy
=0 Þ log (1 + 2v - v 2 ) + log x = C1
dx
X Y Þ x 2 + 2 xy - y 2 = C
Þ + =1 where C1 = log C
dy ( x + y dy / dx )
x+y
dx dy / dx Since, curve passes through (1, 1) ®C = 2
æ dy ö \ Required curve, x 2 - y 2 + 2 xy = 2
çx + y ÷
dy è dx ø
Þ OA = x + y , OB =
dx dy l Ex. 38 The tangent and a normal to a curve at any point
dx P meet the x and y axes at A, B, C and D respectively. Find
1 1 dy dy
Also, + =1Þ 1 + =x+y the equation of the curve passing through (1, 0) if the centre
OA OB dx dx of circle through O, C , P and B lies on the line y = x (where O
dy
Þ (y - 1 ) + (x - 1) = 0 is origin).
dx
Integrating, we get Sol. Let P ( x, y ) be a point on the curve.
(y - 1 ) 2 + ( x - 1 ) 2 = C æ dy ö
Þ C ºç x+y ,0 ÷
è dx ø
Since, the curve passes through (5, 4), C = 25.
Hence, the curve is ( x - 1 ) 2 + (y - 1 ) 2 = 25. æ dy ö
B º ç 0, y - x ÷
è dx ø
l Ex. 37 A line is drawn from a point P ( x , y ) on curve Circle passing through O, C , P and B has its centre at
mid-point of BC.
y = f ( x ), making an angle with the x-axis which is supple-
mentary to the one made by the tangent to the curve at B
P ( x , y ). The line meets the x-axis at A. Another line perpen-
dicular to the first, is drawn from P ( x , y ) meeting the y-axis P
at B. If OA = OB, where O is origin, find all curve which
passes through (1, 1). A
O C
Sol. The equation of the line through P ( x, y ) making an angle
with the x-axis which is supplementary to the angle made by
the tangent at P ( x, y ) is
dy
Y -y = - (X - x ) ...(i) D
dx
where it meets the x-axis.
Let the centre of the circle be ( a, b ).
y dx
Y = 0, X = x + Þ OA = x + y ...(ii) Þ 2a = x + y
dy
dy / dx dy dx
The line through P ( x, y ) and perpendicular to Eq. (i) is dy
and 2b = y - x
dx dx
Y -y = (X - x )
dy dy dy
and since b = a, y - x =x+y
where it meets the y-axis. dx dx
dx dx dy y - x
X = 0, Y = y - x Þ OB = y - x ...(iii) Þ =
dy dy dx y + x
Since, OA = OB
dv (1 + v 2 )
dx dx Let y = vx Þ x =-
Þ x+y =y - x dx 1+v
dy dy
1+v dx
dx Þ dv = -
or (y - x ) = (y + x ) v2 + 1 x
dy
280 Textbook of Integral Calculus
Þ log {( v 2 + 1 ) x } + tan - 1 v = C Þ f ¢( x ) f ( x ) ³ 1 + f 4 ( x )
y f ( x ) f ¢( x )
Þ log x 2 + y 2 + tan - 1 =C Þ ³1
x 1 + f 4 (x )
As x = 1 and y = 0, On integrating w.r.t. ‘x’ from x = a to x = b.
-1
log 1 + tan 0 =C ÞC = 0 1
(tan - 1 ( f 2( x )))ba ³ (b - a )
æ y ö 2
\ Required curve, (log x 2 + y 2 ) + tan - 1 ç ÷=0
è x ø 1ì -1 2 -1 2 ü
or (b - a ) £ í lim (tan ( f ( x ))) - lim+ (tan ( f ( x )))ý
2 îx ® b- x ®a þ
l Ex. 39 If f ( x ) be a positive, continuous and differentia- or (b - a ) £ p / 24
ble on the interval (a , b ). If lim f ( x ) =1 and Hence, (c) is the correct answer.
x ®a+
#L Differential Equations Exercise 1 :
Single Option Correct Type Questions
1. If the differential equation of the family of curve given 7. The real value of m for which the substitution,
by y = Ax + Be 2 x , where A and B are arbitrary y = u m will transform the differential equation,
constants, is of the form dy
d æ dy 2x 4 y + y 4 = 4 x 6 into a homogeneous equation is
ö æ dy ö dx
(1 - 2x ) ç + ly ÷ + k ç + ly ÷ = 0, then the ordered
dx è dx ø è dx ø (a) m = 0 (b) m = 1
pair (k , l ) is (c) m = 3 / 2 (d) No value of m
(a) (2, - 2 ) (b) ( -2, 2 ) 8. The solution of the differential equation,
(c) (2, 2) (d) ( -2, - 2 )
dy 1 1
p x2 × cos - y sin = - 1,
2. A curve passes through the point æç1, ö÷ and its slope at dx x x
è 4ø
where y ® -1 as x ® ¥ is
y æy ö
any point is given by - cos 2 ç ÷ . Then, the curve has 1 1 x+1
x èx ø (a) y = sin - cos (b) y =
1
x x x sin
the equation x
æ eö x+1
(a) y = x tan -1 ç ln ÷ (b) y = x tan -1 (ln 2 ) (c) y = sin
1
+ cos
1
(d) y =
è xø 1
x x x cos
1 æ eö
(c) y = tan -1 ç ln ÷ (d) None of these x
x è xø
9. A wet porous substance in the open air loses its
3. The x-intercept of the tangent to a curve is equal to the moisture at a rate proportional to the moisture content.
ordinate of the point of contact. The equation of the If a sheet hung in the wind loses half its moisture during
curve through the point (1, 1) is the first hour, then the time when it would have lost
x x 99.9% of its moisture is (weather conditions remaining
y y
(a) ye = e (b) xe = e same)
y y (a) more than 100 h
(c) xe x =e (d) ye x = e (b) more than 10 h
(c) approximately 10 h
4. A function y = f ( x ) satisfies the condition (d) approximately 9 h
f ¢ ( x )sin x + f ( x ) cos x = 1, f ( x ) being bounded when
p/ 2 10. A curve C passes through origin and has the
x ® 0. If I = ò f ( x ) dx , then
0 property that at each point ( x , y ) on it, the normal line at
p p2 p p2 that point passes through (1, 0). The equation of a
(a) < I < (b) < I <
2 4 4 2 common tangent to the curve C and the parabola
p y 2 = 4 x is
(c) 1 < I < (d) 0 < I < 1
2 (a) x = 0 (b) y = 0
5. A curve is such that the area of the region bounded by (c) y = x + 1 (d) x + y + 1 = 0
the coordinate axes, the curve and the ordinate of any 11. A function y = f ( x ) satisfies
point on it is equal to the cube of that ordinate. The 2
2 ex
curve represents ( x + 1) × f ¢ ( x ) - 2( x + x ) f ( x ) = , " x > - 1.
(a) a pair of straight lines (b) a circle ( x + 1)
(c) a parabola (d) an ellipse If f (0) = 5, then f ( x ) is
12. The curve, with the property that the projection of the 16. The substitution y = z a transforms the differential
ordinate on the normal is constant and has a length equation ( x 2 y 2 - 1) dy + 2xy 3 dx = 0 into a homogeneous
equal to ‘a’, is
differential equation for
(a) x - a ln ( y 2 - a 2 + y ) = C (a) a = - 1 (b) 0
2 2 (c) a = 1 (d) No value of a
(b) x + a - y = C
17. A curve passing through (2, 3) and satisfying the
(c) (y - a ) 2 = Cx x
differential equation ò ty (t ) dt = x 2 y( x ), ( x > 0) is
(d) ay = tan -1 ( x + C ) 0
9
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 13 (b) y 2 = x
13. The differential equation corresponding to the family of 2
curves y = e x (ax + b ) is x2 y 2
(c) + =1 (d) xy = 6
d 2y dy d 2y dy 8 18
(a) 2 + 2 -y = 0 (b) 2 - 2 +y =0
dx dx dx dx 18. Which one of the following curves represents the
2
d y dy 2
d y dy solution of the initial value problem Dy = 100 - y, where
(c) +2 +y =0 (d) -2 -y = 0 y (0) = 50?
dx 2 dx dx 2 dx
y y
14. The equation to the orthogonal trajectories of the
2
system of parabolas y = ax is 100 100
2 2 50
x y (a) (b)
(a) + y2 =C (b) x 2 + =C 50
2 2
x x
x2 y2 O O
(c) -y2 =C (d) x 2 - =C
2 2
1 y y
15. A function f ( x ) satisfying ò f (tx ) dt = n f ( x ), where
0 100 100
x > 0, is
1-n n (c) 50 (d) 50
(a) f ( x ) = C × x n (b) f ( x ) = C × x n - 1
1 x x
O O
(c) f ( x ) = C × x n (d) f ( x ) = C × x (1-n )
23. The general solution of the differential equation, 27. The graph of the function y = f ( x ) passing through the
æ dy ö æy ö point (0, - 1) and satisfying the differential equation
x ç ÷ = y × log ç ÷ is
è dx ø èx ø dy
+ y cos x = cos x is such that
(a) y = xe1 - Cx dx
(b) y = xe1 + Cx (a) it is a constant function
(b) it is periodic
(c) y = ex × eCx
(c) it is neither an even nor an odd function
(d) y = xeCx (d) it is continuous and differentiable for all x
where C is an arbitrary constant.
28. A function y = f ( x ) satisfying the differential equation
24. Which of the following equation(s) is/are linear? dy sin 2 x
dy y × sin x - y cos x + =0
(a) + = ln x dx x2
dx x
æ dy ö is such that, y ® 0 as x ® ¥, then the statement which is
(b) y ç ÷ + 4 x = 0 correct?
è dx ø
p/2 p
(c) dx + dy = 0 (a) lim f ( x ) = 1 (b) ò f ( x ) dx is less than
x®0 0 2
d 2y
(d) 2 = cos x p/2
dx (c) ò f ( x ) dx is greater than unity
0
25. The equation of the curve passing through (3, 4) and (d) f ( x ) is an odd function
satisfying the differential equation,
2
29. Identify the statement(s) which is/are true?
æ dy ö dy d 2y
yç ÷ + (x - y) - x =0 (a) The order of differential equation 1 + = x is 1.
è dx ø dx dx 2
can be (b) Solution of the differential equation
(a) x - y + 1 = 0
xdy - ydx = x 2 + y 2 dx is y + x 2 + y 2 = Cx 2.
(b) x 2 + y 2 = 25
d 2y æ dy ö
(c) x 2 + y 2 - 5 x - 10 = 0 (c) =2 ç - y ÷ is differential equation of family of
dx 2 è dx ø
(d) x + y - 7 = 0 x
curves y = e ( A cos x + B sin x ).
26. Identify the statement(s) which is/are true?
y (d) The solution of differential equation
(a) f ( x, y ) = e y /x + tan is homogeneous of degree zero. -1 dy -1 -1
x (1 + y 2 ) + ( x - 2e tan y
) = 0 is xe tan y
= e 2 tan y
+ k.
2 dx
y y y
(b) x × log dx + sin -1 dy = 0 is homogeneous
x x x 30. Let y = ( A + Bx ) e 3 x is a solution of the differential
differential equation. d 2y dy
2 equation +m + ny = 0, m, n Î I , then
(c) f ( x, y ) = x + sin x × cosy is not homogeneous. dx 2 dx
2 2 2 3
(d) ( x + y ) dx - ( xy - y ) dy = 0 is a homogeneous (a) m = - 6 (b) n = - 6
(c) m = 9 (d) n = 9
differential equation.
284 Textbook of Differential Calculus
dy 1+y2 53. If C 1 , C 2 Î C
51. Solution of the differential equation + = 0 is
dx 1- x2 C 1 : Curve is passing through (1, 0)
(a) tan -1 y + sin -1 x = C C 2 : Curve is passing through ( -1, 0)
(b) tan -1 x + sin -1 y = C The number of common tangents for C 1 and C 2 is
-1 -1
(c) tan y × sin x =C (a) 1 (b) 2
(d) tan -1
y - sin -1
x =C (c) 3 (d) None of these
dy 54. If C 3 Î C
52. If = 1 + x + y + xy and y ( -1) = 0, then y is equal to x y
dx C 3 : is passing through (2, 4). If + = 1. is tangent to
(1 - x ) 2 (1 + x ) 2 a b
(a) e 2 (b) e 2 -1 C 3 , then
(c) ln (1 + x ) - 1 (d) 1 + x (a) 25a + 10b 2 - ab 2 = 0 (b) 25a + 10b - 13ab = 0
(c) 13a + 25b - 16ab = 0 (d) 29a + b + 13ab = 0
Passage V 55. If common tangents of C 1 and C 2 form an equilateral
(Q. Nos. 53 to 55) triangle, where C 1 , C 2 Î C and C 1 : Curve passes through
Let C be the set of curves having the property that the point of (2, 0), then C 2 may passes through
intersection of tangent with y-axis is equidistant from the point (a) ( -1 / 3,1 / 3 ) (b) ( -1 / 3,1 )
of tangency and origin (0, 0) (c) ( -2 / 3, 4 ) (d) ( -2 / 3, 2 )
Column I Column II
(C) The equation of all possible curves that will cut each member of the family (r) x 2 + y2 + Cy = 0
of circles x 2 + y2 - 2cx = 0 at right angle
x x sin 2x
(D) Solution of the equation x ò0 y(t ) dt = (x + 1) ò0 ty (t ) dt, x > 0 is (s) y=
2 (1 - tan 2 x )
Column I Column II
(A) Circular plate is expanded by heat from radius 5 cm to 5.06 cm. Approximate increase in (p) 4
area is
(B) Side of cube increasing by 1%, then percentage increase in volume is (q) 0.6p
2
(C) If the rate of decrease of x - 2x + 5 is twice the rate of decrease of x, then x is equal to (r) 3
2
(D) Rate of increase in area of equilateral triangle of side 15 cm, when each side is increasing (s) 3 3
at the rate of 0.1 cm/s; is 4
Chap 04 Differential Equations 287
60. A tank initially contains 50 gallons of fresh water. Brine 63. The degree of the differential equation satisfied by the
contains 2 pounds per gallon of salt, flows into the tank curves 1 + x - a 1 + y = 1, is ……… .
at the rate of 2 gallons per minutes and the mixture kept 64. Let f ( x ) be a twice differentiable bounded function
uniform by stirring, runs out at the same rate. If it will
take for the quantity of salt in the tank to increase from satisfayi 2 f 5 ( x ) × f ¢ ( x ) + 2 ( f ¢ ( x )) 3 × f 5 ( x ) = f ¢ ¢ ( x ). If
40 to 80 pounds (in seconds) is 206l, then find l. f ( x ) is bounded in between y = k , and y = k 2 , Then the
number of integers between k 1 and k 2 is/are (where
61. If f : R - {-1} ® and f is differentiable function which f (0) = f ¢ (0) = 0).
satisfies :
f {x + f (y ) + xf (y )) = y + f ( x )+yf ( x ) " x , y ÎR - {-1}, 65. Let y( x ) be a function satisfying d 2 y / dx 2 - dy / dx
+e 2 x = 0, y(0) = 2 and y ¢ (0) = 1. If maximum value of y( x )
then find the value of 2010 [1 + f (2009 )].
is y(a ), Then Integral part of (2a) is …… .
68. Let f : R + ® R satisfies the functional equation where P and Q are function of x alone and y 2 = y 1 z,
Q
xy - x - y y x + -ò dx
f ( xy ) = e (e f ( x ) + e f (y )) " x , y Î R . If then prove that z = 1 + c × e y1
,
f ¢ (1) = e , determine f ( x ). where c is an arbitrary constant.
69. Let y = f ( x ) be curve passing through (1, 3 ) such that 71. Let y = f ( x ) be a differentiable function " x Î R and
tangent at any point P on the curve lying in the first satisfies :
quadrant has positive slope and the tangent and the 1 1
f ( x ) = x + ò x 2 z f (z ) dz + ò x z 2 f (z ) dz.
normal at the point P cut the x-axis at A and B 0 0
respectively so that the mid-point of AB is origin. Find Determine the function.
the differential equation of the curve and hence
determine f ( x ). 72. If f : R - {- 1} ® R and f is differentiable function
satisfies :
70. If y 1 and y 2 are the solution of differential equation
f (( x ) + f (y ) + x f (y )) = y + f ( x ) + yf ( x ) " x ,
dy / dx + Py = Q, y Î R - {- 1} Find f ( x ).
p
79. A curve passes through the point æç1, ö÷. Let the slope of (c) I is false and II is true (d) Both I and II are false
6ø è
y æy ö 84. If y( x ) satisfies the differential equation
the curve at each point ( x , y ) be + sec ç ÷, x > 0. Then,
x èx ø y ¢ - y tan x = 2 x sec x and y(0), then
the equation of the curve is [Only One Correct 2013] [More than One Correct 2016]
æy ö 1 æy ö æpö p2 æpö p
2
(a) sin ç ÷ = log x + (b) cosec ç ÷ = log x + 2 (a) y ç ÷ = (b) y ¢ ç ÷ =
èxø 2 èxø è 4ø 8 2 è 4 ø 18
2 2
æ 2y ö æ 2y ö 1 æpö p æ p ö 4p 2p
(c) sec ç ÷ = log x + 2 (d) cos ç ÷ = log x + (c) y ç ÷ = (d) y ¢ ç ÷ = +
èxø èxø 2 è3ø 9 è3ø 3 3 3
n Directions (Q. Nos. 80 to 83) Let f : [0, 1] ® R (the set of 85. Let y ¢ ( x ) + y( x ) g ¢ ( x ) = g ( x ) g ¢ ( x ), y(0) = 0, x Î R, where
d f (x )
all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function f is f ¢ ( x ) denotes and g ( x ) is a given non-constant
twice differentiable, f (0) = f (1) = 0 and satisfies dx
f ¢¢( x ) - 2f ¢ ( x ) + f ( x ) ³ e x , x Î [0, 1] differentiable function on R with g (0) = g (2) = 0. Then,
[Passage Based Questions 2013] the value of y(2) is …… [Integer Type 2011]
-x
80. If the function e f ( x ) assumes its minimum in interval 86. Let f : R ® R be a continuous function, which satisfies
[0, 1] at x = 1 / 4, then which of the following is true? x
1 3 1 f (x ) = ò f (t ) dt . Then, the value of f (ln 5) is … .
0
(a) f ¢( x ) < f ( x ), < x < (b) f ¢( x ) > f ( x ), 0 < x < [Integer Type 2009]
4 4 4
1 3 Direction For the following question, choose the correct
(c) f ¢( x ) < f ( x ), 0 < x < (d) f ¢( x ) < f ( x ), < x < 1
n
4 4 answer from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as
81. Which of the following is true? follows
1 1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II is
(a) 0 < f ( x ) < ¥ (b) - < f (x ) < the correct explanation of Statement I.
2 2
1 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; Statement II is
(c) - < f (x ) < 1 (d) - ¥ < f ( x ) < 0 not the correct explanation of Statement I.
4
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
82. Which of the following is true?
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
(a) g is increasing on (1, ¥ )
(b) g is decreasing on (1, ¥ ) 87. Let a solution y = y( x ) of the differential equation
(c) g is increasing on (1, 2 ) and decreasing on (2, ¥ ) 2
(d) g is decreasing on (1, 2 ) and increasing on (2, ¥ ) x x 2 - 1 dy - y y 2 - 1 dx = 0 satisfy y(2) =
3
æ pö
83. Consider the statements. Statement I y( x ) = sec çsec -1 x - ÷ and
I. There exists some x Î R such that, è 6ø
f ( x ) + 2x = 2(1 + x 2 ) 1 2 3 1
Statement II y( x ) is given by = - 1- 2
y x x
II. There exists some x Î R such that,
[Statement Based Questions 2008]
2 f ( x ) + 1 = 2x (1 + x )
(a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true and II is false
dy t
( x log x ) + y = 2x log x , ( x ³ 1). Then, y(e ) is equal to (c) 600 - 500 e 2
dx [2015 JEE Main] t
-
(a) e (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 2e (d) 400 - 300 e 2
290 Textbook of Differential Calculus
91. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is the total life in years of the equipment. Then, the scrap
estimated that the rate of change of production P with value V (T ) of the equipment is [2010 AIEEE]
respect to additional number of workers x is given by kT 2 k (T - t ) 2
dP (a) I - (b) I -
= 100 - 12 x . If the firm employees 25 more workers, 2 2
dx 1
(c) e -kT 2
(d) T -
then the new level of production of items is k
[2013 JEE Main]
(a) 2500 (b) 3000 95. Solution of the differential equation
(c) 3500 (d) 4500 p
cos x dy = y (sin x - y ) dx , 0 < x < , is [2010 AIEEE]
92. The population p (t ) at time t of a certain mouse species 2
dp (t ) (a) sec x = (tan x + C ) y
satisfies the differential equation = 0.5(t ) - 450. If (b) y sec x = tan x + C
dt
(c) y tan x = sec x + C
p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population (d) tan x = (sec x + C ) y
becomes zero is [2012 AIEEE]
(a) 2 log 18 (b) log 9 96. The differential equation which represents the family of
1
(c) log 18 (d) log 18
curves y = c 1e c 2x , where c 1 and c 2 are arbitrary
2 constants, is [2009 AIEEE]
dy (a) y ¢ = y 2 (b) y ¢¢ = y ¢y
93. If = y + 3 > 0 and y (0) = 2, then y (log 2) is equal to
dx [2011 JEE Main] (c) yy ¢¢ = y ¢ (d) yy ¢¢ = (y ¢ ) 2
(a) 5 (b) 13 97. The differential equation of the family of circles with
(c) -2 (d) 7
fixed radius 5 units and centre on the line y = 2 is
94. Let I be the purchase value of an equipment and V (t ) be [AIEEE 2008]
2 2
the value after it has been used for t years. The value (a) ( x - 2 )y ¢ = 25 - ( y - 2 )
V (t ) depreciates at a rate given by differential equation (b) ( y - 2 )y ¢2 = 25 - ( y - 2 ) 2
dV (t ) (c) ( y - 2 ) 2y ¢2 = 25 - ( y - 2 ) 2
= - k (T - t ), where k > 0 is a constant and T is
dt (d) ( x - 2 ) 2y ¢2 = 25 - ( y - 2 ) 2
Answers
Exercise for Session 1 26. (a,b,c) 27. (a,b,d) 28. (a,b,c)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 29. (b,c,d) 30. (a,d) 31. (b)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (a)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (a)
Exercise for Session 2 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (b)
47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (b) 51. (a)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
56. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (r), (D) ® (p)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b)
57. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (s)
Exercise for Session 3 58. (A) ® (s), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (p)
59. (1) 60. (8) 61. (1) 62. (1) 63. (1)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)
64. (3) 65. (1)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
pr 2 2 H
66. t =
Exercise for Session 4 ma g
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a) 7p ´ 105
67. t =
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 135 g
68. f (x) = ex log x
Exercise for Session 5
69. x + f (x) f ¢ (x) = x2 + f 2 (x) and f 2 (x) = 1 + 2x
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
20x
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 71. f (x) = (4 + 9x)
119
-x
Chapter Exercises 72. f (x) =
1+ x
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
73. (a, d) 74. (a,d) 75. (a, c) 76. (b, c) 77. (b)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
78. (d) 79. (a) 80. (c) 81. (d) 82. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a)
83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (0) 86. (0) 87. (c)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a,b,d)
88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (a) 91. (c) 92. (a)
20. (c,d) 21. (a,b,c,d) 22. (b,c,d)
93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (a) 96. (d) 97. (c)
23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,c,d) 25. (a,b)
v - v + v2
Solutions
dv v
x= -v =
dx 1 - v 1 -v
1 -v dx
ò v 2 dv = ò x
1
- - ln v = ln x + C
v
1. y × e -2x = Ax e -2x + B x y x
- - ln = ln x + C Þ - = ln y + C
e -2x × y1 - 2ye -2x = A(e -2x - 2 x e -2x ) y x y
Cancelling e -2x throughout x = 1, y = 1 Þ C = - 1
y1 - 2y = A(1 - 2 x ) …(i) x
1 - = ln y Þ y = e × e - x /y
Differentiating again y 2 - 2y1 = - 2 A y
2y - y 2 e
Þ A= 1 e -x /y = Þ ye x /y = e
2 y
On substituting A in Eq. (i) dy
2(y 2 - 2y ) = (2y1 - y 2 ) (1 - 2 x ) 4. sin x + y cos x = 1
dx
2y1 - 4y = 2y1(1 - 2 x ) - (1 - 2 x )y 2
d æ dy ö æ dy ö
(1 - 2 x ) ç - 2y ÷ + 2 ç - 2y ÷ = 0 π/2
dx è dx ø è dx ø
Hence, k = 2 and l = - 2
1
Þ Ordered pair (k, l ) º (2, - 2 )
dy y y
2. = - cos2 y = vx
dx x x
dv π/2
v+x = v - cos2 v O
dx
dv dx dy
ò cos2 v + ò x = C Þ tanv + ln x = C dx
+ y cot x = cosec x
IF = e ò
y cotx dx
tan + ln x = C = e ln (sin x ) = sin x
x
y sin x = ò cosec x × sin x dx
p y e
If x = 1, y = Þ C = 1 Þ tan = 1 - ln x = ln
4 x x y sin x = x + C
æ e ö If x = 0, y is finite \ C = 0
y = x tan -1 ç ln ÷
è xø x
y = x (cosec x ) =
3. Y - y = m( X - x ). For X -intercept Y = 0 sin x
y p2 p
X =x- Now, I < and I >
m 4 2
y
Therefore, x - =y p p2
m Hence, <I <
y 2 4
x dy
ò0 f (x ) dx = y
3
5. . Differentiating f ( x ) = 3y 2 ×
dx
P(x,y)
(x,y)
(x,y)
x
O
dy
y = 3y 2 Þ y =0 (rejected)
dy y dx
or =
dx x - y or 3y dy = dx
dv v
Put y = vx v + x = 3y 2
dx 1 - v = x + C Þ Parabola
2
Chap 04 Differential Equations 293
dy d 2y dy 1 - x
6. y = mx + c; = m; 2 = 0 \ =
dx dx dx y
d 2y dy y2 x2
Substituting in -3 - 4y = - 4 x =x- +C …(ii)
dx 2
dx 2 2
Eq. (ii) passes through (0, 0).
0 - 3m - 4 (mx + c ) = - 4 x
Thus, C = 0
- 3m - 4c - 4mx = - 4 x x 2 + y 2 - 2x = 0
- (3m + 4c ) = 4 x(m - 1 ) …(i) Now, tangent to y 2 = 4 x
Eq. (i) is true for all real x, if m = + 1 and c = - 3 / 4. 1
dy dy y = mx + …(iii)
7. y = um Þ = mum -1 m
dx dx If it touches the circle
du
Since, 2 x 4 × um × mum -1 × + u 4m = 4 x 6 y
dx
du 4 x 6 - u 4m
=
dx 2m x 4 u 2m -1
x
O (1,0)
3
Þ 4m = 6 Þ m =
2
3
and 2m - 1 = 2 Þ m =
2
x 2 + y 2 - 2x = 0
dy y 1 1 1
8. - tan = - sec × 2 ½m + (1 / m )½
dx x 2 x x x Then, ½ 2
½= 1
½ 1+m ½
1 1
-ò tan dx 1 1
IF = e x2 x
= sec Þ y ×sec
x x Þ 1 + m2 = m2
2 æ1ö 1 1 Þ m®¥
= - ò sec ç ÷ 2 dx = tan + C
èxø x x Hence, tangent is y-axis ie, x = 0.
If y ® - 1, then x ® ¥ 2 x( x + 1 ) ex
2
1 1 11. f ¢( x ) - f (x ) =
Þ C = - 1 Þ y = sin - cos x+1 (x + 1)2
x x
IF = e ò
- 2x dx 2
dM = e -x
9. = - KM Þ M = Ce -kt when t = 0; M = M0
dt 2 dx
\ f (x ) × e -x = ò
Þ C = M0 (x + 1)2
Þ M = M0e -kt 2 1
M Þ f (x ) × e -x = - +C
when t = 1, M = 0 x+1
2
At x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 5 Þ C = 6
Þ k = ln2
æ 6x + 5 ö x 2
Therefore, M = M0e -t ln 2 \ f (x ) = ç ÷ ×e
è x+1ø
M
when M = 0 , then t = log 2 1000 = 9.98 12. Ordinate = PM. Let P º ( x, y )
1000
= 10 h approximately Projection of ordinate on normal = PN
y
10. Slope of the normal = y
x -1
y
P (x,y)
P (x,y)
a
N θ
O (1,0) π−θ
θ x
O T M
294 Textbook of Integral Calculus
\ PN = PN cos q = a (given) ln y + ln x = ln C
\
y
=a xy = C
1 + tan 2 q At point (2, 3 ),
2 ´3 =C ÞC =6
Þ y = a 1 + (y1 ) 2
\ xy = 6
dy y 2 - a2 18. ò
dy
100 - y ò
Þ = = dx
dx a
a dy - ln (100 - y ) = x + C
Þ ò y 2 - a2
= ò dx
ln (100 - y ) = - x + C
Also x = 0, y = 50
Þ a ln | y + y 2 - a 2 | = x + C
\ C = ln 50
13. y = e x (ax + b ) …(i) x = ln 50 - ln (100 - y )
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 50
Þ ln =x
dy dy 100 - y
= e x (ax + b ) + e x × a or = y + ae x …(ii)
dx dx 50
Þ = ex
Again, differentiating both the sides 100 - y
d 2y dy Þ 100 - y = 50e - x
= + ae x …(iii)
dx 2 dx Þ y = 100 - 50e - x
From Eq. (iii) – Eq. (ii) 2
d 2y 2dy æ dy ö 2 æ dy ö
- +y =0
19. Here, x ç ÷ - 3y ç ÷+3=0
è dx ø è dx ø
dx 2 dx
is required differential equation. has order 1, degree 2 and non-linear.
dy y dy 2y 20. Here, ( f ¢( x )) 2 + 4 f ¢( x ) × f ( x ) + ( f ( x )) 2 = 0
14. = 2ax = 2 x × 2 ; = ; 2
dx x dx x æ f ¢( x ) ö æ f ¢( x ) ö
dy x dy x Þ ç ÷ +4ç ÷+1=0
Now, m = -1 Þ m = - Þ =- è f (x ) ø è f (x ) ø
dx 2y dx 2y
f ¢( x ) -4 ± 16 - 4
x2 Þ =
y2 = - +C f (x ) 2
2
1 f ¢( x )
15. ò0 f (tx ) dt = n × f (x ) Þ
f (x )
= -2 ± 3
1
Put, x = y Þ dt = dy Integrating both the sides
x
1 x log | f ( x )| = ( -2 ± 3 ) x + C1
\
x ò0 f (y ) dy = nf (x ) Þ f ( x ) = e ( -2 ± 3 )x
×C
x
\ ò0 f (y ) dy = x × n × f ( x )
21. (a) 32x + 2y
dy
=0
Differentiating, f ( x ) = n [ f ( x ) + xf ¢( x )] dx
f ( x ) (1 - n ) = nx f ¢( x ) dy 16 x
Þ = m1 = -
f ¢( x ) 1 - n dx y
\ =
f (x ) nx dy
and 16y 15 =k
1 -n dx
æ1 - nö
Integrating, ln f ( x ) = ç ÷ ln Cx = ln (Cx ) n ; dy k
è n ø Þ = m2 =
1 -n
dx 16y 15
\ f ( x ) = Cx n 16 x k x
m1m2 = - × = - 16 × k
16. ( x z 2 2a
- 1 ) az a -1
dz + 2 x z 3a
dx = 0 y 16y 15 y
or a( x z 2 3a - 1
-z a -1
) dz + 2 x z 3a dx = 0 x y 16
=- × = -1
y 16 x
for homogeneous every term must be of the same degree,
dy
3a + 1 = a - 1 Þ a = - 1 (b) =1 -ce - x = 1 - (y - x ) = - (y - x - 1 ) [using ce - x = y - x ]
dx
17. Differentiate, xy ( x ) = x 2y ¢( x ) + 2 xy ( x ) dy dy - y
and -k× e =1
or xy ( x ) + x 2 y ¢( x ) = 0 dx dx
dy dy
x +y =0 [1 - ke - y ] = 1
dx dx
Chap 04 Differential Equations 295
dy dv dx dt dx
or [1 - ( x + 2 - y )] =1 [using ke - y = x - y + 2] Þ ò v (log v - 1) = ò Þ òt -1 = ò ,
dx x x
dy 1 let log v = t
= m2 =
dx y - x -1 Þ log (t - 1 ) = log ( x ) + log C
Þ m1m2 = - 1 Þ log (t - 1 ) = log ( xC )
dy y 2y Þ t = 1 + xC
(c) = 2cx = 2 x × 2 = = m1
dx x x y
dy dy x Þ log = 1 + xC
Also, 2 x + 4y =0 Þ =- = m2 x
dx dx 2y
Þ y = x × e1 + Cx
Hence, m1m2 = - 1
or y = x × e1 - Cx
(d) x2 - y 2 = c
y
dy dy x and log = log e + Cx
2 x - 2y =0 Þ = = m1 x
dx dx y
Þ y = ex × eCx
xy = k
dy
dy dy y 24. Clearly, (a) and (c) are of the form + Py = Q, which is
x +y =0 Þ = - = m2 dx
dx dx x linear in y.
\ m1m2 = - 1 d 2y dy
Hence, (a), (b), (c) and (d) are all correct. Also, (d) is = cos x, on integrating = sin x + C
dx 2 dx
dy
22. Let m = be the slope of tangent ( x, y ) to the required curve. which is also linear in y.
dx
m1 = slope of the tangent at xy = c 2 2
dy (y - x ) ± ( x - y ) + 4 xy
25. =
c2 y dx 2y
=- =-
x2 x dy dy x
Þ = 1 or =-
c2 y dx dx y
m+ 2 m+
Hence, x = ± 1 or x =±1 …(i) Þ x - y + 1 = 0 and x 2 + y 2 = 25
c2 y
1- m
1 - 2m
x x 26. (a) f ( x, tx ) = et + tan -1(t ), independent of x.
Consider y 2 - 2 xy - x 2 = k Þ Homogeneous differential equation.
dy æ dy ö æy ö y2 y
Þ 2y - 2 çy + x ÷ - 2x = 0 (b) log ç ÷ dx + 2 sin -1 × dy = 0
dx è dx ø èxø x x
dy æy ö
Þ (y - x ) = x + y log ç ÷
dx dy èxø
dy x + y Þ = 2
Þ = =m (say) dx y æy ö
dx y - x sin -1 ç ÷
x2 èxø
From Eq. (i)
x+y y æy ö
log ç ÷
+ èxø
y -x x f ( x, y ) =
LHS = y2 æy ö
y æx + yö sin -1 ç ÷
1- ç ÷ x2 èxø
x èy - x ø
log (t )
x2 + y 2 \ f ( x, tx ) = , independent of x
= = 1 RHS t sin -1 (t )
2
x2 + y 2
Þ Homogeneous differential equation.
Similarly option, (b), (c) and (d) safisfy
(c) f ( x, y ) = x 2 + sin x × cosy
dy æ y ö dy y æy ö f ( x, tx ) = x 2 + sin x × cos (tx ), not independent of x.
23. x = y log ç ÷ = log ç ÷ , put y = vx
dx è x ø dx x èxø Þ Not homogeneous differential equation.
dy dv x2 + y 2
Þ =v + x (d) f ( x, y ) = 2
dx dx xy - y 3
dv dv
\ v+x = v log v Þ x = v (log v - 1 ) Þ f ( x, tx ) is not independent of x.
dx dx Þ Not homogeneous differential equation.
296 Textbook of Integral Calculus
y = -1 1
-1 -1 e tan y
28.
dy sin x
- y cot x = - 2 Þ xe tan y
= 2 ò e tan y
× dy
dx x 1 + y2
-1 -1
1
Integrating Factor = e ò - cot x dx = e - log sin x = Þ xe tan y = e 2 tan y + k
sin x dy
30. = 3 ( A + Bx ) e 3x = Be 3x
1 sin x 1 dx
sin x ò x 2 sin x
\ Required solution is y × = - × dx + C
dy
Þ + my = (3 + m ) ( A + Bx ) e 3x + Be 3x
1 1 dx
y× = +C
sin x x d 2y dy
Þ +m + ny = (9 + 3m + n ) ( A + Bx ) e 3x
As x ® ¥, y ® 0 ÞC = 0 dx 2
dx
sin x + B (6 + m ) e 3x = 0
\ y = Þ lim f ( x ) = 1 …(i)
x x®0 Þ 3m + n + 9 = 0 and m + 6 = 0
p/ 2 sin x Þ m = - 6 and n = 9
\ I =ò dx
0 x 31. Equation of tangent
Since,
sin x
is decreasing, when x > 0 Y - y = m (X - x )
x Put X = 0, Y = y - mx
Þ f (x ) < f (0)
p/2 p p
Þ ò0 f ( x ) < and x <
2 2
æpö p/2
Þ f ( x ) > ò ç ÷ Þ ò f ( x ) dx > 1 P(x,y)
è2ø 0
41. f ( 0) = 2
or ò cot t dx = nx + C
é x x ù
x f ( x ) = (e x + e - x ) cos x - 2 x - ê x ò f ¢(t ) dt - ò { ¢(t ) dt ú
ln (sin t ) = nx + C ; sin = Cenx 0 0
t f{
y ëê I II úû
35. y = c1 cos2 x + c 2 sin 2 x + c 3 cos2 x + c 4e 2x + c 5 x
f ( x ) = (e x + e - x ) cos x - 2 x - [ x( f ( x ) - f ( 0 )) - {t × f (t ) 0 -ò f (t )dt }]
x
0
é 1 - cos 2 x ù é cos 2 x + 1 ù
e 2x + c 6 = c1 cos2 x + c 2 ê úû + c 3 êë úû ) cos x - 2 x - xf ( x ) + 2 x + é x f ( x ) - ò f (t ) dt ù
x -x x
ë 2 2 f ( x ) = (e + e
êë 0 úû
+ c 4e + c 5e 2x × ec 6
2x
x
æ c c ö æc c ö f ( x ) = (e x + e - x ) cos x - ò f (t ) dt …(i)
= çc1 - 2 + 3 ÷ cos2 x + ç 2 + 3 ÷ + (c 4 + c ¢5 ) e 2x 0
è 2 2ø è2 2ø
2x
On differentiating Eq. (i)
= l1 cos2 x + l 2e + l 3
f ¢( x ) + f ( x ) = cos x (e x - e - x ) - (e x + e - x ) sin x …(ii)
Þ Total number of independent parameters in the given
general solution is 3. dy
Hence, + y = e x (cos x - sin x ) - e x (cos x + sin x )
36. The given differential equation is dx
æ dy ö 42. f ¢( 0) + f ( 0) = 0 - 2 × 0 = 0
d ç ÷
è dx ø 2x 43. IF of Eq. (i) is e x
= 2 dx
dy x +1 y × e x = ò e 2x (cos x - sin x ) dx - ò ( cos x + sin x ) dx
dx
Þ
æ dy ö
ln ç ÷ = ln ( x 2 + 1 ) + ln C , C > 0 y × e x = ò e 2x (cos x - sin x ) dx - (sin x - cos x ) + C
è dx ø
dy Let I = ò e 2x (cos x - sin x ) dx = e 2x ( A cos x + B sin x )
Þ = C (x 2 + 1)
dx
æ x3 ö Solving, A = 3 / 5 and B = - 1 / 5 and C = 2 / 5
Þ y =C ç + x ÷ + C ¢, C ¢ Î R
è 3 ø æ3 1 ö 2
\ y = e ç cos x - sin x ÷ - (sin x - cos x ) e - x + e -x
x
è5 5 ø 5
Obviously y ® ¥, as x ® ¥; as C > 0
37. ( x - h ) 2 = 4b (y - k ) here b is constant and h, k are parameters. Solutions (Q. Nos. 44 to 46)
d 2y
38. The general equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is Integrating, = 6 x - 4,
ax + by = 1, where b ¹ 0. dx 2
ax + by = 1 dy
Now, we get = 3x 2 - 4x + A
dy dx
Þ a+b =0 (differentiating w.r.t. x) dy
dx When x = 1, = 0 so that A = 1.
dx
d 2y
Þ b 2 =0 (differentiating w.r.t. x) dy
dx Hence, = 3x 2 - 4x + 1 …(i)
dx
d 2y
Þ =0 (as b ¹ 0) Integrating, we get y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + x + B.
dx 2
When x = 1, y = 5, so that B = 5
d 2y
Hence, the differential equation is 2 = 0. Thus, we have y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + x + 5
dx
2 2 1
39. The equation ax + 2hxy + by = 1 represents the family of all From Eq. (i), we get the critical points x = , x = 1
3
conics whose centre lies at the origin for different values of a,
2
h, b. 1 d y
At the critical point x = , 2 is negative.
\ Order is 3. 3 dx
Thus, Statement I is false and Statement II is true. 1
Therefore, at x = , y has a local maximum.
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer. 3
40. y = a sin x + b cos x d 2y
At x = 1, 2 is positive. Therefore, at x = 1, y has a local
dy dx
= a cos x - b sin x minimum.
dx
d 2y æ 1 ö 157
Þ = - a cos x - b sin x = - y Also, f (1 ) = 5 , f ç ÷ = , f ( 0 ) = 5, f (2 ) = 7
dx 2 è 3 ø 27
d 2y Hence, the global maximum value = 7.
Þ +y =0
dx 2 and the global minimum value = 5.
But Statement II is not the correct explanation of the Statement I.
298 Textbook of Integral Calculus
ò d (x cosy ) + ò d (y 2 sin x ) = 0
2
Þ
C2 : x 2 + y 2 + x = 0 ì æ y öü
Þ x 2 + y 2 = a sin íC + tan -1 ç ÷ý
î è x øþ
C1 and C 2 touch externally Þ number of common tangents = 3.
Chap 04 Differential Equations 299
(B)
dy
- sec 2 x tan 2 xy = cos2 x x 2dy ( x )
or (1 - 3 x ) y ( x ) =
dx dx
2 tan x
ò ´ sec 2 x dx (1 - 3 x ) dx dy ( x ) C
tan 2x sec 2 x dx = or y = 3 e -1/x
IF = e ò tan 2 x - 1 or
=e x2 y (x ) x
dt
ò 57. (A) r = 5 cm, dr = 0.06, A = pr 2
=e t , where t = tan 2 x - 1
dA = 2 pr dr = 10p ´ 0.06 = 0.6 p
= e ln | t | = | t | = | tan 2 x - 1 |
(B) v = x 3
p
Given that, | x | <
4 dv = 3 x 2 dx
\ tan 2 x < 1 dv dx
´ 100 = 3 ´ 100 = 3 ´ 1 = 3
\ IF = 1 - tan 2 x v x
dx dx
Solution is y (1 - tan 2 x ) = ò cos2x (1 - tan 2 x ) dx (C) ( x - 2 ) =2 Þ x=4
dt dt
= ò ( cos2 x - sin 2 x ) dx 3 2
(D) A= x
sin 2 x 4
= ò cos 2 x dx = +C dA 3 dx 3 1 3 3
2 = x = × 15 × =
p 3 3 dt 2 dt 2 10 4
when x = , y = dy
6 8 58. (A) = e x ( A cos x + B sin x ) + e x ( - A sin x + B cos x )
dx
3 3 æ 1ö 1 3
\ ç1 - ÷ = ´ +C
8 è 3ø 2 2 = y + e x ( - A sin x + B cos x )
sin 2 x d 2y dy
\ C =0 Þ y = \ = + e x ( - A sin x + B cos x ) + e x ( - A cos x - B sin x )
2(1 - tan 2 x ) dx 2 dx
(C) x 2 + y 2 - 2cx = 0 …(i) dy æ dy ö æ dy ö
= +ç -y÷ -y =2 ç -y÷
\ 2 x + 2y
dy
- 2c = 0 dx è dx ø è dx ø
dx
So, degree = 1 and order = 2
ydy
or C =x+ …(ii) (B) The equation of the family is y 2 = 4a ( x - b )
dx
where a, b are arbitrary constants.
æ ydy ö
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), x 2 + y 2 - 2 ç x + ÷x=0
è dx ø dy æ dy ö d 2y
2
\ 2y = 4a or ç ÷ + y 2 = 0
dy dx è dx ø dx
or - x 2 + y 2 - 2 xy = 0 is the differential equation
dx
So, degree = 1 and order = 2
representing the given family of circles. To find the orthogonal
trajectories. (C) The equation of the family is
dx (x - c )2 + y 2 = c 2
y 2 - x 2 = - 2 xy
dy
x2 + y 2
or y 2 dy = x 2 dy - 2 xy dx or x 2 + y 2 - 2cx = 0 or = 2c
x
yd ( x 2 ) - x 2 dy
or - dy = æ dy ö 2 2
y2 ç2 x + 2y ÷ x - (x + y ) × 1
è dx ø
æ x2 ö Þ =0
or - dy = d ç ÷ x2
èy ø So, degree = 1 and order = 1
x2 x2 y2
or -y =
+C (D) The equation of the family is 2 + 2 = 1 because
y a +l b +l
Þ x 2 + y 2 + Cy = 0
they have the same foci ( ± a 2 - b 2 , 0 ).
Þ Orthogonal trajectory.
2x 2y dy
(D) Differentiating the equation w.r.t. x, we get On differentiating, 2
+ 2 × =0
x x d + l b + l dx
xy ( x ) + 1 ò y (t ) dt = ( x + 1 ) xy ( x ) + 1 ò ty (t ) dt
0 0 x yp æ dy ö
or + =0 ç Let p = ÷
Again, differentiating, w.r.t. x, we get a2 + l b2 + l è dx ø
y ( x ) = x 2y ¢( x ) + 2 xy ( x ) + xy ( x ) or x(b 2 + l ) + yp(a 2 + l ) = 0
300 Textbook of Integral Calculus
-b 2x - a 2yp æ 5ö
Þ l= \ The required time (t 2 - t1 ) = 25 ç ln 5 - ln ÷ = 25 ln 3
x + yp è 3ø
\The differential equation is = 25 ´ 1.0986 = 26 min 28 s
= 1648 s = 206 ´ 8 = 206 ´ l
x2 y2
2 2
+ =1 \ l =8
2 - b x - a yp 2 - b 2x - a 2yp
a + b +
x + yp x + yp 61. f ( x + f (y ) + xf (y )) = y + f ( x ) + yf ( x ) …(i)
x( x + yp ) y ( x + yp ) Differentiating w.r.t. x and y is constant
or + 2 =1
a2 - b2 (b - a 2 ) p f ¢( x + f (y ) + xf (y )) (1 + f (y )) = f ¢( x ) + yf ¢( x ) …(ii)
From Eq. (i) again differentiating w.r.t. y as x is constant
So, order = 1 and degree = 2
f ¢( x + f (y ) + xf (y )) (1 + x ) f ¢(y ) = 1 + f ( x ) …(iii)
2 4 3 3
59. 2x y dx - 2y dx + 2x dy + 3xy dy = 0 From Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
Dividing throughout by x 3y , we get 1 + f (y ) (1 + y ) f ¢( x )
=
dx 2y 3 dy 3y 2 (1 + x ) f ¢(y ) 1 + f (x )
2 - 3 dx + 2 × + 2 dy = 0
x x y x (1 + y ) f ¢(y ) 1 + f (x )
= =l
dx dy 3y 2 x 4 dy - 2y 3x 3dx 1 + f (y ) (1 + x ) f ¢( x )
Þ 2 +2 + =0 1 + f (y ) 1 + f (x )
x y x6 \ f ¢(y ) = l and f ¢( x ) =
1+y l(1 + x )
dx dy 3y 2x 2 dy - 2y 3x dx
Þ 2 +2 + =0 1 f ¢( x ) 1
x y x4 \ l= Þ l=±1 \ =±
l 1 + f (x ) 1+x
æy 3 ö
Þ 2d (ln x ) + 2d (ln y ) + d ç 2 ÷ = 0 Integrating both the sides f ( x ) = C (1 + x ) ±1 - 1
èx ø
From Eq. (i) put x = y = 0
y3
Þ 2 ln | x| + 2 ln | y | + =C f ( f ( 0 )) = f ( 0 )
x2
From Eq. (ii), f ( 0 ) = C - 1
when x = 1, y = 1. So, C = 1
So, f (C - 1 ) = C - 1
60. Let the salt content at time ‘t’ be u lb, so that its rate of change
is du / dt. \ C = 0, 1 (taking +ve sign)
= 2 gal ´ 2 lb = 4 lb / min So, f ( x ) = - 1 and f ( x ) = (1 + x ) - 1 = x and C = 1
-x
If c be the concentration of the brine at time t, the rate at which \ f ( x ) = (1 + x ) -1 - 1 =
the salt content decreases due to the out flow 1+x
= 2 gal ´ c lb / min 1 + f (x ) =
1
= 2c lb / min 1+x
du 1
\ = 4 - 2c …(i) \ 1 + f (2009 ) = \ (2010 ) (1 + f (2009 )) = 1
dt 2010
Also, since there is no increase in the volume of the liquid, the 62. f¢( x ) + 2 f( x ) £ 1
u
concentrations c= e 2x f¢( x ) + 2 f ( x ) e 2x £ e 2x
50
du 2u d æ 2x 1 2x ö
\ Eq. (i) becomes =4- çe f( x ) - e ÷ £ 0
dt 50 dx è 2 ø
Separating the variables and integrating, we have æ 1ö
\ çe 2x f ( x ) - ÷ is a non-increasing function of x.
du è 2ø
ò dt = 25 ò 100 - u 1
Þ f (x ) - is a non-increasing function of x.
or t = - 25 ln (100 - u ) + K …(ii) 2
Initially when t = 0, u = 0 \ 2f ( x ) is always less than or equal to 1.
0 = - 25 ln 100 + K …(iii) 1 a dy
63. (1 + x ) -1/2 - (1 + y ) -1/2 =0
Eliminating ‘K ’ from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 2 2 dx
æ 100 ö 1 a dy 1+y 1
t = 25 ln ç ÷ Þ = × Þ a= ×
è 100 - u ø 1+x 1 + y dx 1 + x dy / dx
Taking t = t1 when u = 40 and t = t 2 when u = 80, we have Putting this value in the given equation,
æ 100 ö æ 100 ö dy 1+y dy
t1 = 25 ln ç ÷ and t 2 = 25 ln ç ÷ 1+x - =
è 60 ø è 20 ø dx 1 + x dx
Chap 04 Differential Equations 301
Þ
dy
(1 + x )
=1 + y + 1 + x
dy Now, when t = 0, h = H and when t = t, h = 0
dx dx t - p r 2 0 - 1/ 2
Þ (1 + x - 1 + x )
dy
=1 + y
Thus, ò0 dt = ma 2g òH h dh
dx
- p r2
\ Degree of the given equation is 1. Þ t= × 2 ( h ) H0
ma 2 g
64. Here, 2 f 5( x ) × f ¢( x ) × 1 + ( f ¢( x )) 2 = f ¢¢( x ) p r2 2H
Þ t= ×
f ¢¢( x ) ma g
Þ f 4 ( x )d ( f 2( x )) =
1 + ( f ¢( x )) 2 67. Let at time t the depth of water is h; the radius of water surface
Þ f 4 ( x )d ( f 2( x )) = ò d (tan -1( f ¢( x ))) is r.
Then, r 2 = R 2 - (R - h )2
f 6( x )
Þ + C = tan -1( f ¢( x )), as f ( 0 ) = f ¢( 0 ) = 0 Þ c = 0 Þ r 2 = 2 Rh - h 2
3
f 6( x ) R
Þ = tan -1( f ¢( x ))
3
R–h
p f 6( x ) p
Þ - < < dh
2 3 2
1/ 6 1/ 6
æ 3p ö æ 3p ö
\ -ç ÷ < f (x ) < ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
Þ Number of integers between k1 and k2 are 3. Now, if in time dt the decrease in water level
is dh, then
65. Put, dy / dx = t
-x - p r 2 dh = 0.6 2 gh × a dt
\ dt / dx - t + e 2x = 0, I.F. = e ò -dx =e
(a is cross-sectional area of the outlet)
\ Solution is, t × e -x = ò -e 2x × e - x dx + C -p dh
Þ (2 Rh - h 2 ) = dt
Þ te - x = -e x + C y ¢( 0 ) = 1 Þ C = 2 ( 0.6 ) a 2 g h
2 -ex p 0 t
\ dy / dx =
e -x ò
dy = ò (2e x - e 2x )dx Þ
( 0.6 ) a 2 g òR (h 3/2 - 2 R h1/2 ) dh = ò dt
0
e 2x p é 2 5/ 2 4 ù
0
Þ y = 2ex - + C 1, y ( 0 ) = 2 Þ C 1 = 1 / 2 Þ h - Rh 3/2 ú = t
2 ( 0.6 ) a 2 g êë 5 3 ûR
e 2x 1 5 p 5
\ y ( x ) = 2e x - + Þ y ( x ) £ for x = log2 é 5/ 2 æ 2 4 ö ù 7 p ´ 10
2 2 2 Þ t= ê0 - R ç - ÷ú =
( 0.6 ) a 2 g ë è 5 3 ø û 135 g
\ [2 x ] = [2 log 2 ] = [log 4 ] = 1
68. We have been given,
66. Let in time dt the decrease in water level in the tank is dh, then
amount of water flown out in time dt = pr 2 × dh f ( xy ) = e xy - x - y {e y f ( x ) + e x f (y )}, " x, y Î R + …(i)
Now, through the hole the amount of water flown Replacing x = 1, y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
= (Volume of cylinder of cross sectional area ‘a’ f (1 ) = e1 - 1 - 1 {e f (1 ) + e f (1 )} Þ f (1 ) = 0
and length vdt ). f (x + h ) - f (x )
Now, f ¢ ( x ) = lim
r h®0 h
æ æ h öö
f ç x ç1 + ÷ ÷ - f (x )
dh è è x øø
= lim
h®0 h
H h
x + h - x -1 - x
= lim e
x (e1 + h / x × f ( x ) + e × f (1 + h/x )) - f ( x )
h®0 h
h
h -1 - + x æ hö
O eh f ( x ) + e x × f ç1 + ÷ - f (x )
è xø
= lim
h®0 h
= a × v × dt = a m 2 gh dt
h
h -1 - + x æ æ hö ö
Hence, ma 2 gh dt = - p r 2dh f ( x ) (eh - 1 ) + e x × ç f ç1 + ÷ - f (1 ) ÷
è è xø ø
- p r2 = lim
Þ dt = × h - 1/2 dh h®0 h
ma 2 g
302 Textbook of Integral Calculus
h -1 -
h
æ æ
+ x hö ö dz æ dy ö
Þ y1 × + z ç 1 + py1 ÷ = Q
e x
ç f çè1 + ÷ø - f (1 ) ÷ dx è dx ø
h
f ( x ) (e - 1 ) è x ø
= lim + lim dz
h®0 h h ® 0 h Þ y1 × + z Q =Q
×x
x dx
x -1
e × f ¢ (1 ) ex Þ
dz
= Q (1 - z )
= f (x ) + = f (x ) + y1
x x dx
ex dz Q
Þ f ¢ (x ) - f (x ) = Þ = dx
x 1 -z y1
e x f ¢ (x ) - f (x ) e x 1 Q
Þ = Þ ln | z - 1 | = - ò dx + l, ‘ l’ being constant of integration
e 2x x y1
Q
d æ f (x ) ö 1 ò - y1 dx
Þ ç ÷= Þ z =1 + c e
dx è e x ø x
1 1
Integrating both the sides, we get 71. We have, f ( x ) = x + x 2 ò0 z f (z ) dz + x ò0 z 2 f (z ) dz
f (x )
= ln | x | + C f ( x ) = x + x 2 l1 + x l 2 (say)
ex 1 1
Since, f (1 ) = 0 Þ C = 0 Now, l1 = ò z f (z ) dz = ò ((1 + l 2 ) z + z 2 l1 ) z dz
0 0
Thus, f ( x ) = e x × ln ( x ) 1 + l 2 l1
= +
69. Let P ( x, f ( x )) be a point lying on the curve in first quadrant. 3 4
Equation of normal and tangent at P are Þ 9 l1 - 4 l 2 = 4 …(i)
1 1
(Y - f ( x )) = - ( X - x ) and Also, l 2 = ò z f (z ) dz 2
f ¢ (x ) 0
1
(Y - f ( x )) = f ¢ ( x ) ( X - x ) respectively. =ò ((1 + l 2 ) z 3 + z 4 l1 ) dz
0
æ f (x ) ö (1 + l 2 ) l1
Þ Aºç x- , 0 ÷ , B º ( x + f ( x ) f ¢ ( x ), 0 ) = +
è f ¢ (x ) ø 4 5
Since, the mid-point of segment AB is origin. Þ 15 l 2 - 4 l1 = 5 …(ii)
f (x ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Þ 2x - + f (x ) × f ¢ (x ) = 0
f ¢ (x ) 80 61
l1 = and l 2 =
Þ f ( x ) ( f ¢ ( x )) 2 + 2 x f ¢ ( x ) - f ( x ) = 0 119 119
80 2 61 20 x
Þ f (x ) = x + x + x= (4 + 9x )
- 2 x ± 4 x 2 + 4 f 2( x ) - x + x 2 + f 2( x ) 119 119 119
Þ f ¢( x ) = =
2 f (x ) f (x ) 72. f ( x + f (y ) + x f (y )) = y + f ( x ) + y f ( x )
Negative sign been neglected as f ¢ ( x ) > 0 Keep y constant and differentiating the expression w.r.t. ‘x’, we
Thus, we have, x + f ( x ) × f ¢ ( x ) = x 2 + f 2 ( x ) get
f ¢ ( x + f (y ) + x (y )) (1 + f (y )) = f ¢ ( x ) (1 + y ) …(i)
d
Þ ( x 2 + f 2 ( x )) = x 2 + f 2
(x ) Similarly, differentiate the expression w.r.t. ‘y’ and keep x
2dx
constant, we get
d ( x 2 + f 2 ( x ))
Þ = dx f ¢ ( x + f (y ) + x f (y )) ( f ¢ (y ) (1 + x )) = (1 + f ( x )) …(ii)
2 x 2 + f 2 (x ) Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
Integrating both the sides, we get x 2 + f 2 ( x ) = x + l 1 + f (y ) f ¢ ( x ) (1 + y )
=
f ¢ (y ) (1 + x ) (1 + f ( x ))
It passes through (1, 3 ).
1 + f (y ) f ¢ ( x ) (1 + x )
Hence, l + 1 = 2 Þ l = 1 Þ = =C
f ¢ (y ) (1 + y ) (1 + f ( x ))
\ Curve is x 2 + f 2 ( x ) = ( x + 1 ) 2 or y 2 = 1 + 2 x
1 é 1 + f (y ) ù 1 + f (x )
70. We have been given, Þ f ¢ (y ) = ê ú and f ¢ ( x ) = C
C ë 1+y û (1 + x )
dy1 dy
+ Py1 = Q, 2 + Py 2 = Q 1
dx dx Þ C= ÞC = ± 1
dy dz dy C
Now, y 2 = y1 z Þ 2 = y1 +z 1
dx dx dx f ¢ (x ) 1
\ =±
dz dy1 1 + f (x ) 1+x
Þ y1 +z + Py1 z = Q
dx dx
Þ f ( x ) = l1 (1 + x ) ± 1 - 1
Chap 04 Differential Equations 303
Replacing x, y ® 0 in the Eq. (i), we get Thus, (a) is the correct answer.
f ( f ( 0 )) = f ( 0 ) To check option (c), we have y = (x + 2)2
Now, f ( x ) = l1 (1 + x ) ± 1 - 1 Þ f ( 0 ) = l1 - 1 æ |y | ö y
and log ç ÷ + =0
and f ( f ( 0 )) = f ( l1 - 1 ) = l1 l1± 1 - 1 è 3e ø x + 2
Since, f ( f ( 0 )) = f ( 0 ), l1 l1± 1 - 1 = l1 - 1 é | x + 2| 2 ù (x + 2 )2
Þ log ê ú+ =0
Þ l11 ± 1 = l1 ë 3e û x+2
1 e -1 x æ 2(t - 1 ) ö
Þ 0 < ò f ( x ) dx < and g( x ) = ò ç - log t ÷ f (t )dt
1/ 2 2 1 è t + 1 ø
79. To solve homogeneous differential equation, ì 2( x - 1 ) ü
i.e. substitute
y
=v Þ g ¢ (x ) = í - log xý × f{
(x ) …(i)
x î ( x + 1 ) þ + ve
dy dv For g ¢( x ) to be increasing or decreasing.
\ y = vx Þ =v + x
dx dx 2( x - 1 )
Let f( x ) = - log x
Here, slope of the curve at ( x, y ) is x+1
dy y æy ö 4 1 - (x - 1)
= + sec ç ÷ f¢ ( x ) = - =
dx x èxø (x + 1)2 x x (x + 1)2
y
Put =v f¢ ( x ) < 0, " x > 1
x Þ f ( x ) < f (1 ) Þ f( x ) < 0 …(ii)
dv
\ v+x = v + sec(v ) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), g ¢( x ) < 0, x Î (1, ¥ )
dx
\g( x ) is decreasing on x Î (1, ¥ ).
dv dv dx
= sec(v ) Þ ò
sec v ò x
Þ x = 83. Here, f ( x ) + 2x = (1 - x ) 2 × sin 2 x + x 2 + 2x …(i)
dx
dx where, I : f ( x ) + 2 x = 2(1 + x ) 2 …(ii)
Þ ò cosv dv = ò x Þ sinv = log x + log c \ 2(1 + x 2 ) = (1 - x ) 2 sin 2 x + x 2 + 2 x
æy ö Þ (1 - x ) 2 sin 2 x = x 2 - 2 x + 2
Þ sin ç ÷ = log(cx )
èxø
Þ (1 - x ) 2 sin 2 x = (1 - x ) 2 + 1
æ pö æpö
As it passes through ç1, ÷ Þ sin ç ÷ = log c Þ (1 - x ) 2 cos2 x = - 1
è 6ø è6ø
1 which is never possible.
Þ logc =
2 \I is false.
æy ö 1 Again, let h( x ) = 2 f ( x ) + 1 - 2 x(1 + x )
\ sin ç ÷ = log x +
èxø 2 where, h( 0 ) = 2 f ( 0 ) + 1 - 0 = 1
80. Let f( x ) = e -x f ( x ) h(1 ) = 2(1 ) + 1 - 4 = - 3 as [h( 0 )h(1 ) < 0 ]
Þ h( x ) must have a solution.
æ 1ö
Here, f¢ ( x ) < 0, x Î ç 0, ÷ \II is true.
è 4ø
306 Textbook of Integral Calculus
This is a linear differential equation. To find The time at which the population of the mouse will
1 become zero, i.e. to find the value of ‘t’ at which p(t ) = 0.
ò x log x dx
\ IF = e = e log(log x ) = log x Let’s solve the differential equation first
dp (t )
Now, the solution of given differential equation is given by p ¢(t ) = = 0.5 p (t ) - 450
dt
y × log x = ò log x × 2dx 2dp (t )
Þ = dt
Þ y × log x = 2 ò log x dx p (t ) - 900
2dp (t )
Þ y × log x = 2[ x log x - x ] + c
Þ ò p (t ) - 900 = ò dt
At x = 1, c = 2 Þ 2 log | p (t ) - 900 | = t + C , where C is the constant of
Þ y × log x = 2[ x log x - x ] + 2 integration.
At x = e, To find the value of ‘C ’, let’s substitute t = 0.
Þ 2 log | p( 0 ) - 900 | = 0 + C
y = 2(e - e ) + 2
Þ C = 2 log | 850 - 900 |
Þ y =2
Þ C = 2 log 50
dp 1
90. Given differential equation - p(t ) = -200 is a linear Now, substituting the value of C back in the solution, we get
dt 2
differential equation. 2 log | p(t ) - 900 | = t + 2 log 50
-1 Here, since we want to find the value of t at which p(t ) = 0,
Here, p (t ) = , Q(t ) = -200 hence substituting p(t ) = 0, we get
2
æ1 ö t 2 log | 0 - 900 | = t + 2 log 50
ò - çè 2 ÷ødt -
IF = e =e 2 900
Þ t = 2 log
Hence, solution is 50
p (t ). IF = ò Q(t ) IF dt Þ t = 2 log 18
t t dy
- - 93. Here, = y + 3 > 0 and y( 0 ) = 2
p (t ) × e 2 =ò -200 × e 2dt dx
t t
- - dy
p (t ) × e 2 = 400 e 2 +K Þ ò y + 3 = ò dx
Þ p (t ) = 400 + ke -1/2
Þ log | y + 3 | = x + C
If p( 0 ) = 100, then k = - 300
t Since, y( 0 ) = 2
Þ p (t ) = 400 - 300 e 2 Þ loge | 2 + 3 | = 0 + C
dP
91. Given, = (100 - 12 x ) \ C = loge 5
dx
Þ loge | y + 3 | = x + loge 5
Þ dP = (100 - 12 x ) dx
When x = loge 2
On integrating both sides, we get
Þ loge | y + 3 | = loge 2 + loge 5 = loge 10
ò dP = ò (100 - 12 x ) dx
Þ y + 3 = 10
P = 100 x - 8 x 3/2 + C
Þ y =7
When x = 0, then P = 2000
d {V (t )}
Þ C = 2000 94. Given, = - k (T - t )
dt
Now, when x = 25, then
\ d {V (t )} = - k (T - t ) dt
P = 100 ´ 25 - 8 ´ (25 ) 3/2 + 2000
On integrating both sides, we get
= 2500 - 8 ´ 125 + 2000 (T - t ) 2
V (t ) = -k +C
= 4500 - 1000 = 3500 2( -1 )
92. Given k
(i) The population of mouse at time ‘t’ satisfies the Þ V (t ) = (T - t ) 2 + C
2
dp(t )
differential equation p ¢(t ) = = 0.5 p(t ) - 450 Q At t = 0, V (t ) = I
dt
k
(ii) Population of mouse at time t = 0 is \ I = (T - 0 ) 2 + C
2
p( 0 ) = 850
308 Textbook of Integral Calculus
1 dy 1 Þ yy ¢¢ = (y ¢ ) 2
Þ - tan x = - sec x
y 2 dx y 97. Equation of circle having centre (h, k) and radius a is
1 ( x - h ) 2 + (y - k ) 2 = a 2.
Put - = z
y The equation of family of circles with centre on y = 2 and of
1 dy dz radius 5 is
Þ = (x - a)2 + (y - 2)2 = 52 …(i)
y 2 dx dx
dz Þ x 2 + a 2 - 2 ax + y 2 + 4 - 4y = 25
Þ + (tan x ) z = - sec x
dx On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
This is a linear differential equation. dy dy
2 x - 2 a + 2y -4 =0
Therefore, dx dx
IF = e ò tan x dx = e log sec x = sec x dy
⇒ a=x+ (y - 2)
Hence, the solution is dx
On putting the value of a in Eq. (i), we get
z × (sec x ) = ò - sec x × sec x dx + C1 2
é dy ù 2 2
1 êë x - x - dx ( y - 2 ) úû + ( y - 2 ) = 5
Þ - sec x = - tan x + C1
y 2
æ dy ö
⇒ 2
ç ÷ ( y - 2 ) = 25 - ( y - 2 )
2
Þ sec x = y (tan x + C ) è dx ø
⇒ y ¢2( y - 2 ) 2 = 25 - ( y - 2 ) 2