Version 2022 SCHOOL OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND INFORMATICS, HUST

EXERCISES ON ALGEBRA - MI1036/MI1141E/MI1144E

written by Dr. Tuan Anh Dao and Dr. Ha Thi Ngoc Yen
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Chapter 1: SETS, MAPPINGS AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

Ex. 1. a) Let A “ r3, 6q, B “ p1, 5q and C “ r2, 4s. Find pA X BqzC.
b) Let A “ tx P R : x2 ´ 4x ` 3 ď 0u, B “ tx P R : |x ´ 1| ď 1 ď 0u and C “ tx P R :
x2 ´ 6x ` 5 ě 0u. Determine pA Y Bq X C and pA X Bq Y C.
Ex. 2. For any sets A, B, C and D, let us verify the followings:

a) A X pBzCq “ pA X BqzpA X Cq e) pAzBq Y pBzAq “ pA Y BqzpA X Bq

b) A Y pBzAq “ A Y B f) pAzBq X pCzDq “ pA X CqzpB Y Dq
c) pAzBqzC “ AzpB Y Cq g) pA Y Bq ˆ C “ pA ˆ Cq Y pB ˆ Cq
d) AzpAzBq “ A X B h) pA X Bq ˆ C “ pA ˆ Cq X pB ˆ Cq

i) Is it true that pA Y Bq ˆ pC Y Dq “ pA ˆ Cq Y pB ˆ Dq. If not, give a counterexample.

j) If pA X Cq Ă pA X Bq and pA Y Cq Ă pA Y Bq, then C Ă B.
Ex. 3. Let f : X Ñ Y be a mapping. Prove that the following statements holds:
a) f pA Y Bq “ f pAq Y f pBq for any A, B P X.
b) f ´1 pA Y Bq “ f ´1 pAq Y f ´1 pBq for any A, B P Y.
c) f ´1 pA X Bq “ f ´1 pAq X f ´1 pBq for any A, B P Y.
d) f ´1 pAzBq
` “ f ´1
˘ pAqz f ´1 pBq for any A, B P Y.
e) A`Ă f ´1 ˘f pAq for any A P X.
´1
f) f f pBq Ă B for any B P Y.
g) f pA X Bq Ă f pAq X f pBq for any A, B P X. Give an example to indicate that the inverse
direction is not correct.
Ex. 4. a) Let f : R Ñ R with f pxq “ x2 ` 4x ´ 5 and A “ r´3, 3s. Find f pAq and f ´1 pAq.
b) Let f : R2 Ñ R2 with f pxq “ p2x, 2yq and B “ tpx, yq P R2 : px ´ 4q2 ` y2 “ 4u. Determine
f pBq and f ´1 pBq.
c) Let f : R2 Ñ R2 with f pxq “ px ` y, x ´ yq and C “ tpx, yq P R2 : x2 ` y2 “ 9u. Determine
f pCq and f ´1 pCq.
Ex. 5. In the following mappings, which one is injective, surjective, bijective?

a) f: R Ñ R, f pxq “ ´2x ` 3 f) f : R Ñ R, f pxq “ 3x ´ 2|x|

b) f: p´8, 0s Ñ r4, 8q, f pxq “ x2 ` 4 1`x
g) f : p´1, 1q Ñ R, f pxq “ ln
c) f: p1, 8q Ñ p´1, 8q, f pxq “ x2 ´ 2x 1´x
d) f: r4, 9s Ñ r21, 96s, f pxq “ x2 ` 2x ´ 3 2x
h) f : R Ñ R, f pxq “ 2
3x ` 1 x `1
e) f : Rzt1u Ñ Rzt3u, f pxq “ i) f : R2 Ñ R2 , f px, yq “ px2 ´ y, x ` yq
x´1

1
 2

1 2x
Ex. 6. a) Let f Rzt1u Ñ R, f pxq “ and g : R Ñ R, gpxq “ 2 . Find g ˝ f .
x´1 x `1
2 2 2 2 2
b) Let f : R Ñ R , f px, yq “ px ´y, x`yq and g : R Ñ R , gpx, yq “ px`y, x´yq. Determine
f ˝ g and g ˝ f .
Ex. 7. Let f : X Ñ Y and g : Y Ñ Z be two mappings for any sets X, Y and Z. Prove that
a) If f and g are injective, then g ˝ f is injective.
b) If f and g are surjective, then g ˝ f is surjective.
c) If f and g are bijective, then g ˝ f is bijective.
d) If f is surjective and g ˝ f is injective, then g is injective.
e) If f is injective and g ˝ f is surjective, then g is surjective.
.
Ex. 8. a) Let Z4 “ t0, 1, 2, 3u endowed with the operation ˚, defined by a ˚ b ” pa ` bq .. 4 for any
a, b P Z4 . Then, pZ4 , ˚q is a group or not?
b) Let G “ t f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 , f5 , f6 u, where f j : Rzt0, 1u Ñ Rzt0, 1u with j “ 1, 6 are given by
1 1 1 x
f1 pxq “ x, f2 pxq “ , f3 pxq “ 1 ´ , f4 pxq “ , f5 pxq “ 1 ´ x, f6 pxq “ .
1´x x x 1´x
Show that pG, ˝q is a group but not an Abelian group.
Ex. 9. Whether the following sets equipped with the usual addition and the usual multiplication are a
ring/field or not?
?
a) A is the set of odd integers. c) X “ ta ` b ? 2 : a, b P Zu.
b) B is the set of even integers. d) Y “ ta ` b 3 : a, b P Qu.

Ex. 10. Represent the following complex numbers as their canonical forms:
´ π π¯ a
8 ?
a) z “ 3 cos ´ i sin e) z “ d1 ´ i 3
?12 12
´1 ` i
b) z “ p1 ` i ?3q9 ? f) z “ 10 ?
5 11 1`i 3
c) z “ p2 ` i 12q p 3 ´ iq
p1 ´ iq21
d) z “ ?
p 3 ` iq13

Ex. 11. Let us solve the following equations on C:

a) z2 ` z ` 1 “ 0 1024
h) z7 “
b) z2 ` 2iz ´ 5 “ 0 z3
c) iz2 ´ p1 ` 8iqz ` 7 ` 17i “ 0 256
i) z6 “
d) z4 ´ 3iz2 ` 4 “ 0 z2
5
e) z6 ´ 7z3 ´ 8 “ 0 j) z “ 16z
f) z6 ´ p1 ` iq28 “ 0 k) z5 ` 9z “ 0
`? ˘2022 l) z4 ´ 6z3 ` 17z2 ´ 24z ` 52 “ 0
g) z8 3`i “1´i

pz ` 1q9 ´ 1
Ex. 12. Consider the equation “ 0.
z
a) Solve the above equation.
 3

b) Calculate the modulus of obtained solutions.

8
ź kπ
c) Compute sin
k“1
9
n n
˚
ź kπ ź kπ
d ) Generally, let us calculate sin and cos for any n P N˚ .
k“1
2n ` 1 k“1
2n ` 1

ˇ 1 | ` |z2ˇ | q holds for any z1 , z2 P C.

Ex. 13. a) Prove that the equality |z1 ` z2 |2 ` |z1 ´ z2 |2 “ 2p|z 2 2
ˇ z1 ´ z2 ˇ
b) Let z1 , z2 P C with z1 , z2 and |z1 | “ 2. Compute ˇˇ ˇ.
4 ´ z1 z2 ˇ
Ex. 14. a) Let f : C Ñ C with the formula f pzq “ iz2 ` p4 ´ iqz ´ 9i. Find f ´1 p7q.
b) Assume that z1 and z2 are two solutions to z2 ´ z ` mi “ 0 with a parameter m P R. Determine
m fulfilling |z21 ´ z22 | “ 2022.

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Chapter 2: MATRICES, LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
» fi » fi
1 ´3 2 2 1 1 „ ȷ
´1 1 2
Ex. 1. Let A “ –2 1 ´1fl, B “ –´2 3 0fl and C “ . In the following opera-
2 4 ´2
0 3 ´2 1 2 4
tions, which one is well-defined? If yes, determine the corresponding results.
BC T , A ` BC, AT B ´ C, ApBCq, pA ` 3BqC T
Ex. 2. Find the matrix X satisfying the following relations:
„ ȷ„ ȷ „ ȷ
1 2 3 0 1 ´2
a) +2X=
´3 » 4 2 1 fi » 5 7fi » fi
1 ´3 2 2 5 6 0 ´6 6
1
b) X ´ –3 ´4 1fl –1 2 5fl= –´2 9 2fl
2 2 ´5 3 1 3 2 ´4 ´8 6
„ ȷ „ ȷ
1 3 ´1 0
Ex. 3. Let A “ and B “ .
´1 2 1 1
a) Calculate F “ A2 ´ 3A and f pAq with f pxq “ 3x2 ´ 2x ` 5.
b) Determine the matrix X satisfying pA2 ` 5IqX “ BT pA2 ´ 3Aq.
» fi
„ ȷ a 1 0
cos x ´ sin x
Ex. 4. a) Compute An for any n P N˚ , where A “ (x P Rq and A “ –0 a 1fl
sin x cos x
0 0 a
(a P R). „ ȷ
2 0 0
b) Find the matrix X such that X “ .
„ ȷ 0 0
a b
c) Show that the matrix A “ is subject to the equation x2 ´ pa ` dqx ` ad ´ bc “ 0.
c d
d) Prove that Ak “ 0 for all k P N˚ and k ą 2 ô A2 “ 0, where A P Mat2 .
 4

Ex. 5. Calculate the following determinants:

» fi » fi
1 ´2 3 1 1 2 3
a) A “ –2 ´4 1fl —1 2 ´ x2 2 3 ffi
d) D “ — ffi
3 ´5 3 –2 3 1 5 fl
1 9 ´ x2
» fi
a ` b ab a2 ` b2 2 3
» fi
b) B “ –b ` c bc b2 ` c2 fl 1`x 1 1 1
c ` a ca c2 ` a2 — 1 1´x 1 1 ffi
» fi e) E “ —
– 1
ffi
1 3 5 ´1 1 1`z 1 fl
—2 ´1 ´1 4 ffi 1 1 1 1´z
c) C “ —–5 1 ´1 7 fl
ffi » fi
a b c d
7 7 9 1 —b a d c ffi
f) F “ —
– c d a bfl
ffi
d c b a

Ex. 6. Find the inverse of the following matrices:

„ ȷ „ ȷ
3 4 5 7
a) A “ b) B“
»5 7 fi »´3 ´6 fi
3 ´4 5 1 2 3
c) C “ –2 ´3 1fl d) D “ –4 5 6fl
3 ´5 1 9 8 7
» fi » fi
1 3 7 4 1 ´a 0 0
—0 5 9 6 ffi —0 1 ´a 0 ffi
e) E “ — –0 0 2 8 fl
ffi f) F“— –0 0
ffi
1 ´afl
0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1
» fi » fi
´1 ´3 0 1 4 0 ´7 ´7
—3 5 8 ´3ffi —´6 1 11 9 ffi
g) G “ — –´2 ´6 3 2 fl
ffi h) H“— – 7 ´5 10 19 fl
ffi
0 ´1 2 1 ´1 2 3 ´1

Ex. 7. Without»using the expansion formula

fi to compute» determinants,
fi let us indicate the followings:
a1 ` b1 x a1 ´ b1 x c1 a1 b1 c1
a) det–a2 ` b2 x a2 ´ b2 x c2 fl “ ´2x.det–a2 b2 c2 fl
a ` b3 x a3 ´ b3 x c3 a3 b3 c3
» 3 fi » 2
fi
1 a bc 1 a a
b) det–1 b cafl “ det–1 b b2 fl
1 c ab 1 c c2
» fi
m ` 1 ´1 m
Ex. 8. a) Determine m P R such that A “ – 3 m`1 3 fl is invertible.
m´1 0 m´1
» fi » fi
´1 2 1 ´1 2 „ ȷ
2 12 10
b) Let A “ 2 3 4 , B “ 3 4 and C “
– fl – fl . Find the matrices X and Y
6 16 7
3 1 ´1 0 3
 5

such that AX ` B “ C T and Y A ´ B ` C T “ 0, respectively.

c) Prove that if A P Matn fulfills ak Ak ` ak´1 Ak´1 ` ¨ ¨ ¨ ` a1 A ` a0 I “ 0 with a0 , 0, then A is
invertible.
Ex. 9. a) Compute the rank of the following matrices:
» fi » fi
1 3 5 ´1 1 ´3 4 ´1 9
—2 ´1 ´1 4 ffi —´2 6 ´6 ´1 ´10ffi
a) A “ —
–5 1 ´1 7 fl
ffi d) D “ —
–´3 9 ´6 ´6 ´3 fl
ffi
7 7 9 1 3 ´9 4 9 0
» fi » fi
4 3 ´5 2 3 2 ´3 6 2 5
—8 6 ´7 4 2 ffi —´2 3 ´3 ´3 ´4ffi
— ffi e) E “ —
– 4 ´6 9
ffi
b) B “ —
—4 3 ´8 2 7 ffi
ffi 5 9 fl
–4 3 1 2 ´5fl ´2 3 3 ´4 1
» fi
8 6 ´1 4 ´6 1 1 ´3 7 9 ´9
» fi
1 ´4 9 ´7 —1 2 ´4 10 13 ´12ffi
— ffi
c) C “ –´1 2 ´4 1 fl —1 ´1 ´1 1
f) F “ — 1 ´3 ffi ffi
5 ´6 10 7 –1 ´3 1 ´5 ´7 3 fl
1 ´2 0 0 ´5 ´4
» fi
1 ´1 1 2
b) Determine m P R such that rankA “ 2, where A “ –´1 2 2 1 fl.
1 0 4 m
Ex. 10. Determine if the system has a nontrivial solution. Describe all solution in parametric vector
form.
$ $
&2x1 ´ 5x2 ` 8x3 “ 0
’ & x1 ´ 3x2 ` 7x3 “ 0
’
a) ´2x1 ´ 7x2 ` x3 “ 0 b) ´2x1 ` x2 ´ 4x3 “ 0
’
%4x ` 2x ` 7x “ 0 ’
% x ` 2x ` 9x “ 0
1 2 3
# # 1 2 3

´3x1 ` 5x2 ´ 7x3 “ 0 ´5x1 ` 7x2 ` 9x3 “ 0

c) d)
´6x1 ` 7x2 ` x3 “ 0 x1 ´ 2x2 ` 6x3 “ 0

Ex. 11. Let us solve the following systems of linear equations:

$ $
’
’ 3x1 ´ x2 ` 3x3 “ 1 ’
’ x1 ` 2x2 ´ x3 ` 3x4 “ 12
’
&´4x ` 2x ` x “ 3 ’
&2x ` 5x ´ x ` 11x “ 49
1 2 3 1 2 3 4
a) c)
’
’ ´2x1 ` x2 ` 4x3 “ 4 ’
’3x1 ` 6x2 ´ 4x3 ` 13x4 “ 49
’ ’
10x ´ 5x2 ´ 6x3 “ ´10 x ` 2x2 ´ 2x3 ` 9x4 “ 33
% %
$ 1 $ 1
’3x1 ´ 5x2 ` 2x3 ` 4x4 “ 2
& ’
’ x1 ` 2x2 ` 3x3 ` 4x4 “ ´4
’
b) 7x1 ´ 4x2 ` x3 ` 3x4 “ 5 &3x ` 7x ` 10x ` 11x “ ´11
1 2 3 4
’
%5x ` 7x ´ 4x ´ 6x “ 3 d)
1 2 3 4 ’
’ x1 ` 2x2 ` 4x3 ` 2x4 “ ´3
’
x1 ` 2x2 ` 2x3 ` 7x4 “ ´6
%
 6
$
’
’ x1 ` 2x2 ´ x3 ` mx4 “ 4
’
&´x ´ x ` 3x ` 2x “ k
1 2 3 4
Ex. 12. Let us consider the system with parameters m, k P R.
’2x1 ´ x2 ´ 3x3 ` pm ´ 1qx4 “ 3
’
’
x1 ` x2 ` x3 ` 2mx4 “ 5
%
a) Solve the above system when m “ 2 and k “ 5.
b) Determine m and k such that the system has a unique solution.
c) Determine m and k such that the system has infinitely many solutions.
d) Determine m and k such that the system has no solution.
$
&mx1 ` 2x2 ´ x3 “ 3
’
Ex. 13. a) Find m P R such that the system x1 ` mx2 ` 2x3 “ 4 has a unique solution.
’
%2x ` 3x ` x “ ´m
$1 2 3

&pm ` 5qx ` 3y ` p2m ` 1qz “ 0

’
b) Find m P R such that the system mx ` pm ´ 1qy ` 4z “ 0 has non-trivial solu-
’
%pm ` 5qx ` pm ` 2qy ` 5z “ 0
tions.
Ex. 14. Solve the following system of linear equations (where m is a parameter):
$
’
’ x1 ´ x2 ` mx3 ´ 2x4 “ 1
’
&2x ´ x ` 2x ` 3x “ ´1
1 2 3 4
’
’ ´3x1 ` 3x2 ` p2m ´ 8qx3 ´ 12x4 “ 5
’
´7x1 ` 3x2 ` pm ´ 8qx3 ´ 14x4 “ 5.
%

Ex. 15. a) Prove that if A is a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric/antimetric) matrix of an odd order n,
then detA “ 0.
b) Let A, B be two square matrices of order 2023 fulfilling AB ` BT AT “ 0. Show that detA “ 0
or detB “ 0.
c) Prove that detpA2 ` B2 q ě 0 for any real square matrices of the same order A and B.
d) If AB “ A ` B for two square matrices of the same order A and B, then AB “ BA.
e) Let A be a square matrix such that A2 ` 2023I “ 0. Show that detA ą 0.
f) If A3 “ A ` I for a square matrix A, then detA ą 0.
» fi » fi
1 1 3 2022 0 0
Ex. 16. Let A “ –1 0 5fl and B “ – 0 1 0 fl. Find the matrix X such that A2 B ` AXA “ 0.
2 2 7 0 0 2023
Then, calculate X n for any n P N˚ .
Ex. 17. Balance the chemical equations using the vector equation approach.
a) B2 S 3 ` H2 O Ñ H3 BO3 ` H2 S
b) Na3 PO4 ` BapNO3 q2 Ñ Ba3 pPO4 q2 ` NaNO3
c) NaHCO3 ` H3C6 H5 O7 Ñ Na3C6 H5 O7 ` H2 O ` CO2
d) K MnO4 ` MnS O4 ` H2 O Ñ MnO2 ` K2 S O4 ` H2 S O4
Ex. 18. Suppose an economy has four sectors, Agriculture (A), Energy (E), Manufacturing (M), and
Transportation (T). Sector A sells 10% of its output to E, 25% to M and retain the rest. Sector E
sells 30% of its output to A, 35% to M, 25% to T and retain the rest. Sector M sells 30% of its
 7

output to A, 15% to E, 40% to T and retain the rest. Sector T sells 20% of its output to A, 10%
to E, 30% to M and retain the rest.
a) Construct the exchange table for the economy.
b) Find a set of equilibrium prices for the economy. (Each sector income matches its expenses)

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Chapter 3: VECTOR SPACES

Ex. 1. Express the following vectors␣ u as a linear combination of the corresponding systems
( S.
3
a) u “ p1, ´2, 5q and S “ v␣1 “ p1, ´3, 2q, v2 “ p2, ´4, ´1q, v3 “ p1, ´5, 7q( in R .
2 2 2
b) u “ x„ ` 4x ´ ȷ 3 and S “" v1 “„ x ´ 2x ȷ ` 5, v2„“ 2x ´ „ x ` 3 in
ȷ 3x, v3 “ ȷ P2 rxs. „ ȷ*
2 ´3 1 2 1 0 0 ´2 0 ´1
c) U “ and S “ V1 “ , V2 “ , V3 “ , V4 “
4 ´7 1 ´2 ´1 2 ´3 ´1 ´1 0
in Mat2ˆ2 .
Ex. 2. Determine whether the following systems of vectors are linearly independent or linearly depen-
dent. ␣ (
a) S “ ␣v1 “ p1, ´2, 1q, v2 “ p2, 1, ´1q, v3 “ p7, ´4, 1q in R3 . (
b) S “ "v1 “ x„3 ` 4xȷ2 ´ 2x `„ 3, v2ȷ“ x3 ` „ 6x2 ´ȷ*
x ` 4, v3 “ 3x3 ` 8x2 ´ 8x ` 7 in P3 rxs.
1 1 1 0 1 1
c) S “ V1 “ , V2 “ , V3 “ in Mat2ˆ2 .
1 1 0 1 0 0
d) S “ tv1 ptq “ sin t, v2 ptq “ cos t, v3 ptq “ tu in the vector space of functions from R into R.
a) Prove that if v1 , v2 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , vn`1 is linearly dependent , , ,
␣ ( ␣ (
Ex. 3. and v1 v2 ¨ ¨ ¨ vn is linearly inde-
pendent, then vn`1 is a linear combination of v1 , v2 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , vn .
␣ (
b) Assume that u, v and w are linearly independent vectors. Show that u`v, u´v and u´2v`w
are also linearly independent vectors.
Ex. 4. Let’s indicate that the following system S is a basis of the corresponding vector space. Then,
find rusS =?
␣ (
a) S “ ␣v1 “ p1, 1, 1q, v2 “ p1, 1, 2q, v3 “ p1, 2, 3q and u “ p6, 9, 14q in R3 .
` x2 , v4 “ 2 3
(
b) S “ "v1 “ 1,„ v2 “ȷ1 ` x, v3„ “ x ȷ „ x `ȷ x and„ u “ ȷ* 2 ` 3x ´ x2 ` 3
„ 2x ȷin P3 rxs.
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2
c) S “ V1 “ , V2 “ , V3 “ , V4 “ and U “ in Mat2ˆ2 .
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 3 4
a) Whether or not W “ px1 , x2 , x3 q P R3 ˇ 2x1 ´ 5x2 ` 3x3 “ 0 is a subspace of R3 ?
␣ ˇ (
Ex. 5.
b) Let V1 and V2 be two subspaces of V. Prove that W1 “ V1 X V2 and W2 “ V1 ` V2 are also
two subspaces of V.
Ex. 6. Find ␣a basis and the dimension of the subspace W spanned(by the following systems of vectors:
a) ␣v1 “ p2, 1, 3, 4q, v2 “ p1, 2, 0, 1q, v3 “ p´1, 1, ´3, 0q in R4 . (
b) v1 “ p2, 0, 1, 3, ´1q, v2 “ p1, 1, 0, ´1, 1q, v3 “ p0, ´2, 1, 5, ´3q, v4 “ p1, ´3, 2, 9, ´5q in
5
␣ .
R
c) v1 “ 1 ` x2 ` x3 , v2 “ x ´ x2 ` 2x3 , v3 “ 2 ` x ` 3x3 , v4 “ ´1 ` x ´ x2 ` 2x3 in P3 rxs.
(

Ex. 7. Find a basis

␣ and the dimensionˇ of the following subspace W:
a) W “ px1 , x2 , x3 q P R3 ˇ 2x1 ´ 5x2 ` 3x3 “ 0 .
(
 8
$
& x ` 2y ` z ´ 3t “ 0
’
b) W is the solution space of 2x ` 4y ` 4z ´ t “ 0
’
%3x ` 6y ` 7z ` t “ 0
$
&2x1 ´ x2 ` 3x3 ´ 2x4 ` 4x5 “ 0
’
c) W is the solution space of 4x1 ´ 2x2 ` 5x3 ` x4 ` 7x5 “ 0
’
%2x ´ x ` x ` 8x ` 2x “ 0
1 2 3 4
␣ 5 (
d) W “ V1 ` ␣V2 or W “ V1 X V2 , where V1 “ (span u1 “ p1, 0, 1, 0q, u2 “ p0, 1, ´1, 1q and
V2 “ span u3 “ p1, 1, 1, 2q, u4 “ p0, 0, 1, 1q .
Ex. 8. a) Determine a condition for a, b, c such that w “ pa, b, cq is a linear combination of u “
p1, ´3, 2q and v “ p2, ´1, 1q.
b) Determine the parameter m so that u “ p1, ´1, ´3, mq P span u1 , u2 , u3 , where u1 “
␣ (

p1, 3, ´2, 1q, u2 “ p´2, 3, 1, 1q and u3 “ p2, 1, 0, 1q.

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Chapter 4: LINEAR MAPPINGS

Ex. 1. Show that the following mappings are linear:

a) f : R3 Ñ R2 defined by f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ p3x1 ` x2 ´ x3 , 2x1 ` x3 q.
b) f : P2 rxs Ñ P4 rxs given by f pppxqq “ ppxq ` x2 ppxq.
c) f : Matn Ñ Matn defined by f pUq “ AU ` UA, where A P Matn is a fixed matrix.
Ex. 2. a) Let f : R2 Ñ R2 be a linear mapping being subject to f p1, 2q “ p2, 3q and f p0, 1q “
p1, 4q. Determine the formula of f ?
b) Let f : P2 rxs Ñ P2 rxs be a linear mapping enjoying the relations:
f p1 ´ x2 q “ ´3 ` 3x ´ 6x2 ,
f p3x ` 2x2 q “ 17 ` x ` 16x2 ,
f p2 ` 6x ` 3x2 q “ 32 ` 7x ` 25x2 .
Find the formula of f ? Then, determine parameters m such that u “ 1 ` x ` mx2 P
Im f .
c) Assume that f : V Ñ V is a linear mapping and v1 , v2 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , vn P V, where their
images f pv1 q, f pv2 q, ¨ ¨ ¨ , f pvn q are linearly independent. Whether or not the vectors
v1 , v2 , ¨ ¨ ¨ , vn is also linearly independent?
Ex. 3. a) Let f : R3 Ñ R2 be a linear mapping with the formula
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ p3x1 ` x2 ´ x3 , 2x1 ` x3 q.
Find a basis and the dimension of Ker f .
b) Let f : R3 Ñ R3 be a linear mapping with the formula
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ p2x1 ´ x2 ´ x3 , x1 ´ x2 , ´x1 ` x2 ` 2x3 q.
Find a basis and the dimension of Im f .
 9

c) Let f : Matn Ñ Matn be a linear mapping with the formula

„ ȷ
1 2
f pUq “ UA ´ AU, where A “
0 3
Find a basis and the dimension of Ker f .
d) Let f : R3 Ñ R3 be a linear mapping with the formula
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ px1 ´ 2x2 ` x3 , x1 ` x2 ´ x3 , mx1 ´ x2 ` x3 q
with a parameter m P R. Determine m such that f is surjective.
Ex. 4. Find the matrix of the following linear mappings f in the corresponding bases:
a) f : R3 Ñ R3 given by
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ px1 ` x2 ´ x3 , x1 ´ x2 ` x3 , ´x1 ` x2 ` x3 q
and S “ tv1 “ p1, 0, 0q, v2 “ p1, 1, 0q, v3 “ p1, 1, 1qu.
b) f : R3 Ñ R2 given by
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ p3x1 ` x2 ´ x3 , 2x1 ` x3 q
and S 1 “ tv1 “ p1, 0, 0q, v2 “ p1, 1, 0q, v3 “ p1, 1, 1qu, S 2 “ tu1 “ p2, 3q, u2 “
p´1, 1qu.
c) f : P2 rxs Ñ P4 rxs defined by f pppxqq “ ppxq ` x2 ppxq, and
S 1 “ t1 ` x, 2x, 1 ` x2 u, S 2 “ t1, x, x3 , x4 u.
d) f : P2 rxs Ñ P2 rxs defined by
f pax2 ` bx ` cq “ p´2a ` cqx2 ´ p8a ` bqx ` p2a ` 6b ` 5cq
and the usual basis of P2 rxs.
» fi
1 3 ´1
Ex. 5. Let A “ –2 0 5 fl be the matrix of the linear mapping f : P2 rxs Ñ P2 rxs relative to
6 ´2 4
the basis S “ tv1 “ 3x ` 3x2 , v2 “ ´1 ` 3x ` 2x2 , v3 “ 3 ` 7x ` 3x2 u.
a) Calculate f pv1 q, f pv2 q, f pv3 q.
b) Compute f p2 ` x2 q.
» fi
3 ´2 1 0
Ex. 6. Let A “ – 1 6 2 1fl be the matrix of the linear mapping f : R4 Ñ R3 relative to
´3 0 7 1
the bases S 1 “ tv1 “ p0, 1, 1, 1q, v2 “ p2, 1, ´1, ´1q, v3 “ p1, 4, ´1, 2q, v4 “ p6, 9, 4, 2qu
and S 2 “ tu1 “ p0, 8, 8q, u2 “ p´7, 8, 1q, u3 “ p´6, 9, 1qu.
a) Calculate f pv1 q, f pv2 q, f pv3 q, f pv4 q.
b) Compute f p2, 2, 0, 0q.
Ex. 7. Let f : P2 rxs Ñ P2 rxs be a linear mapping enjoying the relations:
f p1 ` 2xq “ ´19 ` 12x ` 2x2 ,
f p2 ` xq “ ´14 ` 9x ` x2 ,
f px2 q “ 4 ´ 2x ´ 2x2 .
a) Determine the matrix of f relative to the usual basis of P2 rxs.
b) Find rankp f q.
 10

Ex. 8. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following matrices:

„ ȷ „ ȷ „ ȷ
3 0 10 ´9 0 ´1
A1 “ A2 “ A3 “
8 ´1 4 ´2 ´1 0
» fi » fi » fi
2 ´1 0 0 1 0 4 ´5 2
A4 “ – 5 ´3 3 fl A5 “ –´4 4 0fl A6 “ –5 ´7 3fl
´1 0 ´2 ´2 1 2 6 ´9 4

Ex. 9. In the following matrices A, which one is diagonalizable? If yes, determine the matrix P
(which diagonalizes A) such that P´1 AP is a diagonal matrix? Moreover, compute An for
any n P N then.
» fi » fi
„ ȷ „ ȷ 1 0 0 2 1 ´2
´14 12 1 0
A1 “ A2 “ A3 “ –0 1 1fl A4 “ –0 3 1 fl
´20 17 6 ´1
0 1 1 0 0 3

Ex. 10. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the following linear operators:
a) f : R3 Ñ R3 given by
f px1 , x2 , x3 q “ p2x1 ` 4x2 ` 4x3 , 4x1 ` 2x2 ` 4x3 , 4x1 ` 4x2 ` 2x3 q.
Then, determine a basis of R3 such that the matrix of f with respect to which is a
diagonal matrix?
b) f : P2 rxs Ñ P2 rxs defined by
f pax2 ` bx ` cq “ p´2a ` cqx2 ´ p8a ` bqx ` p2a ` 6b ` 5cq.
Then, determine a basis of P2 rxs such that the matrix of f with respect to which is a
diagonal matrix?
Ex. 11. Let f be a linear mapping satisfying f p1, 2, ´1q “ p4, ´2, ´6q, f p1, 1, 2q “ p5, 5, 0q and
f p1, 0, 0q “ p1, 2, 1q.
a) Determine m such that u “ p6, ´3, mq P Im f .
b) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of f .
Ex. 12. a) Let f be a linear mapping. Assume that λ2 is the eigenvalue of f 2 “ f ˝ f : V Ñ V.
Show that f possesses the eigenvalue either λ or ´λ.
b) Suppose that A P Matmˆn and B P Matnˆp . Let’s verify the following inequality:
rankpABq ď min rankpAq, rankpBq .
␣ (

————————————————————–

Chapter 5: EUCLIDEAN SPACES

Ex. 1. ShowD thatE the following expressions are inner products:

a) u, v “ x1 y1 ´ 2x1 y2 ´ 2x2 y1 ` 5x2 y2 on R2 , where u “ px1 , x2 q and v “ py1 , y2 q.
D E ż1
b) f, g “ f pxqgpxqdx on Pn rxs, where f pxq P Pn rxs and gpxq P Pn rxs.
´1
 11

Ex. 2. Determine
D E parameters m such that the following expressions are inner products:
a) u, v “ x1 y1 ´ 3x1 y2 ´ 3x2 y1 ` mx2 y2 on R2 , where u “ px1 , x2 q and v “ py1 , y2 q.
D E
b) u, v “ 2x1 y1 `x1 y2 `x2 y1 `mx2 y2 ´2x2 y3 ´2x3 y2 `3x3 y3 on R3 , where u “ px1 , x2 , x3 q
and v “ py1 , y2 , y3 q.
Ex. 3. Find a basis and the dimension of the following subspace W:
a) W is orthogonal to u “ p1, ´2, 3, 4q and v “ p3, ´5, 7, 8q in R4 with the usual scalar
product.
b) W is orthogonal to v1 “ p1, 1, 0, 0, 0q, v2 “ p0, 1, ´1, 2, 1q and v3 “ p2, 3, ´1, 2, 1q in
R5 with the usual scalar product.
D E ż1
c) W is orthogonal to hpxq “ 2x`1 in P2 rxs with the inner product f, g “ f pxqgpxqdx.
0
Ex. 4. By Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization method, let’s normalize S to derive an orthonormal
1
system S : ␣ (
a) S “ u1 “ p1, 1, ´2q, u2 “ p2, 0, 1q, u3 “ p1, 2, 3q in R3 with the usual scalar
product.
Then, find rusS 1 with u “ p5, 8, 6q.
␣ ( D E ż1
2
b) S “ u1 “ 1, u2 “ x, u3 “ x in P2 rxs with the inner product f, g “ f pxqgpxqdx.
´1
2
Then, find rusS 1 with u “ 2 ´ 3x ` 3x .
Ex. 5. Determine an orthogonal basis and an orthonormal basis of the following subspace W in
R4 with the usual scalar product:
a) W is orthogonal to v “ p1, ´2, ´1, 3q.
b) W is orthogonal to u1 “ p1, 1, 2, 2q and u2 “ p0, 1, 2, ´1q.
Ex. 6. Prove that the following relations
` hold: 2 ˘
2 2
a) }u ` v} ` }u ´ v} “ 2 }u} ` }v} .
b) }u ` v}2 “ }u} ` }v}2 ô uKv.
ˇD Eˇ
c) Cauchy-Schwarz inequality: }u}.}v} ě ˇ u, v ˇ.
ˇ ˇ

Moreover, if the situation “=” occurs, then u and v are linearly dependent.
Ex. 7. Let V be a n-dimensional
␣ Euclidean space and (V1 be a m-dimensional subspace of V.
Assume that V2 “ x P V | xKv for all v P V1 .
a) Show that V1 X V2 “ tθu and V1 ` V2 “ V, where θ stands for the null vector of V.
b) Compute dim(V2 ).
Ex. 8. By taking account of the usual scalar product, let’s determine the orthogonal projection of
v onto the subspace W, i.e. the vector v1 P W such that }v ´ v1 } has a minimal value, where
a) v “ p1, 3, ´2, 4q and W “ spantu “ p2, ´2, 4, 5u in R4 .
b) v “ p3, ´2, 1q and W “ spantu1 “ p2, 2, 1q, u2 “ p2, 5, 4qu in R3 .
c) v “ p3, 2, 4, 2q and W “ spantu1 “ p1, 1, 1, 0q, u2 “ p0, 1, 1, 1qu in R4 .
d) v “ p3, 6, 3q and W “ tw P R3 | wKu “ p1, 2, ´1qu in R3 .
 12

Ex. 9. Orthogonally diagonalize the following matrices:

» fi » fi
„ ȷ 1 0 0 7 ´2 0
´7 24
A“ , B “ –0 1 1fl , C “ –´2 6 2fl .
24 7
0 1 1 0 2 5

Ex. 10. Find an orthogonal change of coordinates in R3 which diagonalize the following quadratic
forms:
a) qpx1 , x2 , x3 q “ x12 ` x22 ` x33 ` 2x1 x2 .
b) qpx1 , x2 , x3 q “ 7x12 ` 6x22 ` 5x33 ´ 4x1 x2 ` 4x2 x3 .
c) qpx1 , x2 , x3 q “ 3x12 ` 3x22 ` 3x33 ` 2x1 x2 ` 2x2 x3 ` 2x1 x3 .
Ex. 11. a) Let’s consider the quadratic form in R3 as follows:
Qpx1 , x2 , x3 q “ 9x12 ` 7x22 ` 11x33 ´ 8x1 x2 ` 8x1 x3 .
Find min Qpx1 , x2 , x3 q, max Qpx1 , x2 , x3 q when R “ 1 and R “ 4. More-
x12 `x22 `x32 “R2 x12 `x22 `x32 “R2
over, determine the corresponding value of px1 , x2 , x3 q, which either minimizes or max-
imizes Qpx1 , x2 , x3 q.
» fi » fi
1 3 ´1 ´2
b) Let A “ 2 ´4 1 and B “ 7 fl. Find a column vector X P Mat3ˆ1 pRq which
– fl –
6 8 ´3 5
minimizes the length (or the norm) }AX ´ B}.
Ex. 12. Let’s classify the following quadratic lines and surfaces:
a) Lpx, yq “ 2x2 ´ 4xy ´ y2 ` 8 “ 0.
b) Lpx, yq “ x2 ` 2xy ` y2 ` 8x ` y “ 0.
c) S px, y, zq “ x2 ` y2 ` z2 ` 2xy ´ 4 “ 0.
d) S px, y, zq “ 2x2 ` 2y2 ` 3z2 ´ 2xy ´ 2yz ´ 16 “ 0.