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Chapter 05 - Multiplexing
Chapter 05 - Multiplexing
[Physical Layer]
Multiplexing
[Fig. 5.1:
Concept of a
multiplexed
system ]
Multiplexing Techniques
Synchronous Statistical
TDM TDM
[Fig. 5.2]
◼ Multiplexing Process:
[Fig. 5.6]
Solution: For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This means that
the required bandwidth is at least: 5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz.
[Fig. 5.7]
Solution: The satellite channel is analog. We divide it into four channels, each
channel having a 250 kHz bandwidth. Each digital channel of 1 Mbps is
modulated such that each 4 bits is modulated to 1 Hz. One solution is 16-QAM
modulation. Fig. 5.8 shows one possible configuration.
[Fig. 5.8]
➢ WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the multiplexing and
demultiplexing involve optical signals to be transmitted over fiber-optic
channels.
◼ Applications of WDM:
➢ The SONET network. In it multiple optical fiber lines are multiplexed and
demultiplexed.
➢ Another new method, called dense WDM (DWDM), can multiplex a very
large number of channels by spacing channels very close to one
another. It achieves even greater efficiency.
Dr. N. K. Pani, Dept. of CSEA, IGIT Sarang | 5.13
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM)
◼ TDM is a digital multiplexing technique that combines digital signals from
different sources to be transmitted over one high bandwidth link.
[Fig. 5.10]
◼ Mechanism:
➢ Since, the duration of the input data unit is T seconds (data units are
collected every T seconds),
▪ The duration of each frame has to be T seconds (unless a frame
carries some other information, as we will see shortly).
▪ The duration of each slot in the frame is T/n seconds.
➢ The data rate of the output link must be n-times faster than that of the
input lines.
[NOTE]: The mechanism of combining the data units of n-input lines into one frame is called
interleaving.
➢ Pulse Stuffing / Bit Stuffing / Bit Padding: Used if the data rates of the
input lines are not multiple of each other. Extra bits are added to the
lower data rate line(s).
[Fig. 5.15:
Empty Slots in
Synchronous TDM].
This is the reason why we use the next scheme “Statistical TDM”.