Macapinlac, Jaimee Rose S.

BSED 3
Answer in Book
Subject: Foundations of Special and Inclusive Education

REVIEW
1. Enumerate the various child development theories and discuss each one which a
partner.
2. What are the various child development theories in relations to the different
milestones of each stage?
3. Enumerate and discuss the various domain of development.

4. Using the Venn diagram below, compare and contrast the different stages in child
development.
REFLECT

2. By pairs, create a chart or web on various developmental stages that shows how the milestones
build on each other.
PRACTICE
PAGE 85-86
CHAPTER 6 124-130

REVIEW

1. Enumerate and define the different learners with additional needs.

- Learners who are gifted and talented persons between the ages of four and twenty-one
whose abilities, talents, and potential for accomplishment are so exceptional or
developmentally advanced that they require special provisions to meet their educational
programing needs.

- Learners with difficulty seeing Visual impairment which is severe enough to interfere with
progress in normal educational programmes is considered a visual handicap. Students must
be able to see clearly, focus on objects far and near, be able to co-ordinate hand and eye,
discriminate small differences and remember what they see.

- Learners with difficulty hearing Deafness is defined as “a hearing impairment that is so

severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or
without amplification”, hat adversely affects a child's educational performance.

- Learners with difficulty communicating A child with a communication disorder has trouble
communicating with others. The cause may be biological or environmental, such as being
exposed to lead. Some common symptoms are not speaking at all and having trouble
expressing words. A speech-language pathologist often treats a communication disorder in a
child.

- Learners with difficulty moving/walking When a child has difficulty moving and/ or
walking, the physical domain of development is affected. Example of physical disability are
developmental coordination disorder or dyspraxia, stereotypic movement disorder, tics and
cerebral palsy.

- Learners with difficulty remembering and focusing. The official terms that are often used
for children who have difficulty remaining focused on a task that they are capable of doing
are Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

- Learners with difficulty with self-care When a child has self care difficulties, they might
also have difficulties with: Following instructions: The ability to understand and be able to
initiate the tasks to be done as per requested by others.

2. Compare and contrast the learners with additional needs based on the identification
and learning characteristics.

- Special needs education because the education was designed to help students learn in ways
that acknowledge their individual needs. A student with special needs usually does not do
well in the average classroom due to learning disabilities, physical restrictions, mental health
difficulties, and cognitive disabilities.

3. What challenges do learners with speech and language difficulties encounter in the
areas of communication and socialization?
- A learner may have difficulty with speaking, 'expressive language' or understanding,
'receptive language'. They may have problems expressing feelings and interacting with
others. This can cause low self-esteem and frustration, and may lead to behaviour problems
in the class.

4. What accommodations can be given to learners with communication difficulties?

- Give extra time to complete assignments or make-up work when needed. Substitute written
papers or projects for oral presentations, or allow a student to demonstrate learning oneon-
one with you. Asking questions in a way that lets the student give a brief answer can also
help. Use technology to make learning easier.

5. What are the similarities and differences between learners with developmental
coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder?

- Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is characterized by marked impairment in the

acquisition and performance of motor skills. Stereotypic movement dis- order is a common
childhood disorder which repetitive, hard to control, aimless motor ac- tivity interrupts
everyday life or causes self-infliction of a child.

6. How can classroom be arranged to help learners with difficulty in moving/walking?

- Relocating a class or lab to an accessible building/space. Audio recorder or notetaking

assistance. Accessible seating or table in the classroom. Plan activities at accessible locations
so that all students can participate or, as a last resort, substitute an alternative activity with
the same learning outcomes. Provide additional time for the activity and for transportation.
Additional planning may be required for co-ops, work placements and field trips.

7. How is Learning Disability (LD) different from specific Learning Disability (SLD)
what are the different types of SLD?

- Specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may
manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do
mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury,
minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

-Dyslexia. Dysgraphia. Dyscalculia. Auditory processing disorder. Language processing

disorder. Nonverbal learning disabilities. Visual perceptual/visual motor deficit.

8. How can lessons and concepts be presented to maximize learning among students
with memory and focusing difficulties?

- Play visual and auditory memory games; Present concepts in a variety of ways, using visual
supports; Reduce the volume of work; Provide memory aids and visual supports (posters,
graphic organizers, lists of procedures)

9. What educational approaches can be used to teach learners how to care for
themselves?
- Behavioristic Approach This learning approach can be used for anything related to
behavior. Improve your emotional stability, practice anger management or go for other self-
help skills.

10. Choose a self-care skill and apply task analysis to help a child the skill. Identify the
steps and the material you will use.

- Self-help skills are abilities that children gradually attain to give them more independence.
It includes getting dressed, having a shower and brushing teeth. It's about learning life skills
so they can look after themselves without depending on others.

- Give them the courage to help themselves. As a parent, it can be difficult to see your child
struggling to complete a task. Break it into bite-sized bits. Identify self-skill problem areas.
Make learning fun. Simplify the every day.

REFLECT

1. How does strengths-based approach empower learners with additional needs? How can
such an approach be used to promote disability-awareness and a culture that respects
diversity?

- Raising awareness of different types of disability and how they impact lives is important for
several reasons; Disability awareness campaigns highlight what daily life is like for
somebody with a disability. Good education and awareness are key to making our society
more accessible for all. Strengths-based education begins with educators discovering what
they do best and developing and applying their strengths as they help students identify and
apply their strengths in the learning process so that they can reach previously unattained
levels of personal excellence.

2. We may be different from each other in different aspects but there is surely something
within all of us that falls under the term ‘special’. That something special is what makes us
unique and defines us who we are. We all have individual differences, as well as Ishaan in
the movie “Like Stars on Earth” who has dyslexia. This movie is about Ishaan Avasti, an
eight-year-old boy who constantly gets in trouble. He would much rather play with dogs than
any other kids. Most of the times, he miss the bus because of sleeping and having a limitless
dreams. He is different from his peers. He is lack of social skills and scores below average.
His parents always get mad in him because he is a child misunderstood. His parents always
notice his bad behavior and his laziness and lack of discipline. He is a person that just cannot
seem to get anything right in class but are more interested in his surrounding like in the arts,
animals and playing games. Though he cannot cope up easily with his class, he has a talent
that anybody can’t have. In my opinion, I hated what his parents had done to him. They
should have noticed that there is something wrong and immediately attended to it because
more than anyone else they must be the one who understand him first. Instead, they threw
him away to a dungeon with no one to connect to, and no one to understand him even
emotionally. I almost cry on this part of this story because I also experienced living far way
from my family, and it’s devastating. In this story, I learned to understand and appreciate
things out of the norm. Be kind, for some people are fighting a really hard battle that I’m
lucky I am not going through. Upon watching this story, every person will cry. It’s a story
that can affect and touch everyone’s heart who watched it.
REVIEW

1. What is marginalization and how does this affect children?

- A marginalized children is a group of children that's confined to the lower or

peripheral edge of the society. Such a group is denied involvement in
mainstream economic, political, cultural and social activities. The process
whereby something or someone is pushed to the edge of a group and accorded
lesser importance.
2. What are the different groups of children who are marginalized and why are they
marginalized? What can you do for them?
-Disabled children, children subjected to child protection actions, children subjected to
abuse, and children living in remote rural areas represent different examples of
marginalyzed children and young people, whose voices have seldom been heard in the
mainstream histories. They are marginalized by homelessness, being pushed out of school,
socio-economic status, perceived ability, sexual minority status, racism, poverty,
immigration, and other factors. They are children largely born into poverty and income
disparity (with the vulnerability operating largely through associated social exclusion and
discrimination). In a country like Canada, these children can be “camouflaged by the
apparent affluence around them.”
INFOGRAPHIC AND POST CARDS
PRACTICE

1. In each situation, answer the following.

What practices and behavior define marginalization?

- Marginalization is when someone feels their contribution is not valued, or
their idea or specific recommendation is not valued, or because they as an
individual, with a demographic that they cannot change, is being devalued.
What could be the possible responses to address the problem/s?
- Uplift others without speaking for them. Let others have the microphone for a
change. Understand others' experiences. Instead of offering up your own
thoughts, listen to people who are marginalized when they tell you about their
experiences, frustrations and emotions.
2. Micah wore hijab on her first day in her new school. Her classmates just looked
at her and did not want to go near her.
- The hijab is a single piece of scarf that is wear by most Muslim Women
around the world because it is a requirement according to Islam and it is
normal for them to wear their hijab. I know the wearing of the hijab comes
with a lot of stigmatization and bashing from others because they belief that
anything that is associated with Islam is a bad and since the hijab happens to
be a representation of Muslim women people tend to feel uncomfortable
towards it. "The word 'hjab' means 'to cover'. And it’s usually that girls wear
it to preserve their beauty, so not everybody gets to see it.
3. Self-esteem is a child's overall sense of worth or personal value. It describes the
way they feel about themselves. A child is not born with a high or low self-
esteem – they have to learn how to feel good about themselves. It's important to
help children develop self-esteem.