Equation Sheet for MEEG442/642 Mid-Term

𝑃𝑃 is pressure (Pa), 𝑉𝑉 is volume (m3), 𝑛𝑛 is

the number of moles, 𝑅𝑅 is the universal
Ideal gas law 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
gas constant (8.314 J/mol-K), and 𝑇𝑇 is
the temperature (K)
Moles of Hydrogen 𝑄𝑄 is the charge transferred (C), 𝐹𝐹 is the
𝑄𝑄 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
produced (or 𝑛𝑛 = = Faraday constant = 96485 C/mole, 𝐼𝐼 is
2𝐹𝐹 2𝐹𝐹
consumed) current (A), and 𝑡𝑡 is time (sec)
𝐺𝐺 is Gibbs free energy, 𝐻𝐻 is enthalpy,
∆𝐺𝐺 = ∆𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇∆𝑆𝑆
and 𝑆𝑆 is entropy
Electrical work
𝜂𝜂𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 =
283.83 kJ/mole
Efficiency
Electrical work
𝜂𝜂𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 =
241.83 kJ/mole
Ideal voltage
∆𝐺𝐺
produced by a 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 =
2𝐹𝐹
hydrogen fuel cell
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐
Carnot cycle 𝜂𝜂𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 and 𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐 are the hot and cold
𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻
efficiency temperatures expressed in K

0.5
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 �𝑃𝑃𝑂𝑂2 � All pressures are expressed in bar; 1
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜 + ln � 2 �
Effect of gas 2𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 bar = 105 Pa
pressures on
𝛼𝛼, 𝛽𝛽 and 𝛾𝛾 are mole fractions of H2,
operating voltage 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∝ 𝛽𝛽 0.5 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜 + ln � �+ ln(𝑃𝑃) O2, and water, respectively. 𝑃𝑃 is the
2𝐹𝐹 𝛾𝛾 4𝐹𝐹
system pressure
𝐴𝐴 is the Tafel slope (V); 𝑖𝑖 is the current
density, 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 is the internal current
Operating voltage 𝑖𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 density, and 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 is the exchange current
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − 𝐴𝐴 ln � � − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
due to losses 𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜 density (all in mA/cm2); 𝑟𝑟 is the area
specific resistance (kΩ-cm2); and 𝑚𝑚
and 𝑛𝑛 are empirical constants
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
= moles/sec
Oxygen 4𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 is the electrical power produced,
consumption 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 and 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 is the cell voltage
= 8.29𝑋𝑋10−8 kg/sec
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐

1
 Mass flux of 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆
= 3.57𝑋𝑋10−7 kg/sec 𝜆𝜆 is the stoichiometry
supplied air 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
Hydrogen 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
= 1.05𝑋𝑋10−8 kg/sec
consumption 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
Water production = 9.34𝑋𝑋10−8 kg/sec
𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤 is the partial pressure of water
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤
Relative humidity 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = vapor, and 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is the saturated vapor
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
pressure at that temperature
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤 is the partial pressure of water
Mass flux of added 𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤
𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤 = 0.622 � � 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 vapor; 𝑃𝑃 is the total pressure; and 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎
water 𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤
is the mass flux of air
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the inlet water partial pressure,
Inlet water content 𝜓𝜓 =
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 and 𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the total inlet pressure
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is the exit water partial
𝑃𝑃𝑤𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.42 + 𝜓𝜓𝜓𝜓
Exit water content = pressure, and 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 is the total exit
𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 0.21 + (𝜓𝜓 + 1)𝜆𝜆
pressure
1
Heating rate = � − 1� 𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒
𝜂𝜂
𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 is the specific heat of air, 𝑇𝑇1 is the
inlet air temperature, 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 and 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 are
𝛾𝛾−1
Compressor power 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃 𝑇𝑇1 𝑃𝑃2 𝛾𝛾 the compressor and motor
= �� � − 1� 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎
loss 𝜂𝜂𝑐𝑐 𝜂𝜂𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃1 efficiencies, 𝑃𝑃2 and 𝑃𝑃1 are the exit and
inlet pressures, 𝛾𝛾 is the ratio of specific
heats, and 𝑚𝑚̇𝑎𝑎 is the mass flux of air