Chemical Bonding 1

Types Of Chemical Bonds

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Chemical Bonding 1
Types Of Chemical Bonds
What is a Chemical Bond?

A bond that holds two or more

atoms together.
Burning Questions

Why do atoms combine?

Why are only certain combinations possible?

Why do some atoms combine while certain others do not?

Why do molecules possess definite shapes?

Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonds

Primary bonds Secondary / Van Der waals

Ionic Covalent Metallic

Dipole bonds
bonds bonds bonds

Permanent /
Fluctuation Polar Hydrogen
induced molecules bonds
Types of Chemical Bonds
Types of Chemical Bonds

Metal Non-Metal Metal

+ + +

Non-Metal Non-Metal Metal

Ionic Covalent Metallic

Eg. NaCl, KCI Eg. H2, Cl2, O2 Eg. Na, Cu, metals
Types of Chemical Bonds

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
The electrostatic attraction between the positive and
negative ions is called ionic or electrovalent bond.

Example: Eg: Na → Na+ + e-

Cl + e- → Cl-

Electrovalence = No. of unit charge is on the ion.

Example: Na+ Ca2+ Al3+ Cl-

1 2 3 -1
Ionic Bond (Electrovalent Bond)
Octet Rule

Atoms can combine either by transfer of valence

electrons between atoms or by sharing of valence
electrons to complete their octet in valence shell.
Among of the following molecules, which is the most ionic?
A. CaCl2
B. SnCl2
C. NaCl
D. CuCl
Among the following, which has maximum hardness?
A. NaF
B. Al2O3
C. MgF2
D. TiO2
Among the following, which has highest bond energy?
A. F2
B. Cl2
C. Br2
D. I2
Lattice Energy

The lattice energy (U) of a crystal is the energy

evolved when one gram molecule of the crystal is
formed from Isolated gaseous ions:

Na+(g) + Cl-(g) → NaCl(crystal)

U = - 782 kJ mol-1
Factors Affecting Lattice Energy

1. Inter-ionic distance: (r+ + r-)

Lattice energy ∝

2. Ionic charges ↑ L.E.↑

3. Coordination number of ions ↑ L.E.↑

Lattice Energy

Lattice Energy
Compound Name Charge on each ion
(kJ/mol)
NaCl Sodium chloride 1, –1 –787.5

NaBr Sodium bromide 1, –1 –751.4

CaF2 Calcium fluoride +2, –1 –2634.7

MgO Magnesium oxide +2, –2 –3760

Determination Of Lattice Energy

Born - Haber Cycle

ΔHsub(Ca) = 48 Kcal/mol
ΔHIE1(Ca) = 141 Kcal/mol
ΔHIE2(Ca) = 274 Kcal/mol
ΔHdis(F2) = 34 Kcal/mol
ΔHEA(F) = -83 Kcal/mol
ΔHf(CaF2) = -296 Kcal/mol
ΔHf(CaF) = -67 Kcal/mol
General Characteristics Of Ionic Compounds

a) Physical state

b) Melting and boiling points

General Characteristics Of Ionic Compounds

c) Conductance

d) Crystal structure
General Characteristics Of Ionic Compounds

e) Brittleness
General Characteristics Of Ionic Compounds

f) Solubility
General Characteristics Of Ionic Compounds

g) Isomorphism
Important Points

1. The lattice becomes stronger (i.e. the lattice energy U becomes more
negative), as r the inter-ionic distance decreases. U is proportional to
1/r.

r(Å) U (kJ mol-1)

LiF 2.01 -1004

CsI 3.95 -527

Important Points

2. The lattice energy depends on the product of the ionic charges, and U
is proportional to ( z+ . z-)

r(Å) ( z+ . z-) U (kJ mol-1)

LiF 2.01 1 -1004

MgO 2.10 4 -3933

Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds

When the polarization is negligible

Oxide or fluoride ions are very difficult to polarize due to their small
size and high electronegativity and only a few cations like
Li+,Be2+,Al3+,etc. can polarize them to some extent. Under this
circumstance, the melting point order of the compounds is decided by
the lattice energy.
Lattice energy can be defined by

Lattice energy = =

Lattice energy ∝ q1 q2
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds
a) When the internuclear distance factor is kept same and the charge factor
(q1q2) is varied.

+1 -1 +2 -2 +3 -3
Compounds NaF MgO ScN TiC

| q1q2 | 1 4 9 16

Lattice energy order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Melting Point order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Hardness order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds
b) When charge factor (q1q2) is fixed and the internuclear distance factor is
varied, then with the increase in the value of r, the lattice energy and
melting point decreases.
For Example,
(i) For the series BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO
Melting Point order MgO > CaO > BeO > SrO > BaO

Lattice energy order BeO > MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO

(ii) For the series BeF2 ,MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2

Melting Point order CaF2 > MgF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 > BeF2

Lattice energy order BeF2 > MgF2 > CaF2 > SrF2 > BaF2
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds

The polarization order or covalent character order is MO > MF2 but m.p order
is also MO > MF2.

Compound M.P. (0C)

BeO 2530

BeF2 800

MgO 2850

MgF2 1261

CaO 2580

CaF2 1403
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds

Solvation or Hydration:
Which of the following compound has electrovalent linkage?
A. CH3Cl
B. CH3OH
C. NaCl
D. CH3COOH
Which of the following pairs of elements forms a compound with maximum
ionic character?
A. Na & F
B. Na & C
C. Cs & F
D. Cs & I
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds
a) When the internuclear distance factor is kept same and the charge factor
(q1q2) is varied.

+1 -1 +2 -2 +3 -3
Compounds NaF MgO ScN TiC

| q1q2 | 1 4 9 16

Lattice energy order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Melting Point order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Hardness order NaF < MgO < ScN < TiC

Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds
b) When charge factor (q1q2) is fixed and the internuclear distance factor is
varied, then with the increase in the value of r, the lattice energy and
melting point decreases.
For Example,
(i) For the series BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO
Melting Point order MgO > CaO > BeO > SrO > BaO

Lattice energy order BeO > MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO

(ii) For the series BeF2 ,MgF2, CaF2, SrF2, BaF2

Melting Point order CaF2 > MgF2 > SrF2 > BaF2 > BeF2

Lattice energy order BeF2 > MgF2 > CaF2 > SrF2 > BaF2
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds

The polarization order or covalent character order is MO > MF2 but m.p order
is also MO > MF2.

Compound M.P. (0C)

BeO 2530

BeF2 800

MgO 2850

MgF2 1261

CaO 2580

CaF2 1403
Melting Points Of Ionic Compounds

Solvation or Hydration:
Chemical Bonding

Factors affecting solvation energy or hydration energy

Chemical Bonding

Applications of Hydration Energy

(a) Size of the hydrated ions: Greater the hydration of the ion greater
will be its hydrated radii.
Li+(aq) > Na+(aq)

(b) Mobility of the ion: more is the hydration smaller will be the
mobility of the ions
Li+(aq) < Na+(aq) < K+(aq) < Rb+(aq) < Cs+(aq)

(c) Electrical conductance: is related to mobility so follows the same

order.
Chemical Bonding

General characteristics of Ionic Compounds:

(a) Physical state

(b) Melting and boiling points
(c) Conductance
(d) Crystal structure
(e) Brittleness
(f) Solubility
(g) Isomorphism
Chemical Bonding

Solubility Ionic Compounds:

Chemical Bonding

Solubility Ionic Compounds:

Chemical Bonding

Solubility Ionic Compounds:

Ex-1 NaF Na[BF4]–

Which is more soluble?

Ex-2 Which is more soluble CsI3 or [N(CH3)4]+I3–

Chemical Bonding

Isomerism:

Ionic compound does not show isomerism due to non-directional nature

of ionic bond.
But Ionic compound can show.

Polymorphism:

If an ionic compound is having two or more than two crystalline

structures then it is said to be polymorphus.
CaCO3 – Calcite form Aragonite
ZnS – Zinc blende Wurtzite
Chemical Bonding

Isomorphism:

If two different ionic compounds are having similar crystalline

structures then, these are known as Isomorphism to each other.

For two compounds to be isomorphus

Both should have similar formula type e.g., → FeSO4.7H2O cannot be

isomorphus of CuSO4.5H2O
Na2CO3 NaNO3
[Not isomorphus]
MgSO4.7H2O FeSO4.7H2O ZnSO4.7H2O
[Isomorphus]

The cations of both compound should be of similar shape or structure

(isostructural) similarly anions of both compound should be
Chemical Bonding

The polarization order or covalent character order is MO > MF2 but

m.p order is also MO > MF2.

Compound M.p (0C)

BeO 2530

BeF2 800

MgO 2850

MgF2 1261

CaO 2580

CaF2 1403
Chemical Bonding

For alkali metal halides, where the extent of polarization is less due to
lower charge on cation, M' compared to M1' in the cases discussed
above.

Lattice energy order:

LiX > NaX > KX > RbX > CsX (where X = F, CI, Br,I)

But the melting point order is:

NaX > KX > RbX > CsX > LiX (where X = Cl, Br)
and KI >Nal > Rbl > Csl > Lil
NaF > KF > LiF > RbF > CsF
Chemical Bonding
When (q1,q2) factor increases as well as distance factor r decreases, then
both lattice energy and melting point increase.
For example.
+1 -1 +2 -1 +3 -1
Compounds NaF MgF2 AIF3

| q1q2 | 1 2 3

r order Na > Mg > Al

Lattice energy order NaF < MgF2<AIF3

NaF < MgF2 < AlF3

Melting point order
995°C 1261°C 1291°C

Polarization order NaF < MgF2 < AlF3

Chemical Bonding
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