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 BUTTERFLIES
THROUGH
BINOCULARS

THE WEST

A FIELD GUIDE TO
THE BUTTERFLIES OF
WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Jeffrey Glassberg

RD
U NIVEIt S I TV PRESS

2001
 Contents

Acknowledgments VII

INTRODUCTION 1
BINOCULARS 2
NETTING 3
HOW TO IDENTIFY BUTTERFLIES 4
HOW TO FIND BUTTERFLIES 6
WHAT IS A BUTTERFLY 9
BUTTERFLY BIOLOGY 10
BUTTERFLY GARDENING 17
BUTTERFLY PHOTOGRAPHY FOR NON PHOTOGRAPHERS 18
CONSERVAT ION 28
COMMERCIALLY RAISED BUTTERFLIES 31
ABOUT THE SPECIES ACCOUNTS 32
ABOUT THE MAPS 36
ABOUT THE PHOTOGRAPHS 37
ABBREVIATIONS 39
BUTTERFL Y WING AREAS AND BODY PARTS 40
RANGE MAP COLORS AND INFORMATION 41

SPECIES ACCOUNTS AND PHOTOGRAPHS 42

SWALLOWTAILS 42
Parnassians 42
True Swallowtails 44
WHITES AND YELLOWS 52
Whites 52
Yell ows 60
GOSSAMER - WINGS 74
Coppers 74
Hairstreaks 84
Blues 106
METALMARKS 128
vi • CON TENTS

BRUSH FOOTS 134

Snout and Heliconians 134
Greater an d Lesser Fritillaries 136
Patch es, Checkers pots and Crescents 156
True Brushfoots 182
Ad mirals and Relatives 190
Emperors 200
Satyrs 202
Monarchs 2 14
SKIPPERS 216
Firetips and Spread -wing Skippers 2 16
Skipperlings 248
Grass-Skippers 250
Giant-Skippers 290
RARE STRAYS AND EASTERN SPECIES
MARGINALLY ENTERING THE WEST 296
SPECIES DUBIOUSLY REPORTED
TO HAVE OCCURRED NATURALLY 301

Supplementary Text 303

Photo Dates, Locations and Credits 314
Faodplant Scientific Names 343
Organizations Concerned with Butterflies 347
Glossary 349
Butterfly Silhouettes 351
Bibliography 355
Index 361
 Acknowledgments

THIS BOOK COMPLETES TH E MASSIVE PROJECT I BEGAN TEN YEARS AGO, to devel -
op a series of field guides that would, fo r the first time, allow people to
identify most individual butterflies they see in the field . Obtaining the
photographs needed for these guides required a tremendous amount of
time in the field. The effort and dedication needed to undertake and follow
through with this prujea wo uld not have been possible wi thou t the sup-
port and belief in me, a nd in Ihe value of this work, of my wife, Jane
Vicroy Scott. J can only hope tha t Jane's love, support, and persona l sacri-
fice are repaid by this buok's leading to an increase in bUllerfly ap preciatio n
and conservation that ma kes our future world just a little beller, and more
colorful. than it would have been otherwise.
Without the help of my son, Mall Scott, this book would probably have
never been completed . In addilio n to setting up computer hardware and
installing snftwa re, he patiently ta ug ht me how to use the software
requi red to do t he plate layo u ts and create the maps.
Although many other people have contributed directl y to the creation
of this guide, two individuals have made especially extensive and critica l
contribulions. Jim Brock and Andy Warren provided help in almost all
a reas needed to produce Ihis book . Jim's special interest is caterpillars a nd
their foodplanlS. (For Quite a few sout heastern Arizona species, their
caterpilla r foodplan t is published here for the first lime, based upon as yel
unpublished informa tion discovered by Jim Brock. He will expand upon
this in a forthcoming caterpillar field guide.) And y's focus is the systemal -
ics of neotropical skippers. In addition to their specialties, both Jim a nd
And y are e xceptionally knowledgeable abou t almost all aspects of western
butterflies. A deep bow of res pea and my continuing gratitude to you
both .
The following individuals ki ndl y provided informa tion aboUi bUller-
flies and loca lities so tha t I could obtai n photographs for I his book: Norbert
viii • ACK NOWLEDGMENTS

Kondla for Alberta; Richard Bailowitz. Jim Brock. and Harry Zirlin for Ari-
zona; Ra y Coyle. Wanda Damero n. Greg de Nevers. John Emmel. Ken
Hansen. Fred Heath. Bob Langston . Jack Levy. Rud y Mattoni. J im MarL
Dave Powell. Ralph Wells. and Harry Zirlin for California; Paul Opler and
And y Wa rren for Colorado; Steve Kohler for Montana; Steve Cary for
New Mexico; George Austin for Nevada; H . A. freeman and Ro W auer for
Texas; Todd Stout for Utah; Bob Pyle for Wa shington; Ernest Williams and
Andy Warren for Wyomi ng.
John Acorn accompanied me 10 windswept Plateau M oun tain in Alber-
ta, where we chased green- tinted Labrador Sulphurs over eerily beautiful
high tundra. but. alas. Alberta or Astarte Fritillaries we did not see; a film
crew from an Oklahoma TV station trailed Jim Brock and me down Cali -
fornia Gulch in Arizona on a successful quest for Cestus Skipper, nabbing
excellent video footage ofthis rare species; Aaron Ellingson a nd I watched
hundreds of Purplish Fritillaries glisten in the sun as the y spread thei r
dew-covered win gs to dry and awaken, high above treeline on Muullt
Uncompahgre in the San Ju an MOUllt.3ins of southern Colorado; Eric
Finkelstein and David Larson of the Amistad National Recreation area in
Del Rio, Texas joined us for an exciting hunt among th e Iccheguilla for
Mary's Gianl-Skipper- Coahuila Giant-Skipper still beckons; Fred Heath
proved an excellent shepherd. as he herded Jane and me thro ugh Sentenac
Canyon. showing us our firsl ' Da mmers' DOlled Blue and California
Giant-Skippers on our first visit to All za- Borrego State Park in California;
docent Jim Mori a t Big Trees Slate Park in California wowed us with the
attractive pull of pu ssypaws; I was led on a brisk five - mile walk up 10
13,000 feet on Red Cloud Mountain-no mean feat lor a fifty-year-uld lIat-
lander from New Jersey- by the irrepressible Am y Seidl. whu has been
studyi ng the federally endangered 'Unco mpahgre ' Dingy Fritillaries that
live there; meeting at Rabbit Ears Pass in nort hwestern Colorado. Andy
Warren and I had a fritillary fest . photographing mosl of the ten species
found there. Thank you all for your willingness to help. I hope Ihat all of
you had as much fun as I did on Ihose fiel d trips and thai you approve of
the resu lts.
Others whose help is greatl y apprecia ted include: Bruce Blanthorn,
who provided horses and experllrail knowledge in the Wind River Moull -
tains of Wyoming and whose indefatigable border collie. Misty. was one of
the most amazing dogs I've ever seen; my exploration of Mesa Verde
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • ;x
National Park was greatly facilitated by Marilyn Colyer of the U. S. Parks
Service who was instrumental in my obtaining a permit un very, very
short notice; our visit to Plateau Mountain was made possible by Dave
Heatherington and the Alberta Land and Forest Service, who provided LIS
with permits and keys; special thanks to Officer Dave Lankford of the
Wyoming State Police for stopping my wife and me for speeding just out-
side of Pinedale, Wyo ming. The spot where he pulled us over was alive
with Rudd y Coppers and Sonoran Skippers, and photos 3 and 4 on page
81, and photo 5 and the inset to photo 4 on page 265 resulted. Officer
Lankford did seem sligh tl y mystified by my apparent grealer interest in the
grassy area across the road (! kept wande ring over there ) than in the
speeding issue at hand; a very large and warm thank-you to Pilar and
Andres Sada of Monterrey, Mexico, [or their graciolls hospitality and
friendship, on multiple occasions allowing me to stay at Rancho Picachos,
where a numher of the photographs that appear in this guide were taken.
Thanks also to Kirk Jensen and Helen Mules of Oxford University Press for
their careful help in producing the previous books in this series.
In preparing this work, there were many occasions when I examined
museum specimens for identification features and for geographical and
temporal distributions. ! thank Jim Miller, Eric Quinter, and Cal Snyder at
the America n Museum of Natu ral History, New York, and John Bums and
Bob Robbins at the Uni ted States National Mu seum, SInithsonian Institu -
tion, Washington, D.C., for all owing me 10 examine specimens under their
care. Paul Hammond of Oregon State Universi ty and Don Harvey and Bob
Robbins at the Smithsonian Institution helped me pursue the systematic
position of the White Mountains populations of Atlantis Fritillary by dis-
secti ng specimens-a nd detemlining that they did indeed belong to the
Atlan tis group despite having dirrerenl eye color.
A critical fea ture of this book is the photographs. Although I have trav -
eled extensively in the West for years, searching for and photographing
butterflies, still, in the end, there were some 54 of tbe L 136 photographs
needed for this book that I did not have. The following individuals gener-
ously provided their own photographs to fill the gaps (see Photo Dates,
Localities and Credits section for credits for specific photugraphs): Dave
Abrenbolz, Ahmet Baytas, Rob Boender, Jim Brock, Priscilla Brodkin,
Steve Cary, Rick Cech, John Emmel, Chri s Guppy, John Hafemik, Steve
Kohler, Ja ck Levy, Bill Mull, S. Mark Nelson, Phil Nordin, Dave Nun-
x • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

nallee, Paul Opler, Steve Prchal. Ed Ross, Jane Ruffin, Jeff Siotten, Bob
Stewart, and Ann Swengel.
An important feature of this guide are the ran ge maps. Arter conStruct-
ing a prelim inary set of maps, using all published and much unpublished
info rmation, I sent these maps to active field workers through out the West
for review. The following reviewers, arranged by slal C or province of resi-
dence, great ly increased the accuracy of the maps. Many of the reviewers
w ere knowledgeable a bou t whole regions. I am indebted to them lOT tak-
ing th e considerable time required to closely inspect the almust 500 maps
and suggest detailed changes, based upon their firsthand knowledge (i ndi -
vid ua ls in the states of North Dakota, Sou th Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas
are included because of their review of the ran ge maps during the prepa-
ratio n of BTB: The East): Alberta, Norbert Kondla; Arizona, Richard
Bailowitz, Jim Brock; British Columbia, Jon Shepard; California. John
Emmel. Ken Hansen, Jack Levy, Jim Mori. Art Shapiro: Colorado, Ra y
Stanfurd, And y Warren ; Idaho, George Stephens; Kansas, Marvin Sch will-
ing; Nebraska, Neil Dankert. Jim Reiser, Steve Spumer: New Mexico, Steve
Cary, Richard Holla nd; Nevada, George Austin; North Dakota, Ronald
Royer; Oklahoma, Pat Bergey, John Nelson; Oregon, Susan Anderson, Paul
Hammond; South Dakota, Gary Marrone; Texas, Charles Bordelon, Chuck
Sexton, Ru Wa uer; Utah, John Richards, Steve Sommerfeld, Todd Stout.
I n addi tion, mOSt of these correspondcnts providc..=d information abollt
nectar sourceS in their areas that wa s u sed to compile the list of important
nectar sources that a ppears un page 8.
George Austin and And y Warren kindl y provided su pplemen tary infor-
ma tion about the identification of greater fritillaries that should increase
your chance of successfu l identiricatioll.
A draft of this manuscript was reviewed by Jim Brock, Jim Mori, Jane V.
Scott, and Andy Warren, each of whom made many corrections and pro-
vided many suggestions tha t grea tl y improved the fina l product. The rime,
effort, and know ledge that they brought to this project arc greatl y appre-
ciated.
Lastl y, [ would like to thank yo u, the reader, for lIsi ng this book. a step
that links you to the growing butterflying community. Join with us
on an exciting lifetime adventure tha t is earth-friend ly a nd good for YOll-
butterflying is fat-free and yet still full of flavor!
 INTRODUCTION

WARNING: THIS BOOK IS AN EXPRESS VEHICLE TO BUTTER FLYING HEAVEN. If this

destination is not in your plans for this lifetime, you may wa nt to turn back
now, before it is too late!
Wh y take up butterfl ying? Well. perhaps because of the benefits to your
health and beauty-and that of the p lanet's. BUllerflying will increase the
ti me you spend in beaut iful mountain meadows fi lled with flowers and
encourage you to hike in brea thtaki ng desert canyons in the springtime,
following floa ting patches of turq uoise-blue confections a s the y drift
across the f1owernl landscape. You'll look do wn to see a metalmark , glint -
ing in the sun, onl y to find an iridescent tiger beetle at your feet. You'll look
up as the neeLari ng black a nd white Pine White you sta rtled springs heav-
enward, just in time to see the m ulticolored dragonfly tha t is chasing the
same butterfly as you! As you look for b utte rflies yo u will learn the plants
w hose flowers are important neCtar sources and you will learn some of the
major caterpilla r food plants, as an a id to locating the adu lt butterflies. In
short, yo u'll be well on yo ur way to being a compleat naturalist.
Besides beingjust plain fu n, butterflying is rewa rding and importa nt in
many wa ys. Since so much remains to be learned about these wonderful
animals, yo ur knowledge of the butterflies of yo ur area ma y make a con-
trib ution to science- it's possible that you could even find a new species.
For example, the stun ning Sandi a Hairstreak was discove red onl y in 1960,
despite be ing fa irly common in Big Bend Na tional Pa rk and in the hills just
outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico . Also, bUllerflying allows one to
mon itor the lucal t:nv irUlllllt:n l. Knowledge of the stabilit y. or decline or
increase, of local butterfly populatio ns is a n important tuol in environ -
mental protectiu n. On a more personal level. butterflying serves as a stim-
ulus to go o utdoors a nd engage in healthy physical activit y. Pa radoxicall y,
bUllerflying has the power to intensely excite and relax you a t the sa me
2 • INTRODUCTION

time. Actua lly, prolonged field-time with butterflies will result in increased
mental heal th, better physical fitness, and a more satisfying sex lile-but
these subjects are beyond the scope of this book.
The purpose of this book is to enable you to find and identify the ad ul t
butterflies that occur in the western United Sta tes and southwestern
C"nada. The area covered by this guide is the weSiern United States and the
southern p"rt of western Canad" (north to roughly latitude 5 1) east to
incl ude all of Saskatchewan and the United States east 10 an imaginary line
(sec range maps) running diagonally from the :,ollthca stern corner uf
Saskatche wan sou theastward to just south of Houston , except for the
e xt reme southern part of Texas, south of the southern edge of the imagi-
nary line. This book treats all species regularly fou n d within this area and
a lso those that ha ve st rayed into the area. Allllost a ll regularl y fou nd
species are illustrated (except for a few essentially eastern species that
barely e nter the West, and that are illu stra ted in Butterflies [hrough Binocu-
lars: The East; and one species o f limited range th at is supcrficially indistin -
gu isha ble from a much more cummon and widespread species, Le., Scarce
Streaky- Skipper), as a re many o f the strays. The world o f butterflies is
Illultifaceted, and as you lea rn to identify butterflies yo u will almost cer-
tainly become interested in many uther aspects of thei r world . Ho wever, in
this guide many interesting topics related to butterfly study a rc ei ther not
treated in depth or are not included, beca use inclusion o f this ma te rial
would create a bulk ier, less portable book - a book that wou ld work less
well as a field guidc. If you are interested in learni ng more abollt butterfly
natural histo ry, systematics, ecology, or gardening, please refer to the bib-
liograph y, where ma ny fine books covering these a nd related subjeos a re
listed.

Binoculars
I strongly urge you to get a pair of close-focusing binoculars- tha t is, binoc-
ulars that will present a sharp image when the butterfl y yuu are viewing is
less than 6 fcd awa y. Butterflies are mainly small, and it is difficult to see
them well with the naked eye. With good close-focusing bi nocu lars, the
butterfly will fil l your field of vision, gi ving you a new view of the world.
Althou gh you'll be able to identify many butterflies with out binowlars,
you won't see much of the incredible detail and shimmering colors that
 INTRODUCTION • 3

makes butlerfl ying so rewarding. And those difficult -to-identify skippers

and h airstreaks may well be hopeless. If you use standard-issue binoculars.
you will need to be constantly backing up. making the bUllerfly appear
smaller and defeating the purpose for which you brought along the binoc-
ulars in the first place .
Other factors to consider in bu ying a pair of binoculars are power. size,
weight. field of view. clarity. and brightness. Two numbers (for example
8x42) describe some basic features of binoculars. The first number is the
"power: Eight-power binoculars will make an object 8 leet away appea r as
large as if it were I loot away. The second number is the diameter of the
objective lens (in millimeters). In general. the larger this number the
brighter the image will be.
Because butterflying is so new, you may have to search for binoculars
that have the close-focusing leature that is a requisite for butterflying. Ask
your butterflying Iriends what binoculars they are using. or visit the North
American Butterfly Association 's Web site at www.naba.org for the latest
infonnation. Test the binoculars you intend to buy for close -focu si ng, and
to ensure that they feel comfortable lor you. Which pair is "best" is a mat-
ter of persona I preference .

Netting
Historically. people approached butlerflies with nets. because a close
examination 01 the butlerfly in the hand was the only way to determine
the type of butleti'ly present. But with the advent of close-focusi ng binoc-
ulars. butterfly nets h<lve become a n impedim ent to finding. viewing. and
identifying butterflies in North America , where our knowledge has
reached a critical mass. It is extremely cumbersome and lime-consuming
to have to approach and net each butterfly to identify it. In addition. a small
percemage of butlerflies that a re netled are injured . You will find that
leanling to use close-focusing binoculars will greatly increase your effi-
ciency at finding and identifying butte rflies, especially since YOli can lise
them to sca n fields lorhulteti'l y activity and decide a t a distance whether a
particular butterfl y is worth a closer look. Using close-focusing binoculars
will encour£lge you to actually walch the butterfly in its environment-
what it's doing, where it's going, how it moves- while watching a butter-
fly wriggle around in a net or sit in a jar is completely artificial and h ardly
4 • INTRODUCTION

qualifies as buttern ying a t a ll , just as most people wouldn 't consider a day
spent exa mining birds caugh t in a mist net to be a da y spem birding. Ma ny
o ld -time lepidopterists bemoa n the switch from netting and collection to
binoculars and sigh t record s. "Where," they sa y, "will the new generation
of lepidopterists (or, more broadly, en tomologists) come from if kids don't
run after bUlle rni es with a net?" But. if the y are scientists, perhaps they
sho uld con sider the ava ilable data , Generations of children running
around with nets ha s nOt produced a bumpe r crop of lepidopterists. The
number of p eople wi th a serious interest in hUllerflies was negligible (a t
anyo ne time, there have been no more than abo ut 100 very active but -
terfly field people in Nonh Ameri ca) before the publica tion of the first But-
terflies throll9h BinoClilars in 1993. In contrast. birding, which switched from
shotguns to binoculars from the 19205 to the 1940s, now involves an esti-
mated 20-60 million Americans. Very serious birders clearly number in
the hundreds of thousa nds of people. The popularity of birding h as di rect-
ly led to an astounding increase in our kno wledge o f birds, and in support
for orn ithologists and the conserva tion of birds. And although essen tiall y
all current ornit holugists beca me interested in birding Ihruugh binocu-
lars, th is has not impeded them, when appro pria te. f TOm using mist nets or
from collecting specimens of species for scientific study.

How to Identify Butterflies

If you a rt" jusl beginning to bUI1erny, th<.-' first step is to learn to recogn ize
the six families of butterflies fou nd in the West-swallowta ils, whites & yel-
lows, gossa mer-wings, metalmarks, brush foots, and skippers. This should·
n ' t be too difficult. because, in general. bU llerflies belonging tu these
different fa milies have differe nt wi ng shapes, different sizes, differe n t col-
ors, and different behaviors. Some of the subfamilies are also easy to rec-
ognize-for example. hairstreaks and blues among the gossamer-wings,
a nd spread- wing skippers and grass-skippers among the skippers. Once
YOll kn ow wha t family or subfamily the bUllerfl y belongs to, go to the

appropriate pagers) and see if you recognize the bUllerfiy yo u ha ve fo und.

For man y species groups, all closely similar species are shown on t11l;: same
two-page spread . For exa mple, all tiger swa llowtails are 011 pages 50--5 1
and a ll orangetips are nn pages 58- 59 , Other gro ups ha ve si mila r species
lreated on two or th ree two-page spreads.
 INTRODUCTION • 5

With butterflies, you can make identification much simpler by asking your-
self, Where am I? What time of the year is it? What habitat is this? Is this but-
terfly closely associating with a particular plant? Many species are only
found in cenain parts of Ihe Wes\. Some fly only in Ihe early spring; oth-
ers are most common late in th e year. Most species are found in cenain
habitats and nol olhers, while different species often use different cater-
pillar foodplants. Imagine thai you are in the Sandia Mountains outside of
Albuquerque. New Mexico, observing a bright green hairstreak . There are
seven species of green-colored hairstreaks in the West. all illustrated on
pages 93- 95. Looking at the range maps. you can see that only two species
are found in the Sandia Mountains-Juniper Hairstreak and Sandia Hair-
streak . If your imaginary hairstreak is perching inside the blades of a bear-
grass, then th ere is a very good chance it's a Sandia Hairstreak. Conversel y,
if it is sitting 10 feet up in ajuniper. it's probably a J uniper Hairst reak! Prob-
able (but not cenai n ) identification by habita t and foodplant association
works well for butterflies, much better than it does for birds.
Sometimes it is useful to know th e sex o f a butterfl y to aid in identifica -
tion . For species in which males and females look quite different, both
sexes are illustrated. Even lor species in which males an d females look
similar, one can often guess the sex of an individual by the size and shape
of the abdomen. Ma les usually have narrow abd omens, while females
often have large and wide abdomens, because they are filled with eggs.
rf you are seriou sly mOlivated to learn butterfly identification. probabl y
the best approach is 10 look at th e plates in this book whenever possible.
This way you can burn tht' images of the different species into your brain
so that when you encounter a species in the field that yuu have never
seen before, it will still look familiar to you . You should also read the
species accoun lS, which often include identification information that is
not obviou~ from an inspection of the photographs.
Remember that the appearance of a species of butterfly can vary greatly
from individual to individual and tha t the appea rance of the same individ -
ual can vary wi th the q uality and quantity of light. So the individual you
see in the field may not exaaly match the individual illustrated on the plat e.
Addi tionally, the appearance of the sa me individual butterfly will change
over time. When it first emerges from its chrysalis it will be very bright and
in pristine condition . Often its wings will have a bea utiful sheen. As the
6 • INTRODUCTION

adu lt butterfl y ages. scales will be lost and wings will become frayed and
torn . Its color may fade. Distinguishing very worn duskywings can be a real
challenge! Sometimes identifying an individllal butterfly is roo great a
challenge for anyone and it should be left as · unidentilied ." This might be
becau se the butterfly was too worn. not seen well enough. orwas too easy
to confuse with sIDl iiar specie s. As you gain experience, you will begin to
identify an ever-greater percentage of the butterflies yo u encounter. I
strongly recommend that you don't use a single field mark to identify a but-
terfly that is unusual for the location, habitat, or season in which you find it.
It is possible to find aberrant individua ls that lack a certain spot. orhavean
extra line. or have a different color. Fo r real rarities. it is best to rely on a
combinati on of marks.

How to Find Butterflies

Location,location,location. Butterflies are found throughout the West. and
once you begin looking. you ' ll see butterflies everywhere. But some areas
are a tad more productive than others. The most produC1ive habi tats for but-
terflies. thuse that have the greatest diversity of species a nd the largest
nu mbers of individuals. are open areas with na IUra I vegetation . Butterf'lies
are more common in open areas becau se. as with people, m( )st butterflies
like sun shine. They are more common in area s with native plant s because,
for the most part. these are the plants that caterpillars require as fDud-
plants. Su. fur example. yuu will find very few species of butt e rfl ies un large
manicured lawns- these are essentially biological desert s.
Luok for area s with a great variety of vt:'get 3tion- hulterfl y diversit y
will usually be correlated wi th the complexit y of the la nd scape. Some spe-
cia lized and geographicall y limited habitats harbDr some special butterfly
species. Boundaries between two different types of habitats will usuall y have
more butterflit·s than either habitat by itself. Thus, bUllerfiying an open
meadow adjacent to a woodland will be more produ ctive th an sea rching
ei ther in a woodland or in a meadow th at is distant rrom a woodland.
How du you find these butterfly habitats? One way is by IODking at a map
for. a nd then visiting, the local. county, state, or na ti unal pa rks near where
you live. These parks will often have good habitats fo r btlltermes. Check OUI
the nalllre preserves in your area- the Nature Conservancy, fo r example.
has important preserves in man y part s of th e West (see page 346 for the
 INTRODUCTION • 7

address). A second method is to search [or power line culS or railroad

rights-of-way and walk along these corridors. These narrow corridors
often slice through a variety of habitats and may provide excelknt habitat
themselves. Another approach is to randomly drive along roads, searching
interesting-appearing and accessible habitats. If you drive along dirt roads,
a bonus is that the dirt roads themselves are often a good place to find bu t-
terflies. Lastly, for many species, the location at which the photngraph o[
the bUlleIily was taken may be a good area 10 find the bUllerfly (this info r-
mation is given on pages 314-342) .
Timing is important Although many of the West's bUllerflies fly
throughout the warmer months. some species are much more seasonal.
Elfins and orangetips generall y fly only in the early spring (which can be
in July in the hig h mountains), while Soapberry liairstreaks are best found
in May and June. Other species, while occurring throug hou t much of the
year, have popula tion peaks in the fall. Because behavioral pallerns differ
among species, yo u will find the most bUllerflies by searching at different
times of the day. Some bLlllerflies become active at dawn; however, luck-
ily [or people who prefer a leisurely breakfast. the peak of butlerfiy activi-
ty is probably from around 10:30 A.M. to abou t 3:00 P.M.
Friends are important too_ Unless you teach third grade, you don 't have
eyes in the back of your head. BUllerfiying with a small group of friends
allows each of you to spot some bullerflies that the others would have
missed.

Butterfly Concentrators
Having found likely-looking habitat for bullerflies, you now will wanlto
search for the bUllerflies themselves. Sometimes bUllerflies are every-
where, by the thousands. But many tinles, the numbers of bU llerflies are
much sma ller. When this is the case, your search for bUllerflies can be
helped by finding certain environmental fealUre, that concentrale bUller-
flies.
Flowers_ The great majority of adult bUllerflies feed by neClaring at flow-
ers. Almost all flowe rs are used at ,orne time by some bUllerflies, but some
flowers are much more a ttraclive to bUllerflies than others. Some of the top,
widespread, wild nectar sources for sprjng, summer, and fall are listed
below. Others may be important in your area. Locating stands of allraClive
 Some Important Natural Nectar Sources

SPRING
Ceanothus Ceonothus (shrubs)
Wild cherries and plums Prunus (small trees)
Dandelions Taraxacum
Fiddleneck Amsincki intermedia
Penstemons Penstemon
Pussypaws Ca(yptridium umbel/atum
Yarrow Achilfea
Gumweeds Grindelia
lomatiums Lomatium
New Mexican locust Robinia neomexicana (small tree) (Arizona· New Mexico)
California buckeye Aesculus californica (tree) (California)
Yerba santas Eriodictyon (California)

SUMMER
Buckwheats Eriogonum
Dogbanes Apocynum
Milkweeds Asclepias
Thistles Cirsium
Balms Monordo & Monordello
Fleabanes Erigeron
Ragworts Senecio
Other yellow composites
Giani hyssop Agostoche urticifolio
Lantana Lontono (southern edge)

FALL
Rabbitbrush Chrysothomnus nouseosus (shrub)
Blazing stars Liatris
Asters Aster
Thistles Cirsium
Sunflowers Helianthus
Cone flowers Echinacea
Goldenrods Solidago
Goldenweeds Hoplopoppus
Alfalfa Medicogo sativa
Mints Mentha
Mistftowers Eupatorium (Texas)
 INTROOUCTION • 9
nowers is the easiest way to nnd many butterfly species. If you are not l'amil-
iar with thest plants, you will probabl y want 10 consult a wildflower guide.
Hilltops. A surpri singly high percen tage of butterflies congregate on the
tops of hills. For many rare and uncommon species, hilltops offer by far the
best chance of seein g I he species. Whal you need is a hilltop Iha! is higher
than anythi ng else in the immediate vicinity, that is relatively open at the
top, and that is accessible. The definition of accessible will vary greatl y
according to th e bUlle rflier's physical condition and deplh of desire. See the
behavior section. below. for more about hilltopping.
Canyons and gullies. A fair number o f butterfly species us<' Ihe upside-
down version of hilltops- the lowes t poi nt around- to sea rch lur mates.
Mud puddles. A wide variety of species will congregate at damp sand or
gravel.
Trails and dirt roads. Not only art' butterflies easier to see along a trail,
but the trai l itself serves to concen trate some of them . Believe it or not,
many bulternies. such as buckeyes, prefer trails to undisturbed vegeta-
tion. If the Irail is Ihrough a woodland. it needs to be wide enough to
allow in sunshine 10 he a useful butterfly cunCenlralOr.
Caterpillar foodplants. Many species of bUllerfli es have caterpillars thai
will use only a few, or even just one, planl species as a foodplant. These spe-
cial plants act to concentra le the adult bUlledlies as well, since females w ill
come to Ihes<' plants to lay Iheir eggs. So look for naked buckwheats to find
DOlled Blu es, and for yuccas to find Yucca Giant-Skippers. Each species
account includes a st'clion on cate rpillar foodplants.

Search Image
As you spend more li me search ing for butterflies. an unconscious "search
image" of a butterfly will fo nn in your brain . Without thi nking you will
brake for "butterfly bumps" on roads and on leaves. Cenain spots of color
on flowers will scream "look a t me," and you will. There have n 't been any
studies about Ihis, bUI you may be able to speed up the process by con-
sciously playing a butterfl y bump recognition game.

What Is a Butterfly?
Butterflies are a group of evolul ionarily related anima ls. They are
grou ped as part of Ihe class lnsecta, and together wilh the moths consti-
10 • INTRODUCTION

tute the order Lepidoptera. This word derives from the Greek words for
scale (=Iepid ) and wing (=ptera). True butterflies (superfamily Papil-
ionoidea) and skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) are usually consid-
ered together as "bu tterflies," and separately from moths. II is generally
easy to distinguish butterflies and moths.
Almost all our butterflies are aClive exclUSively during the day,
while the great majority of moths are active only at nighl. Some moths
are active during the da y, but these can usually be identified by their
flight , which is characteristically stiff and very erratic. In part, thi s is
because mosl moths have structures, called a frenulu m and a reti nacll-
lu m, that huuk the furewing to Ihe hindwing. Butterflies lack Ihese
structures and th us, in general, fl y much more gracefull y than most
moths. When seen well, our butterflies and moths almost always can be
distinguished by the shape of their antennas. Butterflies and skippers
have a club (a swelling) at the end of their antennas, while almost aU
moths do not (see figure on page 41).

Butterfly Biology
Life Cycle
Each butterfly goes through four distinct stages in its life: egg, caterpillar,
pupa (chrysalis), and adult. The change from caterpillar to pupa to adult
butterfly involves major changes in appearance. This process of great
physical change, or "metamorphosis." has captured the ima ginatio n of
peoples throughout th e world. Many native peoples in the Americas.
including the Papagos and the Aztecs, have myths and gods based upon
these butterfly transformations.

EGG
An adult female that has m ated has the capacity to lay fertilized eggs. A
considerable part of her day is spent searching for appropriate plants on
which to lay her eggs. The butterfly usuall y recognizes the right plant by
a combination of sight and smell. Butterflies have a vt'ry acute sense of
smell. They have chemoreceptors (cells that respond to "tastes" and
"smells" ) both on their antennas and un the bottom mds of their legs.
Most spedes lay their eggs on a plant Ihal the newly hatched caterpillar
will eal. Most species lay only one, or a few, eggs per planl. Olhers place
 INTRODUCT ION • II

a mass of eggs together. Some species lay their eggs m ainl y on flower
buds; uthers place them on the undersides of leaves; still uthers lay their
eggs at the base of a tree. How many eggs a particular fernale lays varies
greatl y from species to species. Over the course o{ their lives some buner-
Ilies lay only a few dozen eggs, but most probably la y a few hundred,
wh ile some, such as Regal Fritillaries, lay a few thousand . The eggs
the mselves are quite interesting, with the eggs of each butterfly family
hav ing a different architecture.

CATERPILLAR

When the egg hatches, usuall y after less than a week. a tin y caterpillar
emerges. This voracious eating machine spends almost all its time eatin g
and growing. As it rapidl y increases in size, it olltgrows its outer skin , or
exoskelet on. The o ld skin splits and is shed, revealing a new, larger, an d
baggier skin below. This process happens a number o f times (usu all y
three ur fUll r) over the course of about two or three weeks. The great
majority of caterpillars do not successfull y become butterflies. Must are
either eaten by predators, especially wasps and birds, or they are para-
sitized. usually by one of man y species of parasitic wa sps or flies, or they
become infected by disease-causing fu ngi or viruses. The world of cater-
pillars is a fa scinating one, with varied shapes and colors and a 101 of
inte resting behavior- much o f it used to avoid predators. However, iden -
tifying caterpillars is a vast subject- requiring its o wn book.

PUPA
When the caterpilla r has grown LO full size, it attaches it self to a suppo rt
an d becomes a pupa. So metimes this happens on the caterpillar lood-
plant itself, but more often the caterpillar wanders a wa y from the lood-
pla nt and attaches it self to a twig ur a blade of grass . The moulted
caterpilla r, now encased in a hard ou ter shell (chrysalis), becomes a
pupa-seemingly lifeless and inert. But in side this shell, an amazing
tra nslormation is taking place. The tissues and structurcs of the caterpil -
lar are being broken down and replaced with the tissues a nd structures 01
the adult butterlly. If development is proceeding without impediment,
this process usually takes onc to two weeks. If not, the pupa may e n ter a
resting state for a few months, or overwinter.
12 • INTRODUCTION

ADULT

Eventually the adu lt inside the chrysalis is fully fo rmed, the chrysalis spl its
open, and the adult butterfly emerges. Often this happens very early in the
morning. In the chrysalis, the wings are wrapped tightl y aro und the but-
terfl y's body. After the adult emerges, its wings unfurl as fluid pumps
through the wi ng veins. This is a very vulnerable time in a butterfly's life,
as it basks in the su nshine 10 warm itself and to harden and set its wings.
Once the adult butterfly emerges [rom the chrysalis, it grows no larger. So
if you see a small bu tterfly, it is not a baby butterfly- it is a fully formed adull.

LIFESPAN

Most adult butterflies live for a relati vely btief time. Some small blues may
live only a few weeks, while large bru sh-footed buttermes, such as
Mourning Cloaks and Mo narchs, may live up to about eight months. Most
adult butterflies can live abou t two to four weeks if they are not ea ten by
pred ators, such as spiders, dragon fli es, bird s, and lizards.

BROODS
The adults of some sp"cies of butterflies fl y on ly at a particular time o f the
year. Adults of single-brooded species all emerge from their chrysal ids at
roughly the same time-over a period of a few weeks or, less commo nl y. a
few mon ths. For example, Bro wn Elfins fly only in the early spring- the
adults then ma te and the females lay eggs. The caterpillars Ihat soon hatch
fced on flowers and young frui l for about three weeks and then pupate.
The pupas enter a resting period (diapau se) during Ihe summer. fall , and
winter and new adults emerge the following spring. So Brown Elfin s are
single-brooded.
Some species have two or more broods each year. Adult Juniper Hair-
streaks, closely related to Brown Elfins, also fly in the spring. BUI when the
ca te rpillars grow up, many of Ihe resulting I'upas. rather than overwin-
tering as do Brown Elfins, develop quickly into ad ult butterflies and these
then fl y in mid to late summer-a second brood. The uffspring of this sec-
ond brood then overwinter as pupas and the resulting adult s fly the next
spring. Often, the adu lts of an earl y brood will have sublle differences in
appearance from those of a later brood.
 INTRODUCTION • 13

In the north, many species have but one or two broods per yea r, while
in the sou th most species have three or more broods per year. Even those
species that perhaps on ly have two broods in southern regions may have
asynchronous CI1H:rgt.'J1U'S of adults, leading to very long fligh t periods.
Let's go back to the basic concept of broods. When we say that Brown
Elfins fly only in the early spring, is this absolutely true? Probably not.
Although I know of no reports of Brown Elfins fl ying in the summer or fall
(notwithstanding mountain populations where it 's springtime in July), [
am su re that, occasionally, a Brown Elfin adu lt will emerge at an - inap-
propriate" time of the year. Nature is not absolute. Variation and flexibili-
ty lead to new .:lVenues for a species to explore . Sometime, somewhere. a
Brown Elfin will either be subjected to unusual environmental conditions,
orit will carry a mll lalioJ1 that will cause it to emerge in July, or Augu st, or
St:'ptemner! But these event s are certainly very rare, and if they have
occurred they have probably gone unnoticed because there have been so
few bUllerfliers. I predict t hat eventually many species of butterflies will he
found to fly (very, very rarely) way outside their usual flight times.
In a similar vein, we know tha t most si ngle-brooded bUlle rfJies lake
one year to complete their life cycle and that some butterflies, mainly
those that live In the far north, may require two years to complete theirs.
We arc now discovering that even in the temperat e zone, especially in
arid areas, some individual pupas of cenain species may remain durmant
for two, three, or even four years. Because a local population may be
wiped out by drought, or flood , or disease, it makes sense to have a small
percentage of a population remain dormant for a number of yea rs. It may
be that mo<l butterfly species have this capability,
In addition to helping you know when to search for a butterfly, knowl-
edge of broods is helpful in understanding butterfly ecology a nd evolution.
Often, where a species is single-brooded, the farther sOllth one goes the
larger will be the individu als of that species, Then, when one reaches the
area where the species becomes two-brooded, individuals are often small -
er. This tran sition zone between single and double-brooded populations of
lhe same species is one of tension. The shi ft from one to two broods may
create something of a barrier to the free flow of genetic material between
the popUlations, beca use the adults may not fl y at the same time of year.
14 • INTR ODUCTION

Because different plants may be available suuth ur nu rt h uf the transition

zone, the two populations ma y beco me ecologically st'gregated as well. It
may be that this one-broodftwo-brood shift sometimes plays a role in spe-
ciation events.

Behavior
Becau se so little is known about bu tterfl y behavior, this is an area where
patient observation can increa se our kn o wledge . Here are a few types of
behaviors to look for when you are watching butterflies.

BASKING

Butterflies are cold-blooded- their body temperatu re largely depends on

the ambient temperature. Thus when it is cold outside, bUllerflies want to
warm up, and th ey empluy two diffe re nt basking strategies to do so. Some
butterflies sit in the sunshine in an expused sput (or. even beller, un a
warm rock) an d open their win gs. This allows the sun 's rays to warm
them. Other butterflies engage in lateral basking. These butterflies sit in the
sunshine with their wings closed. The y lhen tilt their bodies so that the
plane of their wings is perpendicular to the su n's rays, thus most efficient -
ly capturing the warming energy of the su n.

HILL TOPPING

Man y hurnans go to sin gles bars becausl' prospective mates may be con-
centrated at these locatiuns. Hilltops are the butterfly equivalent of singles
bars. Males of ma ny bu tterfly species may be most eaSi ly fo und by climb-
ing to the top of the highest hill in the vicinity, especiall y if the top of the
hill is open and if at least some of the slopes are qu ite steep. Here the males
patrol the area looking for females, or the y select a favored perch and wait.
Unmated fe males also l1y up here (otherwise the system wouldn 't work),
but alread y mated females spend mure time elsewhere. looking fur host-
plants and nectar.

GULLY BOTTOMING

Ju st as there are dirk'rent types o f singles bars thai auract participants with
different mating predilections. some bu tterfly species shun hilltops and
 INTRODUCTI O N • 15

instead meet at the bo tto ms of gullies and can yon s. Some species seem to
prder Ihe cenlers of g ulli~s and was hes; others appear to hang oUI cl u,~r
to Ihe edges. Exploring diffe renl zones of canyons an d other inl erestillg
topological fealures ma y yield different bu lterfly species .

M UDPUDDLING

Many butterfli es, especia ll y males, congregate at damp sa nd or soil. He re

they imbibe sa lts along wi th Ihe wa te r. The sa lt s are passed along to the
female al maling and cunlrib ule to Ihe nourishmenl of Ihe eggs. Seeing a
large mudpuddle pa rt y wilh man y species of swallowla ils and olh er bUI-
terflies is a thrilling experie nce.

COUR TS HIP

We don'l really have delailed knowledge abo ul most butterflies ' coun shi p
panerns. Males of many species Sla ke oul "Ierritories." They Ihen police
these, either by fl ying back an d forlh, or by occasionally sall ying fonh
from a favored perch, making sure Ihal Ihey're Ihe only ma le aroun d
when a [emale saunters into the territory. Although the main objective
would seem to be to drive away oth er male s of the same.:: speci es, some
aggressive males try lO dri ve o ff everything that moves, including birds and
sometim es human s! SOllle bUHerfl ies have almost no court ship displays.
The males sim pl y fl y up 10 a la nded (emale, and i( she is receplive, male
immediately.
Olher butlerfli es behave differenlly. Mosl male hairslreak s sel up lerri -
lories, Ihen fl y up 10 greet a fe male fl yi ng Ihrough Iheir lerrilOry. He flies
wilh her unt il she lands, thcn lands nexl to her, us ually facin g her, and fan s
hi s wings. This disperses Ihe "maling perfu me" (pheromone) Ihal moSI
male hairstrea ks ha ve in specia l palches of sca les on Ihe upper side of Ihei r
FWs. Many olher bUl1erflies are also lerritorial. while anoth er grou p o f
ma les, taking Ihe inilia live, lIses pal rolling behavior 10 loca le females-
Ihey jll si keep flyin g lililhey lind Ihem. Ma le Barred Yellows land a long-
side a female a nd flick open their FW Iha l is closesl 10 Ihe female. They
place their FW righ l in fro n t of the female, lOuching her anle nnas, 10 daz-
zle her wilh Iheir great-looking a nd -smelling (because of a ma ling pcr-
fume) ba r! Mosl males of a given species will generally engage in eilher
16 • INTR ODUCTION

patrolling or terrilOrial behavior. but not bOlh. But males can sometimes
swilch between perching and patrolling. and this may be related to popu-
lation density.

Migration
Perhaps surprisingly. many bulterfl y species undertake migrations. We
know very little abo ut these mo vements . Here again is an area where
carefu l observation by the increasing number or butterHiers will provide
important new informa tion.
While all butterflies move around, most don't "migra te" in the tradi-
tional sense. What they do is 10 disperse in a ra ndom direction from the site
where they emerge [TOm the chrysalis. Some adul ts immedia tel y fl ya way
from their emergence site, others stay aro un d fo r most of their lives, then
wande r off as they get older, while som e never leave. If none of the popu-
lation ever left the original site, butterflies would never be able to colonize
new, suitable sites. Since man y butterfly species live in habitats that disap-
pea r over time (open meado ws being replaced by forests, etc.). this dis-
persal is critical 10 the survival of butterfly species. So a stray buuerlly
could appear almost an ywhere.
Many butterflies that spend the summer in the north cannot survive
northern winters. Each year, as the weather becomes warmer, buttertlies
from Mexico fl y north to repopu late these regions. Specie s t hat move
north ward each year include Cloudless Sulphur, Lillie Yellow, Gulf Fritil-
lary, Variegated Fritillary, Painted Lady, Red AdmiraL Co mmon Bu ckeye,
Monarch, Fiery Skipper, and Sachem. For most species these nort hward
di spersals are gradu al, but in especially good years, one can see Pain ted
Ladies strealnin g northward.
Monarchs are the most well -know n of m igratory bulterflies. In North
America there are two major overwinrering areas. The first, and by far the
largest, is in central Me xico. Here the millions o f Monarchs that emerge as
adults in [he fall from acruss the va st expanse uf North America, from
southeastern Canada west to Al berta and sout h thro ugh the eastern twO-
thirds of the Uni ted States. spend the winter high in the fir-clad mountains.
How the Monarchs lnanage to navigate to these ve ry li mi ted overwinter ~

in g sites is a com plete mys tery.

 INTRODUCTION • 17

A much lesser. but still impressive, number of Monarch s spend the win-
ter along the central California coast. m ost of these havin g been horn in the
regio n west oj the Continental Divide .

Butterfly Gardening
If you have a ga rden , even a slTIall one, the ch ances are good th at YOll
can enjo y butterflies right at ho me. Many common ga rden fl o wers. slIch
as zinnias and m arigold s, are attractive to butterflies. If you plant special
plant s sllch as butterfl y bus h ( Budd/eia) and orange milkweed (Asclepias
tuberosa ) (called blltterflyweed in the horticultura l trade ), you will attract
man y of the b utterflies in your neigh borhood to you r ga rden while these
pla nts a re in bloom . Allhough perhaps more di[fi cull to obt ain and main -
tain th an com mon garden flowers, 1 encourag e you to try so me of the
native wildflowers that 8re excdlent nectar sources for butterflies (see
list on page 8) . One advanta ge of this app roa ch is th at the butterflies in
y"ur nei ghborhood may alread y be fam iliar with these plants, and thus
have learned to come to t hem fo r nectar. Of cou rse, which species o f but-
terflies you attract will depend on which species are present in yo ur
vi cinity. If you live d ose to woodl ands and meado ws, yo u will attract
man y m ore species th an if you live in a suburban development. But even
fl o wer ga rden s in Los An gelt:s can attract a fair number of specie s.
An import ant point to keep in mi nd when planning a butterfl y garden
is th at yo u mu st ha ve ca terpillars bel o re you can ha ve ad u lt bu tterflies.
The best butterfly ga rdem include ma n y ca terpillar f" utlpla nt s (see Table
I ) so the hutterfl y garden will "grow" butterflies, not just wa ylay some of
the ad ult s th at ha ppen to be in the neighbo rhood . [f you are interested in
a specific butterfl y species, look lip the account fo r that species and note
its ca terpillar foodplan!. Don 't overlook the butte rfl y ga rdening possibili -
ties of Irees a nd shrubs, such as shrubb y willows. [f you live within the
ra nge of the hulterfl y, a nd if there a re nalural populations close by,
plan ting the indi ca ted foo dpl a nt will give you a cha nce to enjoy this but-
terfl y ri ght in your ga rden. Unlike man y m oth caterpilla rs, mosl butterfl y
caterpillars wi ll n o t destroy the pla nts they are eating (well, sometimes
they do becom e o verexuberant). [n additio n , because they eat only very
specific pla nts, yo u do no t need to worry abo ut them "spreading" to yo ur
18 • INT RODUCTIO N

roses or your rhododendrons. They will not eat these plants. or the vast
m ajority of others that happen to be in your ga rde n.
Your butterfly ga rden is likely to be more successful if you plant siz-
able groupi ngs of the same type of plant. rather than using a single plant
or t.wo. Butterflies learn what nectar sources are avail able in their area
a nd they grea tl y prefer to go from flower to flower of the same type
th an to swit ch in midmeal! The same goes for caterpillar foodplan ls-a
cluster is much more likely to attract attention than is a single plant.
The more complex your garden become s, the more allractive it is
likely to be to butterflies. If you have room. try using many kinds of
caterpillar foodplants and different nectar sources. Because butterflies
fl y (rom early spri ng to late fall, your garden should conta in a procession
of fl owers through the seasons. In additio n. many butterfl y species feed
on small, inconspicuo us plants that most garde ners would regard as
· weeds." If possible. allow a few areas of your garde n. perhaps areas that
are not easily seen. to become weedy. You' ll be amazed by the beautiful
butterflies that these areas will expurt to your mure formal garden!
Besides plants, you should consider a few oth er features for your but-
terfl y garden. As we saw in the behavior sectio n, butterflies like to bask
in the sun, and they like to sip moisture at damp sand or gravel. You can
provi de a basking area by placing some flat stones in a sheltered but
sun ny location. If you don' t have an areil that is natu rall y damp. tr y
burying a bucket or container filled with sa nd, adding water as neces-
sary.

Butterfly Photography for Non photographers

Butterflies are often very approachable. This approachability makes but-
terflies easy to photograph . With a little patience, a little experience, and
most. importan t of all, the right equ ipment, anybody, even the photo-
gra phica lly inept, like me, can take great p hotogra phs of butterflies while
still enjoying th e butterflies themselves.
I n contrast, bird s and flowers , for different rea~un s, are difficult lO
photogra ph , and, at least for birds, t he photographer needs to focu s sin-
gle-mindedly on phOlograph y at the expense of seeing many birds.
Wh ile a professional photographer will also take th is approach wit h but-
terfli es-spending the whole day hoping for one grea t piet ure-you
need n't.
 Table 1 Some Caterpillar Foodplants
(Suitable for the Garden) of Widespread Butterflies
PLANT NAME
Asters Aster
Buckwheats Eriogonum
Cassias Cassia
Ceanothus Ceanothus
Citrus Citrus
Deerweed Lotus scoporius
False Nettle Boehmeria cylindrica
Fennel Foeniculum vulgare
Hackberries Celtis
Lupines Lupinus
Mallows Malva, Sida
Milkweeds Asclepias
Pipevines Aristolochia
Rock-cresses Arabis
Snapdragon Antirrhinum major
Sunflowers Helianthus
Violets Viola
Willows Salix
FOODPLANT FOR THESE
CATERPILLAR SPECIES
Northern Crescent, Pearl
Crescent, Field Crescent,
Square-spotted Blue, Dotted
Blue, Mormon Metalmark
Little Yellow, Sleepy Orange,
Cloudless Sulphur
California Tortoiseshell,
Pacuvius Duskywing
Giant Swallowtail
Orange Sulphur, Bramble
Hairstreak, Marine Blue
Red Admiral
Anise Swallowtail, Black
Swallowtail
American Snout, Hackberry
Emperor, Tawny Emperor
Boisduval's Blue, Melissa Blue,
Silvery Blue
Gray Hairstreak, Common
Checkered-Skipper
Monarch, Queen
Pipevine Swallowtail
Marbles and orangetips
Common Buckeye
Bordered Patch, Gorgone
Checkers pot
Greater fritillaries
Mourning Cloak, Sylvan
Hairstreak, Viceroy, Lorquin's
Admiral
20 • INTRODUCTION

Why Take Photographs?

You can certai nl y enjoy butterflies without photographing them , and pho-
tography does take some time away frolll observation and can COSI quite a
bit. Wh y do it? Well, for one thing it 's the easiest way to sha re your but-
terflying experiences with others. You can describe your experiences to
others with words, but you need to be a talented speaker or author to do
justice to the beauty of butterflies and the thrills of butterflying. But, with
modern phowgraphk equipmt'nt. you don't need 10 be a talented photog-
rapher to let people See the actual butterfly that you sa w. or the fidd of
flowers in which it flew-you just need to pu sh th e button.
Another reason to take photographs is th a t you can document the
species that you see. You know, when you see some stran ge species and
describe it to others. they ma y say. "'That can't occur around here, you Tllust
have misidentified il.- When a Mexican butterfly, the 'Cream-banded'
Dusky Emperor, appeared for the secon d time in tht, Uni ted State~, pho-
tographers were able to documen t it s occurrence so th at there was no
question of the validity of the report.
Photographs also allow yo u to hone your identification skills. By look-
ing carefully at series of photographs that you have taken, you will be able
to notice smai( identification points not mt'nlioned elsewhere.
In the rest of this section I try to provide information that will allow you
10 obtain clear, in- focus, well-lit pholOgraphs of a large percentage of the
bl1tterflie~ that yo u see and that can be used for identification and illustra ~
lion purposes. If you are interested in obtaining a much smaller number of
spectacula r photographs that you can sell to national magazines, your
approach may well be different.

Equipment
CAMERA BODY

Most people will find that a 35 mrn single-lens reflex camera gives them th e
best results. r suggest buying a . . good" camera body, but nO[ the most
expensive top-of-the-Iine camera bod y that has a ll the bells an d whistles.
This is because in just a few yea rs these camera bodie, will be replaced by
di gital cameras (bu t the lens and flash that yo u buy will be transferrable to
the appropria te digital cameras). I strongly recommend using a model that
 INTRODUCTION • 21

has aUlOfocusing and automatic settin g programs. Minoha autofocllsing has

always worked for butterflies. Although the old er Canon and Nikon auto-
focusing models did not work well lor butterflies, the newer models are
greatly improved. The advantage of al.lto(ocusing is that. first. it's probably
more accurate than most people, and two, it frees up one of you r hands to
do other things. If one wants 10 get close to the ground to approach a but-
terfly' you can put one hand dow n to hel p balance yo urself. then lean (or-
ward and shool Ihe scene using only you r other hand. Or. if there's a but-
terfly over your head, yo u can lift tht, camera over your head andjusl pOilll
it; the camera will do the rest. With man ual focus the requirement that your
hand turn s the barrel of the camera to focus it increases the chances of the
butterfly detecting this movement a nd flying ofl.

LENS

Although it is possible to obtain passable ph otographs using a standard

50mm lens. 10 tak e consistently good shots you should liSt' a 100 mm
macro it'ns. Make 'iure th at you are getti ng a true macro lens. one that at
closest foclis res ult s in a life -sizt' image on the film. Many len ses listed as
"macro" Icn~es. including all of those that are also zuom lenses, du not have
this feature. Without the 100 mill macro lens the butterflies will generally
look small in your pictures, while wit h such a lens, the butterfl ies will fill
the fram e.

FLASH

Some photogra phers like to shoot all th eir pictures using natural light.
They feel that the resulting photos look more natural. This puzzled lTIe for
a long time, because while one can certainly obtain some great pho-
tographs using natumllight. my own experience is that. for the type of pic-
tures most people take, th e butTerflies in the photographs taken lIsing
natural light often look high ly unnatural! I now believe that what they
mean is that the background is not darkened relative to the butterfly, and
so the background looks more natural. By and large, with flash the bUtfClf/ies
look more nawral (th at is. more like they appear to your eyes in the field).
and so if you are interested in showing people how butternies appear in the
field, flash is extremely useful. In addition, the less light one has available,
the longer one must expose the film (slower shutter speed) to obtain the
22 • INTRODUCTI ON

same bri ghtness. Si nce butterflies often move and your hands move a lso.
using slow shu tter speeds is not often an optiun-un less yuu 've stuck a
frozen butterfly on a flower (see below). Al so. at closest locus. a 100 mm
macro lens has a very shallow depth of field . so with available light one is
not likel y to get the entire butterfl y in focu s. let al one parts o[ tIle [o re-
gro und and background. All of this argues for the USe of a flash to provide
ex Ira light.
For the nonphotographer photogra pher th ere are really two choices for
fla sh arrangements. The firs t is the standard flash mounted on the top of
the camera . This can work fairl y wel l. An advantage to these flashes over
rin g flashes is tha t they have much more power. allowing good illumina -
tion of butterllies that are quite distan t. One drawback. however. is that the
angle of the flash may not be e n tirely suitable for illuminating butterflies at
the closest focusing distance. leading to unwan led shadows. Also, using a
fl ash mou nted on the ca mera body. you will have on ly a fixed. point
suu rce of light and sometinles it is advantageous to illumina te the butter-
fly from an angle. or with light from more than one angle.
The seco nd type of fla sh is a ring fla sh. Rat her than sit on the top of
the camera body. the ri ng flash lits around the end of the macro lens. An
advantage of this system is that the lIas h is always a imed properly. yield-
ing a very high percentage of em inen tly usable photos. Another advan~
tage is that with mu ltiple lights in the ri ng. you can vary the angle of
light if you want to. A disadva ntage of this system is tha t most ring flash ·
es are un derpowered (th ey are intended fo r very cl ose macropholOgra -
phy) . ma king it difficult to properly ill um inate targe ts at a distance. such
as swallo wtails. Another di sadvantage, fur some purpuses. i::. that
a lth ough the butterfly will be sha rp and well -illumina ted. thi s system
tends to produce a higher percen tage of photogra phs in which the back-
ground is black than does a call1 era ~ moul1t('d fla sh. Black backgrounds
result wh en the available light on th e hutterfly is much greatcr than the
a vailable light on the background. On ma ny camera settings. the fla sh
will overpower any natural light. and b ecau;~ the light from the flash
drops off as the square of the distance from Ihe flash. onl y objects very
close to the focal plane of the butterfl y will be properly illumina ted. (The
same effect happe ns with all fla shes. bu t beca use the rin g fl ash is closer
to the butterfl y. the effect is accentuat ed with a ring fla sh.) For the flu r-
 IN TRODUCTION • 23

poses of showing other pcople jllS! how the bUlle rfl y looks, black back-
grounds may be a plw., because o ne's attel1lion is focu sed on the butter-
fly. Ho wever, in terms of a bea utiful phoLOgra ph, som e peo ple find a
black background ubjectionable (except for Elvis pictures). Since most of
the photographs in [his book were taken using the rin g fla ~ h system, you
can judge for yourself if this system might be suit able for yo u.

FILM

The perform ance of digit al cameras has no w approached th at of tradi-

tiunal cameras, and in the future, film will be used for special purposes.
But as of this writin g (sp ring 2000 ), I still recommend a traditiona l ca m -
era. Thi s is because ( I ) high-end digital cam eras are still very expense
an d (2) there are maj or storage issues wit h digital ph olOgraphy. When
I'm photographing butterflies [typica lly shoot a bout 100 photographs a
day. Many seriou s photogra phers easily shoot abo ut 400 phot ographs a
day. High -qua lity ima ges use rou ghly 5 megs of swrage spa ce. Tha t
mea ns one is generatin g 500-2000 rn egs of data a day. Even given th at
man y of these images will be disca rded , this still lea ves yo u with a huge,
ve ry expen sive, an d dilTicult -to- work -with demand for storage. As tht:'
cost of storage and ease of manipulation of large files continues to rapidly
im pmve, digita l phot og raph y, even at the high end of qualit y, will
replace tradi ti ona l film . With tradition al film lht' basic choice is between
print and slide film . An L1dvantage to print s is that you can e asily view
them yuurself ur w ith a sm all group of people. However. compared to
slide nllll. there aft: many disadvantages: you can 't use th enl for talks to
grou ps of people, the y itre bulkie r to store, a nd their resolution is nOl as
good. Si nce onl y slide film was used for the photograph s shown here, I
can 't reall y make a recom m endation abo ut which print fil m to use .
Sharper pictures are possible when you use film with lower ASA nUIll-
bers. ASA 2 5 film will yield much sharper pict ures tha t ca n be greatl y
e nlarged th a n will ASA 200 film , while the ASA 200 film cit n be used
unde r much lower light conditio ns. If you a re photographing without a
nash, yuu will w ant to use ASA 200 fil m or higher. With a flash, y Oll can
use ASA 25 or 64 fil m. I use Kodachrome 64 fiJm: I believe that. overa ll,
its color veracity is the best. This film also hits a reputation for long-term
color sta bility.
24 • INTRODUCTI ON

ACCESSORIES

For most butterny phot ograpb s it is a good idea to keep a UV filter ove r
your lens. YOII ' 1i want a strap for your camera . A good widt" UIlt" will do less
damage 10 your shoulder than a narrow one. You 'll probabl y also w ant 10
take extra batteries and film with you o n hikes. A small pouch that fit s
around you r wai st is useful for carrying extra rolls of rilm and exIra sels of
ba tte ries for your nash a nd a battery for the camera itself.

Taking the Photo

APPROACHING THE BUTTERFLY

When you see a butlerfly you w antlQ photvgraph, you naturall y w ant to
ru sh right up to it a nd grab its pictu re. Unfortunatel y, hutterflies a rC prel -
IY good motion detectors. So you necd to slow duw n . And be more grace-
ful. The more slowl y a nd gracefully you move, the less likel y it is you will
fri ghten the buttern y. But let's get real. If you move slowly enough, the
butterfly is guaranteed to have nown befo re yo u get in plare fo r yo ur pho-
tograph . So yuu need to strik e a balance. JU St where that balance lies is best
learned by expericn ce. It will also vary from butterfl y species to species.
and from butterfly individual to individu al. Some butterfl ies that a re nec-
tari ng, or that arc mudpudd ling, will sit still forever. Ot hers almost never
stop. 1f you have a choi ce, find one 1hal stops. If you are trying to photo-
graph a Sma ll Wood -Nymph a nd th ere a re a number of them present,
watch for on e th<:lt is landing m ore frcq ucllIl y and for longer periods of
ti m e th an oth ers. It will probabl y cont in ue to do su as you try to photo-
graph it.. The San1(;' type of advice applies to those times when you espe-
cially want the upperside of the b utterfly, or alternativel y, the unde rs ide.
Whatever you want. the butterflies will be doi ng the opposite. The few that
occasionally open their w ings may wt'lJ continue to do so. Focus on them ,
If you have a choi ce, it is best to approach th e hutterfl y fm m a low posi-
tion, ra the r than frolll over its head. This way you 'll be less likel y to star-
tle it. For the same reason, you will want to avoid having your shadow pass
over the butterfly.

FRAMING THE BUTTERFLY

Proper framing is import ant for both aest heticall y deSirable results and
easy ide ntifica tion of the butterflies in your photos, To clearly see yo ur but-
 INTRODUCTION • 25

terfly, yo u shou ld strive 10 have the bUllerfly's wings para llel to the plane
of tht' film in YOll r camera. Many t imes yo u will need to be on one knee.
or on your helly, an d /or with your body contorted int o ludicrous posi-
tions to effectively accomplish proper framing. If t he angle of the bUllerfl y
is 01T just a lillie, this will dislOrt the perspective and make it more difficult
to examine spo t shapes an d patterns that are important for idf"llIificatiot').
Of cnurse. if you wan t ju st an interesting angle. th at is a different story.
Anolht'r decision you will make is wh at to include in the frame along with
the hutterfl y. This is an aest hetic decision that depends upon your "eye"-
whallooks goud lu you. Like anything else in this wu rld . Some peopl e are
hetter than others in crea tin g pleasing photograpl1ic compositions. How-
ever, unless you want to sell your photos to mass-circulation magazines.
thi s may nOI matter to ynu.

Photo Etiquette
Photo etiquette requires consideration for other people, [or the butterfly,
and for tht' environment. As more and more people take Lip bLitlerflying
and bullerll y photography, this will become more important.
If you a re with other people, you should consider their n eeds. A record
shot from a distance, wit hout a fl as h, is OK, bu t going righ t up to a butter-
fly to photogra ph it, or using a flash , carries the risk of frightening the hut -
I",fly away. Whe n I lead groups of people on butterflying trips, I ask
photographers to wai tU I1lil everyone has had a care ful look at the butter-
fly and is satisfied . Of course, some people probably think th at I'm not so
good a t policing myself! If there is more than one photographer present,
yo u might tr y a system of al ternati ng who photographs fi rst, although
some butterflies are very cooperative and allow more than (lne person to
photograph them at the same time. If a butterfly is sitting on the ground
with its wings closed. but is occas ionally opening them, there can be a
photographer on each side of the butterfl y, each photographing its u nder-
side. wh ile anot her phot ographer is behin d th e bUlterfly, w ailing for i ts
wings to open tu photogra ph its upperside. SeJieve it or not. I his J,as
worked on a surprising Ilumber of occasion s.
You sho uld also consider the butterfl y. Some photographers will do
almost anything to obtain a photograph. They will capture a butterfly,
place it in an ice chest to cool it. then pose the a lmost frozen butterfly on
26 • INTRODUCTION

some colorful flower or background so they can photograph it to th eir

heart's content. Putting aside the fa ct tha t there are tilTles when bulterflies
are injured just by capturing them (a nd any injury to a bUllcrfly is proba-
bly fatal), my opinion is that while photographers may believe that pho-
tographs obtained in this wa y are OK, if they don't inform readers tha t this
is how the photographs were obtained then they a re inadvertentl y deceiv-
ing the public. People looking at these photographs wi ll believe that these
artificial poses and situations can normally be found in nature. Th ey (an·
not.
Last, but n ot least, you should consider the environment. When you
wa lk up to butterflies for your photograph, do not tram ple flowers and
other plants along the w ay. Any human acti ons cause en viromnental
problems, especially when repeated by large numbers of people. Although
it's probably impossible to avoid accidents, you can minimize the damage
yo ur activit ies cause by being aw are of poten tial trampling problem s and
exercising care when you photograph.

Care of Your Photographs

RECORD KEEPING

More tha n j ust being prell I' pi ctures, you r photographs can be important
records of wh at kinds of bUllerflies were in what locations at what times.
[ urge yo u to label your photographs-not with some type of arcane code,
but with the date t he photograph was taken and the locality where it was
taken wri tt en directly on th e slide holder, or on the back of the print. A
(ode is dose to useless. Su re you know the cO<..Ie, you've even written it
down in a notebook. But as the years go by you'll forge t the code or lose
the notebook. And, [won 't be tbe lirstto tell you, you will die. In variably.
e ventually your pbotogra pbs will become separated from yo ur code. Ask
any muse um curalOr, and they willtdl you that bunerOy speci mens that
do not have date and locality data, written on a label that is on lhe same pin
as the specimen , have almost no value.
In urder to WTite this information on your photograph s, you w ill need to
have re corded it when YOLI took the pictures. Rel yi ng on you r memory is
a bad idea and will e ventually lead 10 mistakes that are misleading to oth-
ers and embarrassing to yourself. Carry a sm all n otebook with you. Num-
ber each roll of film yo u shoot, by year and sequence-for example 98-40
 INTRODUCTION • 27

would be the 40th roll of film in 1998. Then, in your field notebook. after
the heading 98 ~ 40. a handwritten entry might read U 13. Sandia Hair-
streak, 5/10/98 Juan Tabo Rec. Area, Sandia Mtns., Bernallilo Co. NM. "
When your slides from roll 40 come back developed, refer to your field
notebook and w rite the information on the slide. If you have taken more
than one photograph of what you are sure is the same individual butterfly
(the butterfly has never left your sight), then indicate that in your note-
book, and cross-label all the slides of the same individual with something
like 'see 13-25 F. " writing that same instruction on all13 slides of the Sa n-
dia Hairstreak. This is especially important when you want to study the
uppersidt: and undt:rside of t.ht: sa me butterfly, either for ID or to see if cer ~
tain upperside C"haracteristics are associated with certain underside char~
acteristics.

STORAGE AND PHOTOGRAPH RETRIEVAL

You should protect your photographs from excessive heat. high humidity,
dust, and light. Prints can be stored in photo albums, or just in envelopes.
Some people SlUre th eir slidt:s in carollsels, others store them in the boxes
in which the developed slides are retunled, while others lise spedal enam-
el slide cabinets. I store my slides in clear plastic pages with compartments
for individual slides. Use only plastic pages that are labeled as "archival" for
slides; others contain polyvinyl chloride, which can destroy your photos
over time. These clear plastic pages, generally of polyethylene or of poly-
ester pol ypropylene, [it into three-ring binders .
Some photographers store their photographs by trip or by time period.
I store my butterfly slides in taxonomic sequence. This makes it very easy
to find slides of particular butterfly species to illustrate articles or talks.

VIEWING YOUR PHOTOGRAPHS

If you want to share your photos with gro ups of people, you need to pro -
ject them onto a screen or a white wall using a slide projector. For viewing
yoursel f, it is besl to use a loupe, a type of magnifying glass especially
made for viewing slides. Although you can just hold the slides up to a light
and look through the loupe, most people probably would prefer placing the
slides on a light box. Lou pes and light boxes are available from camera sup-
ply stores.
28 • INTRODUCTI ON

Conservation
This is the raison d'etre of this bouk. [ want to show yo u the beauty a nd
thrills to be fou nd in the world of butte rflies so that yo u become passion-
ate abou t butterflies; so that butterflies becomt' an important pan of your
life; so that when a government age ncy sprays the forest with bulterny-
killing, an ti-gypsy moth spray you will feel their pai n; so tha t when devel-
opers intentionally desrroy all rem nan ts 01 narive life to creart' a sterile
environment [or unknowing new homeowncrs. you will develop Ihe
political will and skills to stop them.
There are still plenty ur butterflies to be found in rhe West. But un less
you take action, there won't be in the fut ure. Eventu all y, eve,y piece of nOIl-
public lalld that call be developed, will be developed. The wonderful meadow
yo u visit will become a shopping cen ter. The wooded slopes of th e Sierra
Nevadas will give wa y to wood en structures hOll sing people. The prairies
will be restricted to scenes in old movies. While working on Ihis book. I
watched in horror as developers on Ihe high prairie l'ilst of Denver literal-
ly scraped a ll lik and topsoil fro m the hou sing sites they we re building.
That thi s Iype of plane ta ry rape is legal speaks vol umes abou t human
greed a nd shortsightedness.
Wh at can be done? First an d forem ost, we need 10 restrain the growth
of Ih ~ human popu lat ion and 10 set a realistic uppt'r limit to the Ilumber of
people th at can inhabit an area. Second. we net'd to set aside even more
land as preserves. Third, we need to enact a policy whereby whenever
land is "devel uped,' a hea lth y percentage o f iI , perhaps 40 %, stays unde-
velope d. And last, we need to change the aesthetics of homeowners and
corporations. encouraging them 10 fe-create natural landscapes rathl"r
than using exot ic plant s (that migh t as well be art ificial Christmas trees as
far as 1110st butterflies are concerned) and installing "lawns" of non - native,
water- hogging, fert ilizer-n eeding and polluti ng grasses th ai are essen ti al-
ly biological deserts.
The good news is that. with proper pl anning, human an d butterfly
habitations are compa tible. Beca use most bUllerfly populations do not
need very large expan ses of habitat. pre serva ti on of most species is feasihle
by creating an interconnecting network of small protected habitat unils
along wil h a few larger units. Small habitat unit s, perhaps as sma ll as the
 INTRODUCTION • 29

ya rds of a few concerned neighburs, are sufficient 10 SU ppOri small popu·

lations of Illany species, especially if these sma ll units are connected to
other sma ll units. But buttcr[Jy populations arc commonly subject to very
large fluctuations in numbers. In panicu larly bad yea rs for a particular
species of butterfly, perhap~ due to a drought or to a di s ea~e epidemic. the
slllaliunits, with their small populations, will probably nl)t survive. How-
ever, larger preserves prohabl y will have large and varied popul ations a nd
habitats that will ensure thai some individuals survive a calamity. Then,
when the popu lation reh(Hlnds. the larger preserves will serve as reservoirs
and overflow individuals will repopulate the small units.
A ~econd factor reducin g butterily popula tions is pollution of the envi -
ronment. especially pollution with pesticides. The past usc or DDT greatly
reduced many of our na tive bu tter[J y populations. Although DDT is now
banned, the use of other pesticides is widespread. These pest icides arc
employed for mass sprayings aga inst gypsy moth infestations and other for-
est "pests." for agricultural use. and also by private homeowners. In most
cases, the harm caused by these pesticides outweighs any possible useful -
ness.
A third acti vit y ca paolc of harming butterfly populations is the contin -
ued killing o f rare and local bu tterfl y species by some immoral collectors.
Although th ese collectors cl aim that colonies or rare in sects, including
butterflies, cannol be extirpated by collecting, reason and experience
argue otherwise . Imagine a greenh ouse that you have con veiled into a
butterfl y zoo. placi ng some milkweed plams in the greenhou se and some
Monarchs. The Monarchs will breed and establish a sma ll "'colony." Now
imagine going into your g r~~nhou se every day and killing evny adu lt
Monarch you see. You r colony of Monarchs will clearly nOt survjve for
velY long. Obviuu sly, "collecting" can destroy a butterfly colony; the only
question is how small dot'S a colony need to be before a panicular level
of collection pressure destroys it? I n th e real world , whenever a heavily
collected bUllerl'ly popula ti on disappears or is diminish ed . collectors
invariably try 10 place the blame elsewhere-a drought perh aps. or,
absurdly, ptarmigans.
But there are two cases in the Un ited States (more in Eu rope) where it
is clear that collecting wiped out a colon ial butterfly, In the late 19605. F.
Martin Brown, co-author of Butterflies of the Rocky MOl/l1fail! States, con-
30 • IN TRODUCTIO N

ducted a n experiment w ith a population of Ridings' Satyr. Thi s butterfly

lives in colonies, often slnaller than an acre, and in Illany areas thest:
colonies are not ve ry fa r apart. Brown selected a specific colony near Col-
orado Springs a nd deliberately extirpated it by repeated da ily collecting un
all -i nclusive crisscross transects. Although Brown 's objective was to deter-
mine how quickly the area from w hich the colony w as extirpa ted would be
re-colonized (it w asn 't for years alte rwa rd ), h is experimen t clea rly shows
that a colony can bt' eliminated by collecting.
The second, particularly tragic case is Mitchell's Satyr. In the northeast-
ern United States this butterfly was limited to a few fens in no[(hern New
Jersey, but has nuw been extirpated by relentless cOllectiun p ressu re. One
m ajor colony was w iped out al most si nglehandedly in the late 1970s by an
individual who returned to the fen da ily during successive seasons and
each da y killed every Mitchell's Satyr he saw. At the last colony, towa rd the
end, even chain link fences, guard dogs, and a security man could not
keep the collecto rs out.
Even when collection pressure does not resuh outright in Ihe demise of
a rare colonia l butterfl y, each individua l killed result s in the dep letion of
the gene pool, a nd th is loss of genetic diversity becomes more important as
the colon y becomes smaller. Each individu al killed might ha ve been the
individual that contained a 11lutation that would have allowed the colony
to su rvive the inevitable dro ught or epidemic tha t il wil l face.
Some people m ight as k: Why save butterfly species? Are they of an y
value? An extensi ve con sideration of this question is outside the scope of
this book, but I wou ld like to put fu rward a few short answers. In man y
areas, butterfli es play an important role in the pollination of f1uwers. In
addition, each species may possess unique properties usdul to humans tha t
will be irretrievably lost sh ould it become extinct. The recent discovery of
a potent anticancer drug, taxoL in a species of yew tha t had been consid-
ered a "trash species'" highligh ts th is possibility. Because ecological sys-
tems are interrelared in complicated ways. the removal of a single species
can have a much greater adve rse e ffect tha n might have bel'n anticipated.
In man y cases, the extinction uf bu t a single species will resu lt in the
removal of a number of other species that are, in some way, dependent on
the first species. Often, the [act that a species of butterfly is close lO extinc-
tion can be seen as a sYlnplOffi that an entire unique habitat is about to be
 INTRODUCTION • 31

destroyed. The collapse of mJ ny of th e earth 's ecosys te ms may resu lt in a

world hos tile. at best. 10 h umans.
In addition to tht.''\t.' (Jl ht.'r such "practi ca l" arguments for the prt.'serva-
tion of buttcrflit' ~, thert' are dearly aesthetic and mora l reasons to insist
thm bli llernies survive. On ly recently have huma n beings seen peoples
from other "tribes" as similar 10 themselves and thu s "' real human beings"
worthy of prott:cti orl . As people become ever more conscious of their
envi ronmenl, they may come to see th at all biological entities have intrin -
sic value and are worth y orpro tecti on. M any years ago, th e Grt'ek s equal-
ed bll tl erflit's with I he sOll ls of people, lIsing the Gret'k word psyche for
both. One does notllave to believe in Greek my thology to know that in a
world withou t bUll erflies. the sou ls of all people would be greatly dimin -
ished.

Commercially Raised Butterflies

A growing fad has been the relea se of commercially raised bu tterfl ies at
weddin gs tlnd othe r special events. Naive and unsuspecting brides think
"what a beautiful idea. " UnforlUnmely. releasing commercia ll y raised blll-
terflies into the environment can only hann wi ld popula tions-potenti al-
ly spread ing (Ibeases. inappropria tely mixing geneticaJi y distinct
populations, and dis ru pti ng migratory pathways-and terribl y di srupts
the work ( ) f scienti sts I ryin g to track bU lterfl }' movements. Every major sci-
en tist working with bU llerflies is opposed to thi s practice. as is the No rth
American BlItterfly Associa tion, the Lepidopterists' SOCiety, and the
Audubun Society. W ht'nt:ver you learn of someone co nSidering the
release of commercially raised blllle rflies. please let them know abou t
how harmful this can be. Certain ly. in my experience. the actual bllllerOies
that are release.d are ha rmed. often arri ving dead or dying and released into
a hostile environll1l'llI. Al so. you should know th at releaSing the st' com-
mercially rabed butterflies does not, and cannol. increa se th e populati on
of bUllerfli es. The si7e of bUllerfl y populations afl' det erm ined by the car-
rying ctlpacil y of I he land-how mllch sui table habitat is there, and by the
prevalence of bllllerfly preda tors and diseases. Si nce rel eaSing commer-
cially rai sed bu tt errJi es does nOt increase th e amoun t of habitat, btll may
increase rhe amount of disea se. thi s prac tice ca n only redu ce pupulations
of wild blilterflies. Th is is jllst as true of ·the reJease of Painted ladi es that
32 • INTRODUCTION

.:Ire used in schools throughout the country. If.:l te.:lche r insists on h.:lvi ng
children "learn" Ih.:l l butterflies .:Ire items to be bought from .:I Siore and
then raised on .:1nificiaJ glop, they should at leas. require that the butterflies
be kept indoors after emerging. (We don 't encourage children to release
exotic birds an d o th er anima ls into the e nv ironment.) Besides, m uch
mo re would be leamed if the (hildren were taken on a field trip, 10 see real
butternies in a rea l meadow, on rea l fl owers. Finding: a caterpillar or two,
they could take it back to the classroom, rea r it. then release [he resulting
adul t back at the sa m e spot where they found the caterpillar. The com-
m ercia l interests behind the environ menta l poll u tion called "releas ing"
bunerflies say, " No one h as eVer proved tha t releasin g o u r commerd ally-
raised butte r!lies ha rms the environmenl. " Whe re ha ve you heard this
type of stateme n t before? Fron1 the man u fa cturers of ciga rettes, who said
for years, "No one has proved that cigarettes hurt people." Well, in the
18905, people th ought "wou ldn 't it be wo nderfu l to have a ll the birds
m entioned by Shakespea re, righ t here in North America ." So they
reiea,ed European Starlings into Central Pa rk, New Yo rk. These birds ha ve
caused billions of d ullars in da milge tv crops and have had seriou s negative
impacts 011 na tive son gbirds. Yet if you had said, ill 1890, "Where's your
proof that this will damage the e nvironment." one co uld not provide that
proof. The proof can come only when it is too late and the environment has
been severely damaged.

About the Species Accounts

Tht: order in which species are trea ted more or less follow s the tax onomic
order of the North American Butte rfly Associa tion'S (N ABA ) Checklist and
Engli.'h Nam es of North American Butterflies. Occasionally a sligh tly differen t
order is foll owed to group sinlila r-appea rin g species or to faci litate a
smooth and pleasing la you t. The accounts of l he species occurring in the
West a re organized as follows:

Name
English and scientific nam es follo w tbe North American Butterfly Associ-
a tion 's (NABA ) Checklist and English Na mes of Nonh Am erica/1 Butterflies.
Until recelltly. each aUlhor of a hook about bUllcrflies lIsed w hateve r sel of
n a m es struck his or he r fancy, The resu lt has been a confusing pl et hora of
 INTRODUCTION • 33

nam es (h at has uewildered the uninitiated and mad e it more difficult for
lhe public to become involved with bUllcrflies. With the publica tion of
NABA's li st in 199 5 we are now on the road toward standardization,
a lt hough this process will ta ke years to be completed. As this book goes to
press. the NABA Names COlllmittee is in the process of formulatin g a sec-
ond editiun to the NABA C11ecklisl. In a few cases where th e full committee
already is in complete agreement on a name change (for exa mple, cha ng-
ing Ih e name of Caicus Skipper 10 Gold-costa Skipper) , 1 h a ve adopted
that change in this work. Because the work of the committee is st ill in
progress as thi s goe s to press, th t'ft' will almost certainly be cases where the
sl·(ond edition of th e NABA Checklist has a different na me or status for a
ta xon tha n that used here. For some namcs th at have bccn lI sed in oth er
publications, 1 have incl uded that name in the index.

Identification
Each speci es sectiOll begin s with an accoun t of how to idenOfy th at species.
Th e most important idt'lllificati on clues arc presented in bo ldface type,
the Ihou ght being that if you are tryi ng to identify a butterfl y in the field
you ca n qu ickly sca n thi s infonnation first, later reading the entire accoun l
if time permit s.
Before the BUllcrj7ies th rough Binoculars series, butte rfl y guides wefe
writt en by collectors for collectors. The approach th ey took to ident ifica tion
wa s ve ry di fk rt·nt than th ar used here. One vl:ry import ant difference is
Ihal beca use collectors are looking at a dead ilutlerfly on a pin, they can
pick up Ihe pin a nd look at either the topside or underside of the butterfly.
Su if sepa rat ing s pccj~s A from sp~cies B is ea sy looki ng at the uppersidcs
bUI di ffi cult looking al the undersides, books written fur collectors might
show the uppersides of species A and B, but only the underside of species
A, and lell you to separate the species from abovt: but not from below. But
in the neld, when youlell the butlerfly 10 turn over. it olten igno res you!
So, ideally Olll' would like to be able to identify each species when seeing
only its topside. or oilly its undersi dt: . I have tried 10 provide the informa -
tion to allow you to do this. Given the present slate of our k no wledge and
the compl exit y 01 we stern butterflies, this has not been possible in ever y
ca sc. For ex an lplc, I show upper su rfaces of m ost species of gra ss-skippers,
but for many of them I do not provide idt:ntification inform atio n about
34 • INTRODUCTION

these upper su rfaces. The main reason for this is that for many species-for
example. many of the Hesperia skippers-we do not know how 10 identify
an individual to species by viewing unly the upper surface. I ha ve shown
the upper su rfaces because although it will rarely allow you to definitely
establish a species' identity by itself. il will sometimes allow you to elimi-
nate a number o f species from consideration.
The size of a butterfly CaJl be a useful dul' to its iden tification but can be
difficult 10 determine in Ihe field-is the length of the fo rewing (FW) 9116
in. or is it 11 / 16 in.? It is much easier 10 relat e the size of a bUllerfly 10 other
butterflies that one is familiar wit h. Seca use similar species are grouped on
the sa me page or nearby pages and are shown 031 the same magn ification
(given a tlhe top of eacb ri ght- hand page). one can easily see how the size
of an unknown species relates to the size of a species that one is familiar
with. If one wants to kno w the absolute size o f a species, this can be easily
calculated by measuring the FW length of the photographic image. then
dividing by the magnification gi ven .
When considering size. remember that the size of different individua ls
of the same species can vary dramaticall y. Occasiunally a "runt" individual
will be drastically smaller tha n is normal for Ihe species. And. altho ugh
ma ny species have both sexes a similar size, as a general rule, fel11i1les are
larger than males.

Habitat
This section describes the types of areas where this butterfl y might nor-
mall y be found.

Abundance
Itry 10 give information that will a llow you to know when to search for a
particular species and how likely you migh t be 10 find it. Please note that.
unless otherwise indicated, abundance information rdales only to the
area cuvered in this guide. (So, for example. status of Mi mosa Yellow,
gi ven as R immigrant. applies to so utheastern Arizona and West Tt'xas. not
10 its status in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. where it is a CommOTl
resident.) If Ihe abundance is markedly difkren t in diffe rent portions ollhe
species' range in the West. then 1 often try to provide information for var-
 INTRODUCTIO N • 35

ious subregions_ I cannot emphasize enough that this section is intended as

a rough guide. ma in ly as an aid to identification. If you are seein g many
individuals at many sites of a species I list as R. you probably will want to
double-check your identification. Keep in mind that butterfly abundance
can. and usually does. va ry drama ticall y from year to year and from local -
ity to locality_ One of the pleasures of butterfiying is that each year is cer-
tain to bri ng its quota of surprises. Flight dates can also vary tremendously,
depending upo n the weather pattern of the year. Fi ndi ng a species at a par-
ticular ti me in a particula r year may depend on the vagaries of that year's
brood sequence and abunda nce level. In desert areas especiall y, timing of
rai ns Illay dramatica ll y affect (light times and abundance. Although Hight
time may be given as, for exam ple, Ma y- Jul y, in most cases this will re fer
to much of the ran ge of the butterfly_ You 've probably noticed that much
of the West is quite hilly_ rr you m issed seeing that bu tterfl y in Ma y and
now it's June. just go higher up the hi ljl At anyone spot the flight time will
gene rall y be shorter than the flight period gi ve n, and the exact flight time
will vary between localities depend ing largely, bu t not entirely, upon the
la titude a n d the elevation o f the lucalit y. At an yone spot, average flight
time for most single-brooded species is proba bly about I month_ Some
species- for example, Frigga Fritillary-have much shorter fli gh t periods,
while others-for example, Caron is Fritillary-have much longer fli ght
periods, even at a si nglt' locality.
Aga in. please note that abundance and flight times relate only to the por-
tion of a species' ran ge covered by this guide. The abunda nce and flight
ti mes is probabl y different in Florida. south ern Texas, or northern Mexico.

Food
Listed as an aid to findin g the adu lt butterflies a re the major plant(s) or
grou p of plants that are eaten by the caterpillars_ For man y uncommon
butterflies the easiest wa y to locate colonies is to search for site s where the
food plant is common.

Comments
Here I include assorted informa ti on and/or thoughts that didn't easily fit
into one of the above-listed categories_
36 • INTRODUCTION

About the Maps

The range maps tell you wh~re a sp~cies is normally found. If an area is col -
ored on a particular map, this means that I believe there are resident pop-
ulations of the species in this area, or, if the speci es is an immigrant, that an
active field observer is likely to see the species in this area at least once
every two to three years. However, if the area that includes your home is
shown as part of a bUllerfly's range, Ihis does nol mean Ihat Ihe bUllerfly
will be flying down your street. For most butlerllies, one Ilccds to find
appropriale habitat for Ihal ,pecies 10 have a reasonable chance of fi ndin g
the butterfly.
The black diagon al line funnin g from the intersection of North Dakota,
M anitoba, and Saskatche wan south to just southwest of Houston, Tcxas, is,
together with the Manitoba- Sa skatchewan border. the eastern boundary
of thc area treated in this book. The complete outline of states, intersta ed
by Ihe line, is shown to facilitate your recognitioll of map locatioll, but east
of the line there will be an increasing number of species that are not treat-
ed in this book. The southern end uf Ihe black diagonal line also marks the
southern limit of the area treated in thi s book. South of Kinn ey and Bexar
Counties in Texas, there will be an increasing number of species that are
not treated in thi s book. Generally, ran ge maps are provided for all species
illustrated, even if that species is a stra y. So some species will be shown
wilh ranges that fall entirely outside the area Irealed in Ihis book . Ran ge
maps are also provided for a few species Ihal are nol illuslrated.
The Mexican portions of the range maps are, in many cases, little more
than educated (somelimes uneducated ) guesses. Althu ugh knowledge of
butterflies north of the Mexican borde r is in ils infancy, sOllth of Ihe bor-
der il is geslalional (bul developing rapidl y).
Remember thai buuerflies have wings and will wander olltside th eir
normal ran ge, occasionally for a great distance. JU SI becausc you r location
is not included in the normal range of a species doesn'l mean it is impossi-
ble to see thaI species where you live, just that it becomes increasingly
unlikely the farther from the normal range you go. Under the abundance
sections I have included information about rare events where a species has
strayed far beyond its normal range. [t is likely Ihat Ihe increasing nu mber
of butlerfliers will intercept a higher proportion of Ihese strays.
 INTRODUCTION • 37

In addi tion to showing the ranges of butterflies. to my knowledge. these

maps are the first to provide information about butterfly broods (see the
discll.ssion of bru()d~ on page J 2). The different colors un the map indicate
the number of broods a species normally has in each portion of its range.
Yellow indicates one brood. green indicates two broods. and blue indicates
three or more broods. In genera l. you will need to sea rch for a single-
brooded species at a particular ti me of the year, while three-b rooded
species may be present during most or the warm season. Because there is
so lil t Ie inform ation abou t brood sequ ences in most loca lities, many of the
lines di viding numbers of broods are only my best guess. Often. it is sur-
prisingly difficult to be sure of the n u mber of broods at a pa rt icu lar locali-
ty. If fresh adults appear ovcr a period o f a lew months. are the
later-appearing indi viduals offspring 01 the earlier-appearing individuals or
is there one asyn chronou s brood? One of the purposes of this part of the
mars is to stimul ate you to find where they are wro ng. Hopefully this will
lead to greater knowledge for the entire bu tte rflying com munity. As I
briefly discllss in the butterfly biology section dealing with broods. knowl -
edge of brood transitions may be important to our understanding of but-
terfly ecology and evolution .

About the Photographs

The I I 36 photographs ( 1082 by Jeffrey Glassberg) arranged on 127 pages
represt'nt a first. The Through Binoculars books are the firST field gUides to
any group of organisms th at lise photographs in a true field guide format.
Un like other huoks that use photugraphs, the species in the photographs in
this book are presented in the correct size relationships to the other species
on the plate- the photographs having been carefull y enlarged or reduced
to provide this relationship. On the top left of each photogra ph page you
learn the magnificat ion or reduction frolll li fe size of the photogra phs o n
tha t page. If the size is indicated as shown 2x life size, this means that the
length of the FWs in the photograph s are abou t tw ice as long as on a live
bu tte rfl y of that species (remember that in dividu als of the sam e species
ma y vary greatl y in size ). Abu keep in mind tha t a 2x increase in length
leads to a 4x increase in area, and so the amo unt of space that the image of
the butterfly in the photograph occupies is act ually 4x the visual space
occupied by a live butterfly at the same distance. On some plates sma ll pho-
38 • INTRODUCTION

tographs are inset into larger photographs to show you a different view of
the sa me species. These in set photogra ph s a rc not to scale.
When males and fem ales d iffer g reatly in th eir appearance, both sexes
are shown. In gene ral, if th e illustra tio n is unlabe led as to sex. it Can be
assumed that both sexes are quite sinlila r (alt hou gh cxpericnced butlerfliers
can probably discern the sex of most indi viduals by subtle differences).
Photog ra phs were chusen a nd a rranged so tha t si milar s pecie ~ are
shown in si milar poses, making comparisons for idcnlification easier. In
general there is a visual consistency to the: photographs, making them eas-
ily comparable to each othe r, because almost a ll of the photographs were
ta ke n using th e same camera equipment a nd fil m. Other fa clOrs influenc-
ing th e choice of photograph s to illu stra te each species were q uality of the
photograph, and condition and typicality of the butterfly illustra ted. or
course, in some cases th e re was lillie choice-for example, th e pho-
tographs of eyna Blue a nd Ou tis Skipper show the on ly individual> 01
these species I have eve r seen a nd I know of no o ther photograp hs of these
species. To a large extent, I have used phot ographs ul butterflies phu-
togra phed in t he Wes t. Pho tos taken ou tside of the West sh ow individuals
tha t are substantially identical to th ose of th e ~ame species that occur in the
West.
Unless indicated otherwi se, a ll photograph by tile a uthor were taken
in the wild, of unrestra ined, ul1lnan ipulated uutle rllies (th irteen photo-

STATE ABBREVIATIONS

A1. Arizona MT Montana OK Oklahoma

CA California NC North Carolina OR Oregon
CO Colorado NO North Dakota PA Pennsylvania
Fl Florida NY Nevada SO South Dakota
IA Iowa NH New Hampshire TX Texas
MA Massachusetts NJ New Jersey WA Washington
MN Mi nnesota NM New Mexico WY Wyoming
MO Missouri NY New York
 INTRODUCTION • 39

ABBREVIATIONS

A abundant. likely to encounter more than 20 individuals pe r field trip

to the right locality at the right time.
AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York
( common , likely to encounter between 4 and 20 individuals per field
trip to the right locality at the right time.
Co. county
FW forewing
HW hindwing
L local. not generally distributed, even within the range shown. absent
from many areas with seemingly suitable habitat
NF national forest
NP national park
NWR national wildlife relUge
R rare, rarely seen even at the right place at the right time
S stray, not part of the region's normal fauna and not seen most years
Sf state forest
SP state park
U uncommon, likely to see 0-3 individuals per field trip to the right
place at the right time
WMA wildlife management area

o male
'i' female

gra phs. for which no photographs of wild butterflies were avai lable. are of
museum specimens).
The black and white lines that appear on some of the photographs have
been placed over the photographs to draw your eye to field marks whose
positi ons are difficult to explain in words.
Recognizi ng which wing of a grass-skipper one is viewing may require
some practice. Remember that grass-skippe rs hold their HWs nat but thei r
 BUTIERFLY WING AREAS AND BODY PARTS

FW

I
HW

, .
INNER
MARGIN
OFFW

MEDiAN
SPOT-BAND
. ... CWB
CEll-END BAR
ANTENNA
SUBMARGINAl
BAND

..
POSTMEDIAN
BAND PALPS
MARGINAL
BAND
TAIL
... THORAX
 INTRODUCTION • 41

FWs are held at an angle. So, depending upon one's angle of view, on e may
see the righ t FW on the right side and the left HW on the left side. For
example, photograph 8, on page 263, is of a male Whirlabout. On the righ t
side of the skipper one sees a wing with a black diagonal band. This is the
righ t FW. On the left side one sees a wing tha t is orange in the middle with
a black border- th is is the left HW. The left FW is not readily visible; it is
angled edge on towa rd the viewer. The right HW is partially visible as a
crescent "nort heast" of the righ t FW. Most of the photos of the upper sur-
faces of grass-skippers follow this pattern.

RANGE MAP COLORS AND INFORMATION

One Brood

_ Two Broods

_ Three or More Broods

_ No longer Found in This Region

• Range Enlarged for Visibility

If an area is colored on a particular map. this means that I believe there are
resident populations of the species in the area, or, if the species is an immigrant,
that an active field observer is likely to see the species in this area at least once
every two to three years. A purple dot indicates that the species' range in this area
is much smaller than the actual area covered by the purple dot.
The black diagonal line running from the intersection of North Dakota , Manitoba,
and Saskatchewan south to just southwest of Houston, Texas, is, toge ther with the
Wlanitoba-Saskatchewan border, the eastern boundary of the area treated in this
book.
See the introductory text for more information about the maps.
4 2 • PARNASSI ANS

Swallowtails (family Papilionidae)

Because swallowtails are our largest butterflies, they arc ofte n seen and appreciat·
cd even by Ihos!' who are not blltlerfiy enthusiasts. Many of the spectacular spedes
live in the tropics. but our tiger swallowtails are no slouches! Most species have loog
ta ils (but not the parnassians) making them easy to recognize as swallowtails.

Parnassians (subfamily Parnassiinae)

This distinoive group of swallovvtails is restnned LO northem clilllt's.1Wo species arc
found in the area treated in this book (another, Eversmann;s Parnassian. occurs in
Alaska a nd northwestern Canada). Arter ma ting. males place a waxy cap, called a
sphragis. over the females' abdomen to prevem other males from mating. In
Europe. this group is called apollos. Most of the approximately }5 spedes arc
Eu rasian , and si nce almost every mountain range has populations lhallook slight·
Iy different from the next mountain range, European and Japanese colleoors have
gone berserk in th ei r pursuit of each variety, reportedly threatening the existence
of some of them.

((odius Pamassian Parnassius clodius

!z ~\': Its large size, white ground color and red SpOlS lell yuu this is a par-
----J
nassian. The FWs. espedall}' the margins, are translucent. NOll' the

~""\- L...
black antennas and strong hlack FW horder. The black har within The
FW cell usuallr crosses Ihl! entire cell and is rCClangular. The sphragis
~ n r' is white . Phoehus Pamassian has while and hlack antennas and lacks
a slrong black FW borde r. Habitat: Mountain meadows and moisT..
open mountain w()odlamJ down to sea levd in the Nort hwest. Abtm·
dance: C-A. May-mid Sl:!pI .. mainly June-Au g. Food: Bleeding-
Ilt'arls. Comments: Flight is slow and floating with wings held in a
shallow v. Clodius Parnassian offen Oil's higher above the ground
lhan does Phocb\l~ Pl'lmass ian .

Phoebus Pamassian Parnassius phoebus

Its large size, white ground color. and red SPOtS tell }'ou this is a par·
nas!>ian. Individuals in some popu lations have extensive sooty over·
sca ling. Note the white and black antennas. The black bar within Ihl:!
FW cell usually doesn't reach the DoHorn of the cell and is rounded.
The sphragis is dark. Populations in the California Sierra Nevadas
sornt.'times have pale orange-yellow spots rather than red spots.
Habitat: Open mOnlane hahitats, from about 4500 ft. [Q alpine. In the
Ca lifomia Sierra Nevadas. restricted to alpine areas. especially rocky
summits. Abtmda,,«: C. Rocky Mountains. Late Ma}'- Aug.; R. Sierra
Nevadas. July; R. Slskiyous. Mainly July-Aug. Food: Stonecrops.
ClImments: Usually flies within one or IWO ft. of the ground . Some
now treat California Sierra Nevada (P. p. hrlm') and Roc.:ky Mountain
(P. p. smintheus) populations (including the populations on Vancouver
and the Olympic Peninsula) as separate species from (primarily) Old
Wo rld phoebus and from each other, aligning the isolated population
in the Siskiyou Mountains oillorthem Califontia and so uthern Ore-
gon with the Rocky Mountain populations.
 SHOWN llff SIZE PAR NASS IAN S • 43

1 CIOdIU$ Pamasslan 2 Clodius Pamassian d

) Clodius Pamassian 9 4 Phoebus Pamasslan d Oow elevation)

7 Phoebus & (Cal Sierra Nevadas) not to scale 8 Phoebus Pamasslan 9 Oow elevation)
44 • SWALLOWTAILS

True Swallowtails (subfamily Papilioninae)

About 500 spedes worldwide; 12 species in the West (plus some strays).
Pipevine Swallowtail Bartus phi/enor
A very dark swallowtail above with a strongly iridescent blue HW.
When worn. outer portions of the FWs can appear quite whitish.
Below. nott' the large single orange spotband on Iridescent blue.
"'B lack" swall owtails (pg. 4 6) haw blut' thai is nOI irid('scent and hav('
two orange spotban ds. Red-spolt{·t.! Purple (pg. 194) lacks lai ls. Hab;-
tat: Gardens. woodland edges. open Ihom scrub; northern Ca lHornia
popU lat ion mort.' restricted 10 riparian habitats. Abtmdal1ce: C. celHral
to West Texas; OIherwise mainly U-LC. Feb.-Oct .; March/April-
SepU Nov. in northern Ca li fornia. Strays to all of sOllihem California
and north to nonhern Colorado. Food: Pipevincs. both nmivt' and
cllhivatcd. Comments: As bU llerfly gardene rs plant more pipt.'vines.
the range of this species will probably expand.

Polydamas Swallowtail Battus polydamas

Note the absence of tails (but. of course, olher swallowtails sometimes
lose theirs). Abovc with a wide dirty-yellow postmedian band. Below.
1l00C the dull red marginal spots on the HW and red spots on the body.
HalJilal: Gard('ns and l'dgt.'s of woodlands. Abundance: Extrcmely
rart' stray (or human-assisted inlroouclion) 10 soulhern California.
southern Arizona and sOll thern Nt.'w Mt."xico (onc(' each). Food:
Pipevines. Comments: The rapid ly flying Polydamas Swallowtail is
t'ilSy enollgh 10 iucnlify when one gets a good look at it-someth ing
tha t is nor so easy to do!

Ornythion Swallowtail Papilio ornythian

Maks wmewha l smal/er and du ller than Giant Swalluwtail. ohen
delectable in flight. Abovc.. note Ihal the FW submarginal and median
bands do not meet (in Giant Swallowta il lhcy form an Xl. Lacks yel-
low in tail. which Giant usuilll)1has. Ma le Broad-handed Swallowtail
(RS 10 southeaslcm Arizona) has a yel low spot in FW ccll. Below,
nOll' Ihe complclc red postmedian HW hand. Females are black with
red. blu e. and cream}-jw median & postmedian bands. H abitat:
Wood lands. gardens and c\11(ivall~d citrus groves. Abundance: RS to
Austin area. West Texas. ('xtfcml' southeastern New MexiC(). Food:
Citrus.

Giant Swallowtail Papi/ia cresphontes

AI a distanCl'. note the contrast pctwecllthc da rk wing.'i above: and
lhe pale wings below. Above. the wings arc dark brm. . . n (almoSI
black) wi th promin('1ll yc llow bands. Nott' the ~XsH Ihcse bands fonn
Ill'ar Ihe apext.'s of the FWs. Below. null' the striking cream-<olored
body and crearn·colored wings with HW blut' median S"j1otband. Habi-
tat: Woodlands. gardens. and culiivaH.'d citrlls },!wv(:.'s. Abundance: R-
U. March-Oct. RS north to Nevada. northern Nt'w Ml'xico and North
Dakota. Food: Citrus. Z(mlho~ylum and Amyris. Comments: Giant
Swallow1ails have followed cullivated cilrus (on which they afl'
sometim es a pest) into SOllthern Cil\iforni a. expanding their ran~e
over the pasl 40 years. Still expanding. tht., species invaded the Los
Angeles area in 1998.
 SWALLOWTAILS • 45

7 Giant Swallowtail 8 Giant Swallowtail

4 6 • SWALLOWTAI LS

"Black" Swallowtails
Four species in the "black" swallowtail group arc found in the West-Black Swa l·
lowta il, Old World Swallowtail, Anise Swallowtail. and Indra Swallowtail-and
they can be extremely diffit"'1lit to separate, ('ven when seen wel l. The width of t he
ydJow posIDleruan band varies on all fou r speacs, varying from very narrow [0 very
w ide (see page 48 ).
Black Swallowtail Papilio potyxenes
Abdomen has two or three rows of yellow spots with some visible from
Ihe top. Black SpOt a t the HW outer angle either small and centered nr
reaching the inner margin of the lIW. FW marginal yeUow spots tend to
be rounded (flattened distally in other species). Above, FW median
spots arc fairly ~dean" basally (fuzzy in Haird's and Anise due to
encroaching black scales). 13t>low, the postIlledian spotband has at
least some oran~e. Thorax "shoulders" usuaUy black. See pg. 48 for
'Oesen' Black Swallowtail. Habitat: Widely distributed in open habi "
tats and gardens. Alnmdal1u: u-c. West Texas west to SOUl hem Cali-
fornia-Feb.-Qo.; Nonhward-mainly May-Sept. Food: Parsley
family a nd less frequent ly citrus family. Cbmmf!"ts: Hilltops.

Old World Swallowtail Papilio mochaon

Abdomen has two or three rows ofyeUow spots, some visible from !he
top. Black spot at H W outer anglc reaching the inner margin of HW.
Below. pnslmcdian spolhand ycllow. Thorax "shoulders" usually yd-
low. "' Black" form individuals of 'Baird's' Old World Swallow!ail pre-
domi nate south of central Utah-Colorado. Sec pg. 48 for ycllow fomls.
Habitat: Arid and scmi-arid hills-prairie to Opt.'1l wood land. Ab,m·
dance: R-U . Mainly M ay~Junc, mid July- Sept. Food: Wild ta rragun.
Com rtlent~: I·W hops. Isolatf.'d popu lation in San Bl'mardill() Mlns. of
southern California.

Anise Swallowtail (black form) Papilio zelicaon

Abdomen with a single row ofyetlow spots down the side. Black spot at
the HW ou ter angle small and centered. Thora>: "shoulders" eilht'r
black or yellow. See pg. 48 fur the usua l yellow form of Anise Swal-
lowtai l. Habitat: Open areas, including roadsides a nd dislurbed habi-
tats, from sea level 10 aboY(' trceline. AIJUl1da"ce: R-U (this color
(omll. One brood. May-July. Ma inly occur<; a long the ea~It.'rn edge o(
Rocky Mountains, south through Colorado. Food: Pa~ll')' family.
Comments: IlilJtops.

Indra Swallowtail Papilio indra

Shorl-tailed fomlS (most of range) a rc distinctive. Tails a rc longer fTom
sout h westcrn Col. south ami southwt'~tward Ihrough sou thern Cal.-
nOll' the mainly black abdomen, except fur a short yel low SpOi or stript·
toward the rear. Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes and hilhops. Abll"dallci":
LR-LU. One brood + partial 2nd for dese rt popula lions in We t ycars.
Man."h- Ju ly (main ly MarchI Ap ril- May in southt'rn and Pacific low-
landS, mainly June--early July farther north and in mountains). Food:
Parsley ramity, especially (omaliums. COnlrne"I.\": Hilltops just below the
lOps of hills and usually lands flat un tht: f:TUUlld, nOi on ve~cla t ion.

Spicebush Swallowtail Papilio troitus

Ma le HW with greenish "clourl. See BTB: East for illustration.
H
 SHOWN' , lifE SIZE SWA LLOWTA ILS • 47

1 Black Swallowtail :2 Btack Swallowtail 9

3 'Baird's' Old World Swallowtail 4 Black Swallowtail 0

--,

5 Anise Swallowtail. black form 6 'Baird's' Old World Swallowtail

7 Indra Swallowtail (Colorado) 8 Indra Swallowtail (Southern Sierra Nevadas)

4 8 • SWALLOWTAILS

Yellow-form "Black" Swallowtails

Th ree ur the rou r western "black" swallowtails occu r so metimes o r predomina ntly
as yellow-forms, wit h wide yellow bands. Like black-form "black" swa ll owtails.
yellow-form "black" swa llowtails arc often difficult to dist inguish from one
another.
Old World Swallowtail Papilio machaon
Black with broad yellow bands. Black spot at HW outer angle is bold
and reaches HW inner margin . 'Oregon' Old World Swallowtail has its
thorax and abdomen yellow with black stripe. FW yellow marginal
spots tend 10 be f1atrened distally. Habitat: Arid and semi-arid hms-
prairie. sagebrush steppes. to open wooci land Alnmdallce: R-U. Main-
ly May-June. mid July-Sept. Food: Wild tarragon. Range: 'Oregon'
Old Wo rld Swallowtail is found [rom British Columbia sou theast to
southeastem Oregon, westem MOl1lana and westt:rt1 Idaho . 'Baird's'
Old World Swallowtail occupies the remainder of tht: range shown
(with yellow foml indi viduals predomina ting north of central Utah -
Colorado, except lhat another subspecit:s occurs in southern Alberta
and Saskatchewan. Old World Swallowtail also ranges widel y in
Eurasia. Comments: Hilhop~ . Until recemly Baird's, Oregon, and Old
World Swallowtails were etmsidered to he separate spt:cies. Recent
DNA analysis by Felix Spl:rling indicate!" thaI Ihey arc besl considered
a single species-Old World Swallowtai l. 'Oregon' Swallowta il is the
state insect of Oregon.

Anise Swallowtail Papilio zelicaon

Black with broad yellow bands. Black spot at HW outer angle is small
and centered (set' inset to photo 6). FW yellow mar~inal spots tend 10
be flal!ened distally. Occurs with 'Desen ' Black Swallowtail only
a long the western edge of the Mojave Dese rl. Habitat: Generally dis-
tributed in open areas, including roadsides and disturbed habitats,
from sea leveilo alpine; senerall y ai>st'nt from dest'rls. AIJllnd.mce:
U-c. One brood in most of the range- April--early Aug. (with main
flight period of less than a month at any locality). l\vo or three hroocis
in Pacific lowlands. All ycar in the extremc south, mainly March-Sept
farther north. Food: Ori~inally used native plants [nthe parsley fami-
ly, SUdl as wild pa.rsnip; now increasingly using introduced anise.
Comments: Hilltops. Over most of the West. Ihis is the most com mOn
hblack" swa llowtail.

'Desert' Black Swallowtail Papilio polyxenes coloro

Black with broad yellow bands. Black spot at HW OlJterangle can be
smal l and centered or can reach HW inner margin . fW yeUow margin-
al spots are rounded . Although popuia lions in Thtc suuthwestem
deset1s are primarily yellow-form. black-form individ uals occur here
as welt. Habitat: Desen. Abundance: U-c. Two o r three broods.
Feb.-Ocl. Food: Turpentine-broom. Comments: Occurs west of central
Arizona. as indicated by hlack line on map. This bUflerfly is much
addicted 10 the red flowers of chuparosa.
 "HUWrY ' , lill "'U SWAllOWTAilS • 49

1 'Desert' Black Swallowtail 8 'Desert' Black Swallowtail

50 • SWAllOWTAILS

TIger Swallowtails
The boldly patterned tiger swallowtails are some of our most spectacular and famil-
iar bunerflies. Five species are found in the West. Western, Eastern. and Canadian
are very similar. replace each other geographically. and (along wi lh Mexican Tiger
Swall owtail) could easily be considered a single species. Hybrids occur where the
populalions meet. Males are shown. Above. females are very similar but have more
blue in the HW black border.
Western Tiger Swallowtail Papilio rutu /us
r ,'-.,. The top spot of the HW submarginal spotband is yellow. Below, the FW
marginaL band is more or less continuous and the black sbipe along the
\.l, HW trailing margin is wide. Habitat: Widely distrihuted in woodlands.
L
"\ d including su hurban areas, especially near watercourses. Abundance:
~ h Mainly C. Mainly June-July; but March/April- SepUOct. in Padfic
lowlands. Food: Willows, aspens and many other trees.

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Papilio g/aucus

The top spot of the HW submarginal spotband is orange. Below, the FW
marginal band is broken into spots and the black stripe along the HW
trailing margin is narrow . Some females, especially sOlllhward, are
hlack. rather lhan yellow. Below tht:~c lack the HW median orange
spOinand of other "black~ swallowtails. They usually retain a shadow
of Ihe "tigerN pattern. Habitat: Deciduous wood land. espeda l1y
woodland edges and wooded watercourses. Almndance: C.
MarchI April-Sept.lOct. Food: Cherries, tulip trt:e. and others.

Canadian Tiger Swallowtail Papi/io canadensis

r- ,,,", The top spot of the submarginal spotband is orange. Below, the FW
marginal band is more or less continuous and the black stripe along the

~
HW trailing margin is wide. Habitat: Deciduous and deciduous-conif-
'--\ erous woodlands and edges, including suburhan areas. Abundance:

~n
C-A. Mainly late May-mid July. Food: Birches, aspens, and others.
Comments: An avid mudpuddler.

Pale Swallowtail Papi/io eurymedon

r- Very si milar 10 Western Tiger Swallowtail, but paler. The ground color
is off-white to rich ochre. Also, abuve, the black bar in the FW cell is

~ '--\
wide. Habitat: Deciduous woodlands and chaparral in hilly or moun-
tainous areas. usuall)1in moist canyons with permanenl water. Abun-
~:n dance: Generally U-C bUi R Dakotas and soUlhem Canada. Mostly
Ma y-ju ly. but April-Sept. in Pacific lowlands. Food: Rhamnus, Cean-
otJlIlS, and olher Rosaceae. Comments: Hilltops more than other tiger!..

Two-tailed Swallowtail Papilio mu/tica udata

Averages larger than Western Tiger. Its night is more powerful. often
gliding with wings in a V. The narrower black bars on the FW above can
often be seen even in flight. When seen well, nole the second. alhei l
smaller, tail. HalJilat: Wooded areas, especially canyons and ravine ..
near watercourses. but also towns and parks. Abundance: C south-
ward, R-U nmlhward. Mainly April/May- Aug.lSepl. btu as early as
March in southeaslern Arizona. Food: Cherries. ashes and others.
 SHOW N . llr( SIl( SWALLOWTAilS • 51

3 Eastern TIger Swallowtail 4 Eastern TIger Swallowtail

7 Two-tailed Swallowtail 8 Two-tailed Swallowtail

 Whites & Yellows (family Pieridae)
These smalllO large butterflies are usually wh ite or yellow.

Checkered Whites (genus Pantia)

These are medium-sized wh ites with many black spots. They are widely distributed
and generally encountered.
Checkered White Pontio protodice
Below HW varies from largely unmarked (some males-see phoro 1
inset) to strongly veined with brown (or yellowish-brown, somelimes
greenish-brown) with females morc slron~ly marked than males. Sec
other checkered whites [or separation from them. Habitat: Wide-
spread in open habitats, including arid regions, agricultural lands,
weedy fields. and suburbs. Most frequentl y encoun tered in the low-
lands, but can be found on high peaks. Abundance: C (blll U in Cana-
da and R in northwest), Ma inly Feb.l March-OcUNov. Late 5tlmnlt'f
immigrant 10 Canada and the Pacific Northw~st. mainly July-Aug.
Food: Crucifers.

Western White Pontia occidentalis

Very difficult to Llis(inguish from Checkered Whitt:. Usually, Westerns
have more. and blacker, dark SPOIS (han do checkered w hites and are
a little larger. On the FW marginal black spolband. Western males
have a set of five or six spots, w hile Checkered males almost al ways
lack SPOIS 3 and 5 (counting down from Ihe FW apex). Weslern
females gcneraUy have dark gray markings, w hile Checkered females
tend LOward brown. Although. in g~neral. Weslern Whi tes are found
al higher altitudes than arc Checkered Whites, Western Whiles will
move lower in the fall. Habitat: Open areas, both natural and dis-
turbed. induding woodland openings, moun tain meadows, and areas
above treeline. Abundance: U-c. Mainly two broods, April-Sept.. but
one brood al high elevations, June-Aug. Food: Crucirers.

Spring White Pantia sisymbrii

'j" If the butterny stays still long enough (hal), note the narrow fW cell-
"\-< end bar-charaderistically notched in the center. Above, the FW has a

""i~~'- series of marginal black spOIS. Below the HW poslmedian area has a
whitish interruption of the dark veining. Habitat: Deserts, sagebrush,
dry rocky areas and coniferous woodlands. Abundance: U-c.
Feb.-April in sou thwestern deserts to April-June in Oregon, British
Columbia, Colorado and South Dakota. into Aug. at high eievalions
in the north. Food: Rock cresst:s and many other crudfers. Comments:
Hilltops are rhe best place to lind this bUllerny.

Becker's White Pontia beckeri;

Below, this is a gorgeous wh ite, with bold, bright green HW markings.
Note the very large black "box" at the end of the FW cell and the yel-
low veining below. Checkered and Western whites have brown or
gray (sometimes green~gray) markings below, lack the bold black
"'box. wand lack yellow veins. Habitat: Desen, juniper hills, sagebrush
steppes and other arid regions. Abundance: Mainly U-c. R in Sierra
Nevadas. Mainly May-June. Aug. (March- Aug. in SW desens). Food:
Crutifers.
 WHITES. 53

1 Ch&kered White :I ChKkered White <5 3 Checkered White iii

~ Western White 5 Western White <5 6 Western White 2

so Be<ker's White 11 Becker's White 2

W HITES

Cabbage White Pieris rapae

NOi e the one (male) or two (fe mal~) black SpOIS on the middl f' FW
and the horizontal black spot at the FW apex. Below, tht' HW is uni-
formly white with a yellowish cast. H abitat: Gardens, roadsides. and
other o pen disturbed areas. A lmndance: Mainly U-C but R at sou th -
ern edge of range. Contin uously brooded fro m early spring to killing
frost. Food: Crucife rs. Comme1Jls: This European spedcs, in troduced
into Ca nada in the 19t h cemury, is now perhaps the most ubiquitous
butterfly in Nonh America, and one o f the very few that causes some
damage to agricultural crops. A1lhough many people disparage this
species, beca use it is so (ommon and not native, dose observat io n
revea ls it to be 011(' of the most graceful illhabilan tS o f lht' a ir. Four
spectes of large white butterflies are rare slra ys to til(' Wesl. See pg.
297 for mOa' information about them .

Mustard White Pieris napi

Below, HW veins are usually outlined with gray scaling. 2nd gene ra tion
individuals are mudl pal er, oft en almost comple tely white. Above,
populations can be imma culate while o r have black spotS on the FW
(male I , femal e 2 ). Cabbage Whit e is not "veincd~ below and above
its FW apex has a horizom al gray/black spot. Habilal : Openings in
moist forests, usually coniferous. Abu ndauce: U-c. Mai nly June-mid
Aug. in most o f range; in Paofic lowlands. mainly May-July (bu t as
early as mid Feb. southward) and in cent ral Arimoa and New Mexi-
co, April-A ug . Food: Rock cresses, toolilwons, a nd othe r crud fers.
Commellts: Som(' Heal Eastern popula ti o ns (P.n. olemcea) (which
reach the West in Rocky M.o untain foothills of so uthern Albena) as a
separate species from western popu l<l li ons (P.n. marginalis) and both
distinct from Old Wo rld P. napi. More study is needed .

Pine White Neophasia menapia

Right is slow and floating. Both abov(' and below, the black fW costa
curves around to form a black cell-end bar. Hal};lal: Pi lle forests.
A lm lldtUlce: (-A. July-Aug.Jea rly Seplo Food: Ponderosa pines and
other Pinaceae. Commellt~·: Usually seen high in the pines, Pine
Wh it es have perhaps the most graceful. noating flighl of any bUller-
Hy.

Chiricahua White Neophasia ter/ootii

Found only in sou theastern Ari zona. Males resemble Pine Whiles but
thl' entire fW cell is black. Females have a similar pallern but are
orange. In High t females resemble ladies, but their fl oa ling flight will
lell you t.hey are- not. HalJita l : Pine forest. Range Extreme soumeast -
em Arizona (M!. Lemmon and MI. Graham sou thward ) and possibly
adjacent New Mexico, south into Mexico. A bundance: C-A. Mid
June-carly Nov. First brood peaking late June-early July, second in
OCI. Food: Ponderosa pine and Englemann's spruce. Commellb: The
behavio r of Chiricahua Whit es is Quite strange. One' week they'U be
high in the pines, then next wee k they'll all be a l ground level. Float -
ing do wn from the pines they sometimes smash into objects in rheir
way and when landed they sometimes fall over! Th e re's gOlla be a
fennentation so urct: here somewhere!
 SHOWN LIFE SIZE WHITES . 55

1 Cabbage White 2 Cabbage White 0 3 Cabbage White 9

4 Mustard White 5 Mustard White 0' 6 Mustard White 9

7 Pine White 8 Pine White 9 Chiricahua White 9

10 Chlricahua White d' 11 Chiricahua White 0 12 Chlricahua White <;'

 Marbles & Orangetips
(genera Euchloe & Anthocharis)
Below. both groups have arresting green, yellow ish, nr gray marbling. Orangctips.
with their gi ddy orange-tipped fl ight, are a prime reason to look forward to spring~
tim e. Marbles usually perch and nectar with wi ngs dosed; orangelips more fre-
quently open their wings.
large Marble Euchloe ausonides
Antennas checked with some black. Above, FW cell·end bar is narrow
and FW costa usually only lightly checked. Below, marbling is exten-
sive, usually wi th veins noticeably yellower than green marbling.
Ground color often buffy off-white. Habitat: A wide variety of open
habitats. including meadows. roadsides. fannland. and forest open-
ings. Abundance: C-A. Mainly May-Aug .. dept:nding upon elevation
and year. As early as mid Mardl in California (where:: there may be
two broods) and in the Great Basin. Food: Rock-cresses and other
crudfers.

,H\
~ n'"
>
\- \-l Pearly Marble Euchloe hyantis
Averages slightly smaller than Large Marble. Above with FW cosla
usua lly well-checked. Below. HW veins not usually noticeably yellower
than green marbling. Ground color is while. Ahove. 'Desert' Pearly
Marble (Jotta) has wide black celh'nd bar, 'California' Pearly Marble
'Caliromia' Pearly
(hyant;s) narrower. Habitat: 'Oesen' Marble in open arid regions in -
cluding desert, juniper-pinyon pine, and sagebrush. 'California' Mar-
1 hie in forests and chaparral . Abundanc~: U-Le. March-April in
southern deserts, Apri l-June farther north. and as late as June-July

\\ ~ ~ l
al higher elevations. Food: Crucifers. Comments: 'Oesen' Marhle is a

~\, :n
'Desert' Pearly
strong hiUtopper. 'Califomia' Marble less so. Some consider lotta and
hyantis to be separate species but. where they meel in southern Cali-
fomia. extensive hybridization reportedly occurs.

Northern Marble Euchloe creusa

See photo I inset. HW below heavily mottled with closely alternating
white and green areas produdng a striated effect often visible from
above. Habitat: Openings in subalpine coniferous forest. Abundance:
R. Mainly June-July. Food: Rock cresses and Draba. Comments: Bare-
ly enters the u.s. in Glacier National Park.

Olympia Marble Euchloe olympia

Antennas are white. Below, with marbling less extensive and without
marbUng at the HW outer angle and, when fresh. has a beautiful rosy
flu sh on the wing bases. Habitat: Prairies and ~rassy hillsides. Ablln-
dance: U, Mainly April-Ju ne. Food: Rock-cresses and other crucifers.
Comments: Hill1ops.

Gray Marble Anthochoris lanceolata

Below. nOle the aU-over brownish-gray flocking with a whitt' w1humb N

althe ccmcror leading margin. Above. FW with a sma ll black cdl-

end bar and very little black markings nea r the apex. Habitat: Rocky
slopes and road-culs in woodlands, from near St:a level to abtlUI 7500
h. Abundance: LC nonhern California and San BeTllardinos. mainly
R-U elsewhere in central and sout hern California. la iC Feb.-May in
southern California lowlands. May- Julle::IJuly at hi!!h el('valions and
in the nonh. Food: Rock-cresses and other crud lers.
 SHOWN \' , LIFE SIZE SfWWN LIFE SIZE WHITES . 5 7

1 large Marble Onset Northern Marble) 2 large Marble

9 Gray Marble 10 Gray Marble

W HITES

Sara Orangetip Anthocharis s ara

~\ Bright orange wingtips are unique in most of range (but st:c.: Dcst:rt
.l '- Orangctip, below). Females arc while or yellow, wilh the percentage

~l\ l
yellow females varying rrom population to pupulation, some.:times
over small distances. A suggestion of a white rayon the HW is usually
~'\ h prcsenl. Habitat: A wide variety, from desefi hills, to conirerous Jor~
csts. Subspecies sara in desert edge to woodland; su?!la in woodland
a nd sagebrush flat s; thocsa mainly in pinyon·juniper woodialld;jlliia
in ponderosa/lodgepole pine.: forest, Ablmdonce: C. Mainly om: brood.
SOllthcrn lowlands. Feb.-cariy April; Northwest CoaSt and Cascadt,
ranges. March-mid July; high mOllntain meadows, Mid July-mid
Aug.; Central Colorado. May- July. A parlial sc.:co nd brood along the
southern California coast. Food: Crucifers, Commem s: NOl a hitltop·
pc.:r. This spedes complex is composed of many populations through-
ou t the West, with at It:ast nine named "subspecies. ~ Reo,:ntly, some
have sllggested that there art' a number of species in the complex-A.
sara, A. stella, A. rhoosa, and A.julia. Thoosa andju/ia an: usuall~' darker
green below. Allhough sara and stella havt.' an elevational disju n.etion
between them in the Sierra Nevadas, Iht·y aptx'ar to intergrade
broadly in the Pacific Nonhwcst. The other "s r('ci~s " also ap~ar to
intergrade. Pending mort: clear-cut evidence. il is 1x:st to vit'w this
complex as a single species. Even if more Ihan one speci~s is involved,
it may be that Ihe above splits arc nOI Ihe most accura te reprcsc:nla·
lion o f reality,

Desert Orangetip Anthocharis cethura

Above. note Ihe wide white border around the FW apex. Bdow, mar·
bling is more coaitsced into bands than on Sara Orangctip and lacks
the white central gap of most Sara popu lations. Ground color of both
males and females varies from while to yellow-f!\lshed to bright yel-
low ('Pima' De-sen Orangetip), Females of 'Morrisons' Dl'st'n Or·
allge lip, found al the southern cnd of Ihe Californ ia Centra l Valley.
have heavier grcen marbling on the HW below and most lack orange
wmgtlps. They arc easily mistakt.'n lor marbk's but havl' blue·gray
eyes (marbles' eyes arc bright green). Habitat: Dcst'n hill s. Abun -
dance: C. Mainly Feb.-April in sou tht'm Calirarnia and southeastern
Arizona, LO mid April-mid May at fhe nonhcrn edge of its range,
Food: Crucifers. Commellts: Often flies with Sara Orangctips. Dl.:sert is
a strong hilltopper (not so Sara). flies with faster wingbeats than dol.:s
Sara, and averages smaller. Pima Orangelip is induded here.
Although sometimes treatcd as a scparall.: SIX'cil's, it complelely inler·
grades with Desert Orangctip in western AriZona and sou thern Neva-
da-the two arC hL'st considered as am: species.

Falcate Orangetip Anthocharis midea

The bright orange winglips of males arc unique in its range; females
lack the orange winglips. Note thl' hooked FW apex. Flight is fai rly
weak and close 10 the ground. Habitat: Open woodlands with sma ll
cruci fers. Abundance: LR -LU. Feb,- April. Food: Crucifers. Commellts:
Females usually appear a week or so later than the males.
 WHITES . 59

1 Sara Orangetip (sara) :1 Sara Orangetip (sara) d 3 Sara Orangetip (sara) I(

4 Sara Orangetip (stello)

7 Sara OrangetJp (julia) 8 Sara Orangetip (New Mexico) 9 9 Sara OrangetJp (thoosa) Ii?

10 Desert Orangetip 11 Desert Orangelip d 12 Desert Orangetip I(

13 Falcate Orangetlp 14 Fatcate Orangetip d 15 'Pima' Desert Orangetip

60 • SU LPHURS

Colias Sulphurs (genus Colias)

This group is not completely sorted out. There is much disagreement about the
number of species in western North Ameri ca and ahout which spedes 10 assign
some populations, especially in the Pacific Northwest. For example:, some believe
that individuals in a population in the Ocho('o Mountains of Oregon are Giant Sul -
phurs. while others believe that they are Western Sulphurs, or Quet'o Ale xandra'S
Sulphurs! The relationships amQng Queen Alexandra 's Sulphur, Cluistina's Sul-
phur, Western Sulphur and populations referred to as cofumbiensis, kraUlhii, and oth-
ers, are remarkably unclear. However. in most locations Ihe si lll £lrion is much more
straightforward. The Cofias sulphurs almosT never open their wings while landed
(the exception being females rejeuing males).
Orange Sulphur Colias eUlytheme
The most common. widespread orange sulphur. The mange wpside ca n
he seen in flight. but look carefully because s()mc individuals have
only a small orange patch. Below. tht~ HW usually has a double cell-
spot a dark smudge near the cellter of the leading margin. and at
least a few dark posIOledia n SpOiS. FW has an orange flush and also
oflen has a few dark postmedian SpOIS. Normally with lillIe or no dark
overscaling on the HW below. Female .. have pale spots included in
the black FW border and an' sometimes nff-white (see photo I ins«::l).
Habitat: Very widespread in open hal1itals. induding deserts, prairies.
agricultural lands. suburbs, and tundra. Abundance: C-A. Mainly
early spring-fatL but June-Sepl. in the northern portion of ils range
where it is probably an immigrant. Food: Alfalfa and other legumes.
Comments: Seems to hybridize Witll Clouded Sulphur in certain areas.

Clouded Sulphur Colias philodice

The most common. widespread yellow sulphur. The lemon-yellow
upperside can be seen in flight. Lacks any orange above. allhou~h
northern females often have an orang(O flush !O the FW helow. Below,
the HW often has a double ceU-spot a dark smudge near the cellier of
the leading margin. and at least a few dark IXJstllledian SIX1IS . FWalsp
often has a few dark postmedian SIXllS. Tht: inside edge of males FW
black horder (often visihle through the wing) is normally slightly scal~
loped. not straight. NormaJl}' with liult' or no dark overscaling on tht'
HW below. ('xcept on nort hem females. Fcmales have pale spots in-
cluded in the black FW border and are ~omt'time~ off-white. Habitat:
Open areas. including prairies, agricuhurallands. roadsides, and
alpine meadows. Abundance: Mainly C. but U in southern lnwlands.
Spring to fall. Food: Clovers and other legumes.

Harford's Sulphur Colias alexandra harfordii

Yellow above. The only yellow sulphur in Illust of its range (Clouded
Sulphur barely overlaps and is rare wileR' it does). Resemhles Cloud-
ed Sulphurbtll black borders, especially on the male HW. are very nar-
row. Flight is generally slowtT and higher than Clouded Sulphur.
Female is paler yellow and lacks included pale spots in narrow black
FW border. Habitat: Arid hills and canyons. Abundance:
March/April-Ma y. mid June-Aug. Food: Rattleweeds. Comments:
Separatcd by Quitt' a distance from other populations of Queen
Alexandra's Sulphur and considered to be a full species by some.
 SULPHURS • 61

5 Clouded Sulphur d 6 Clouded Sulphur Ii'

62 • SUL PHURS

Western Sulphur Calias accidentalis

Pale- 10 golden-yellow, above. Below, HW cett-spot is rimmed with
dark red , darker and set'mingly ~rawt'r" Ihan on Clouded or Orange
Sulphurs. Black borders on males of the California subspecies,
cilrysome/as (photo I), are usually wider and slrai~hter than on Cloud-
ed Sulphurs. Black borders un more northern malcs are narrower. FW
black cell-spot is often faint. HW wilh light bUI extensive black over-
sca ling. On IJ1(' HW a dClrk smudge near Ihe leading margin, and/or a
few dark poslllledian spots, mayor may not be present. Females have
indistinct black borders, are usually paler and occasionally are white.
Hobitol: Coniferous forest and included meadows. AbUJldollce: LU-C.
May- Sept.. mainly June- July. Food: Legumes, especially Larhyrus.
Comments: One of the only sulphurs comfortahle flying wilhiu the
forest. Sec page }03 for more information abo\!I This spent's.

Queen Alexandra'S Sulphur Calias alexandra

Ahove, males are yellow, remales ydlow or white. dep<.'nding upon
population. Below, HW is a pleasing, uniform, soft green . Most popu-
Jations have Ihe HW cell spot pale and with only a faint or no red rim
but populations in southern Be amI northwestt:rn Washington to
wes tern Mon tana (columbimsis) hav<.' a thin pink rim (some place
these populations with WeSTern Sulphur). Christina's Sulphurs (C,
alexandra christina) have varying amounts of orange above with yetto\\'
wing bases. Be low. HW is dull grecn-)Iellow with Ihe cell-5p01 red-
rimmed. Some place these populations as suhspecies of Western Sul-
phur or consider these a separate species. Hobitllt: Prairies. foothill
grasslands, clearings, ami Wt'l meadows in woodland; co/umbimsis in
open coniferous fores!. Abtmdmtce: U-c. May-Au~ . Food: Rank-
weeds and other legumcs. Comments: See page 304 for Illore informa-
Christina's
tion about this species.

Labrador Sulphur Calias nastes

Greenish above. visible in flight. Dull olive green hdow wilh briglll
pink fringe. NOie Ihe small white HW cell-spot with a pink border that
is strongly pointed distally. Habitat: Windswepi ridges and hilltops,
and dry aipin(' slopes. all above treeline. Abtmda"ce: R-U. Mainly
mid July-early Aug. Food: legumes.

Sierra Sulphur Calias behrii

Strongly greenish, both above and below. Note the green crown and
sma" white HW cell-spot without a pink border on the undt:rwing.
Habitat: High elevation moist. subalpine meadows. Abundance: l C.
Main ly mid July- mid Aug. Food: Dwarl bi1berry. Comments: Usually
easy 10 find in Ihe vicinity of Tioga Pass.

Mead's Sulphur Ca lias meadii

The striking burnt-orange topside is visihle in night. Below, the green-
tinged HW contrasts with orange FW disk and the HW border is pale.
ChriSlina's Sulphur is not so green and doesn't have a pale HW bor-
der, Hobitot: Alpine and sUhatpine meadows. Abundance: LC- LA .
Main ly Mid July-mid Aug. Food: Rail lewecds, clovers and other le-
gumes. Comments: White females are rare in must pt)pula lions, corn-
mOil in otilers.
 ,>HOWN I J I, lIf( ,>Ilf SULPHURS • 63

1 Western Sulphur 0 :2 Westem Sulphur 9

3 Queen Alexandra's Sulphur 0 If Queen Alexandra's Sulphur ?

7 Sierra Sulphur 8 Mead's Sulphur

64 • SULPHU RS
Pink-edged Sulphur Colias interior
'VI Above. males an.' bright yellow with the black rw border curved and
narrow (orten visible from below. through the FW). Females are either

~~\ l
yellow or while. with reduced black borders. Below. FW cell-end bar
is usually open. HW cell-spot is usually round. No postmedian Spots.
h Black overscaling is nOt pronounced and is lacking on FW disk. Habi-
tat: Blueberry-rich openings. often moisl. in coniferous forest. Abull -
dance: u-c. Mainly late June-Aug. Food: Blueberries.

Pelidne Sulphur Colias pelidne

Above, males are yellow with the black rw border curved and narrow
(ohen visible from below. through tht' FW). Female are usually
white (predominates nonhward) or pale yellow (more common
southward) with reduced black borders. Below. FW disk with black
overscating and HW also usually with pronounced black overscaling.
HW cell-spot often higher than wide. Habitat: Openings (roads. mead-
ows. shrubby areas. etc.) in subalpine forest and open heaths. AbulI -
dan ce: R-U . July-August. Food: Blueberries and winlergreens.
Comments: This spedes and Pink-edged Sulphur are very closely re-
lated .

Giant Sulphur Colias gigantea

Usually somewhat larger than other sulphurs in range. Above. males
are yellow with black borders that are usuaUy fairly slIaight and wide.
Females are pale yeUow (usually) or white. with much reduced black
borders or none at aU. Below. HW cell-spot is large and often elliptical
(wider than high). often wilh a small sa tellite SpOl above il . Habitat:
Willow bogs in boreal and mixed forests. AbundalJce: R-U . Mainly
July- mid Aug. Food: Willows.

Scudder's Sulphur Colias scudderi

t'- 1\ Above, males are yellow. while females are normally white. rarely
yeUow. Below, fema le HW is pale- to moss green, with distal 1/4 of

~ wing somewhat paler. Male has fairly uniform gray-green overseal-

ing. Below, HW cell-spot often has a trace of a salellite spot above it
~ hi' and is somelimes elliptical (wider than high). Besl separated from
Giant Sulphur by range. Habitat: Alpine willow bogs, from 9-12,000 ft.
Abundance: R-U. July- Aug. Food: Willows. Comments: Although
there are subtle differences in habital preference. average size. and
wing shape. this species ilnd Giant Sulphur are very closely related
and possibly shou ld be Ireated as one species.
 SHOWN l' t. LIfE SIZE SULPHURS • 65

1 Pink-edged Sulphur d 2 Pink-edged Sulphur 9

7 Scudder's Sulphur ($ 8 Scudder's Sulphur 9

66 • SU LPH URS
Southern Dogface ( olios (Zerene) cesonia
A large. bright yellow su lphur with pointed FWs and a bold black out-
line of a dog's head ahov(·. also visihle oclow. The distance from the FW
outer margin to the ""muzzle" of the dog's-head is less than 1/14 of the
wing width . The fall fonn o fl t'n has the HW helcll¥ suUuscd with pink.
Females are occasionally white and Iheir markings a rt' less bold.
Habitat: Open areas, usually dry. inclu di ng thorn scrub and agrinll-
lurallands. Abundance: C-A in three + brood areas. a ll yea r; R-U in
southem California, April-Oct.; R northward we'st 01 the Ireml range..
or the Rockies. R- U summe r imm igrant IU tht: northt.'m pla ins, main-
ly .J une-Aug. Food: FaiSt' indigo. Dalea. and other Icgunlt's. Cott/-
mellts: So distinctive 1hal it is idelltifiabk' from a car travelill}! a t high
speed.

California Dogface (olias (Zerene) eurydice

Above. maks are bright gold<"11 yellow wilh a violet sh('en and a bold
black outline of a dog's head. a lso visible frorn below. The distance
from the FW outer margin to the "muzzle" of the dog's-head is more
than 1/14 of the wing width . Females usually lack hlack borders and
resemble Cloud lt.'ss Sulp hurs. espt'cia lly in fliAht. Below not(' the
pointed FW apex and tht' pink ray at the base of the HW. Habitat:
Foothill and mounta in canyons ilnd meadow,. Abundallce: LU -LC.
Mainly April-May. lalte' Jui}'- Scpt. Food: Fa Ist' indig(l.

Lyside Sulphur Kricogonia /yside

Extremely va riable in both size and appt.'a ran(.T. Above. varit'S from
yellow 10 w hite with yel low patches. w white. Bd(lw. often distinc-
tively green with a prominently whitened vein running through the HW
and a yellow flush to the FW disk, bu t can he pale yellowish to almost
whi te withoUllb(, whit ened win. Habitat: Tropical allll subtropical
scrub. Abundance: C. Soulh-c('nTTal Tt."Xa" 10 W(.-'St Texas. all yt:ar,
mainly April-Nov.; U-C immig ral1l to ~()u l h(.'astcrn Arizona mid
July-Nov. Food: Lignum vitae. Comments: Often pitches u nde r leaves.
landing upside down .

White Angled-Sulphur Anteos clo rinde

Very large w ilh a powerfu l flig ht. Nnt(' tht" reticulatcd greenish -wh ite
underside with prominent vt.'ining and curved wing shape Thai dislin-
guisht·s angled-su lphu rs from phot.' bis. Ab\lvc.:. whirl.' with a hright
yellow pa tch on the fW_ Habitat: Open areas. Abulldance: R-U. IlTeg-
ular immigrant to southeastern Ari70na. mainly Aug.-Sc.: pl. Stra}'~ to
Edwards' Plateau and Wc:' st Texa:.. RS nonh 10 Nebraska. Colorado
and Utah. Food: Cassias.

Yellow Angled-Sulphur Anteos maeru/a

H\ r-
Very large with a powcrfu i llight. Simi lar 10 Whit(' Ans;kd-Sulphur
hut yellow above. Habitat: Op!;!n areas. Ab,mda"ce: RS. main ly in lale

~ !.ummer, to southeastern Ari70na; RS 10 San Amunio area. Food: Ca .. -

sias.
 .,H(lWN Lllf ')Ii! SULPHURS • 67

7 White Angled·Sulphur 8 Yellow Ang1ed·Sulphur

68 • SULPHURS

Phoebis (genus Phoebis)

Sometimes called giant-sulp hurs, size alone will usuall y suffice to distinguish phoe-
bis from other sulphurs. Like most pie rids, I hese butterflies a lmosl never open the ir
wings while landed-you'll need to glimpse their topsides in fligh t.
Cloudless Sulphur Phoebis sennae
This is by far the most common and v.ide!'pread phocbis. II has a
high. directional. sailing flight with characteristic lit-er, powerful
wingbeats. This spcdes can usually be separatt'd on the wing from its
congeners by ilS solid yellow topside (see pholO 1 inset). Males are
pale yellow above; females vary from orang('-yellow to off-white. Yel-
low-green 1O warm yellow below, males have few markings while fe-
males' more extensive markings includl' a broken FW postmedian line.
Habitat: A wide variety of open <;iluatl0I1s, including gardens, tropical
woodland, and thorn scrub. Abundallce: R-U southern California: C-
A from southeastern Arizona to cent ral Texas. Mainly April--Qct. Dc-
creasing immigrant northward, usually reaching Colorado by Junc.
Has strayed north to Oregon (once). Montana (once), and NOrth Da -
kota (once). Food: Cassias. COl1l1tlCnl:i: A strong migrant. in big night
years this spedes could turn up almost anywhere.

Orange-barred Sulphur Phoebis phi/ea

Above. males are yellow with orange patches on both the FWs and
HWs. Females range from yellow 10 while above, lack Ihe FW orange
patches, usually have rich reddish HW borders above, and ohen have
rich reddish suffusions below. Below, the FW postmedian line is bro.-
ken as in Cloudless Sulphur. Cloudless Sulphurs are ~t"Oerally all yel-
low. but some females do have an orange tinge to the HW oordcrs
above. Female Orange-barred Sulphurs usually are more richly suf~
fused with pink below. especially along the outer margins, have a
dear areajusl above the HW celt end SpOtS, usually have the FW cdl-
end spots smaller and less open, and usually have the FW line less
disjunCl than do female Cloudless Sulphurs. large Orange Sulphurs
art' all orangt' and have a straight FW postmedian line below. Habitat:
Tropical and subtropical scrub. Abundance: R immigram to west
Texas, RS to southeastern Arizona. Mainly Aug.-Nov. Has strayed to
Nebraska. Colorado, Nevada, and California. Food: Cassias.

large Orange Sulphur Phoebis agarithe

A very large sulphur whose males are bright orange above. Females
are either orange or off-whitl' both above and below (set' inset to
photo 6) . Bt'low, note (he diagonal. straight line on the fW (although
males can bt· almost unmarked). Orange-harred Sulphurs are yell()w
with orange patches above and have a broken postmedian line on Ihe
FW below. HabUat: General in open tropical and subtropical situa-
tions, including gardens and woodland edges. Abundance: R-U immi-
grant. June- Nov. Has strayed (0 Nebraska. Colorado, Nevada. and
southern California. Food: Legumes.
SHO WN liFE SIZE SULPHURS • 69
70 • SULP HU RS

Yellows (genus Eurema)

This wo rl dwide group of small ( 0 med iu m-sized bunerflies is most d i ve~c in the
tropics. The caterpiIJars of most species feed un legumes. Adults often ch<Xlse yellow
leaves instead of green oncs ror overnight roosting.
Mexican Yellow Eurema mexicana
Note the angted HW with small tail. Above. th~ ground color is pak
}'ellow to white with a dramatic dog's head pattern. Clouded Sulphur
and lillie Yellow lack anglt'd HWs . Other sulphurs with angl~d HWs
are orange or bright yellow aoovc. Habitat: Many types of open habi-
tats. Abundance: C-A, in arcas of three or more broods, all year.
Immigrant northward, U-C in areas of two broods; R-U in areas of
one brood. Everywhere mOst common in the fa ll. RS Ilorth 10
Wyoming, North Dakota, and Saskatchewan . Food: Legumes, includ-
ing Acada.

Boisduval's Yellow Eurema boisduvaliana

Nute the angled HW. Very bright yellow above. yellow below. Males
have a weilk dog's head pilllcrn; kma[es have FW black border simi-
lar to Little Yellow, Sleem' Orange has at [cast an orange flush on tht'
FW below. Linlt' Yellow is smaller and lacks angled HW and, below.
HW diagolltlliine. Mexican Yellow is pale yellow 10 white above. has
a more angular "dog's head on the FW above, and has a more pro·
M

nounced "tail." Habitat: Tropical forest and scnlb, preferring shady

situations. Abundallce: R immigrant April-Nov. RS to central and
west Texas. Has stra)'ed 10 New Mexico, Nevada. and California.
Food: Cassias.

Little Yellow Eurema lisa

Small and bright yellow above (sec photo 3 inst:I). with variable. scat-
teTed. smudged dark markings on the HW below. Note the two small
black spots at the base of the HW, Most individuals have a pink spot at
the HW apex. ahhough Ihis spot is often diminished or absent in
males. Some females haw yellow rl'piacc(l by white (sec photo 4
inset). Habitat: Dry open areas; .;trongly paniallO sunny situations.
Abullda" ce: C-A central Texas. R West Texas, Man.:h-Nov. A sirong
immigrant northward in JaIl' sumln('r. RS north to California and Col-
orado. Food: Cassias.

Mimosa Yellow Eurema nise

A slllall yellow, vcry brigh t yellow above, tha t usually flies within the
edges of woodlands. Black border al the FW apex is narrower than on
Little Yellow. Nott' the absence of black spots atlhe base of the HW.
Habitat: Woodla nd edg('. Abundance: R illllll igrant? Mainly mid
April-mid Nov. RS north to Kansas. Colorado and southern Califor-
nia. Food: Mimosa.

Barred Yellow Eurema daira

Small and weak- fl ying, Above, ydlow or whi tl..·. Millcs have a black
bar along FW inner margin-sometimes visible in flight. HW apex is
usually vaguely darker. Base of FW costa is whitt, or tan, UU le Yellow
is pure yellow here, Habitat: Open areas, often diswrbed. Abu,,·
dance: R immigram. Aug.-Oct. Food: Legumes.
 SHOWN }X lift SIZE. SULPHURS • 71

1 Mexican Yellow 2 Boisduval's Yellow

5 Mimosa Yellow d 6 Mimosa Yellow 9

7 Barred Yellow (summer) Onset: d courting) 8 Barred Yellow (winter form)

72 • SULP HURS

Sleepy Orange Eurema nicippe

This bunerfly is bright to dull orange above wilh black horders (St..'t'
inset to photo 2, cauglll by a rohberfly) . It me-. closcr 10 the ground
than does Orange Sulphur. with weaker win~beat s and is darker or·
ange ahove. Variable hc:low. nOlI:' Ih(' characteristic diagonal brown
markings on the HW and Ihe orange flush un Ihe FW. This spedes has
two seasona llomls and the HW ground ((llor below can be eilher
o rangc.··yellow or a dull reddish color. Habitat: A wide variclY 01 open
areas. Abundance: Central Texas W(.'SIIO southeastern Arizona. C-A,
all year; Southern California. U-c. March- Sept.; one brood areas. R·U
immigrant. mainly June-July. RS to SOllth OakOta. Wyoming and
northern Nevada. Food: Cassias. Comments:Thc name ~sl('epy " does
nOl rerer 10 this species' nigh I- which is Quite perky. Rather. the cell-
end ~POlS on lhe FW c1bove look like closed eyt.'S.

Tailed Orange Eurema proterpia

Very deep orange above (see photo 4, uppersidt" visible through tear
in the HW) . 1\vo (oons. one tailed and highly reticulated with brown
below (wimer· dry season); lhe mher with HW sharply angh.."<I. but
nm tailed, and unmarked orange below. Born lack a FW cell-end bar.
Sleepy Orange has less angled HW and has a black SpOt at the end or
the FW rell . Habitat: Tropical woodlands and thorn scrub. Abu,,·
dance: C· A lale summer immigrant (influx varies yearly) . RS north 10
Kansas. non hern New Mexico and nurthern Arizona . Food: CaSSias.
Comments: The twO seasonal [Oml!. are so di Hercm lhat . at ont" lime,
they were thought 10 be two spedes.

Dina Yellow Eurema dina

Dina Yellows art' larger and mort' oTange· nushcd than arc litlle Yd·
lows. Males are bright orange-yellow wilh a vcry narrow black FW
border. Females are yellow wilh an orange flush. Below. note Ihe
pinkish-brown FW apex and Ihe dark spot within the HW cell. lillie Yel-
low lacks a pinkish p.1tch on the FW apex and the dark spot in the
HW cell. Habitat: Brushy wood~ and thorn scrub, preft'rring shady
Situations. Abundance: R immigrant . mainly mid Aug.-mid Sept.
Food: Simaro ubaCt:ae.

Dainty Sulphur Nathalis iole

A ti ny sulphur, more greenish-yellow above than Litlle Yellow, with
Uight very low 10 Ihl' ground. Below. nOle the dark greenish HW and
th e black spots on the FW submarginal area . Habitat: A wid(' variet y
or open habitals. rrom desert 10 prairie tu open wood land. Abun·
dance: U-A. mainly C eastward and 5(lulhward (areas .. hown as three
broods). Decreasing immigram (ma inly lale summer and raIl) north-
wa rd and west ward. lias "'!fayed 10 Saskatchewan (one record). Mon-
tana, Idaho. and Washington. Food: Aster family.
 SHOWN ')X lIF[ Sill SULPHURS • 73

1 Sleepy Orange 2 Sleepy Orange (winter)

3 Sleepy Orange 4 Tailed Orange (summer form)

7 Dina Yellow 9 8 Dainty Sulphur Onset: male courting)

74 • COPP ERS

Gossamer-wings (family Lycaenidae)

This is a very large worldwide family of butterflies consisting. in the West. of cop~
pers. hairstreaks, and blues. Most species arc quill" small, although a few tropical
hairslreaks are larger than an American lady. Many gossalller~wings are mym1e~
CQphilous (ant-loving). The caterpillars secrete a . . honey-dew" from special glands
that attracts cenain species of ants. These ants then "{cnd" the caterpillars to obtain
the "honey~dew," helping to protect them from predator species. The caterpillars of
many gossamer-wings feed on nower parts.

Coppers (subfamily Lycaeninae)

The 16 Nonh American species are a treasure to be milled- I his group is a favorite
of many butterily enthusiasts. The vicinity of Tioga Pass in, and just cast of,
Yosem ite Nati o na l Park is a great plan.' to find coppl' rs. This region boasts of possi ~
bly the greatest diversi ty of coppers of any site in the world- with exceptional good
fortune it might be possible to find 10 species in a single day (I've seen seven spedes
here in a single day).
Gray Copper Lycaena diane
fj A very large copper. Bt.'low, gray with hlack spots and a prominent.
wide red~orange HW marginal band . Bronze Copper (pg. 79) has an

~ '-I.
orange FW disk. Acadian Hairstreak (pg. 89 lacks hlack SPOlS on HW
base and is mudl smaller. Above, gray. Habitat: Areas with an abun-
~n dance of dock. including moist meadows. field s and grasslands. I'oad~
side di tches, edges of ponds and streams. Ab,mdance: U-Le. j\·tid
June-July nonh 10 the Dakolas, Jul~'-mid Aug. in SaskalChewan anel
Alberta. Food: Broad dock, and olher do<:ks.

Edith's Copper Lycaena editha

Smaller than Great or Gra}1Coppers. Below, gray HW with large irreg-
ularly-shaped brownish blotches usually outlined by black. HW with-
out a shon tail. Females above are very simi lar to female Great
Coppers. Edith's usually have more orange than female Great Cop-
pers, have FW fringe s checkered (Great Coppers usually unchecked),
and lack a "tail." Habitot: Varied, including moist mOllmain mead~
OWS, openings in coniferous woodland, and moisl areas in sagebrush
steppes. Abundance: C~A. June-Aug. Food: Dock~ and horkelias have
been reponed.

Great Copper Lycaena xanthaides

A very large copper. Below, gray HW with darker gray to black spo ts.
HW usually with a small "tail. Gorgon Copper (pg. 79) has a HW sub-
N

marginal band of red- orange spot s. Habitat: Chaparral. dry grass-

lands, grassy hillSides and opt::n fields. Ablll1dauce: LU-C. Mainly
May- June in the California coaslal IQwlanrls (but as early as late
April). mainly June-July at hjgher elevations, and intu early Aug. in
Oregon. Food: Docks. Comments; Distribution very spour within
range shown.
 SHOWN 11 ) LIfE SIZE COPPER S • 75

1 Gray Copper :2 Gray (opper 0 Onset iii )

5 Great Copper 6 Great (opper d

7 Edith's Copper 9 8 Great Copper iii

76 • COPPERS

American Copper Lycaena phlaeas

• Below. FW is orange with bold black spots; HW is gray wilh smaller
black spots. Red~orange subma rgina l line usually bordered inwardly
by a pale- pink aurora. Lacks black spots al HW apt-x that Lustrous
Copper has. Above. FW greasy }'ellow-orange (Alberta-Montana) 10
red-orange. HW wilh wide margina l red-orange band. Female Bronze
Copper (pg. 79) is much larger and has an extra black SpOt at FW
base. Habitat: High meadows. trails and rocky areas above or near
treeline. Abundallce: LR. July-early Sept. Also, ind ividua ls of the
Eastern lowland population have been reponed from western N~­
braska, eastern Colorado. and western South DakOla. Food: Docks
and sorrels. Commellts: A Jew people stale. as/act, Ihal easlern popu -
lations are non-native. This is misleading. aI best. because there is
almost no information in support of Ihis conjecture.

Lustrous Copper Lycaena cupreus

Below, FW is orange with bold black spots; HW is gray with bold black
spots. Note the IwO black spots at the HW apex. Only American and
Bronze Coppers (see pg. 79) also have a combina tion of orange FW
and gray HW with black SpOIS. Bronze Coppers have a different
range, are much larger, and have a wide red~orange HW submarginal
band. Above, fiery red ~orange male with black borders Is unique. Fe·
male is similar bll1 duller wilh bolder black spots. Similar female
Ruddy (pg. 81). Lilac·bordered Coppers (pg. 82) and some Purplish
Coppers (pg.B3) have a black spot above the FW inner margin thai fe -
male Lustrous Coppers lack. Habita,: Mainly moderate to high eleva-
tion forest ope nings and meadows in Ca lifornia and western Oregon,
mainly rockslides and high mountain meadows elsewhere. Abrm·
dance: C. California Sierra Nevadas: R·U elsewhere. Main ly July- Aug
but also June in California and lower elevations in Ort::gon. Food:
Docks and sorre ls. Comme"I.~: While traveling on horseback in the
high Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. I espied a ma le in a small
mt::adow of perhaps half all aCTt::. Oil my return back through the
meadow, the gleam of a perching male again caught my eye. Think-
ing Ihal the meadow must be full of Lustrous Coppers. I dismounted
10 photograph them. A thorough search revealed thatlhere was but a
single individual in the enl ire meadow. LUSlrOUS Coppers certainly
are standouts!

Tailed Copper Lycaena arota

Tailed. Above, ma les var\' from brown to weakly iridescent purple.
Females have a dark tria ngular patch in the middle of the FW. Habi-
.~" tat: Most frequently encoumered along streamsides and other water~
~ V cou rses through foothill woodlands. but also jn chaparral and oak
~\ :he openings. sagebrU Sh steppes, and high mountain meadows. Abtm·
dance: Mainly U·c. occasionaJ ly A. Mainly May-June in lowland Cal·
ifornia; Ju ly-Sept. at higher elevations. Food: Gooseberries.
Comments: Males, which emerge berore fe ma les, perdl higher, from
about twO feet 10 12 fee l. tha n do other coppers.
 SHOWN l' , l l f ( <,1[[ CO PP ER S • 77

1 American Copper 2 American (opper

3 Lustrous (opper 4 Lustrous (opper d

7 Tailed (opper 0- 8 Tailed (opper ..,

78 • COPPERS

Gorgon (opper Lycaen a gorgon

A large copper. In night. Ihe dark uppcrside strongly contraslS wilh
the pale gray underside. Below. Ih(' prominenl HW submarginal red·
orange band of separated spots is characteriStic. Male above i!l dull in-
descem purple. wilh no black spouing or FW cell-end bars. Tailed
Copper (pg. 77) is dull iridt"sct"nI purplc bUI has lails. Olher male cop-
pers wilh purple have black FW ccJ l· end bars. Habitat: Many dr)"
open silualions. mainly in fool hills. including canyons through chap-
arral. grassy hillsides. and rocky oUlcrops. Abundance: U-c. Mainly
May- June; as early as April in San Diego Co .• California; June- mid
July/early Aug. in Ihe mountains a nd in Oregon. Food: Nahd buck-
wheat and elongate buckwheal.

Bronze (opper Lycaena hyllus

A large. floppy-flying coppcr. Ahhnugh in a piaure il closely resem-
bles an American Copper (below and female above. pg. 77). when en ·
counlered in Ihe field there is no doubt about its identity. Tht:" logical
flip side of Ihis io; Ihat if you arc in doubt of a butlerny's identity. it is
nOI Ihis species. Bctow. nOTe The pale. almost white ground color. the
orange FW disk. and tht' broad marginal HW orange band. Above,
males arc purple with orange lints. whi le It'ma les have Iheir ground
color paler yellowish -orange . Gray COPPC:-TS (pg. 75) are gray above
and lack Ihe orange FW disk helm..... HalJitat: Low Wt't mead-
ows/ marshes. especially in river flood plains. Abunda nce: LR -LU .
Mostly Junc-carly July. Aug.--early Sept. In Kamas and parts of Ne·
braska, mid Ma)·- Sepl. Possibly only one brood in the Cypress Hills of
Saskatchewan. early Ju(y--early Au~ . Brnod emergenccs appear 10 be
more erratic than most butterflies. Food: Water dock and curled duck.
Comme"ts: Only recently found in nonheastt'rn New Mexico.

Hermes (opper Lycaena hermes

~i\ Rare and local. Note the FW with extensive yellow contrastinR with Iht
dull HW with small tails. Males and ft'males are similar. buticlllalcs
are nor quite as brigfu. The bright yellow underside is unique. Female
TaiJed Coppers (pg. 77) have a dark trianglc in the middle of the FW
above and have orange nn the HW. Some female Gorgon Coppers
(much larger than Hermes Coppt'rs) have orange on thc FWand
nonc on the HW but the o range pat ch on the FW is nol cohcsive. as
in Hermes Copper, and Ihere arC no tails. Habitat: Scrub and chapar·
ral. Abm,dallu: LR. Onc brood, mid Ma)'- mid July. usually with a
peak around the third week of June. Food: Redberry. Comments: Ex -
tremely restricted geographically, [his o;pecil~ appears 10 be in a seri-
ous decline. In Ihe United Stales it is found only in San Diego Co.
California. nonh to Fallbrook and l'aSI to Descanso. In adjacent Baja
California il is loulld soulh to Samn Tomas. This bUIlt'rfly needs the
help o( rriends.
 SHOWN 11 1 LIFE SIZ£ COPPERS • 79

1 Gorgon (opper :2 Gorgon (opper d

5 Hermes (opper 6 Bronze (opper d

7 Hermes (opper 8 8ronze (opper 9

80 • CO PPERS

Ruddy Copper Lycaena rubidus

Below. off-white with very limited markings on (he HW and an
orange flush on FW disk. Males above, with their all-over bright or-
ange with purple highlights. art' an easy call. Most females are orangt'
as shown. but some are a dull gray-brown. Note the unchecked.
bright white fringes and narrow black marginal border of females.
Other similar females lack this combination. except perhaps the
smaller female lustrous Copper, which lacks a black spOt at tilt, FW
base near the inner margin Ihal this spedes has. Habitat: Muist
meadows. slreamsides. and other open moist areas in arid country.
Abundance: LC-A over most of range, LR attht, t'astern and northt'm
edges. Mid May-Aug. Mainly June al low to moderate elevations.
Mainly july-Aug. at higher elevations and from Montana north into
Alberta and Saskatdlt.~wan. Food: Docks. Comments; Malt'S ohen
perch in depressions or ditches. An isolated population. 'Ferris'
Ruddy Copper. inhabits tl1e White Mountains of Arizona. Some con-
sider this popula tion to be a distinct species. To my eyes th,,--'Se coppers
look very similar 10 Ruddy Coppers (ound elsewhere and they occur
in exactly the same type of habitat we t meadows. [avored by other
populations of Ruddy Coppers.

Blue Copper Lycaena heteronea

Below. ground color is nearly white with HW spotting varying £rom
essentially absent to more strongly bJack-marked than the individual
in photo 7. BOisduval's Blues overlap in size and can appear very sim-
ilar (see inset photo 7 and pg. 121). Most are grayer below. with
white rings around th(' HW black spots. and WiLh a pronounced sub-
marginal spothanc1 that Bille Coppers lack. Blut" Coppers hav/: a black
spot within I h~ FW c~1I (of len obscur~d by the HW-as in tht' individ-
ua l in photo 7) that Boisduva l's Blues lack. Females almost always
have noticeable blue al the hase of the HWs, with the ground color
varying from tawnier than shown. to as shown, toa dull blue. Above.
males usually with marked black veining on bright blue wings. Habi-
tat: Sag~brush steppes. dry hillsides. barren rock outcrops, and moun-
tain meadows. Abtmdallce: Mainly C-A, LR in southern CaJi(ornia.
June-early Sept.: June- July in lowlands. mainly July-Aug. at higher
elevations and farther north. Food: Buckwhea ts. Comments: Males
will often return 10 the same perch after being disturbed. with a rJighl
Ihat is faster and mort' powerful than a bluc·s. Ruddy and Blue Cop-
pers ar~ closely rdated.
 SHOWN 1 ,llf( '>IIl COPPERS • 81

7 Blue (opper Onset.: 8olsduval's Blue) B Blue Copper &

82 • COPPERS

Purplish Copper Lycaena helloides

Below, with light gray-lavender HW. whost.' black spo lli n~ is weak and
with a thi n. red-orange zig7.ag marginal li ne. Ahovt.'. females wilh
very variable amount o f orange. from almost nullt,' til l'Xlellsive, aIld
with HW submarginal o ra nge line sumetimes much mort.' developed
than on individual shown. lilac-bordl'rl'd Copper is twn-tonoo.
below. American Copper (pg. 77. raft' in Wl'St) has a brigh l orange
FW disk. below. Habitat: A greal variety ur open moiSI situations, of-
ten disturbed, frum sea levelte high elevations. Abundance: C.
1Wo-thrcc broods most locat ions. Apri I/May- Sept.JOct.; Olle brond
high elevations. June-Aug. Food: Docks and knot weeds. Commen ts:
Some high-elt'va tion pupulations in th t' Rocky Mountains have malt."(
wit h grea tly reduced I-I W n 'd-orange ba nds and very wide black FW
borders. The correct lrc:almen l of these popula tions is uncertain. indi-
viduals in lhese populatiuns closely resemble Dorcas Coppers. a spe-
des found main ly north and eaO;I nr fhe area cuverl-d in this guide,
and some people Irealthese pUJlulafiOils as Dnrcas Coppers.

Lilac-bordered Copper Lycaena nivalis

Below, HW with a two-toned appearance. yeUuw i.nwardly, lilac/pink
outwardly, thai is less pronounced in some pop ulations than on the
individual in photo 3. Ahove, females vary from as shuwn 10 quite
dark. Above. mail's are du ll to brilliam iridesCt.'lIl purple. depending
upon popu lation, onc's viewing angle, and th~ degree of wear of the
individual. Habitat: Mountain mcadows, openings in ponderosa pine
and Douglas fir furest. sagebrush steppes. Abundance: C-A. As early
as lale May at low elevations in Oregun and Washington, into Aug.
and ea rly Sept. at high elevations. Food: Knotweeds. Comments: The
beauty of fresh liJac-bordert:d Coppers is su stunning fhat anyone
viewing a fresh individua llhrough good binoculars is sure 10 hecome
a butterflier for lih:! Worn individuals quickly fade.

Mariposa Copper Lycaena mariposa

Below, ash gray. heavily marked with black SpOLS. illduding a HW
submarginal band of Inwardly directed black thevrons. FW disk orange
flu shed. Fringes with strong black checks. Ahuvc,:, nOle the strongl)'
checked frin ges. Tailed Copper (pg. 77) has a tai l a nd a rl'd -o rangl'
submarginal li ne at the I-I W olltcr an~ l e and lacks Ihe submarginal
black chl'vrons. Males art' brown 10 brilliam iridl·sct..· nt purpll'. dt..·-
pending upon populatioll. ulle's viewing angle, and the degree of
wear of the individual. Male Purplish Coppers have much more ex -
Tensive black spotti ng. Ma le U lac· bnrdt..·f(.·d Coppers have white. un -
checked fringl.:'s and a mort' ex tensive orangI.:' marginal band. Females
are simila r 10 Purplish an d Lilac-bordered Coppers hut have checked
fring~s. Habitat: Muist openings in con iferou s forest s. Abundance: C-
A. bUI R-U Cali£ornia Sit'rra Nevad<ls. Late JlInt:-Aug .. mainly
July- mid Aug. Food: Blucbt'rri('s.
SHOWN-{' I LIfE SIZE COPPERS • 83
 Hairstreaks (subfamily Theclinae)
The name of these sma ll but intricately pauerned butlcrflies is Lholl~ht to bt'
derived either from the many lines o r streaks thaI tend to appt:ar on the HW b<,,'low
or from the lIslial presence of fine. hairlike tails. Alm ost 40 spedes occur in thl~ Wl'Sl.
while abou t 1000 spedes of hairslreaks inhabit Central and South America. Many
species hav(' an eye-spot near the outer angle of the HW below thallends to attract
the attention of predators to the wrong end of the blllterfl y. The subterfuge is tlSU ·
ally enhanced by tails that resemble antennas. When the ha irstreak lands with its
head facing downward and its tails move in the air as it "'saws" its HWs back and
forth. the cHeel is complete. Many tropical species have this eye-spot paltem great-
ly developed. and it is not unusual to find individuals who have sacrificed the miss-
ing portions of their HWs to birds or other predators.
Most hairstreaks do not open their wings while landed and thus do not allow a
view of their topsides. except in flight (often difficult to see), when "sawing" their
HWs (see above) or by other unusual ci rcumstances. Exceptions include the scrub-
ha irstreaks, which perch with their wings open fairly frequently, Arizona Hair-
streak (and congeners), and Co lorado and Golden Hairstreaks. Colorado and
Golden Hairs treaks tlre also unlike other hairstreaks in thai they rarely visit flowers
for nectar. These lasl two spedes arl' unrelated LO the 1000 or so New World species
(which, together with a few of the Old World species, form a cohesive group). and
instead art' closely related to Old World hairstreaks.
Great Purple Hairstreak Atlides ha/esus
A very large, dramatically marked hair.areak. When it nics. ont' can
seC' rhe flash from the shining iridesl:Cni blue (nO! purple) scales cov-
ering t hl' emir<' wings above . Females have mort' rt.'Strided, non-iri-
descent. blue above. Below, both the FW and HW have large red spots
near their bases. Also note Iht' striking orangt.' abdomen. Males havl:'
an iridescent turquoise patch on I hc FW below thai lemales lack.
Habitat: Canyons and Sl rca msidt..'S wilh mistletoe-covered In~es.
Abu"dance: R- U. Southern Texas and Ihe Arizona and California
lowlands, March-Qo.; Rocky Mtns. and southern Oregon,
April- May, July- Aug. Food: MistleLoes. espedally on cottonwoods
and oaks. Comments: A moderate hilhopper. The origin of The name
~ Great Purple I-Iairslreak '" is hazy. But when this tropically oriented
beaury kisses Ihe sky with its brilliant blue topside. you will soar as
high asJimi Hendrix's music.

Colorado Hairstreak Hypaurotis crysa/us

NOte thc basal white stripe on the HW below. uniQul' among hair-
streaks in the W(.'st. TIl(' bright purple topside is slllnning. In males,
tht' FW black dia~onal band is rl'strioed 10 Ilt'ar tht' costal margin.
Male COppt'rs that art' purple aboVl..' lack the black palch al the FW
coslal margin and arc smaller. flabita l : Canyons with oak-covered
hillsides. Abundance: U-LC. Late May-t.'arly Nov.. but mainly
July-earJy Sept. Food: Gambel's oclk.

Golden Hairstreak Habrodais grunus

Note the unusual HW submarginal pale ice-blue lunules and the tan
legs, unique among western hail"Slreaks. Habitat: Dry slopes in chap·
arral and loot hill and lower mountain canyons. Abulldallu: LC-LA.
but R in Arizona. One brood. June- mid Sepl., mainly late June- mid
Aug. Food: Canyon oak amI chinquapin (in Oregon). Comments: Of-
ten crepuscular and besl found perching on its foooplant.
 SHOWN l ' '. LIFE SI7f HAIRSTREAKS • 85

1 Great Purple Halrstreak z Great Purple Hairstreak (caught by a crab spider)

J Colorado Halrstreak -4 Colorado Hairstreak

5 Golden Halrstreak 6 Golden Hairslreak

86 • HAIRSTREAKS

Soapberry Hairstreak Phaeastrymon alcestis

No te the strong white cen~end bars on bOlh wings and the double "W"
over the HW blue spot. Satyriu11I hairslreaks lack Ihl: double " W ~
wh il e Oak Ha in;l reaks and Gray Hairslreaks lack the cell-end bars
(and have only ~ingle "W·s ~). Habitat: Spar.;ely wooded areas wit h
thl' fuodplant. including canyon watercourses and hedgerows. Ablln-
da"ce: l U. Mid May-June . Food: Wt:'stern soapb~rry. Comments: Vcry
closely assodated with its caterpillar food plant.

Striped Hairstreak Satyrium liparops

Striking white lines are aligned to form stripes. Alsu note tht orange
/
cap on Ihe HW blue spot. Habitat:Thickct3. woodland oJx'nings and

~
·CPo
brushyedgt'"s. Abundance: R-lU. Mid J une-ea rl}' Aug., ma inly July.
Food: Wild plums and wild cherries. CommentS: Tlu,'re is a hcautHul
~:n violaceous sheen un newly emerged individua ls.

Coral Hairstreak Satyrium titus

~ 1'1: A brown. tailless hairslrea k with a prominent row of red-orange spots
but no blue marginal spot. Acad ian-gro up H ai r~lrt'aks have a lail.

~ ~
gray ground color and a blm.· SpOI. Habitat: Brushy field s and thicket
t'dges. usually nt~ar water. Abundance: U-C, cast of Cont inental
~ n Divide; LR west 01 Continental Divide. June-Aug .. ma inly Ju ly--carly
Aug. Food: Wild cherril' ~ and wild plums. Comments: A prize plum
Ih rou ghout much o f Iht" Wt'31.

Banded Hairstreak Satyrium colanus

~ ,\ t.L Quite varia hi e. Grmmd color varies from very pall' rwhite form"
F- mainly in nOnll\-Vl'Slern Colorado-insct 10 phol() 4). [() brown (pho-
\~ ['-I
IV
1(4). \() gray (photO 5). Spots of postmedian bands are elongated and
'""- almost contiguous and arc w hile edgt::d dj~ta1Jy. Habital: Prefers open
~ A
fields or glades. with nectar sources. wi lhin or adja«·nt to oak W()()(!-
lands. Abundance: LR · lU . Texas. mainly laiC April-t:arly June; Col-
orado. late Junc-carly Aug.; South Dakota IU Saska tchewan.
Ju ly-m id Aug. Food: Oaks. Comments: Esst.:ntiall}' an ('a~I('m hutter·
rty. this denizl'[l of oak wo()dland~ ('nter<; a li mi tcd area of lil(' Wl'Slcm
moumains Ihrnugh Colorado.

Behr's Hairstreak Satyrium behrii

A gray, tailless hai rstreak with black postmedian and submarginal
I~ SpOIS. Ca lifornia individua ls somt"what lighter gray Ihan individual

'"
~,
~
.vJo
h
shown. Fringe is uniformly dark. Desert Elfin is gray and taillcSs bUI
lacks black SJlots. Mariposa Copper has black and while checked
fringt· ilnd ora nge FW disk. Habitat: Rocky arid areas along foothil l
ridges and low moullIainlops. brus hy op('nings ill coniferous foresl.
and sagebrush stcpp','!>. Abundance: C-A. May-A uf: .. mainly mid
JUl1t'--July. Food: Bilt erhru!>h anti other PursiJia. Comments: Often
swarms along th (' easl slopt' of lhe California Sitna Nevadas and ttl(:'
Oregon Cascades. B llckwh('at s art' a top OCelar source::.
 ~HO W N }' • III f ",Ill HAI RST REAKS • 87

5 Banded Halrstreak 6 Behr's Halrstreak

88 • HAIRSTR EAKS

la..J.\ Sooty Hairstreak Satyrium (u/ginosum

Ground color is gray to brown. Spots, especially on HW are usually
ill-defined and, on HW. circled w ith white. Most similar II) Boisduval's

""" ~
'-
n ,Y
Blue and Arctic Blues, but lacks the strong FW cell-end black bar of
those spedes (some individuals do have a faint cell-end bar). Habitat:
High sagebrush covered slopes and plateaus: high mountain mead-
ows. Abundance: U- C May- mid Sept., mainly July- Aug. Food: Lu-
pines. Comments: Hilltops. Sooty is right! All the Sooty Hairsueaks
I've seen looked as Ihough they had soot thrown at them. even when
fresh.

Acadian Hairstreak Satyrium acadica

.
~\ Ground color is gray. Postmedian line is composed of black spots. Or-
ange marginal spots extend up most of the HW. HW blue spot is

~ l
capped with orange. California Hairstreak is extremely similar hut
usually with a darker, browner ground color. Note the position of Ihe
~h FW postmedian SpOI indicated in photo 2. On California Hairstreaks it
is closer to the submarginal spmband than on Acadians. HalJitat: Wil-
low thickets. Abundance: LU-LC. Mid June- Aug., mainly July. Food:
Willows. Comments: There is some evidence that this species is
retrealing northward, possihly dut' to global warming.

California Hairstreak Satyrium cali{ornica

Ground color gray-brown . Postmedian line is composed of hlack
spots. Orange marginal spots extend a variahle amount along the HW
HW blue spot is capped with orange. Sylvan Hairstreak has a paler
ground color, has less extensive HW orange marginal spots, and lacks
an orange cap on Ihe HW blue SpOl. See Acadian Hairstreak descrip-
tion for separation from that species. Habilat: Chaparral, forest open-
ings, foothiIJ and lower mountai n canyons, and sagehrush steppes.
Abundance: U-C. Late May- mid Aug., mainly mid June- mid July
Food: Oaks and mountain mahogany. Comments: Repons of this
species feeding on willows are probably rderahle to Sylvan Hair-
streaks.

Sylvan Hairstreak Satyrium sy/vinus

Ground color gray-whi te to brown-gray. Postmedian line is composed
of black spots . Orange marginal spots confined to near HW oUler
angle. HW blue SpOi without orange cap. See California Hairstreak
description for separation from that species. Habital: Willow-lined
watercourses. Abundance: LU-LC. In lowlands and foothills. lale
Ma y- mid J uly; a t highe r elevations, in Nevada and farther north.
July- mid Sept. Food: Willows. Comments: Some populations in Cali-
fornia and Nevada lack tails. The tailless California populations (Dry-
ope) have some limes been considered a separate species. In addition,
sOllle California willow-feeding populations, e.g., in Lake Coumy,
exhibit some Califorrtia Hairstreak- like features--such as sOme
orange over the HW blue spot- but [hey are pale wirh smaller, less
intense. black HW spots than on California Hairslreaks.
 SKOWN 2\ ! LIFE sin HAIRSTREAKS • 89

,,
: I

1 Sooty Hairstreak z Acadian Hairstreak

5 Sylvan Halrstreak 6 'Oryope' Sytvan Halrstreak

90 • HAIRSTREAKS

Hedgerow Hairstreak Satyrium saepium

Dark brown ground color. Strong postmedian line but underside
without orange or \'\'hilt' markings (exct:pt in Ulah~nonhern Ari-
zona). Often, but not always with characteristic pate ceU-end bars.
Bright orange-brown lOpS ide usually visible in flight. Habitat: Chap-
arral. open pine forest, oak woodlands, and other situations with
Ceanothus. Abundance: LC-A. but V in Washington and British
Columbia. As early as April in southern California, as late as mid
Sept.. nonhern California through Washington. Mainly July- Aug. in
the Rocky MOlllllains. Food: Ceanoliws.

Gold-hunter's Hairstreak Satyrium auretorum

Yello\'Idsh-brown ground color. Postmedian line absent or weak.
Fringe is brown. Note lilt" very short tail of male; tail of female is
somewhat longer. Cell-end bars are inconspicuous. Habitat: Oak-cov-
ered hills, chaparral \vith oaks. Abundance: R-lU. June~J uly. Food:
Oaks.

Mountain Mahogany Hairstreak Salyrium tetra

Gray-brown ground coioT. Note the white scaling beyond the post-
median line. Cell-end bars absent or inconspicuou s. Fringe is pale.
Taj! of mall' is similar 10 thai of Gold-h unter's Hairslreak male. Unlike
Hedgerow Hairsrreak, upperside is dull. Habitat: Chaparral. Ab,m-
dance: U-LC. June~July. Food: Mountain mahogany.

Ilavia Hairstreak Satyrium i1avia

Ground color light yellowish-brown . HW postmedian line with only a
shallow "W." No cdl-end bars. Submarginal bands absent Orange-
brown patch es above are somt:times visihk in flight. Habitat: Arid
hills and slopes covered with desen scrub oaks. Abundance: Le.
May-early July. Food: Desert scrub oak. Comments: Consideft:d by
some 10 be cOllSpecific wilh Oak Hairstreak.

Poling's Hairstreak Satyrium polingi

Strong whire HW postmedian line with a "W" over the blue spot No
orange cap on blue spo!. Submargin al bands weakly developed,
absent or nearly so on FW. The HW submarginal wbite spots do not
reach the HW lead ing margill. Habitat: Sparse oak w(Jodlands. Abun-
dance: R-LC. IWO broods? May-June, Aug.~Sept. Food: Gray oak and
Emory oak.

Oak Hairstreak Satyrium favonius

r----:\\ Strong while HW postmedian line with a "W" over the blue spot.
Orange cap on blue spot. No cell-end bars. Submargina l bands well-

~
developed with white spots reaching the HW leading margin. Habi -
!j'l. tat: Openings in and around oak woodlands. Abundance: R.
~ .~ April ~May at the southern end of range. May-June farther north.
Food: Oaks. Comments: Previously called Southern Hairstreak.
 SHOWN }1 , lifE SI/E HAIRSTREAKS • 91

:2 Gold-hunter's Hairslreak

3 Mountain Mahogany Halrstreak 4 liavia Hairstreak

5 Poling's Hairstreak 6 Oak Halrstreak

92 • HAIRSTREAKS

The correct understanding of the populations of butterflies I trtal ht're as Bra mble
and Sheridan's Hairstreaks is uncertain. S(T pg. 304 for more al}(lUI Ihis group.
Bramble Hairstreak Callophrys dumetorum
Most populations have a variable amount of brown on the lower por-
tion of the HW below. Populalions along Ihe cl'ntral California coast
are mort' intense bluish-green with white fringc!'> (viridis). Popula-
tions in the Great Basin are mo re yellowish -green. Populations in
Arizona and New Mexim have a rcddish -hrown band inward of the
usual white postmedian HW spots (apama). Habitat: Chaparral, sag('-
brush steppes, openin!!s in foothill woodlands. All1mdmlce: Southern
Calilornia. C-A. Feb.- April; Padfic Northwest. LU . Mid Avril- May
west of Cascades, mid May-June east o f CaSC<ldes through the Gre;]!
Basin; Rocky Mountains. U. April- June/July (as afjinis); depmdinl,!
upon eleva tion and latitude; Arizona. lU, June-mid July (as aflama).
Food: Buckwheats, Ceallot!zlls and deerweed.

Sheridan's Hairstreak Cal/ophrys sheridanii

In the Rocky Mountains, this spl'cie~ is relatively easy to identify
because its green coloration coupled with the st ro ng and st raig ht IIW
postmedian line is uniquc. With some populati()n s fan her west idt'll-
(i£jcalion becomes more djfficuh. Sheridan's Hairslrcaks have: the arc.>a
ncaf the inner margin o r the FW ~r('('n, while Illust populatiuns of
Bramble Hairslrcaks arc brown IheTe. AI high altitudes in Ihl' Calilor-
nia Sierra Nevadas and adjacent Nevada. 'Alpilw' Shc.'ridan's Hair-
streaks (Cs.iembeni) perch on windy hilltops. Habitat: Sagebrush
steppes and openings in ("Onifcrous foreSt and mixt'd fOTesls. Abu,,·
dance: Paofic Slales, LR-U. April- Ma)' at low-rnodcral(' clt'Villions,
June-July for lembert;; Rocky Mountains. LC. Marth-mid June. Food:
Buckwheats.

'Desert" Sheridan's Hairstreak c.s. comstock;

In the Great Basin and Mojave Desen. 'DeSt'n' Sheridan'S Hairslrca k
is fairly distinctive. wi th a \·v c!l-markt·d HW lX1Slnlcdian band tha i
blll~es outward, bUI intermedia[cs on:ur at [ht' eastern and nonilem
edges of its range, Habitat: Arid canyons on lower ~Inpes o r desen
Illounlains. Abundance: LU. Isolated {:tllonie~ within the range
shown. Mid March-carly May (peak late March---early Apri l) and late
Aug.- mid Sept. Food: Buckwheats. Comments: Sn:ond brood individ -
uals are nOliceably more ycllow·grecn than rirst brood individuals.

Arizona Hairstreak frora quoderno

Its green ground color coupled with its red-orange spots m<lkcs !hi~
species unmistakable. H.abita t: Mid -t'lt'valinn oal.; -wnodcd GlilyollS.
Abundance: U. March-Aug. wilh occaskmal individual s in Nov. a nd
Dec. Food: Oaks and CemlOII/Ils. COmm€lIIs: One nf the lew hairSlrca ks
to routinely upen its wings while landed. Both sexes vi!:.i! mudpud-
dies, while ma les oftl:'n perch UT' tr('es on hillt ops.
 HAIRSTREAKS • 93

1 Bramble Halrstreak (Los Angeles) Onset: Colorado) 2 Bramble Hairstreak (Arizona)

] Bramble Halrstreak (San Francisco) 4 'Alpine' Sheridan's Halrstreak

5 'Desert' Sheridan's Hairstreak 6 Sheridan's Halrstreak

7 Arizona Halrstteak 8 Arizona Hairstreak

94 • HAIRSTREAKS

Juniper Hairstreak Callaphrys gryneus

The intriguing Juniper Hairstreak complex consists of green·colored
and brown to purplish·colored populations. The non -g reen popula-
tions are shown on pg. 97. See pg. 304 for more information about
thiS group. 'Olive' Juniper Hairstreaks (c. g. gryneus) are immediately
recognizable by the two white HW basal spots. From about Austin
'Olive' Juniper
west through the Sacramento Moun laillS of New Mexico, these iIller-
grade intO 'Siva' Juniper Hairstreaks (e.g. siva), which lack the while
basal spots. Rarely, individuals of Siva are largely purple (farther west
'Siva' becomes brown). NOle the strong HW marginal blue and black
spots. All green hairstreaks but Xami lack these spots. Xami is much
yellower with pronounced outwardly direCled "carsN on its HW post-
median line. Habitat: An~l place with junipers. Abundance: u-c. two
brood areas, March-May, June/July- Aug./Sep t. (as early as Feb. and
'Siva ' Juniper as late as Nov. i.n soulheast Arizona). One hrood areas, mainly laIc
May- early July. Food: Junipt'rs. Comments: Throughou t much of the
West lhe commonest green hairstreak is 'Siva' Juniper Hairslreak.

Sandia Hairstreak Cal/ophrys mcfa rlandi

The beautiful golden-gn:en color of this New Mexican spedallY is
arresting. HW posbnedian band is white. thick, straight, and not broken
into spots. Note absence or prominent marginal SJlots or contrasting
color and the unusual thin black line forming a shallow pointed arch
past tllt' postmedian line. Habitat: Arid hillsides with Iht! foodplanl.
Abundance: LC-LA. Feb'/March-June; rare panial2nd brood,
July-Aug. Food: Texas bcargrass. Comments: Perches within Ihe bear-
grass, back I to 2 feel from the blade tips. Nectars eagerly at oeargrass
flowers. Ama7Jngly, only first discovered in 1960!

Silver-banded Hairstreak Chlorostrymon simaethis

Small but spectacular. Note the large. maroonish HW marginal patch
and the gray eye_The HW postmedian band narrows to a sharp point
near the outer angle. Habitat: Thorn scrub and dry tropica l wood-
land. Abwrdauce: R. Mid March- June, mid Sept.- mid Oct. RS!O
sou thern California, sOluhern Nevada (one record) and southern . .
New Mexim (one remrd). Food: Balloon-vine. COlnmems: will some -
times perch with wings open-above, males are iridescent purple,
females gray. In SOlTle years this essentially tropical animal wafLS
110nhward in numbers.

Xami Hairstreak Cal/ophrys xami

NOle the unusual yellowish brown-green ground color and the dis-
tinctive oUlwardly pointing "cars" on the HW postmedian line. Habi-
tat: Steep canyon cliffs wilh the foodplam. Abuudance: LR. Mid
Feb.- mid Nov., seemingly mOSI common in March. Food: Crap-
topetalum, stonccrops, and ol11cr suu-uleI1lS. Commellts: Males are
reponed 10 perch allhe bOlloms of cliffs which hold foodplanrs at
their tOps. If you find an aaive colony of this ravishing beauty, please
give me a call!
 HA1RSTREAKS • 95

2 'Olive' Juniper Halrstreak

3 Sandia Halrstreak (New Mexico) 4 Sandia Hairstreak (Texas)

5 Sliver-banded Halrstreak 6 Xaml Halrstreak

96 • HAIRSTREAKS

Juniper Halrstreak Ca l/ophrys (Mitoufa) g ryneus

Pleasc sec page 304 for more infonna lion aoom this complex.

'Nelson's' Juniper Hairstreak e.g. nelson;

When fn.'sh, mosl populalions of 'Nelson's' Juniper Hairslreak have a
brighl purple iridescence Iha l quickly fades 10 (lroWtl. The HW post ·
median li ne can be well-developed or almost absent. Habitat: Conif-
erous forests with the food plan IS. A/mndance: A. Mid April-ea rly
Aug. , depending upon location and yea r, mainly mid May-mid July.
Food: ill(cnSe cedar wil h some reports of juniI1en,.
' Nelson's' Juniper
'Siva' Juniper Hairstreak e.g. siva
i\ Brown tn purple popula lions are ex treme ly similar to ' Nelson's' and

,,- 'Mui r's' (postmedian line is pronounced and ext remely anglcd-simi-
Jar 10 appearance of individual in imet to photo 2). Habitat: Hilbidello
'-
\\ h r
'Muir's' Juniper
with junipers. Ablll1danC(': LU-C. April-May. Food: Junipers. Com·
ments:Typical 'Mu ir's' is foun d in Iht' Californ ia CoaSt Ranges where
il feeds on Sargent cypress. Sec previous pa}tl' for map of 'Siva.'

'Loki' Juniper Hairstreak e.g. loki

~\ 'Thome's Juniper Hairstreak e.g. thornei
These 1wo subspecies a re ex tremely similar. wi th a complicated and

~ L
va riable: HW patlcm of bluc·gray, green-gray ilnd brownish sca les.
Habita t: Hillsides and canyons with j un iper (I'o r ' Loki') or Tt.:cilIe
~ n
'Loki' + 'Thorne's'
cypress (for 'Thorne's'). A bundance: LR ('Thornc's') or LC-A ('Loki') .
Ma rch-April, Sepl. Comments: 'Thorne's' is known on ly from the
vicinity o f Olay Mountain on Ihe Ca lifmniafMexiro bOfl.Jcr in San
Diego Co.

Thicket Hairstreak Cal/ophrys (Mitoura) spinetofum

The strong white postmedian Line on the rich, dark reddish-brown
ground color is a unique comb inat ion eXC(! pl for Johnson's Hairstrcak
(tl lillo P<1gC). NUle lhl: white FW cell-end bar (somelimes (aim orabsell!.
especially in Cuyamaca Mtns.) Ihat Johnson's 1-IairS!rcak lacks. Blue-
gray uppcrside (rarely bright blue) can be glimp!'l'd in flight. Habitat:
Openings in conife rous fores l. Abundance: U-C in most of Rorkics, R
west of Rockies and in Alnerta. two hroods areas, March-A~.fSl'Pl.
(main ly March- April. Aug.) . One brood areas, May-July. Food:
Dwarf mist letol's o n con ifers. Comments: Call he found hilllOpping,
mudpudd li ng, and ncctaring.

Johnson's Hairstreak Cal/ophrys (Mitoura) johnsoni

Similar 10 the commoner Thicket Hairstreak. Ave rages larger than
Th icket Hai rst rcak. Ground color is somewha t duJJc:r and postmedian
wh.i lc line is less jlrominem with less of a ~w ~ ncar 1hI,.' outer angle.
Note the absence of a fW cell-end bar. Oranglsh·brown upperslde color
sometimes visible jn f1i~ h l. Habitat: Openings in conift'rous forl's t.
Abundance: LR. Mainly Junc-earl y Au~. l\vu hroods in sume lowland
areas (too small to show). March-Au~.ISept. Food; Dwarf mistleroes
on conifers. Comments: Very ra rely has a ~ bi}!~ year.
 SHOWN) llfcSIZE HA IRST REAK S • 97

1 'Nelson's' Juniper Halrstreak 2 'Siva' Juniper Halrstreak

S Thicket Halrstreak 6 Johnson's Hairstreak

98 • HAt RSTRE AK S

Elfins (subgenus Incisalia of the genus Callophrys)

Elfins are small. essentially tai lless hairstrea ks. They are often the first nonhibernat -
ing bU1terflies to appear, flying at the first sign of spring in the lowlands or just after
snowmelt in the mountains.
Brown Elfin Callophrys augustinus
Rich brown with a brighter reddish-brown wide marginal border that
tapers to a point at the HW apex.. Usually lacks whitt' on the FW and
HW postmedian lines. HW marginal line dark. or paler than ground
color. but not normally white. Habitat: VaTied. Chaparral. brushy for-
eSI edges Abundana: Mainly U-c. As early as feb. in southern Cali-
fomia and southeastnn Arizona, mainly May-J une in the mountains
and north into Canada. Food: Many, in difftTt'nt families.

Moss' Elfin Callophrys moss ii

Similar to Brown Eflin. HW reddish-brown marginal bmdl'T is nar-
rower and more defined than on almos! all Brown Elfins. FW and HW
postmedian lines usuaUy with white, often extensive. Many popula-
tions have a grayish pa!dl just bf'yond lh(" bollom half of (he HW
postmedian line. Tht': HW marginal line is nomlally al least partly
whitt'. Habitat: Rocky situations in mountains with the foodplanL
Ablllldallu: Mainly LR, but can be LC. Mainly MaTch-Apri l but as
cady as late Feb. in Pacific lowlands and as lale as June in high moun-
tains and Allx'na. Food: Slonecrops. Commellts: Some populations
are besl identified by assodalion with the foodplant.

Henry's Elfin Callophrys henrici

H~ Note the "'frosted" HW margin and lhe bold white marks at either end
ofthe HW postmedian line. Tail-like protuberances ar(" usually visibl(".

~ Habitat: Brushy woodlands. Abundance: U-lC. Feb.-April. Food:

Redbud and Texas perSimmon. Comments: West Texas population not
~ "X
as dark basally.

Hoary Elfin Callophrys potios

~' ') "I- A sma ll . dark. and dull elfin. NOle !he "frosting" on the FW and HW
L\

~ ..:n,. ,Y
~
~
margins. Habitat: Barrens, Tidges. and other areas with rhe food plant.
Abtmdance: Mainly LU-lC; lR, Oregon. and Washington. April-mid
June (bu! ~ hort flight at any locality ). Food: Bearherry. Comments:
~ Closely lied 10 the foodpJanl.

Desert Elfin Col/ophrys {otis

r-l rl
Muted s hades of gray. Eastern po pulations have the basal half of the
HW mOTt' golden-brown bUl lack Ihe reddish-brown or frosled bor-

~ L
ders of the other clfins. Habitat: Canyons and rocky areas. especially
in pinyon/sagelanrl. Abundance: LC-A. Latt" March- mid June. Food:

~n Cliff rose.

Western Pine Elfin Col/ophrys eryphon

~ ,\ SHmningly banded Wilh rich reddish -brown and black. Habitat: Pine
fOTest. Abundance: Mainly C, bUI R-U ill sou(h~rn edges of range.
~ V" May-early.July. Food: ·Pines. Comments: Milks arc.' aggressively tL'Tri-
'\ '\ r lorial. Rcct'nlly coloni7t'd San Francisco area using 0rnamcn!al pines.
~ n ;r
 HAIRSTREAKS • 99

1 Brown Elfin 2 Brown Elfin

3 Moss' Elfin 4 Moss' Elfin

S Henry's Elfin 6 Hoary Elfin

7 Desert Elfin 8 Western Pine Elfin

100 • HAIRSTREAK S

Eyes. Almost all western hairsrreaks have jet-black eyes. bu t four of t he five speck
on this page have gray eyes.
Leda Ministreak Ministrymon leda
A liny gray hairstrl'ak wi th a "pebbly'" appearance and gray eyes and
rust-colorc::d crown. Mllstlrt'quem form has HW postmedian lint:.' in-
wardly edged with red and. usua ll y. a red spOl in lht:' middle of thl'
HW Il'ading margin. "Willll'r" ronn has reduced or absl::llI red. Gray
Hairstreak is much largt'f. lacks · pebbly" appl'arance. and has black
eyes. Habitat: Arid region washes and canyons wilh mesquite. Abllli
dance: C-A in two brood regions. where it is rt'sidt:'nt. Mid April-mid
Dec., mainly late spring and late summer. R immigralll 10 rt-gions
shown wilh one brood_ Mainly May-June bu! also Jul y-Nov. J-Ia~
sirayc:d nonh to nonhern Nevada. Colorado, and Nt'hraska . Food:
MCS(IUilc~.

Gray Ministreak Ministrymon azia

Gray with "pl'bbly~ appearance, gray eyt:s, and prominl'nt HW fed
postmedian line. NOll' the red marginal lines on bolh FW and I-IW.
Even smaller than Leda M.i nislreak. Habitat: Thorn scrub. Ab.m -
dance: RS nonh 10 San Antonio. Texa!, area. and Wesl Texas. Food:
Ll'gullles, Mimosa subfilmily.

Creamy Stripe-streak Arawacus j ada

Its name tells you how to identify Ihis rart' visitor. Habital:Thorn
scrub. Abutldatlce: RS 10 suutheaslt'nl Arizona, possibly a temporary
r('Silk-n!. Found all yt'ar in adjacent Sonora. Food: HorSt'nettles. Com-
melllS: Occasionally pt:rchcs with wings open rcvc,)lin~ J jx)wJt:ry
blu(: lOJl~jdt: .

Dusky-blue Groundstreak Calycopis isobeon

Postmt'dian line strongly edged wilh red and with a strung ~W". Nott:.'
Ihal The space over the HW blue spot is completely filled with red-
orange. Above (visible when "sa wing" HWs ), I-IW is shining. irides-
celli blue. Habitat: Tropical and suhtropical woodlands. Abundance:
U. All year in sou!h-ct:'ntral Texas. RS northwest 10 southeastern Nl'\\
Mexico. Food: Detritus. Comments: This species is prohably conspedf·
ic with the very similar Red-banded Hairstreak (Caiycol'is {'('crops),
whidl probably ut:t:ur!o regularly at Ihe ca!ott:nJ bordl'r o f lilt, Wl'St in
Tcxas (sC:.'e 8113: East for photo). Records from Coloradu and
Saska tchewan are undoubtedly the r('su lts of mislaocling or of hu-
man-assisted movement.

Sonoran Hairstreak Hypostrymon critola

Note the curiously striated FW and gray cyt:s. Winter form is brown-
gray: summ('r fonn is grayer wilh red on tht· H W postOlcdian line.
Above, malt's ar(' brilliant iridescent hlue-purpk while kmaks are
gray. Habita.: Thorn scrub. Abundatlce: RS to southl'a:::.t('rn Arizuna,
appearing perhaps ('wry 25-50 years. Rt:cords 10 Jatl' ha\'t' I"i(,CIl
from May. Food: Unknown. Comments: Common in So nora, MC'xim,
within ahout 60 miles of tht· U.S. border.
 ,>,HlWN}1 Llff .,II! HAIR STREA KS • 10 1

1 Leda Mlnlstreak 2 Gray Ministreak

3 Creamy Stripe-streak 4 Dusky-blue Groundstreak

S Sonoran Hairstreak (WInter) 6 Sonoran Hairstreak (Summer)

102 • HAI RSTREAKS

Scrub-Hairstreaks (genus Strymon)

Of this largely tropical group of roughly 60 species. only Gray Hairstreak ranges
w idely north of Mexico. Another 13 species have been recorded in the United
States. seve n of them in the West (see pg. 298 lor Bromeliad Sc rub-Hairstreak) .
Un like most hairstreaks. scrub-hairstreaks will sometimes perch wi th their wings
held open. usually at an angle, but occasionally almost flat. Many. bu t 1101 all. have
a red crown. and quite a few have male~ with orange abdomen~. In the tropics.
scrub-hairstrea ks are characteristic inhabitants of arid thorn scrub and dislurbed
habitats.
Gray Hairstreak Strymon melinus
Ground color is usually true gray. sometimt:'S brownish. <'-'5pt'daJly
when worn. Prominc.::n LHW postmedian line usually has atlcasl some
ft.-d. often with strong red. sometimes without any red (photo 3).
N OH' that the large orange HW marginal spot is flat inwardly and
almost reaches postmedian Une. Has a "clean" appearancc due to tack
of cell-end bars. Males have orange abdomens. females gray, Habitat:
A widl' variety o f open habitats. Alllll1dalJc~: C-A. south central Texas
west through southern CalHornia. n}'ing almost all year. R-U else-
where. mainly March/April-Sept./Oct., but May-Aug. a l high eleva-
tions and latitud<.'S, Food: A wide varielY, Commelfls: Hillwps . This
widespread. common and variable sJX'cics is found throughout much
of Ihe tropics.

Avalon Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon avalona

Looks like a washed-out. pale Gray Hairslrcak . HW marginal orange
spot is very small. HW Postmedian line missing spot above "W". H abi-
tat: Can be found most anywiler(' on SalllJ Catalina Island. Abrm-
dance: U. Multiple broods. Feb.-Oct .. bul most common in March.
Food: Silver-leaved lotus. deerwccd and possibly buckwheats. Com -
ments: Found only on Santa Cata lina Island. off the southern Ca lifor·
nia COOst, Avalon Scrub· Hairst real... ha'l long oc'cn isolated (rom Gray
Hairstreak. its very close relalive, Gray Hairstrt:aks have recently
found their way to Sama Catalina. and it will be interesting to see
whether thcse specit.."S will hybridize extensively. one swamping the
other. or will develop mechanisms to maintain their genetic integrity.

Red-lined Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon bebrycia

Note the HW grayish-white marginallunules and. on til(' the FW. rela-
tively broad and dilluse submarginal spots. Gray Hairstrcaks lack the
HW pa"- Iunules and FW subma rginal markings. if pfl'Sent. are nar·
row and straight (likt- a sl'wing stitch). Habitat: Tropical woodlands
and thorn scrub. Alm"dalJce: R immigrant 10 Big Bend. Texas, RS to
sou theastern Arilona . Food: Balloon-vin{'. Comments: Best chance to
see this Specil'S in the Unitl.'d States may be in Big Bend National Park
along the Rio Grande River.
 HAI RSTREAKS • 1 03

1 Gray Halrstreak

4 Gray Hairstreak 9

5 Avalon Scrub-Halrstreak 6 Red-lined Scrub-Hahstreak

104 • HAI RST REAt( S

Mallow Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon istapa

HW with prominent postmedian band a nd two basal black spots
(sometimes the more distal spot is faint). Other hairstreaks lack the
black basal spots. Ceraunus Blues are smaller. lack lails. have exira
dark spots on the basal half of I he HW. and fly more slowly and less
erratically. Habitat.· Thorn scrub and tropical deciduous forest. Abtm-
dauce: R-U. Central 10 west Texas; R immigrant. southeastern Ari-
zona through southern California. March- Nov.. but mainly mid
Aug.-mid Oct. RS to Nonh Texas and Nevada (one record). Food:
Various mallow family plants. Comments: Our populations have bt"t"n
p laced as a subspedes of Strymoll columella. bUI recenl work shows
that israpa and columella are dislinct "pedeo; and that columella is
restricted to the Antilles.

Lacey's Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon olea

Looks like a Gray Hairstreak with very mottled ground color and very
irregular postmedian line. Note I he pale cell-end bars and the bold,
black. HW marginal spot. Ma Ilow Scru b- Hai rst rea ks are less motiJed
and have black basal spots on the HW. Habitat: Thorn scrub and
rocky canyons with the foodpJanL Abulldance: LR. All yea r. Food:
Southweslern bemardia. Commen ts: Of the species of butterflies resi-
dent in the West. this is one o f the most diHicult to find .

Tailless Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon cestri

Tailless. Note the falcate FW and the highly patterned HW with a
brown postmedian band and the black ey~. Lantana Scmo-Hair-
streak lacks the falcate FW and the black spots near the HW outer
angle and has gray eyes. Habitat: Tropical dedduous forest. Ab,m-
dance: RS to southeastern Arizona (one record). Fairly common in
cent ral Sonora. Mexico. Food: Unknown .

Lantana Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon bazo chii

Tailless. Note the HW postmedian band of wide, brown spots and the
brown spot in the middle of the HW leading margin . A white rayon the
HW is often present and the HW apex forms a sharp angle. So far as I
know. this is the only scrub-hairstreak with a gray eye. Habitat: Any-
place with lantana. induding suburban situations. Ab'lI/dance: U. in
Hawaii. All year. Possible. but unrecorded. st ray along the United
Slates-Mex ican border. Food: In Hawai i. lantana. Comments: Intro-
duced into Hawaii in a futile and misguided attempt to control lan-
Ulna. The only individUill I've ~en in lht' United Stales (oulside of
Hawaii) was at the site of the future NABA Butterfly Park. in Mis~ion.
Texas-during the groundbreaking ceremoniesl
 SHOW N 2\ , \Ifl Sill HAIRSTREAKS • 105

3 lacey's Scrub·Halrsmak

5 lantana Scrub·Halrstreak 6 lantana Scrub·Hairstreak

106 • B LUES

Blues (subfamily Polyommatinae)

Most blues can be re(ognized as bl ues on the wing. They arc generally blue above
(surprise!) and their flight is usually less rapid and erratic than hairstreaks.
Western Pygmy-Blue Brephidium exile
Tiny. Copper-colored above. Below. nOll' the four bold HW marginal
eyespots with irid<.'sccnt highlights. FW is strongly two-toned- pale
gray basally, copper-colored distally. Habitat: Arid country with salt -
bush or lambsQuarrers. Abundance: Mostly C-A in areas shown as
thrft' broods; R in areas shown as two broods. Flies all year in sotllh-
('astern Arizona and southern California; mainly March-Oct. farther
north; mainly Junc/July- SepI.lOa. in two-brood areas. Food: Sah -
bushes. lambSQuarters. and others. Comments: The smallest butterfl y
in Nonh America.

Cassius Blue Leptotes cossius

Its zebra-striping distinguish('s Cassius Bru(' from all olher
Western blues exct'pl the darker Marine Blue. On the FW below. note
that the 4th dark band in from the outer wing margin stops after four
veins leaving a while patch. Marine Blue has this hand c)(tending one
SlOp farther down tht, wing and so lacks the while patch. Habitat;
Subtropical opt:n woodland. A bulldance: R. All year. RS tu West Te)(as
and Kansas. Food: A wide variety. c!ipedally legu mes.

Marine Blue Leptotes marina

A zebra-striped blue thai periodically sweeps northward out 01" Mc)(i -
co. Above. the males are purplish (Qward the wing bast'S. Habitat:
Generally distTibuted in opell areas. Abundance: C-A near thl' Mexi-
can border. all year. btl1 mainly March-Oa. Decreasing immigrant
nonilward, usually reaching northern New Mexico ahout May and
Kansas in June/July. Food: A wide variety. especialty legumes. Com -
ments: Emigrates northward and eastward each year. (0 a very vari -
able extent very rardy reaching Oregon and Saskatchewan .

Reakirt's Blue Hemiargus isola

Below. nOle thai the FW has a postmedian band of bold black spots.
Silvery and Boisduva!'s Blues art- larger and lack the HW otHer angle
black spot. Habitat: A wide variety or open areas and open wood-
lands. AbuHda l1ce.- C- A, central Tl'xas weSI through soulheasTl'rn Ari -
zona. mainly March-Oct.; U-C elsewhere. Variable immigrant
northward. Food: Legumes.

Ceraunus Blue Hem iargus ceraunus

Small with pail' gray ground color. Notl:' the prominent two black
spots along HW leading edge . Olher blues alsu have spots here, but
they are not so promincnt compared to the olher HW spots. Habitat:
Low dcscrts to mid-elevations. Abulldance: U. All year along Mexican
horder; May- Nov. in Nevada. RS north to Kansas. Everywhere most
common late suouner/fall. Food: Many legumes . Comments: HW
outer angle eyespots vary from two slrnng l'yespots in Texas. 10 one
strong and 011<: weak cyespot in southeastern Arizona. to one cyespol
in Califomia.
 BLUES· 107

1 cassius Blue :l Western Pygmy-Blue 3 Western Pygmy-Blue

4 Marine Blue 5 Marine Blue d 6 Marine Blue 9

7 Reakirt's Blue 8 Reakirt's Blue d

10 Ceraunus Blue 11 Ceraunus Blue 0

108 • BLUES

Western Tailed-Blue Everes amyntula

Along with East~rn Tailed·Blue, the only western blues vvlth tails.
Below, note the small orange SpOl at the base of the tail. Fring~s are
unchecked. HW black ::opots are faint on some nonhern populations.
See Eastern Tailed-B lue fo r separa tion from that spcdes. Habitat
Various. including moiSt mountain meadows. chaparral. sagebrush.
poplar woods, and redwood forest. Abundauce: Mainly u·c.
Ma rch/ April-Aug .. depending upon elevation. latiTUde. and year;
partial second fall brood in the sou thern lowlands. Food: Legumes.
especia lly vetches.

Eastern Tailed-Blue Everes comyntas

Probably not separable without dissection from the more widespread
Western Tailed · Blue. Eastern males. above usually have some orange
at the base of the tail (bu t not always) while Westerns usually (bul
nOI always), lack the orange. Most fema le Easterns have lillie, H any,
blue above, while most Western kmales have some blut'. Below,
Easterns usually have a fairly prominent orange spot at the base 01
the tail. along with some adjaccm orange spots. Westerns usually
have these orange spots reduced in size and intensity. Lastly. Eastern!.
usually have the outer margin of the FW slightly rounder than do West·
ems. Habitat: A wide variety o f open hahitats. bUfl"Specially dis·
furbed lowland riparian areas. Ab.mdance: LR · LU . Continuously
brooded during wann weather. Food: Legum(>s.

Small Blue Philo tiel/a speciosa

FW with bold black spots. HW wllil or wltiloul postmedian black
spots. FW frin ge is checked. Tiny. Always lacks an orange submarginal
Une on HW (most Euphilotes popu lations have at least Some orange
here. see pg. I J 7). Sma ll Blucs have zero to two HW basal black spots
(zero on individuals shown). while Euphilotes have 3. Habitat:
Main ly desert gulches and hiUside!.. but abo known from mixed
chaparral-oak wood land in coastal Santa Barbara Co., Cal ifornia and
pine (orest in central Or('~on. just cast of the Cascades. Abundance:
I.R_ M .1in l y M .1T,h-Aprillwilr Ill{' I J.S.- Mf'xican horde-r: April-mirl
June elsewhere. Food: KnOlwced family. includi ng punctured bract.
Comments: Can occasiona lly bt- common following a wet winter,
absen! following dry willlers.

Cyna Blue Zizula cyna

Small. Pale gray ground color. Fringes unchecked. Note the whitish
arrows pointing outward from cell-end bars. the black spots at the base
of the HW. and th e absence of a black spot at th e HW outer angle that
Ceraunus Blue has. Spring Azure is larger. withou t such prominent
black spots. HalJitat: In Mexico, varied; often disturbed. incl uding
thorn scrub and oak·covered hillside!.. Abundance: R immigrant and
temporary colonist, May-Sept. Food: Reportedly acanthus family.
 BLUES • 109

1 Western Talled·Blue d :2 Eastern Tailed·Blue d

5 Western Tailed·Blue 6 Eastern Tailed·Blue

7 Small Blue 8 Cyna Blue

llO • BL UES

Spring Azure Celasrrina ladon

Below. ground color is pale with various da rk markings. The off-
white to pale gray color, lO~et h er with the lack of any orange color, of
any strong black spots, a nd the la('k of lails, should <;t'rve 10 differemi -
ate this from other blues. In most of the Wes t, the predominant fonn
is t he ~paleH form shown in photo I. In Ihe Northwest and the Rocky
Mountains some populations also contain many ind ividuab with
darker markings, either on the HW ma r~in or the HW disk. Individu-
als with brown margina l markings are called fonn ~ma rgina ta," while
thos(' that also have darl.. HW disk markings are ca lled fonn ~ Itlda "
(photo 3) . tn aaua1itl', (here is a COlllinuum among all ofthf'Se fomls.
Above, males are completely brigh t blue, while females are a du ller
blue with wide black borders (bu t al-UTeS rarely perch with wings
open). Hn /};,ar: A wide variety of wood lands. Abundallce: C-A. One
of Ihe first nonh iberna ting bUllermes to fly in the spring. Beginning
Feb. in southern California 10 west Texas; March in low to moderate
l'Ievalions in the rest of Californ ia north to Washington. Apri l/May in
most of the Rocky Mountain sta tes; into early Aug. a t high elevations.
Flies esseOlially all year in ~outhea stem Ariwna . Food: A wide variet)'
of shrubs und trees.

Summer Azure Celastrina ladon neglecta Not Ill ustrated

Essentia ll y indistinguishable from Spring Azure or Hops Azu re. There
are nnll' pale fonn individuals. Females abovt' n:semhle female Hops
Azures. with varying amounts of white suffusion. Habitat: Open
woodland, edges, subu rbia. Abunda"ce: R-U. Apri l-Oct. in Texas,
tapering to ma in ly July in Nonh Da kota and Saskatchewan. Food: A
wide variety of shrubs and trees. Comment...: Although previous ly
considered to be a 2nd brood of the Spring Azu re, these summer-fly-
ing azu rcs are most likely a distinct species.

Hops Azure Celasrrina ladon humulus

Not dist inguishable from Spring Anlre by wing pattern, alt hough
above, females are often suffused with varying amounts of white. Best
• guess for identifica tion is night da te (Spring Azu res rarely riy past mid
JUlle where Hops Azurcs arc found) and association with hops. Habi-
tat: Edges uf canyon bOil oms and steep rock slopes. Abundance: LC.
One brood. June-July. Food: Hops (although one popu lation is
reponed to use lupine). Commen ts: Re('emiy dC"Scribt!d as a species,
the correct placement of these populati ons is nol cenain.

Sonoran Blue Ph i/ores sonorensis

Unmistakable. The combina tion of bright blue with a bright orange FW
patch is unique. Habitat: Canyons and d itrs with the foodplams.
A bundance: LU· LC. Mainly Feb.- April: intu May a t higher elevations
Food: Canyon dudleya and other dlldlcyas. CommeutJ: Am.a-Borrego
State Park in San Diego Co., California, is a good pla('e 10 see this
stlmning butterfly.
 SHOWN ) X lifE S ill BLUES • 111

1 Spring Azure d :2 Spring Azure 9

3 Spring Azure, form lucia 4 Hops Azure 9

5 Hops Azure 6 Sonoran Blue 0

7 Sonoran Blue B Sonoran Blue 9

112 • BLUES

Euphilotes Blues (genus Euphilotes)

This complex group of interesting and handsome bU ll erflies is fru stratingly diHicult
10 understand but will reward one's efforts at cardul study oy impaning a closer
k nowledgt' of plant-animal interactions.
Euphi lotes blues usually are markedly black-spotted, e!lfJecially nn til(' FW wi th
checked fringes. Note the HW submarginal orange band that almost all pupu -
lations have. Other blues with HW submarginal orange bands are larger a nd have
unchecked fringes. In add ition Non hern and Mel issa Blues have black puints on the
HW marginal black li ne that Euphilotes blues lack while Acmon and Lupine Blut's
have iridescence on tht, HW marginal spots. Although thert' arc sometimes useful
identification clu es on their u ppersides, they mostly keep their wings closed while
landed.
There are three species complexes w it hi n Euphil(lle.~- S quare- -s pottcd Blue
complex, DOlled Blue complex, ami Rit a Blu e complex (wi t h two species) . Each
complt'x is treated on its own two-page spread. I say "complex" bt'ca u:if..' withilll'ach
of t hese complexes the relaliollships among the many population s are very com -
p licated and unclear. Please see pg. 305 for Illore informat ion abou t lhis group.

Square-spotted Blue Euphilotes battoides

Below, intensity of black ..po tting varies. Not(' the FW checked fringes.
Rita Di uI.' has largely unchecked FW fringt's. Abovl" orange or pink·
orange HW submarginal hand varies in intt'nsil Y a nd width on both
malt's and fe males, even w ithin a popu la tion . Some fema ll's have
moderate to ex tensive blut., abuv('. The extent of Ihe blue is variable
even w ithin some poptllations. a lthuugh most populatio ns hav('
females la irly consistently brown or showing 50 01(' hluc. Closely
rest'mbles Dotted Blue. Bt'lo\\', allhout-:h varying ill wichh and intensi-
ty, th(' HW orange submarginal band usually is composed of bold and
fused spots, while in Do tted B1Ut'S Ihe)' arc usually scpara ll.' and thin ·
ne ro The black ma rgina l line is Ihicker and mort.' intense, espectally at
the fW apex, than is usua l on Oottt:d Blut's. Abuvl'. males usua ll}'
have wider FW black borders than do malt' OUII(.'d Blues. Habitat:
Dry hillside!), sIOIX'S, a nd ca nyon!) w ilh buckwh('a h . Alm lldallce: ore~
goniensis and glauco,,: Pacific No rthwest sout h and cast to non heaslern
Ca liforn ia, northweste rn Nevada a nd Ida lio, U- LC, 1£11(' May-e.'a rl y
Aug.; illlermedia: Oregon Siskiyo us and No rt hern California. U,
Junc-mid Aug.; battoides: High eleva lions in the Ca lifornia Sierra
Nevadas. R·U, Jllly- Aug.; baueri: Thl.' Califom ia-Ncvada bo rde(". lU
mid April- Ia ll' JUIlt:; celltm"~': LU, Colorado, New Mt:x\co and Arizona
White Mountains, mid July-mid Aug.; elfisi: Utah. north('rn Arizona
and sOluhern N~v a d a, Aug.-Sept.; marlini: Desert mounta in s of
southeastern California Ih rou~h
ocl1lral Ari"lOna (1 population in
so uthwestern Arizon a ), U·C, April-ea rly Ju nE:; bernardino: sou thwest·
ern California, C-A, la IC May-ea rly Jul y. Food: .9Ia1l(011, internledia:
marifolium buckwheat; baltoides: su lphur buckwh('at a nd others:
bauer;: oval-leaved buckwh('a t and olhen.: cemmJis: James' buck-
wheat and sulphur buckwheat; mar/in; a nd bCf'IIardiflo; mainly Ca li·
fornia buckwheat (s('~ photos nn page 11 6).
 BLUES • 113

5 Square-spotted Blue (martini) 6 Square-spotted Blue (centrolis) d

7 Square-spotted Blue (cen/ra/is) 8 Square-spotted Blue (cen/ralis) 9

114 • B LUES

Dotted Blue Euphilotes enoptes

r Unfortunately, it is not yet known how to distinguish Dotted Blues
from Square-spotted Blues in the fie ld with anylhing approaching
~b /
cenainl)'. without recourse 10 10Gllion. datt.". a nd hostplal1l infonlla-
~~
l
lion (and even when all this is known, there arc <;tilllimt."s when
~h ident ification will be unce-rtain). There arc ct.:rtain clues. but because..'
these species are so similar and because there is so much variation
over the range of these species. such clues art' not concl usive.
The FW marginal black line on Dotted Blues is usually thin and
not so intense as on Square-spotled Blues. The HW submarginal
orange band usually is composed of spots that are not connected .
Most, bUL certain ly not all, populations of Square-spoiled Blues and
Rita Blues have a FW marginal black line that is thick aJld intC'llSt." and
their !>ubmarginal uran~c bands are usually composed of fused Spots.
Rita Blues lack black checks ol1lh(' FW ftinge.
For now, probably Ihe best way 10 infer the identity of a popula-
tion of Eupl!i/otes blues is tu nott,the localion and date and to idcntify
the hoslplant. Habitat: Rocky hilltops. ridges and s l o r~s; dt'st"rt hills,
canyons, and washes. Abundance: aneil/a: Southern Alberta (Cypress
Hills, LR) sOUlh through ct;'lltral Nevada, northern Utah and Col-
orado, C·A. Latc Mar- July; eoJlImbiae: Washington and Oregon, LV.
Late May-July; moptes: extr<:me sOllthern Oregon south lhrough the
Sierra Nt..:vadas, U-C Mainly June-July; bayel/sis: California coast
Jrom San Francisco nnnh. C June. rildeni: Inner coast range from Sali
Francisco sou th tu Los An~des, U. July-Aug.; mojawl/sis: U.
April- MilY: dammersi: U-C laiC Aug.-mid Oct. Food: From Albcna
south 10 Colorado and west into Utah, main ly sulphur buckwheat;
e lsewhere mainl)' naked buckwheat, but also quite a few other buck-
whealS. 'OaTllll1crs' Doned Olue on Wright's and clol1f:!alc:'d buck-
whealS. Comments: E. enopres danunersi flies wilh E. battoides ellisii in
some..> arcas of Mojave desert, c.g., al WildhoTSt' Canyon in the Provi-
dence Mtn s, Set.' page 305 fc..lr morc informa tion.

Naked buckwheat Sulphur buckwheat

 BLUES • U5

5 Dotted Blue (mojave) 6 Dotted Blue (bayensis) <5

7 Dotted Blue (dammersi) 8 Dotted Blue (bayensis)

116 • BLUES

Rita Blue Euphilotes rita

r--)\ Belo w, usually lacks black checks on the FW fringe and usually has a
strong black FW margina l lin e. The HW ora nge submargina l band is
~ I
t"I
usually strong and co mposed of fu sed spots. The newly described sub-
species (co/neva), from Plumas Coumy, California. Jnd Washoe Coun -
~ .h ,>" Iy, Nevada, entirely lacks the orange submarginal hand and clusely
resembles Small Blue. Habitat: Prairies (in eastem Colorado), desen
flats, foo thills. and plateaus elsewhere. Abundance: LU. Mainly
Aug.- mid Sept., at some locations a!> ea rl y as July. Food: Loose buck-
wheat in eastern Colorado; Wright's hu ckwhcat in Arizona; various
spedes of desen buckwheats in th e rest of ils range. Popul ations from
Ulah westward, 'pallid' Rita Billes (E. r. pallescells) are trea ted a!> a sep-
aralt: species by some. See page 305 for more information.

Spalding's Blue Euphilotes spaldingi

Below, Ihis is the only EupltiJoles blue with orange on the FW. Usually
large r than other Euplli/ote.\· blut's. unlike Rile1 Blue. Spalding's Blue
has the FW fringe strongly checked. Above, fcmales have a strong
orange FW banJo Habitat: Ponde rosCl pine -ju nip(~ r- pinyon slopes and
flat s. Abundance: LR -U. July- Aug. Food: Ract' mose huckwhcal. Com -
ments: At many localions Spaltling's Blu es will ignore nOllcJlerpillar
foodplant buckwheats ror nectar, in fa vor of racellluse huckwh eal.

James' buckwheat

Racemose buckwheat

Buckwheats at right are

food plants for Square-
spotted Blue, pg. 112

California buckwheat
 BLUES • 117

5 Rita Blue (ca/neva) 6 Spalding's Blue &

7 Spalding's Blue B Spalding's Blue 9

118 • BLUES

Arrowhead Blue G/aucopsyche p iasus

Below. the bold HW postmedian band of inwardly directed white arrow~
heads makes this blue a standout. Some California populations have
less contrast between these white markings and their mllch paler
ground color. Note also the large white spike on the HW disk. Exten·
siveness of the white varies, as shown. Above. both males and
females lack cell·end bars and have strongly checked fringes. Silvery
Blues above lack me checked [ringes. Habitat: A variety of open habi-
latS, including sagebrush and ponderosa pinc woodland in the Paofic
Northwest. chapa rral-tran sition and forest openings in California.
a nd gulches in high prairies and foothill canyons in Colorado and
Alberta. Abundance: LR-U . Late March-May in southern and low-
land Calilornia, May- June/July farther north and al high elevations.
Food: Lupines. Comments: Inlhe San Gabriel Mountains of los Ange-
les County. California, Arrowhead Blues fly in April and May, while
a t higher elt'vations, a different subspedes flies in early June-early
July. The caterpillars are often auended by ants.

Silvery Blue G/auco psyche /ygdamus

Below. ground color varies lrom gray 10 gray -brown . The FW has a
prominent row of postmedian black spots. On the HW, postmt.'dian
black spots can be as bold as on the FW, can he much smaller and sur-
rounded by white, or be almost absent. On both wings, note that
there are no marginal or submarginal spots . Beluw. some Boisduval's
Blues are Quite simi lar, but have at least some marginal and/or sub-
marginal spots. Above, both males and females lack cell-end bars and
have unchecked fringes. Males art' shinin g blue, while females vary
from having extensive blue-gray as shown, to blue restricted to the
wing bases. to all brown. Habitat: A variety of open situations, but
mainly moist grassy areas and meadows. Abundance: LU-C.
Feb.-April in southern Ca lifornia, May-June through much of range,
late June-Aug. at high elevations ilnd in Alberta ilnd Saskatchewan.
Food: A wide variety of legumes, espedal ly lupines. deerweed, and
rattleweeds. Comments: Ca terpillars are attended by ants. Has a ten-
dency to form small, isolated, somewhat differentialed populations.
The extinct 'Xerces' Silvery Blue. considered to have been a full
species by some, had all the bold black spots replaCt'd with bold white
spots. producing a striking eHeet Ihat sadly can no longer be seen.
Named by the Frenchman Boisduval for the Persian king (spelled
Xerxes in English but Xerces in French), whose defeat by the Greek
navy and d~alh by murder eerily presaged tht' fale of the butterfly.
The last colony on (he coastal sa nd dunes of San Frandsco was
destroyed by the expansion of a military facility in 1943. A similar-
appearing population on Santa Rosa Island, off the California COilst. is
the closest to the Xerces Blue you can see today.
 BLUES • 119

1 Arrowhead Blue (Colorado) 2 Arrowhead Blue 0

3 Arrowhead Blue «(aUfomla) 4 Arrowhead Blue I(

5 Silvery Blue 6 Silvery Blue d

7 Slivery Blue B Slivery Blue I(

120 • BLUES

Boisduval's Blue Plebeju5 icarioide5

A large and variable blue. Below, the us-ua ll y prominent black spots
are encircled by white, usua lly quite strongly. The strong FW postmedi-
an spot band is almost always noticeably more intense than the submar-
ginal spotband. Above, females vary frum blue [() brown. In pans of
rentral and southern California and the western edge of the
Willamelle Yalley in Oregon. populations contain individuals that are
darker than most other Boisduval's Blu(,'S and that have more promi-
nent submarginal and marginal markings (see photo 3).ln Ihearea of
Poinl Reyes, California, individuals are almost completely unmarked
below, except for a few black spots on the FW. Blue Coppers are simi-
lar but are whiter below withuut the white rings around the hlack
spots and withuut a pronounced submar~inal band. Silvery Blues are
usually darker gray below and lack any submarginal or marginal
marking.s. Arctic Blues are much smaller. have a darker ~round color.
and have a broad whi le postmedian hand that abuts the largc sub-
marginal spots. Over mOSI or their ran~es, BoisduvaJ's Blues have
much more prominent HW white spoiling than do Greenish Blues
and have weaker submarginal markinxs. Habitat: A widl' variety.
including dunes, mountain meadows, forL'St openings. and prairies.
Abundance: C-A. Mainly May-July. Flies as early as mid March in
lowland California CoaSI and through Aug.lSept. at high elevations
and latitudes. Food: Many lupines (bu l each population usually uses
just one). Comments: Adults are avid mudpuddlers. Caterpillars are
tended by ants. Like many blues, this species has a tendency 10 form
isolated colonies that are often one step from extinction. A number of
these populations are fnnna ll y listed as endangerl'd by the United
Siales government. These include the ' Mission' subspedes in San
Francisco and 'Fender's' subspecies along the western edge of the
Willamette Yalley in Oregon.

Greenish Blue Plebeju5 50epiolu5

Below. males are lIstlally off-white while females arf' pall' brown . FW
submarginal and marginal spotbands are usually as intense, or slightly
less intense, than the FW postmedian spotband. Usually with :some
faint orange at the HW outer angle between the submarginal and
marginal spots, morc intense and ex tensive in females. Ahove, txnh
males and females have FW cell-end bars. Females vary from bluish-
gray to brown with orange highlights to dark brown. Boisduval's Blue
is very similar but usually larger. In mOSI Boisduval's Blue popula-
tions males lack FW cell-end bars. Habitat: Moisl meadows. mainly in
Ihe mountains up 10 and above treeline, but alsu down to sea level
alung the coast; hoggy areas in sagebrush. Abu"dance: lC-A. Mainly
June-July_As early as May in lowlands and as late as Aug.learly Sept.
at high elevations. Food: Clovers.
 BLUES • 122

7 Greenish Blue d B Greenish Blue d

12 2 • BLU ES

Lycaeides
The two spedes on this page are very closely related an d often quite difficult to dis~
tinguish from each other but are fai rly easy to separate from uther Western blues.
Look for a n orange HW submarginal band. usually with iridescent blue-green
distall y, and black points where the HW veins intersect the outer margin. Fringes
a re unch ecked. Euphilotes ha ve ora nge subma rgi nal ba nds but never have irides~
cence, lack the black poi nts. an d have checked fringes. Other blues have orange
submarginal bands an d iridescence but lack the black poims.
Northern Blue Lycaeides idas
See top of page for distinguishing Lyco.eides from other blues. Below.
varies from very pale markings to essentially as well~marked as Melis-
sa Blue. Populations from Cascadia (especially) soulh through the
California Sierra Nevadas have black and orange markings pale and
reduced. East of the Cascades. into Wyoming and Colorado. popu}a~
tions are more similar 10 Melissa Blue. Even here. however. individ~
ual Northern Blues are usually somewhat paler and less well~ marked
than MeUssa Blues. Look t:spt:dally for the bluish-white ground color,
w hiter than the smoky-gray ground color of Melissa Blues. Over most
of the range, female Northern Blues have less pronounced orange
bands above than do fema le Melissa Blues. Exceptions are Northern
Blue popu lations in the California Sierras (anno.) Ihat have females
with strong orange above and conversely. a population of Melissa
Blues along the Sierra Nevada crest in which females have greatly
reduced markings above. Habitat: Main ly moist meadows and bogs
in coniferous forest. but also xeric areas above treeline. Abundance:
LU~C. Mainly late June- Aug. Food: Mainly lupines. but also other
legumes. including rattleweeds. vetches. and lotus. Comments: Uke
many blues, the males of Nonhem Blues are ohen found congregat-
ing at damp sand.

Melissa Blue Lycaeides melissa

See Northern Blue for tli!l.tjJlgui~iJilJg M di~~ Blue fculII t.hat ~pt::t.it::~.
Below. note the orange HW submarginal band. usually with iridescent
blue-green distally. and black points where the HW veins intersect the
outer margin. Fringes are unchecked. Habitat: A wide variety; from
agricu}turalland and disturbed areas. to prairies. sagebrush steppes.
mountain meadows in pine forest to windy rocky summjts of moun~
tain peaks. Abundanu : C. Mainly tWO broods. May-Sept. but only
onc brood at high elevations. Food: A wide variety of legumes.
including lupines. alfalfa. and rattleweeds. Comments: One of the
most widespread blues of the West. Caterpillars are attended by ants.
 :,HOWN )X 11ft :'11[ BLUES • 123

1 Northern Blue (Washington) 2 Northern Blue .;

5 Melissa Blue (Sierra Nevada crest) 6 MeUssa Blue 2 (Colorado) (Inset: Sierra Nevada crest)

7 MeUssa Blue 8 MeUssa Blue d

124 • BLUES

Acmon Blue P/ebejus oemon

Below, the orange HW submarginal band has iridescent blue spots. HW
black marginal line is not swollen at the veins. fringes are unchecked.
Females are usually brown above, but spring form conlei in southern
Ca lifornia has much blue. M elissa and No rthern Blues have a HW
black marginal line that is swollen at the veins while EJlphilotes blues
have checked fringes and la ck iridescent SpOiS. Also see other spedes
on this page. Habitat: A wide variety of open habitats. Abundance:
Mai nly C. but R-U east of the Continental Divide. Mainly
MarchI April-Aug. /Sept. Almost all year in sout heastern Arizona and
snuthern California, June- July at high elevations and inlt) Alberta
and Saskatchewan. Food: Legumes (especially lotuses and ratlie-
weeds) and buckwheats in California and southern Oregon. mainly
buckwheats elsewhere. Comments: B01h Acmon and Lupine Blues
use buckwheats in California, but they usC;! different species. See pagt."
308 for more information about Aanon and Lupin!! Blues.

Lupine Blue P/ebejus /upinus

Very similar to Acnon Bluc. In southern Californ ia. where these
Sl)('des fly together at some localities, most males ca n be distinguished
by the color of the HW subma rginal band above. Acmon Blues have
this band dist inctly pinkish. while o n male Lupine Blues Ihis band is
orange. ohen with an inner bordering black lint!. The FW black bor-
der or lupine Blue ma les is usuall y wider Ihan o n Acmo n Blue ma les.
Females cannot be reliably separaled. Habitat: Chapa rral. sage-
brush/pinyon. and rocky slopes above treeline. Abundana: U-LC.
Mainly May-July. Food: Sulphur and oval-leaved buckwheats; Cali-
fornia buckwheat in so ulhern California. Comments: The name of
this noniupine feeding species throws novilia les lor a lupine. To
maintain equilibrium, it is best to think of this ~Iupine" as in "lupine
blue'"- the color. See page 308 for more information.

San Emigdio Blue P/ebejus emigdionis

i'- Below, the HW orange submargi na l band is pale and rhino The FW cell
is spotless. Acmon and Lup in e Blues have a FW cell -!<ope.. (although

~ often small) . Above. males lack a submarginal orange band. instead

having an ill-defined dull brown marginal patch. Habitat: Arid wash-
~\ .'0. es. Abw,dance: LR.lalc April- May.lale June~arly July, Aug.-early
Sept. 2nd and lrd broods arc ranial and depend upon rainfall. Food:
Saltbus h.

Veined Blue P/ebejus neurono

r-- 1\ Below, very similar to Acmon Blue. hut HW submarginal band has iri-
descent gold spots (not blue). Above wilh striking orange veining.

~ Habitat: Openings in coniferous foresl. usually ovcr 5000 h. Abun-

dance: LR. May- mid Aug. Food: Low, mal-forming varieties of
~ .n )- Wrigh t's buckwheat. COmments: The Wesl's only blue whose males
have no blue- the untrue blue.
 BLUES • 125

1 Aanon Blue 2 Acmon Blue d (aanon) (Cal1fornla)

3 Acmon Blue 9 (California) 4 Acmon Blue d (texana) (Arizona)

5 Acmon Blue 9 (collteij 6 lupine Blue d

7 San Emigdlo Blue 9 8 San Emlgdlo Blue d

9 Veined Blue 10 Veined Blue

126 • BLUES

Arctic Blue Agriades g/andon

On the HW below a broad white postmedIan band abuts the inner
edge of the large submarginal spots. Boisduval's Blue is larger and ha ..
white:: postmed ian spOts thai are round and separatt"d from the suh-
marginal spots. Reakirl's Blues have black eyespots at the HW outer
angle. Populations in t he California Sierra Nevadas nonh In the
Siskiyou!) in southern Oregon (podarCl') have bold black postmedian
spots. Above. males are an unevenly colored bluish-gray thaI is unlike
other blues (except for some female Greeoi!ooh Rlues in southern Utah
and northern Arizona) and usually with cell -cod bars 0 0 huth FW
aod HW. Habitat: Mainly mo untain meadows. bu t also rocky areas
above treeline. and prairie hillsides and gulches in Al berta. Wet 'iub-
alpine meadows fOr podarce. Abutldance: Mainly U-C. but C-A in Cali-
fornia Sierra Ncvadas and LR in Siskiyous. June-Aug./early Sept.
Food: A variety in a number of families. hut espcciaJ1y in the primrose
fam ily, including rock -primroses. Shooting stars for podarct. Com-
me,,'s: The California and Oregon popu lations are isolated from other
fXlpulations and are quite dislindive. Future work will determine
whether they are best vicwed as a full species.

Heather Blue Agriades CQssiope

Extremely similar to Arctic Blut'_The wings are sUghtty less rounded
than on Arctic Blue. Below Ihe HW cel l is dther spotless or has a
sma ll w hile SPOt. BLack spot in the HW cell is tiny or absent Arnie
Blues have a prominent black spot in Ihe HW cell. lIahilat differs from
co-occurring Arctic Blues. Habitat; Rocky slopes. nt~a r or abovt! tree-
line. with see~. Abundance: LR. Early Ju ly-early Sepl. (mainly early
July-earJy Aug.) (usually aboul 1-2 weeks la ler than Arctic Blues in
lhe samc area). Food: Mountain hcather. Comme",s: This recently
described species is currently known on ly [rom Ihc western Lake
Tahoe rcgion south 10 YO!)emilt' Nationa l Park and from the vicinity of
Caribou Lake in theTriniry Alps.

Shasta Blue P/ebejus shasta

lJeJow, the HW has a pale orangc submarginal hand with iridescent
SpoIS. The HW poSbnedian spots are dark brown to paler brown-gray.
but not blad. Acmon and lupine Blues have black postmedian HW
spots. Above, males have strung cell-end bars on FW and HW. There
is no orange submarginal band bUl they usually have a dull orange-
brown marginal band. Females resemhle female Acmon and Lupine
Blues but usually have strong HW cell-end bars and the orange sub-
marginal band is reduced to almost absent. Habitat: NOrthward in
high meadows and fore<;:' o~nings or sagehrush stcppe!-o. Snulhward
more restricted to high elevalion rocky hilltops and ridgC:$ Abun-
dance: LC. June- Aug./Sept. Food: legumes. l.'Speciall)' raulewt'tds
ilnd clovers.
 BLUES • 127

1 ArctIc Blue (Washington) :2 Arctic 8!ue 9

3 Arctic Blue (CaUfomla) " Arctic Blue <5

5 Heather Blue 6 Shasta Blue d

7 Shasta Blue 8 Shasta Blue 9

128 • METAlMARks

Metalmarks (family Riodinidae)

Metalmarks deri ve their name. nat urally enough. from the metallic marks that arc
often present on their wings. In the tropics. the variety of size. shape. and pattern
of thi s large group is truly amazing. Like gossamer· wings. caterpillars are often
atten ded by a nts.
Arizona Metalmark Co/ephelis arizonensis
Ground color is fairly uniform, with only a slight darkening of the
median bands on males. The FW fringe is strongl}' checked and the
HW black submarginal spotS are strongly expressed. Habitat: Moist
situations in arid regions. Abundance: u-c. All year. Food: Bidens.
Comments: Often morc active in the afternoon.

Wright's Metalmark Ca/ephelis wrighti

Ground color is unifoml reddish-brown. Outer margin of FW of male is
uneven. female less so. Habitat: Desert canyons and washes. Ahtm-
dance; C. Feb.-Od_ (timing and abundance: of ~ummer and fall broods
are dclcnnincd by rainfall). Food: Sweet bush.

Rawson's Metalmark Ca/ephe/is rawsoni

Similar 10 the much more common Fatal Mctalmark. The median
bands are darl<t:'ned, but less so than on Fatal Mctalrnarks. Individu-
als. espedally females, usually have a brighter orange-brown color
than do Fatal Metalmarks. Tht' white check closest to the HW outer
angle is usually weak to absent. Habitat: Moist situations in arid
regions. Abundance: LR. Food; MistOowcrs. Comments: Considered to
be conspccific with Arizona Metalmark by some.

Rounded Metalmark Ca/ephelis perdita/is

The fW postmedian metallic band bulges outward (is rounded) a1 its
ccmer. The FW fringe is only weakly checked with Ih(' ccmer white
check usually missing. Frt'Sh individuals, espt::dally females, have a
purplish-bluc reflectance. On the HW, in the space hctwccn the post-
median and su bmarginal metalliC bands. black spots arc strongly
expressed. Habitat: Tropical woodland and thorn !>Crull. Ahulldalla:
U-C. All year. Food: Mist nmvcrs.

Fatal Metalmark Co/ephelis nemesis

Ground color above is dull flat brown. The Inside edge of the median
band is greatly darkened, ('specially in males, and eo;pecially at the
ends of the FW and HW cel ls. On the FW the postmedian band is
almost strai~hL On the HW, in Ihe space helween the postmedian anel
submargina l metallic bands, hlack spots arc uS\.1ally weakly cx-presscd
or absent. Hal,;tat: Thorn scruh, chaparral. arid region riparian areas.
Abundance: C west to sout heastcrn Arizllna, R-U wC"lward. Almost
all year. Food: Sccpwill llW (wesfward) and clematis (castward). Com-
ments: No known antidotc if misidcl11ified.
 METAlMARKS • 129

3 Wright's Metalmar1l. 0\ Rawson's Metalmark 9

\ :c1'f
"\ \!
,
.
'\' f •
,
I
--)
,
j ..
5 Rawson's Metalmark d 6 Rounded Metalmark 9
"

7 Rounded Metalmark d 8 Fatal Metalmark

130 • METALMARKS

Zela Metalmark Emesis zela

Above. the gray-brown FW contrasts with the brighlerorangc-brown
HW. No te the dark patch just distal to the FW cell. Habitat: Sycamore-
lined canyons th rough mid-elevation oak woodland. Abundance: C.
Two broods, mainly March- April. July- Sept. RS to Big Bend. Na tional
Park , Texas (one recent record). Food: Unknown (but oaks suspt:a-
ed) . Comments: While nt'claring. often seems oblivious 10 obscrvns.
Moves over flowerheads with a rigid rotalion .

Ares Metalmark Emesis ares

Above. gray-b rown FW contrasts with brighu:r orange -brown HW.
Both above and below. nOll' Ihe pn:sencc of black FW marginal spots
(absent or faim on Zela). Above tht' HW orange patch is sharply cut-off
along the trailing margin (hroader and more diffuse on Zela) . Habitat:
Mid-elevation oak woodland. Abundance: U. One brood. June-Sepl..
mainl y .ltll y-Au ~. Food: Oaks. Comments: Some individt!als aj lpear to
be inu:rmediates be tween Zcla and Arl'S. Whether these a rc dt.ll' tn
normal variation o r 10 hybridization is nol known.

Crescent Metalmark Apodemia phyciodoides

This lillIe-known spedes resembles a ffi"SCCOI . bUI has two white FW
subapical spots. Habitat: The vicinity of Sleep cliffs in riparian areas.
Abundance: Not currenlly known from U.S. Food: ClematiS. Com-
mellts: Two specimells from thl' early 1900s ar~ lalx.'led as having
been collected in the Chiricahua Mlns. of Arizona . This spcoes is
kllown to occur in nearby Sonora and Chihuahua. Mexico.

Nais Metalmark Apodemia nais

This snappy spedcs is bright orang~ abovt::". wilh black markings. but
its green eyes tell YOll Ihis is a mClalmark. not a hrushfoOi or a copper.
Unlike Chisos Metalmark. the bases o[ Ihe wings ha ve much gra y.
Habitat: Open areas with ceanothus in moul)tain pine fore sl.
6000- 9000 ft. Abundance: C-A. but LU in sOll theastern Ari7.0na. One
brood. mainly mid June- mid July (northward). inw Augusl (south -
ward). Food: Ceanof}lIls!endleri.

'Chisos' Nais Metalmark Apodemia nais chisosensis

Very similar to Nais Ml:' talmark. Ahove. with less gray at wing bases
than on Nais Metalmark and with black markings less extensive. Be-
low. there is no orange in the center of the HW and the HW postmedian
black spots are strong and form a straight line (zi g-zag on Nais Metal-
mark). The twospcries do nOI OCCIlf together. Habitat: Mit.ldle eleva -
tion s in the Chisos, mainly 3500-5000 rl. Abundance: U- c. Olle
brood. April- June. Food: Havard 's plum . Comments: This species is
obviously very closely rdated 10 Na is Metalmark. But, given that the
Chisos Metalmark po pulation is separated by a very large distance
from Nais Melahnarks. thaI each individua l is easily identifiable. a l1d
Ihat a very dif[crenl host plant is uSt..'u. it seems entirely possible that
Ihese will evcmually be Ireated as sepa rate species. Look lor it in the
Basin area of Big Bend Natio nal Park. and l'specially a long the trail
inlo Pine Canyon.
 METAlMARKS • 131

9 'Chlsos' Hals MetJlmark 10 'Chlsos' Nals Metalmark

132 • METALMARKS

Mormon Metalmark Apodemia mormo

Above, pattern a.nd size are variable but the <ombination of black and
orange with many white spots is distinctive. Populations vary from
being almost entirely orange (mejicanlls and duryi), to mixtures of
orange (ranging from red -orange to yellow-orange) and black on
both FWs and HWs (virglilli and some monno), to black HWs with a
mix of orange and black on the FWs (some mormo and some
mejicamls), to almost entirely black (some populations in the San
Bernardino Mountains of southern California and the Chiricahua
Mountains of southeastern Arizona-not shown), all with white
spot s. Below. the HW is silvery gray with large white spots. Habitat:
Arid regions, including sand dunes, rocky canylllls and hillsides, sage -
brush steppes and sparse grassland with buckwhealS. Abundance: LR -
LC, mainly LU, most common along the Mexican border. One-two
broods. Some populations have a spring (March- April) and a fall
flight (Aug.-oct.): others have a single brood either in the spring
(April-June), or raU (Aug.-Nov.), with a flight period ofabom I 1/2
months. Some populations in southern California and southeastern
Arizona may have three broods. Food : Mainly buckwheaTS, but also
ratanys (especially duryi). Comments: A candidate for ritalin if I'yc
ever seen one-these guys just won't sit slill. Difficult to fo"ow wbile
Oying, when they finally deCide 10 nectar Ihey often keep walking
around the flowers, waving their antennas and flapping their wings
('onstam ly. Mormon Metalmark is a com pie'S: assemblage of popula -
tions. As is the case with the buckwheat -feeding blues, local popula -
tions aft.' adaptt:d to particular hosts and have f1ighl-limes that
synchronize with optimal growth and flowering of the buckwheat
spedes. This leads to diminished gene flow between populations.
Whether this has led to enough genetic differt: ntiation to consider
some of these populations a~ bona fide spedes is not yet known.
What is certain is thaI. given our preselll lack of knowledge, any pro-
visional attempt 10 group these populations into separate species will
almost certainly prove to hc wrong in detail. One subspedes, 'Lange's'
Mormon Metalmark, an ill habitant of sand dunes in Antioch, Califor-
nia. is federally listed as an endangered sped t'S.

Palmer's Metalmark Apodemia palmeri

Recognize this as a mctaimark by its grct'n eyes. Smallt'r than Mor-
mon Metalmark. Above, ground color varies from a dark blackish-
brown (Texas) to a paler orange-brown (California). Bases of wings
with much gray. Marginal area of wings with atieast some orange
(black on Mormon Metalmark). FW with submarginal whitt' spots.
Habitat: Arid regions, especially low desens. Abllndattce: C-A, south-
eastern Arizona; LV, southern California and west Texas. Three
broods, April-OCI. Food: Mesquites. including honey and scr~wbean
mesquites.

Hepburn's Metalmark Apodemia hepburni

Similar 10 Palmer's Mctalmark bu t lacks submarginal white FW spots
and HW with white spots reduced. Habitat: Sublropicai thorn scrub.
Abundance: RS to southeaslcrn Arizona (one record) and Big Bend.
Food: Unknown.
 METALMAR KS • 133

3 Mormon Metalmark (mormo) 4 Mormon Metalmark (mejicanus) (SE Arizona)

7 Palmer's Metalmark 8 Palmer's Metalmark (Texas)

9 Palmer's Metalmark (callfomla) 10 Hepburn's Melalmark

13 4 • SNOUT & HEllCONIANS

Brushfoots (family Nympha/idae)

Called brush foots because of the greatl y reduced ma le forelegs, this family includes
many of our best known and most conspicuous butterflies. Some treal a nu mber uf
the groups included here (such as satyrs and the munarchs) as separate fam ilies.
American Snout Libytheana carinenta
The extremely long snout (pairs) is ohvious on this otherwise quill'
variable butlt'rfly. FW apex is blunt. HW below varies from hi~hly
mouled as shown 10 evenly dark gray to evenly palco Habitat: Thorn
scrub. thickets and open woodland with hackht:rries. Abunda nce:
Thn:e-brood areas. C-A. All year; 'TWo-brood an.'as. U-c. Mai nly
May-Sept.: One-brood areas. R-U. Main ly a la lt' summer/fa il immi-
grant. RS north to North Dakota, Utah. and central Nc'.'vada. Food:
Hackberties. CommerllS: SomeLimcs swarm ing in the millions (in the
Rio Grande Va lley), this is the chamekon of th(' bUllerfly world.
When you are searching foc a spedal butlerfly, American Snou ls will
magically assume the appt'arance of Ihal bUllerfly, or perhaps it's vice
versa. Butterflies as varied as Chisos Banded-Skippers. Red Satyrs,
and a la rge hairstfl'ak with a silvt.'ry reflection. have alilU med into
American Snouts-right bdore my eyt.'sl A Rorschach leSI lor buulT-
fliers.

Gulf Fritillary Agraulis vanillae

A long-winged, low-flying nymphalid that. with ils brillianl silvered
spots below, rest'Illbles the greatt'r fritillarks . Note the black-ringed
white spots in the FW cell above. Habitat: Thorn scrub, open wood-
land and gardens. Abundance: U-c. Three-brood areas. All year; Two-
brood areas. Mainly May-Oct. RS nurth to nonhern California.
Colorado. and SOllth Dakota. Food: Passion vines. Comments: Range
has been expanding in coastal California.

Variegated Fritillary Euptoieta claudia

Dull orangl'·brown above. often with a pinkish sheen when fresh.
Below. HW has pail' med ian and margina l patches. Habitat: Open
areas. including open fields, prairie, and thorn scrub. Abundance: C-
A in three-brood areas, main ly March-Nov.; U-C in two-brood areas,
mainly May-Sept.; R-U in ont'-brood areas, mainly July-Sept. tromi -
want nonhward. Has strayed to British Columbia, c('ntral Nevada.
and soulhern Cali fornia. Food: Many, including violets, passion vines
and flax. Comments: Size and wing shape (from squarish to elongat-
ed) both ace much more variable than for most species. Abundance
also varit's great ly from year to year and it is occasionaJly abundant
far northward .

Mexican Fritillary Euptoieta hegesia

Brighter orange than Varkgated Fritillary, but wi lh no HW median
black Une. Habitat: Thorn scrub. A bundance: R. May-O"". Food: Pas-
sionvim's. Comments: An occasiona l temporary colonist along tht'
Arizona-Mexican border.
 SNOUT & HEUCONIANS • 135

1 American Snout 2 American Snout

5 Variegated Fritillary 6 Variegated Fritillary

7 Mexican Fritillary B Mexican FrtUltary

136 • FRITllLARIES

Greater Fritillaries (genus Speyeria)

These a rc some of the largest and most beautiful butterflies in t he West; tlnfortu ~
natcly they are the most difficult group to identify to species. Mos t of the spedes are
exceptionally variable. Travel a hundred miles and you'll think you're looking at a
completely different animal. A species may be confused with two other species at
one location and with a different set of sprdes at a different localion! Making mal~
ters even worse is [ha t, in general. mosl or the ident ifi cation cues, such as they a re,
a(e on the underside of the HW and, more often than not. greater fritillaries will
only show you th eir tops ides. I have tri ed to show some of the variation for most
spedes. but the reali ty is that in many caSL'S you're going 10 have 10 accept that your
best identification is that it's a greater fritillary. In many cases, people who believe
they ca n identify individual b uncrfl ies are wron g. Wt"U start with some easy ones!
Sec page 309 for m o re infonnation .

Nokomis Fritillary Speyeria nokomis

Bt'low note: the: very wide, yellow or cream~colored HW submarginal
band. Populations in Ca lifornia- Ne:vada have HW almost completely
yellow (males) or Wilh a somewhat darker f,l reenish~ gray disk
(females. see photo 5). Eastwa rd populations have darker HW disks
(sce pholo I) . Tile boldly snvered HW disk spots are strongly ringed
with black. Eyes are yellow~green . Above. lacks a black spot along the
base of the FW inner margin . Fe:male:s have very strong. connt:aed
HW black su bm ar,~ in al marks. Comparable marks on female Great
Spangled Frilillaries are: not as Sirong nor conllected. Compared In
Gre:al Spangled Fritillarit's. males have: an e:xtra black mark in the HW
(('II and lhc last black bar in the fW cell angles in Ill1.ouch the penul ~·
limale: black bar (not so on Great Span~led Frilillaries). Habitat:
Seeps Jnd wei meadows in arid re:gions and high mountains. Ablm ~
dance: LR~LU . Mid July-m id OCt .. mainly AUf,l.-Sept. Food: Violets.
Comments: A population with bluish fema les (cuern/tsmts) prt-'Viously
flIo'w high in theo- Santa Ca talina Moun la ins o n thlo' nurth side ufTuc~
son, Arizona. Ntm e has been seen since 1938 and the colon y is pre-
sumably extirpated. Simi lar popu lat ions still can he ruund in nonhe:TIl
Mexico.

Great Spangled Fritillary Speyeria cybe/e

Below nOIe: Ihe: wide, yellow or cream~colored HW submarginal band .
Most popu lations have reduced HW silver spots. Eyes are yellow~green .
Above. nOle: I he: lack of a black spot along the base of the FW inner
margin. Especially above, nlail.'s and females in Wl.'stem populations
(feto) art' quilt' diffl.'renl. wilh females heing black and burry and
male:s orange:: in Easte rn pflpulations (cybe/e) sexes are similar
(orange). Hal}itat: Prairie:s, meadows. open woodlands. Abundance:
LC~C sou th 10 Oregon. Idaho. and Montana; R ~ U <;uUlhwa.:d. [...lU·
.Juoe:- Sept_. mainly Jul y- Aug. Food: Violets. Commel1ls: Eastern and
we:stem populations have someli mes l'k'l'n considered separa te
spe:cie:s, hUl Ihl'y reportedly inlergrade where: they mee:1 in Albe:rlJ
and Monlana.
 FRlTIllARIES • 137

3 Gn!:at Spangled Fritillary d 4 Great Spangled Fritillary d

7 Great Spangled Fritillary 9' 8 Great Spangted FritiUary 9'

13 8 • FRlTIlLARIES

Regal Fritillary Speyeria idalia

r-- ,\ A large and dislinctive fritillary. Below, th(' HW is completely dark
brown with white spots. Above, the HW is e~lremely dark brown 10

~ black with white spOLS. Note the brownish·black body (other greater
fritillaries have orange-brown bodies). Habitat:Tall-grass prairie. wet
~ h
"" fields and meadows and. to a lesser extent. shon-grass prairie. Abun-
dance: R-U. Mainly mid June-mid Sept. Food: Violets. Primarily uses
prairie violet in Kansas, elsewhere. little informalion is available.
Comments: As with many grealer fritillaries. the femal es ny much
later in the season than do males. Until recently (thirty years ago) this
species ranged throughout tht.' nonheastern United Sl,lIes. It is now
completely gone from this vast area, exrept [or one very fragile
co lony in Pennsylvania. Reasons for Ihe precipitous decline are nOI
known, but changes in land use are strongly suspected. This spedes is
probably on(' of the few butternies LO require large expanses of near
pristine habilal. The continuing fragmentation of essential habitats
bodes ill for Ihe long-term Fale of this truly magnificent animal-one
of our largest and mosl splendid buuerflies. The stronghold of this
vanishing spedes is lhe tall-grass prairie province. and although
strong colonies still exist in (his region, even here rhe spedes appears
to be in trouble.

Coronis Fritillary Speyeria coronis

A large to mid-sized fritillary. Similar 10 Callippe and, especially,
Zercoc FriliJIaries. but usually larger. Bright orange above. Below. the
FW usually has a reddish-orange flush, especially on rema les. The
HW marginal silvered spots are inwardly rounded. almost egg-shaped
(Great Basin and eastward) or are shaped like tents (north and west of
Great Basin). H W disk color varies from dark brown in the Rocky
Muuntains. becoming paler and sli ghtly grecn-tinged in western Col-
orado and eastern Utah. changing to greenish-gray in the Great Basin
to paler brown westward. Through much of their ranges, Coronis and
Zerene are very similar. tn Ca lifornia. especially along the cenLral
coast. Coronis and Callippe may be indistinguishable. except that
Coronis, on average, is larger and somewha t brighter orange above
and paler below, and the underside HW pale poslmt'dian spots show
through the lOpside 10 a lesser extent. Habitat: Moist openings in
mountain forest, chaparra l, and sagebrush and other brushy habitats.
Abtmdance: California mast ranges from Sonoma Co. south through
San lui Obispo Co. (coron/s) U. May-Aug.: California San Gabriels
sou th (semiramis), C-A. July-Aug.; California M I. Pinos region and
Tehachapis (hennei) . R. late .June-early Aug.: Greal Basin (snyderi). C.
June-Sept.; Nonhwest (simaelha). C. June-mid Sept.; East of the
Continental Divide in Colorado and southeastern Wyoming (haley-
one), U. Late May--early Seplo Food: Violcts.
 FRITILLARIES • 139

7 Coronls Fritlilary (5. CaUfomla) 8 Coronls Frltlllary 0

' 40 • FRITI LLARIES

Aphrodite Fritillary Speyeria aphrodite

A large to mid-sized fritillary. Below, HW disk Is brown to reddlsh-
brown, the disk color extending beyond the postmedian white spots.
often completely obliterating the submarginal band (see pholO 1
inset). In the Rocky MOuntains. Great Spangled Fritillary, Coronis
Fritillary. this spedes and the Atlantis Fritillary complex have dark
brown or red-brown HW disks. Note the dull yellow-green eyes (see
photo I inset) that separate this species from all mher similar spedes
except for Great Spangled (and some southern Atlantis Fritillaries-
see Atlantis Fritillary comments). Above. males do not have swoUen
black areas along FW veins. The fW has a black basal spot along the
traiUng margin Ihal Great Spangled Fritillary lacks. Habitat: Woodland
openings and nalive prairie. Abundance: C. Late June-Aug. Food:
Violets. Comments: Some be lieve that populations in western Mon-
tana and eastern British Columbia that are traditionally mapped as
Aph rodite Fritillary. are misidentified Atlantis Fritillaries. Hopefully a
look at eye color In the field will darify the situation.

Atlantis Fritillary Speyeria atlantis

A mid-sized {Q sma ll fritillary..In the Rocky Mountains. Great Span-
gled Fritillary. Coronis Fritillary. this complex and Aphrodite Fritillary
have dark brown or red-brown HW disks. usually with contrasting
submarginal pale band. Note the blue-gray eyes (sec photo 3 inset
and comments) . Below. HW disk is reddish-brown t'O dull brown and.
in different populations. spots can be silvered or unsilvered (although
almost all individuals in any particular population will. with a few
populations as exceptions. nonnall y be similar to each other). Disk is
usually falrty evenly colored. not mottled with included pale areas as is
usual for the disk of Great Basin Fritillarics. Aphrodite Fritillaries can
be very similar but have yelJow-grecn eyes. Populations in the Ore-
gon Cascades and California Sierra Nevadas are unsilvered below.
Above. FW borders are usually black and males have swollen black
areas along FW veins. Populations in Alberta. Saska tchewan. and
Montana lack the FW basal spot that Great Spangled Fritillartcs also
lack (see photo 6) but can be separated by eye color. Habitat: Open-
ings in mountain coniferous and mixed fo rests. Abundance: Main ly
C-A. Mid June-mid Sept.. mainly J uly in most areas. Food: Violets.
Comments: Strangely, the eye color o f Atlantis Fritillaries in the Ari-
zona White Mountains and adjacent New Mexico (the very large and
brightly colored subspecies nausicaa) is dull yellow-green. As this goes
to press, the eye color of Atlantis in Utah and north-central New
Mexico is not yet known. In parts of Alberta. Colorado. and the Black
Hills of South Dakota. there appears to be both reddish-brown disked
and gray-brown disked populations of" AtlantiS" Fritillaries Dying
together. Many believe that these are separate spedes. Please see page
312 for more information.
 FR ITll l ARtES • 141

1 Aphrodite Fritillary 2 Aphrodite Fritillary d

7 Atlantis fritillary (Arizona) 8 Atlantis Fritillary (Arizona, White Mtns.)

142 • FRITllLARIES

Hydaspe Fritillary Speyeria hydaspe

A small fritillary, usually with a wine-toned HW disk and mainly with
unsilvered spots (silvered on Vancouver Island) . Some populations
are darker than shown and some lack the paler suhmarginal band.
Some purplish Zerene populations closely resemble Hydaspe. bUi
because Hydaspt.· has larger. less elongated spots than does Zerene
a nd bt'C'ause Hydaspt: lias fht' bOllom twu spots in tht' postmedian
band fairly aligned while Zerenes have the upper 01 thest' two spms
displaced inwardly. the outer edge of the postmedian spotband
appears to be fairty smooth and coherent: more jagged and less coher-
ent on Zerene Fritillarie~ . Sume AtlantiS populations in IIw Pacific
Nonhwest and California Sierra Nt.'vadas also resemble..' Hydaspe.
They also have the 2nd fro m bottom Vuslmedian spot displaced
inwardly and also have larger I·IW margina l spot ... Habitat: Conifer-
ous/aspen loresl opt.'nings. Abundance: u-c. Mid June-mid Sept..
mainly July-A ug. Food: Vioil'ts. Comments: Will hilltop.

I'}l; Zerene Fritillary Speyeria zerene

1'f A mid-sized fritillary thai is extremely variable. HW disk color ranges
from strongl y purple (California Sierra Nevadas 10 the Oregon Kla-

~
math Mountains) 10 dark hrown 10 pale brown to buff (mainly east of
Ihe Cascades-Sierra Nevallas {Tests)-gcnera lly paler in drier area!!.
\\JA. Marginal while/silver spots can be relatively flal or quile broad and
rounded or angled inwardly, with o r without "caps," silvered or u05il-
vered (California Sierra Nevadas and Trinity Alps). AMYL', color
varies from deep orange [0 pa le ydltJw. Most ofil..'n confused with
Coronis Fritillary hut also, fo rsomt." populations, with Hydaspt' Fritil-
lary, with Greal Basin Fri tillary and with others! Comparerllu Coro-
nis (and most Olhers). Zerene Fritilla ries usually have very strong
wide FW median spots, especially tht.' 2nd spot up from Ihe inner mar-
gin . See Hydaspe Fritillary [or separation from it. Habitat: Woodland
openings. grasslands. coastal meadows and dunes. Abundance: Main-
ly C-A. Mid May-Sept. Most populations peak mid July-early Aug.
Others include: California Trinity Alps, R-U; Central Ca lifornia coast.
C. Mid May--ca rl y July; northern Ca lifornia and Oregon coasts, R.
Aug.-Sept. Food: Violets. Comments: Three subspecies of Zcrene Fril-
mary in nonhern California and Oregon , 'Oregon: 'Behren's: and
' Myrt le's' Zerene Fritillaries are list t'd as federally endangered. 'Car-
ol's' Zerene Fritillary (S. zerene carolae ) is an isolated popu lation in the
Spring Mountains of Nevada (where it is the only greater fritillary)
that some believe should be treated as a full spl'des.
 5HrlWN Ilff 'il/f FRITIL LARIES • 143

5 Zen!!!ne Frfdllary (Mono County. CA) 6 Zen!!!ne Fritfllary (Washington)

7 Zerene Fritillary (Colorado) 8 Zerene Fridllary (Nevada)

'44 • FRITlllARIES

Edwards' Fritillary Speyeria edwardsii

Large and brightly colored, both above and below. Has strong green
reflections below on brownish ground, narrowing or obscuring the
pa le HW postmedian band. Pale spots are large, rounded and silvered.
HW marginal pate spots are rounded Inwardly; these are more pointed
on CaJlippe Fritillaries in the range of Edwards' Fritillary. Bright
orange above with slrong black bordcrs. Note that, counting from the
body, the 3rd fW bladt bar doesn' touth the 2nd bladt bar. Callippe
Fritillaries usually have the 3rd bar just touching the 2nd bar. Habi-
tat: Prairies and (oOlhills. Abundance: u-c. Late May-early Sept.
Food: Violets. Comments: One of the least variable greater fritillaries.

CalUppe Fritillary Speyeria cal/ippe

Medium-sized. East of the Ca lifornia Sierra Nevada-Cascades crests,
HW disk below has variable amoums of green reflections (bright or
dull) and the pale spots are silvered. There may be a Ian postmedian
band, or it may be obscured by the green color. Only Edwards' Fritil-
lary also is usually green below. Coronis Fritillarie::. in the Great Basin
and a few populations of Mormon and Great Basin Fritillaries also
have green below. In California and sou thwcstem Oregon. the HW
disk is brown-disked, ahnmt always without green, and the pale ::.-pots
are often unsilvered (see photo 5). Some of these populations are
easy 10 confuse with populations of Coronis Fritillary. In almost all
populations, the marginal pale spots on the HW below are usually hi-
angular-shaped and usuaUy bordered inwardly by only a thin dark bor-
der. Other species usually have differently shaped marginal spots with
L1arker and wider borders. The median and submarginal pale spots
show through the wings above. opedalJy on females. Espedally along
the Padfic Coast. these buffy pale spots give Callippe a two-toned
appearance above. Other spedes usually have these pale spots less
pronounced. Habitat: Prairies, sagebrush flats. chaparral, and open
wood lands. AbuIJdaIJce: C-A. Mainly May/June-Ju ly/Aug. As early
as late April in southern Ca lifornia. Food: Violets. Comments: In many
areas this is onc of the first greater lritillaries nying in each new sea-
son, and is sometimes the only greater fritillary in a localit y in May
and early June. AJong the centra l California coast. even many experi-
enced observers are unable to determine whether some individuals
are CaUippe or Coronis Frilillaries.
FRITllLARIES • 145
146 • F1Z ITI LLAR IES

Great Basin Fritillary Speyeria egleis

Confusingly variable. Can resemble Atlanlis, Corunis, Zcrt'ne Callippe
and Mormon Fritillaries!-but not all at the same time. Small to mid-
sized, it most often, has a brown disk below (pale to dark bltM'n) that is
usually mottled in appearance. Populations vary from almost aU sil-
vered (0 some individuals silvered and some unsilvered (for example.
in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains of Utah) to almost all unsil-
vered. Above. males have prominent wide black areas along the FW
veins. Above. especially on females. the bases of the wings are usually
quite darkened and contrast with the outer portion of the wings. In cen-
tral Nevada. some populations are very pall' below with a HW disk
that is yellow with strongly silvered spots. On the prairies of Montana
and Alberta many individuals havl' a dull greenish tint to the disk,
somewhat similar to Callippe Frilillary but the disk is usually mouled.
Habitat: Varied. but usually at fairly high elevations in openings of
mixed or coniferous forest . Abundance: U-c. Sometimes A in Califor-
nia Sierra Nevadas and Trinities. LR in southern California.
June-Sept. Mainly late June-Aug. Food: Violets.

Unsilvered Fritillary Speyeria adiaste

A beautiful ghost of a fritillary. Below, the absence of silver markings
and the delicate lavender-pink reflections give these butterflies a rrag-
ill'. otherworldly appearance. Above. bright orange with thickened
black FW veins on males and, only slightly less pronounced. on
females. Habilat: Opening!> in red wood forest in San Mateo and
Santa Cruz Counties, California. High mountain meadows in Mon-
terey and San Luis Obispo Counties. California. Abundance: lR-LU.
June-July /early Aug. Food: Violets. Comments: lis fragile and other-
worldly appearance may reflect the precarious existence of this
spedes-il may be headed for another world. A large, pale popula-
tion, formerly found in the Tehachapi and Tejon Mountains and in
the Ml. Pinos area in Los Angeles. Kern. and Ventura Counties, Cali·
fomia. was last seen in 1959. Thl' reasons for its extirpation are
unknown . Given the very limited areas they inhabit, the future of the
existing populations is not that bright.
 '>HOWN llf[ "lIE FRI TILLARI ES • 147

1 Great Basin Fritillary (Colorado) :z Great Basin Fritillary 9 (Montana)

3 Great Basin Fritillary (Utah) 4 Great Basin fritillary 9 (Wyoming)

7 Unsllvered Fritillary B Unsilvered Fritillary

148 • FRITILLAR IES

Mormon Fritillary Speyeria mormonia

This mountain meadow gem is small-about the size of a lesser fritil-
lary (lesser fritillaries on pages 151 to 155 appear larger because they
are shown at I 1/ 4 We size). The FWs are short and rounded with veins
that are thin, without black scaling. There is usually lillie basal darken-
ing 01 the wings ahove. The marginal spots are often Quite pale. crea t-
ing the effed of a dark and light panerned border. espedally on
females. Below, the ground color is usually pale. wi th the HW disk
varying from pale yellow to pale brown. sometimes tinged wi th
green. or. as in populations in the Cascades of Washington. with
strong green tones. Some individua ls in the Black Hills of South
Dakota have a dark brown HW disk. Ahhough there can be variation
even within a population. by and large pale spOtS are silvered but
somelimes only partially (California Sierra Nevadas) or they are
unsilvered as is the distinctive population in the Arizona White
Mountains. Another distinctive set of popu lations occurs in nonhern
Nevada and southeastern Oregon in the Ruby. Jarbidge. and Steens
Mountains. Individuals are unsilvered below with a yellow ground
color and very little pattern. They resemble yellow Unsilvered Fritil-
laries. This species is mosl likely to be confused with Great Basin Frit-
illary. Usual ly it is somewhat smaller. but somt' populations that occur
together-for example. in the California Sierra Nevadas. are the same
size. Above. male Great Basin Fritillaries can be distinguished because
they have relatively wide areas of black sca les running along the FW
veins. Females are more difficult. bm because Sierra Nevada Great
Basin Fritillaries prefer dry meadows while Lhe loca l Monnon Fritil-
laries prerer wet meadows. the- habitat where you see the butterfly is
a clue to its identity. Habitat: High elevation mountain meadows.
Abunda nce: Mainly C-A. Mainl y July-Aug. As early as late June in
the Ca lifornia Sie rra Nevadas. as late as Sept. at some locations. RS to
Nebraska (one record) . Food: Viulets. Comments: Flight is close to the
ground. The population in the White: MOuntains of Arizona is very
isolated from other populations and i!> quite distinctive. Further study
may provide grounds lor tJeaLing il as a separate species.
 FRlTIllARIES • 14

1 Colorado: San Juan Mountains 2: Colorado: San Juan Mountains &

5 CaUfomla: Sierra Nevadas 6 CaUromla: Sierra Nevadas 9

1 Arizona: White Mountains 8 Nevada: Ruby Mountains

150 • FRlTIlLARfE$

lesser Fritillaries (genus Ba/aria)

These delightful. di minutive, but intricately marked fritil laries uf the North can
sometimes cause frustration because of their tendency 10 be constantly in motion-
viewing their much more distinctive undersides can be a problem. Of the almost 30
species found worldwide. twelve are found in the West. Above, they are orange
with black markings. as are crescents and checkerspots. But tht' ksser (and greater)
friti llaries have a complete FW submarginal band of black SpotS that these other
groups lack. Many species have a set of marks that resemble a duck's head-an
"eye'" in the HW celJ vvilh a narrow "bill" extending outward from the cell. Many of
the lesser fritiJIaries h ave distribu tions that includ e Eurasia in add ition to North
America.

Bog Fritillary Solorio eunomia

Below, the HW has bright white median and margjnal spots and
black-outlined. white postmedian spots. Above. the HW black border,
with inward pointing black chevrons. encloses pale SpoIS. "Duck bill"
paler than ground color. Habitat: Bogs and also moist areas above
treelinc. Abundallce: LR-LU. June-early Aug. Food: A wide variety of
plants in a number of families have been reponed.

Silver-bordered Fritillary Soloria selene

Below, the HW has bright silvered-white median and marginal spots
and solid black (or red-brown) postmedian spots. Above, the HW
black border with inward pointing black chevrons, encloses pale
spots. "Duck bill" the same color as ground color. Habitat: Wei mead -
ows, moist aspen grov(."S. and willow bogs. Abundallce: LC-LA, Alber-
ta and Montana. LR-LU elsewhere. Late May-t'arly Sept.. but only
om: brood in mountains in mid Jum:-July. Food: Violets.

Meadow Fritillary Soloria bellona

Above and below, outer margin of FW comes to a shallow point-it is
not evenly rounded. Submarginal dlevrons do not point oUlward.
Above. HW without black border. Below, HW without strong postmedi-
an hand. Some populations are darker, duller and more uniform on
the HW than indiividual shown. Habitat: Moisl meadows and l-Villow
thickets. Found in a grcatt.'T variety of open habitats e3stwiud. Abun-
dance: LR-LU, but LC in Saskatchewan. May-t"arly Sept. in mosl loca-
tions (with only one brood at high elevations), June- July in Pacific
Northwest . Food: Violets.

Pacific Fritillary Soloria epithore

~ Above and below, outer margin of FW is evt'nly rounded. Above, HW
without black border. Both above and below, the submarginal black
\-, (above) or brown (below) chevrons point outward, except thaI popUla -
'>- tions from Montana nonh and west to central British Columbia have
~\h ;r this trait very weakly developed above. Habitat: Moist forest open-
ings and mountain meadows. Abundance: C-A.Latc May- Aug.,
mainly June- July. Food: Violets.
 SHO WN 1: / lifE sin FRITlllARIES • 151

1 Bog Fritillary 2 Bog Fritillary

3 Silver-bordered Fritillary 4 Silver-bordered Fritillary

7 Pacific Fritillary 8 Pacific Fritillary

152 • FRITl lLAR IES

Frigga Fritillary Boloria frigg a

Below, usually with pinkish frosting on the HW outer one-third , Thc
HW is more well-marked Ihan Mcadow Frilillary wi lh I hl' whill' Spol
at the base of tht' HW leading mar~in t'speda ll y prominent. The FW
o utt'r margin is evenly rounded, nOI coming 10 a shallow point as on
Meadow Fritillary. Above. usually darh'r basally than Mcadow Fritil -
lary with the HW margin darker and with the FW cell -end bar solidly
bla ck. Mcadow Fritillary has the Ct'II -end bar enclosing some oran~e
ground color. Habitat: Black spruce hogs and willow thickt:ts. Abu,,-
dance: LR-LU. La te May- mid July. but only about one weck at any
giVt'n loca lit y, Food: Shrubby willows.

Freija Fritillary Boloria fre ija

Below, note the prominent white postmedian band. broken by the long
white "duck bill" and the horizontal white marginal bars . Habitat: Suh-
a lpine willow thickets . Abundance: LC. May- Aug. , mainly
May-June. hut only a few wecks at any given lucality, usually while
the snowpack is melting. Food: Bcarht'rry. blucbcrTY. and olhcr heath
family plants. Comments: Where they occur, Frcija Fritillari('S arc
somt' of the first butterflies to fly in a new st'ason. The Nurst' goddess
Frcija. for whom this sJll'des is named , is known to favo r love songs
and su it may become a tradition amon~ bulterflier lovers to St'ck this
nort hern fritillary to invoke her hlt.·ssing.

Dingy Fritillary Boloria improba

1---,\ Wings are very rounded . Below, HW has slron~ median spoloond .
• with a long "duck bill, " bUl no postmedian sJ101hand. Ahove, dingy

~ l
with strong FW pOSbnedian spots that blur into one another. Habitat:
Moisl ar('as ahove treeline with the foodplant. Alm"dallce: LR. Main-
\\ .n ly mid July-early Aug. in San Juan Mountains of ColoTado (acronema )
and mainly early Aug.-mid Aug. in Wind River Mountains of
Wyoming (harryi) . Food: Prostrall:' willows, including snow willow
and arcti c will ow. Comments: The popu lation in the San Juan Mo un -
tains of Colorado. ' Uncompahgre' Dint-:y Fritillary, is lislt'd as kderall y
l'ndangl'rl'd . Sume beliC'v(' lhal Ihe Colorado and Wyoming popula-
tions mc.:rit full spt'cil's status.

Relict Fritillary Boloria kriemhild

Only Relict and Pacific Fritillari('!o have submarginal black chevrons

~ that point outward. Above, RL"lict has Ihese spots more continuous and

~ band-like whik' Pacific has orange areas separating the chevrons.

Below, Pacinc Fri tillary i~ vt:ry differem. Habitat: Moist openings in
~ h high moun tain conHerous forl'sL Abundance: LR -LU . July-eaTly Aug.
Food: Violets. Comme"ts: Ooe of tht' flow bUllerriil's wh()~e range is
reslriC1f:d 10 the Rocky Mountains in Ihl' Un ited Slal('~ .
 ,,"\JWN l' . III! "'!/! FR 1T 1LLARIES • 153

1 Frigga FritlUaJY 2 Frigga FritiltaJY

3 Frelja Fritillary 4 Frelja Fritillary

5 Dingy Fritillary 6 Dingy FrilUlary

8 Relict Fritillary
154 • FR ITILLA RIES

~~""
Purplish Fritillary Bolorio montinus
Variable. Below. many populations are lin~ed with reddish-purple.
Note the FW submarginal horizontaL white Lines. U!lually with HW mar-

~ ginal row of white spots, (see photo 3). Above. usually with black
inwardly pOinting triangles with flat bottoms along the HW !lubmar-
\\lA gin. Habi'at: Opening::. in coniferous fore<;l. Abrmdance: C-A.
Juiy-Aug.fSepl. (flying umil frost) . Food: WilloW'i and violets. eom-
ments: Recently shown 10 bl? distinct fmm the Old World's TItania
Fritillary. Boloria I;'al/;a. The oldest available scientific name i<; mont;-
I1US. Some treat this as a subspecies uf the tundra -dwelling ArCTic Frit -
illary. Boloriacharicl~a. and this was The trcatml'nt mi<;takl'nly given in
Buttf"fli~s throus" B;noculars: Tilt' East.

Mountain Fritillary Boloria napaea

Both above and below. the HW comes to a shallow point-it is not
• evenly rounded. Above. wing bases arc very dark. Habitat: Moist
sloping meildows above treeline. Abundance: LR. Eilrly Aug. mid
Aug. Food: Knotweeds. CommenlS: Althuugh common in pans of
Alaska and also found in the northern Canadian Rocky Mountains.
the only place in the [ower U.S. where this spedes occurs is over
11 .500 fL. in the Wind River Mountains of wyoming. The inaccessible
nalure of its spl'ctacularly ~aUliful hilbilill (a horse is helpful). cou -
pled with its shon flight period and th e unpredictabk vagaries of Ihe
weather pattern each year (changing the night period by weeks) and
each week (it was abom 40°F a nd cloudy/rainy Ih(' first year I tried)
makes the romance of this butterfly irresistible.

Alberta Fritillary Bolaria alberta

'-..--\\ Large, Both above and below. very dull coLored. Below. FW with post-
median black spots either very faint or absent but with small bLilck

~ marginal black points at veins. HW with gray smud~t:s. Habitat:

Windswept scree slopes ilnd ridses ilbove treeline in the high Rocky
~ h Mountains. Abundance: LR. July-m id Aug. Mostly flying in even -
numbered years. Food: Mountain avens. Comments: One of the lea<;1
seen butlerflies of Nonh America.

Astarte Fritillary Boloria astarte

Large. Below. HW has a pale postmedian white spotband with a row
of black spots just beyond it. Silver-bordered Fritillary is smaller.
brighter oranse above and on the FW below and with darker ground
color on the HW below. Habitat: High. rocky. windswept ridscs above
treeline. Almndaf1ce: R- LU . LaiC July--<'arly Aug. Usually nit'S every
year in Albena . but on ly in even -numbered yea .... in WashinSlon.
Food: Spotted saxifrage.
 SHOWN l' I LIFE SIZE FRlTIllARIES • 155

5 Alberta Fritillary (museum specimen) 6 Alberta Fritillary (museum specimen)

7 Astarte Fritillary (museum specimen) 8 Astarte FrUUlary (museum specimen)

156 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Patches, Checkers pots and Crescents

(subfamily Melitaeinae)
Most of the species in this group are o range-colo red, w ith black reticu lations.
Un like th e greater and lesse r fritillaries, they do no! have a complete FW subma r-
ginal ba nd of black spots. The pa tches a nd the Thessa/ia checkerspols have a white
spot in the middle of their crow ns.
California Patch Chlosyne californica
Bright orange with a black postmcdian band containing small whitc
SpOts. Above. note the orange marginal spots. Both ah()ve and below.
note that th e outer edge of the second and third spots of the FW medi-
an orange band are almost aUgned . Thc FW cell is orange below. The
orange median bands can be narrower than on the individuals
shown. Habitat: Desert canyons and washes. Abundance: C.
March- April. Partial. Icss common 2nd and lrd broods in June and
Sepl.-Nov.• their abundance dcpt'nding upon rainfall. Occasionally
strays outsidc rangc shown. Food: Desert sunnower.

Bordered Patch Chlosyne lacinia

This is one of thc most variablc butterfly spedes in the world. Individ-
ua ls similar to those shown from Texas predomina te in the eastern
pan of the range. ones similar to those shuwn from Arizona and New
Mexico predominate in the western ponion. Below. there is usually a
cream-colored median band. of varying Width. and marginal cream-
colored HW spots. The black postmedian area almost always has a
row or small white spOts_ Unlike California Patch. the second and third
spots of the FW median spotband are not aligned. and the second spot
is displaced inwardly. Abovc. thc HW margin is black. lacking HW
orange marginal spots that California Patch t'xhibits. Almost every in-
dividual varies in some fashion from oLhers. Some individuals (more
often in South America) have more extensive (Irange than on the
individual shown in photo 4. while uther rare individuals arc almust
entirely black. showing less orange and whilt than Iht: individuals in
photos 7 and 8. Habitat: A wide variety of open situations. including
brushy ficlds. thorn scrub, and woodland ed,ges. Ab,,,,da,,a: C.
three -brood areas west to southeastern Arilona, ~coming U-R west-
ward . Mainly March-Ocl. Decreasing immigrant northward. R Jalt'
summer immigrant north 10 Kansas and Ulah. RS north 10 Nebraska .
Everywhere. most common in latl:: sUlllmerllal1. Food: Aster family.
espedally sunflowers. Comme"t.": A 1t hnu~h Bordered Patches fre-
Quent hilltOps and mud puddles. they are oftcn easieslt() find in flat -
lands on flowers. While I've never sl::en orange HW marginal spots on
a Bordered Patch in the United States. some Suu th American Bor-
dered Patches do have some orange HW marginal sputS, so this is
within the genetic repertoire 01 the spcdes.
 CRE SC ENTS ET AL. • 157

1 California Patch 2 California Pakh

3 Bordered Patch (Texas) 04 Bordered Patch (Texas)

7 Bordered Patch (New Mexico) B Bordered Patch (New Mexico)

158 • CRESCENTS ET AL.

Crimson Patch Chlosyne janais

Below. the HW basal yellow patch is dotted with black and there is a
yellow marginal spotband. Above. the bold red-orange HW patch
against a black ground color is distinctive (but see Rnsila Patch).
Habitat: Tropical woodland and thorn scrub. Abundal1ce: LR. Mainly
JU1l(.'-Nov. RS nonh 10 northern Texas and west to southeastt'm New
Mexico. Food: Acanthus family. Commel1ts: In !:>outhern Texas. this
gorgeous species' abundance is very variable. but at times it can he
Quite common.

Rosita Patch Chlosyne rosita

Very similar to Crimson Patch. but smaller. Below, th e HW basal yel-
low patch lacks black. spots on its outer half and there is no yellow mar~
ginal spotband. Above, the HW patch is two-toned, pater inwardly,
darker outwardly and is more oran~t' than r<.'<l. Habitat: Thorn scrub.
Almlldance: RS to southeastern Arizona. mainly late Aug.-mid Oa.
Food: Acanthus family.

Definite Patch Chlosyne definita

Above this rarely seen spedes closely resembles a Theona Check-
erspot. Both a hove and below, nott: tht' reduced size of the middle
spot of the HW submarginal spotband. Bt' low, the middle spot. in addi-
tion to being small, is white. not oran~t'. Also nOll' the inverted
orange My" dangling from the HW leading margin. Habitat: Thorn
scruh, especially in Iimestunt' areas hUI also along rocky or clay em-
bankmellls. Almtldance: R-LU. March-Nov, Food: Shaggy tufl. Co",-
mellts: Your hest chance for seeing one o r th ese probahly is in the
Guadalupe Mountains in west Texas and southeastern New Mexico,
or in the Franklin Mountains in EI Pa!ou County, Texas.

Banded Patch Chlosyne endeis

~
Ahove, similar to Borderl"d Patch. Note the red-orange HW su bmar-
ginal spots and the white neck. Below, similar tu Definite Patch. with

~ ,h
l
small white spot at Ihe center of the orange submarginal spOiband
and invened orange My" dangling from the HW leading margin, hut
~\ Banded Palch is larger. NOie the black outer FW. The HW white median
area is bounded by a black continuous line. Dt'finile Patches have this
line discontinuous, with one end atlacht'd to an arm of the orange
invened MY." Some Leanira CheckeTSpOis are very simi lar above bm
ranges do nOi overlap and Ihe leanira Checkerspois have orange
SpOlS behind the eyes that Banded PalChes lack. Habitat: Thorn scruh.
AIJUlldance: LR. March-Nov, Has bet:n reponed from Ihe Del Rio,
Texas. area. Food: Unknown. Comments: Thh spt'cies is one of Iht'
least seen hutlernies of thost' that are resident in the United Stales.
 SHOWN I' i, lifE SIZE CRE SC ENTS ET Al. • 159

3 Rosita Patch 4 Rosita Patch

5 Definite Patch 6 Definite Patch

7 Banded Patch 8 Banded Patch

160 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Elada Checkerspot Texola elada

Tiny. Below. aliernating bands of orange and white are dramatic. HW
marginal band is orange. Above, heavily reticulated with black. Vesta
Crescen ts arc similar above but are not quite so heavily reticulated
with hlack and have pale HW marginal crescents and submarginal
black spots. Habitat: Thorn scrub. Abundance: C-A. March- Nov. but
mainly April-OCt. Food: Acamhus family. Comments: Flight is often
slow and noaLing. It} some desert canyons therL' can bL' a 10[ of Eladas.
In many areas this species flies wilh Tiny Checkl'rspots and one must
look closely to distinguish them.

TIny Checkerspot Dymasia dymas

Tiny. Beluw. ahernating band!. of orange and white are dramatic. HW
marginal band is white. Above. note the red-brown crown spot Oflen
with a pale area near the middle of the fW costal margin. Black retiru-
lations form an "open" network . Hal,itat: Low t.'levation arid regions,
including desert canyons and foothills. AbllIrdallce: Mainly U-C, oc-
casionally A in southeastern Arizona and sout hern California.
Feb.-Nov. Usually most common March IApril-May and Sept. Food:
Acanthus family, including chupt.'rosa.

Arachne Checkerspot Poladryas arachne

Bdow. the white median band has rows of black dots. Abt lVe. note Ihe
orange body bands on the abdomen and the hlue-gray eyes. See 001-
ted Checkerspot (bt.'low) . Similar checkersllots (Northern Check-
erspol and olhers). have while body hands, except for Variahle and
Edith's ChcckerspOls. which have brown cyc~. Habitat: Mountain
meadows and arid grasslands. Abundance: R-LC. April-Oct. Mainly
ApriI IMay-June, Sept. High elevation popU lations, inc1udin~ the Cal-
ifornia population (monache) . are single brooded, June-Aug. Food:
BeardLongues. Commellls: Look ror Ihis species in the murning, espe-
cially on grassland knolls.

Dotted Checkerspot Poladryas minuta

Below. the white median band has rows of black dots. Above, note Ihe
orange body bands on the abdomen and lilt' blue-gray eyl~S. Arachne
Checkerspm has more extensive black markings abuve and narrower
orange bands helow. Above, Dotted Checkerspol has HW marginal
black bands that are strongly cresct.'nt-shaped while Arachne Check-
erspot has these lines more gently rounded. Habitat: Limestone
ridges with sparse woods. Abundance: R-LU. AI)rilfMay-Sept. Food:
Beardlongues. Comments: Presumably (Kcuning over most of Texas
in (he recent past. Ihe rcason'\ for Ihis species' apparent decline are
unknown. Considered by some 10 be conspedfic with Aradmc
Cbeckerspol.
 SHOWN 1 \ lirE SI!( CRESCENTS ET AL. • 161

4 TIny Cheaerspot

6 Arachne Checkerspot

7 Dotted Checkerspot 8 Dotted Checkerspol

162 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Theona Checkers pot Thessalia theona

Below. on ly Chinali Chechrspo t resem hles this species. The bold HW
pattern of orange postmedian and basal bands on a white ground (olor
makes identification easy. Note the o ran~e a l ()n~ the bottom vt'in elf
th e HW. Above. Theona Checke rspots are ex tremely variable. even
wi thin the same population. Although pallern'i range. as shown.
from very dark (pholO I ) to very light-colored (photo 4 ). the majority
of individuaJs prohably come closest tu the individua l shnwll in photo
3. Habitat: Thorn ~cnlb and bru!lhy canyon::.. Abtmdallce: U-c.
March-Oct . Peaks in Apri l and Au~ . Food: Mainly Indian painthrm.h-
es in Arizona and silverleafs in Texas.

Chinati Checkerspot Thessalia chinatiensis

~
Very simila r to TheOna Checkerspot. Below. note the absence of
orange along the bottom vein of the HW. Ahovt:. There is a complete

~ absence of any bLack postmedian bands on both the FW and HW. Also
nOte tht: solid black HW border. withom any included pale ~polS.
\\ ~ Theona Checkerspot usually have stron~ black p()~tmedian hand~. hut
sometim es these are faint (photo 4 ). They also alnHlsl always havt: al
least some submargina l pale spot " in the IIW border (oll tsidt' the area
of thh guide, in sou theaslern Texas and nort hea~tern Ml'xiro. many
Theona individuab lack s ubmargina l pale Spots in the I-IW burder) .
Habitat: Opt:n brushy situatio ns at mid -elt:vatiun ... Abunda nce: R-U.
April-Oct. Food: Silverlea rs. Commellts: TIlt" slatus of Chinati Check-
erspOi is uncertain . Found in a limited geographicil ] areil ilnrl w ry
close ly related Iu Theona Cht:ckerspot. China li Cht'ckerspot may bt:
only a subspecies o r form of Ihat species. One finds individuals in
West Texas Ih at may be hybrids hetween Chinati and Theona, such as
the individual shown in photo 8. but it i .. not certa in that these actu-
ally are hybrids. Even if they a re. one needs mnr(' in formation ahullt
how frequent ly such hybrids occur before concJlldin~ (hat there is
onl y one species. If theft' is hu t one spcdcs and China li and Tht:ona
free ly illlerbreed. it would seem that Chinati gene, would be Quickly
swamped by lhe ocean of Theona genes 'iurrounding it. especially
('onsidt'ring that I found individuals Ihal ,ecm elilo ht' ~pure~ Theona
allhe exact location I found Chinati seven mon ths earlier. Hopelully.
further stud ies will help us resolvt, this issllt:.
 CRESCE NTS ET Al. • 163

1 Theona Checkerspot :2 Theona Checkerspot

3 Theona Checkerspot ,. Theona Checkerspot

5 Theona Checkerspot 6 ChlnaU Cheoerspot

7 Chlnati Checkerspot 8 ChlnaU Checkerspot

164 • CRESCENTS ET AL.

Thessalia checkerspots (in part)

The three species of Tltessalia checkerspOls on this page arc cha racterized by their
bold undersi de pattern. Thl' HW has a dramatic black postmedian band enclos-
ing white spots. Above. a ll three have median and postmedian white or
cream-colored HW spotbands. The spots in the postmedian band are usu-
ally small and closely aligned.
Leanira Checkerspot Thessalia leanira
I3ciow. HW with black postmedian band enclosing white spots. West of
the California Sierras 010$1 individuals also have a basal black band on
the HW. Both above and betow. note the orange patps. Above. mainly
black west of the Sierra Nevadas and lhe coastal and tranverse ranges
of southern Caliromia. mainly orange eastwa rd. wi lh intemledialt'S
occurring. mainly in los Angeles. Kern, and Th lare Counties, Ca lifor-
nia. Abdomen is black (Fulvia has at leasl some orange). HabitaL- Var-
ied, including open pint' and aspen woodlands. sagebrush steppes.
chapa rral, desert hills, and sand dunes Abundance: LR-LU.
March-July, mainly April-May. except mainly May- June in northern
Ca lifornia/Oregon. Occasional late season emergences have been
reponeu . At Oso Flaco Lake in San Louis Obispo County, California,
the population is reponedly two-brooded, flying mid April-mid May.
latc June-J uly_Food: Indian paintbrushes. Comments: Rare individu-
als la ck Ihe black bands below. An entire population. fonnerly in the
vicinity o f San Rafael, Marin County, California, now prohabl y extir-
pated, lacked these black bands.

Fulvia Checkerspot Thessalia fulvia

Below, HW with black postmedian band enclosing white spots. 30th
above and below, note that the palps are black above and white below
Above, similar to Lcanira Checkerspot. but note at least some orange
on the abdomen . Habitat: Open hillsides covered by pinyon -ju niper,
prairie. or grassland, often in limestone areas. Abundance: lR -U.
Peaks in April. June, and Aug.-Sept. in three-brood area: mainly
May-Ju ly and Aug.-Sept. in two- brood an'a . Food: Indian paint-
brushes.

Black Checkerspot Thessalia cyneas

Below, HW with black postmedian band enclosing white spots.
Extremely similar to Fulvia Checkf'rspol. Ahove. mainly black with
orange HW marginal spotband. Habitat: Miu -elevation mountain
canyons with permanent water. Abundance: R-C. Abundance seems
l(l be qrdical. II will become common for a period of years and Ihen
become rare again. Continually brooded-April- Nov. with rainfall
the primary controlling factor in emergences. Most common in Ihe
fall. Known only from Cochise Co., Arizona, in the United States but
also occurs in lhe Slates of Sonora and Durango in Mexico and is pos-
sible in the southwestern mountains of New Mexico. Food: Indian
paintbrushes.
 CRESC ENTS ET Al. • 165

1 leanira Checkerspot (btadt) 2 l eanira Checkerspot (black)

L
3 leanlra Checkerspot (orange) 4 leanira Checkerspot (orange)

S Fulvia Checkerspot 6 Fulvia Checkerspot

7 Black Checkerspot 8 Black Checkerspot

166 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Gorgone Checkerspot Chlosyne gorgone

Below, the zigzag brownish gray and white HW pattern is unique.
Above, note the wide. black FW borders that ot her checkerspois lack
(except for Silvery). Gorgone usually has pronuunced pale chevrons
in the HW black border t11at Silvery usually la ck!li (when pale SpOiS ilrc
present in Silvery borders they lend to be relatively flat). Habitat:
Although the heart of its range is the prairie province, this -"pedes can
oenlr in a great variety of open sit Ilations, induding wast(, areas,
srreamsides and roadsides. Abundance: C. April-O(1. in three·bmod
area; Mily-A ug. in twO·bTOOd area; May-early July in une ·brood
areas (sometimes with a partial second brood in late July). Food: Sun·
flowers and other aster family plants. Comments: A widely wandl'r-
ing, colonizing species. There have been lemporar}' {'olonies in (for
example) western Montana, the Salt Lake Cit}' area, and southwest-
ern Idaho. AU now seem 10 be gone.

Silvery Checkerspot Chlosyne nycteis

No te th e very broad pale median band on the HW below, with individ-
ualspots bulging outward. Above, nOle Ihe wide black fW borders Ihal
other checkerspols lack (except for Gorgone). Silvery Ch~ckerspOis
usually lack the pronounced pale chevrons in the HW black border
Ihal GOrgone CheckerspOl usually have. Also, Silver}, ChcckerspOls
average larger and rhe less eXlensive orange on tht' basal half of the
wings gives Silvery Cbeekerspots an owrall darker appearance. Habi-
tat: Moisl openings in decidu nus and mixed woodland: stream l'dgc!lo
in open mumry. Abundance: LR-U. May-Ocl. in the sou thern por-
tion of green an~a. mid June-Aug. inlhe northern portion of green
area; June-July in yel10w ilTeas. Food: SunOowers and other aSler
family plants.

Harris' Checkerspot Chlosyne harrisii

' - ,\ Below, similar to Silvery Checkerspol, with HW median band Ihal
b1.Jlges ourward. NOie Ihe HW margin with a complete row of large

~ >-
white spots. Habitat: Wet sh rubby meadows and marsh borden..
Abunda"ce: LR. Late Jun e-mid July. Food: Flat-lopped while ilster.
&\ h ,Y Commeuts: Barely emers Ihe West. Like ils relatives. eggs are laid in
clusters and caterpillars are colonial.

Rockslide Checkerspot Chlosyne whitneyi

"I . Very sim ilar to Nort hem CheckerspOl, and especially to Sagebrush
Checkerspot. Below, median band is while. Median band helow on
\ \\-.. l
NOrthe rn CheckerspOl is ~light l y o[f·while- buUy. Ahhough Roek-
"- ~ slide CheckerspolS average darker and duller above than Sagebrush
n and Northern Checkerspols, identification is really onl)I possible by
habilal- a Chlosyne eheekerspol flying ove r a rockslide anove lreeline
ca n reasonably be assumed to be this species. Habitat: High elevation
rockslides and scree slopes above Iree line . Abundance: R-U .
July-Aug. Food: Fleabanes.
 SHOWN )1 .' lifE Sill CRESCE NTS ET Al. • 167

1 Gorgone Checkerspot 2 Gorgone Checkerspot

3 Slivery Chetkerspot 4 Silvery Checkerspot

7 Rocksllde Checkers pot 8 Rockslide Checkerspot

168 • CRESCENTS ET AL.

Charidryas Checkerspots
(subgenus Charidryas of genus Chlosyne)
These five species (with Rockslide Checkerspot on previous page) are very similar.
All have a HW below with a pale median band flanked by red-orange bands. The
postmedian red-orange band stops well short of the leading margin. Also
see Euphydryas checkerspots, next pages.
Gabb's Checkerspot Chlosyne gabbii
r- Below. HW median spotband is white . Above. as shown. Rockslide
Checkerspot doesn 't occur within rangt:. Sagebrush Checkerspol is

~ l
extre mely similar and variable. but populations that occur near
Gabb's CheckerspOls are hright orange with much reduced black
~ h markings above (see photo 4). Habitat: Chaparral. low canyons.
dunes. and washes. Almndance: U. Late March-Junc. Food: Beach
aSler and others jn aSler family.

Sagebrush Checkerspot Chlosyne acostus

Below. HW median spotband is white. Above. ground color varies
from bright orange with weak black markings (t1eumoegeni in south-
eastern California and western Arizona) to almost all black. Hal1itat:
Open arid areas. inel uding deseri rials and hills, sagebrush steppes,
and pinyon-juniper hillsides. Abundance: Mainly C. bUI LR 10 the
northeast. March-May in the southern tieseris. with a parHal second
brood in Aug.-Oct.: elsewhere. mid May-mid July. depending upon
location. Food: Rabbitbrush (most populations) and desert aster (neu -
moegeni). Comments: This species and Gabb's and Rockslide Checker-
spots are very closely related.

Northern Checkerspot Ch/osyne palla

~ l\
Below. HW median spotband is usually off-White. Along the inner edge
....t"I of the HW median spot band, the 2nd and 3rd small pale spots (count-

\ ~\h
",.> ing from leading margin) are equal. Above, extremely variable_
Ground color varies from almost all orange 10 orange and Illa ck, 10
almost entirely black (in some areas females are blacker than photo 6
inset). Habitat - A wide variety, from woodland openings 10 sage-
brush. Abundance: C. April- Aug. Food: Asters and rabbitbrush.

Hoffmann's Checkerspot Chlosyne hoffmanni

Below. HW median spotband is off-White. Along the inner edge of Ihl'
HW median spOiband, lht' 2nd and 3rd small pale spots (counting from
leading margin) are unequal (in most populations). wilh the second
SpOI narrower and not extending as far inward. Abovc, wings are
darkened at their bases. with a strong contrast between basal and
median areas. Alsl). the three HW Int'dian band spots nearcst Ihe Irafl -
ing margin lend 10 be more aligned than on Northern Cht'ckerspot.
Habitat: Openings in moullIain cuniferous lorest. Abundance: C-A in
California: R-LU northward . June-Aug. Food: ASICTS.
 511OW1>; \1 [If[ SIZE CRESCENTS ET AL. • 169

1 Gabb's Checkerspot :2 Gabb's Checkerspot

3 Sagebrush Checkerspol 4 Sagebrush Chec:kerspol

5 Northem Chetkerspol 6 Northern Chetkerspol

7 Hoffmann's Chetkerspol 8 Hoffmann's Checkerspol

170 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Euphydryas Checkerspots (genus Euphydryas)

The three to five species in the West (depending upon who's cou nting) are easy
enough 10 recognize as a group, but often impossible to identify to species. The pat-
terns both above and below, while amazingly variable, even within a single popu-
lation, are similar enough that an individual can usually be recognized as belonging
to this group. If in doubt, check the eyes. Euphydryas eyes are brown while oth er
checkerspols have blue-gray eyes.
Variable Checkerspot Euphydry05 cho/cedono
Also set' next page. EXlremely variable. Varies from primarily red-
orange above, TO primarily black, to very white and everything in
betwt'cn. This species and Edith's CheckerspoLare often extraordinar-
ily difficult to distinguish in the field (however, un like lhe greater (rit -
iIIarit's. they can be distinguished by an examina tion of inner
ana tomy). Many, but not all. populations of Variable Checkt'rspolS
chalcedona + colon have at least some white spots on the abdomen, set orr-center, Edith'S
CheckerspOls always lack white abdominal spots. Many, but not all,
populations of Variable Checkerspols have luminous yeLLow antennal
dubs, with littlt' if a ny black at their base. I believe. but am not yel
certain. that in Ca lifornia. Edith 's Checke rspots always havt' much
black on the bottom halves of their antennal clubs. So. if your check-
erspOl has while Spots on the abdomen or. in California, luminous
yt'llow antenna I clubs, you can safely conclude thai iT 'S a Variable
anicia Checkerspo1. U you are in California and your checkerspollacks
white spots and has much black on the antennal clubs, you can pro]l-
ably conclude lila 1 it's an Edith·s. Elsewhere. it's going to be a sue!> ....
In general. the ou ter margin of the HW on Variable CheckerspOl ohen
comes Lo a very sligh t point. while that of Edith '!> is more gt'ntly
rounded. Also. see comments section, below. Habitat: Many open sit-
uations, including mountain meadows, desen canyons and high ele-
vation barrens. Abundance: C-A. March- May in suuthern California.
southeastern Arizona-southwestern New Mt'x ioo (hcmlOsa); mainly
May- July elsewhere. Food: BeardlOngues, India n paintbrUShes.
snowherries (colon). and others. Comments: Included ht'rt.' art.' hoth
colon and anida. which al least some consider to llt' separate species. In
some art'as two of these three subspedes fly at lht.' same location or
nearby, but in other areas they seem to inl ergradt.'. Further careful.
large·sca le studies are nceded to clarify the situation. or some help in
ident ification, Variable CheckerspOl is lhe sule alpine species of
EupJrydryas in the high mou ntains of Arizona (magdalena, <;ce ph(110 5)
and throughout tht' Rocky Mountains south of Wyoming (including
the Wasatch Plateau).
 CRESCENTS ET AL. • 171

1 Orange County. CaUfornla 2 Orange County. California

5 Apache County, Arizona Ouly) 6 Sublette County, Wyoming

17 2 • CRESCENTS ET AL

Variable Checkers pot Euphydryas cha/cedona

Also see previous page. Sometimes with white, off-center spots on the
abdomen and with luminous yellow antennal dubs. Edith's Check-
erspots always lack the white abdomen spots and usually (but not
• always) have much black on the lower half of Ihe amenna l clubs .
Habitat: FOOthills to alpine open areas, but rarely in true alpine habi-
tats north of Wyoming. Abundance: C-A. March-Aug. Main ly
anicia
June-July. Food: BeardlOngues, paintbrushes. and 0 1hers.

Edith's Checkerspot Euphydryas editha

Extremely similar 10. and often impossible 10 distinguish in the fil'id
from. the more common Variable Checkerspot. Edith's Checkerspols
always lack white, off-center abdomenalspots Ihal Variable Check-
erspots sometimes have (lhe faint white spots visible in tht' cemer of
the abdomens in photos 4 and 6 is an artifact of phow (lash) and
often have much black on the lower half of the antennal dubs. Below.
the pale HW median band is sometimes narrowed, so that the black line
outward of this median band separates two reddish areas. but many
populations do nOt exhibit this feature. Variable Checkers polS have
the black line separating the white median inwardly and a red band
outwardly. Unfortunately, the butlerflies rarely show o(f their spiffy
undersides. Edith's Checkerspots average smaller than Variable
Checkerspols and Ihe wing shape tends LO bl:' more rounded than
Variable Checken;pot. but these are subtle and inconsistent points.
and prohably nol much use in the field. Habitat: Mainly in stressed
habilats, including ocean bluffs. desert hills. ridgetops in sagebrush
scrub and rocky outcrops above treeline. Abu"dance: Mainly LR-U.
but C at high elevations in Lhe California Sierra Nevadas (nllbI9ena).
March-April in southern lowlands and coast; April-June in southern
mountains and northern lowlands; mainly June-early Aug. !!Ist:-
where. Food: Indian paintbrushes, Chinese hi lUSt'S, lou sewons. and
others.

Gillette's Checkerspot Euphydryas gillettii

Easy to recognize. both above and below by wide red-orange submar-
ginal band on both FW and HW. Habitat: Wet mountain meadows.
Abundance: LR. Lale June-Ju ly, with a short flight season. Food:
lVvinberry honeysuckle. Comments: Most frequently encountered in
Alberta .
 SHOWN 1;. llF! "IIF CRESCE NTS ET Al. • 173

1 Variable Checkerspol (Wyoming) 2. Variable Checkerspol (Colorado)

6 Edith's Checkerspot (Nevada)

7 GIUette's Checkerspot 8 Gillette's Checkerspot

174 • CRESCENTS ET A l.

Crescents (genus Phyciodes)

As with many butt erfly groups, it is easy to recognize a butterfly as a crescent, but
often eXlemely difficult to determine 10 which speci,fs the individual belongs. Also
as wit h other groups, because of geograph ical variation it is often easier to distin-
guish two species at a particular locality than 10 describe how lO separate them
everywhere in their range . Named for the crescent-sha ped spot near the HW mar-
gin, most of the crescents are common butterflies. Although all North American
species are nol dissimilar. th e group is very diverse in the American uopics, with
species mimicking heliconians and other butterfly groups.
Field Crescent Phyciodes campestris
Variable. BOlh above and below, antennaL tips are dark brown or black..
Generally, OIher crescents in Ihe range of Field Cres(l'nis have orange
antennaltips. The presence of a pale bar in the FW cell below (excepi
in the California Sierra Nevadas) is often useful. Individuals in ea!'t-
ern populations are browner with more a more patterned HW (see
inset [0 photo I). Individuals in most populations resemble Ihe indi-
vidual in photo 2. appearing to be primarily black above. with exten-
sive dark areas strongly contrasting with Iht' pale median band and
with Ihe HW postmedian orange band cnclosing black dots. Most
other crescents register primarily as orange. At mid to high elevations
in the Ca lifornia Sierra Nevadas individuals are generally more
orange above and are ahnosl unmarked below. Inl ermediales occur.
Habitat: Extremely varied. including open weedy fields, prairies.
roadsides, taiga. and moiSlllloun[ain meadows, ranging from sea
level 10 above treeline. Abu"dance.· Mainly C-A. May-Sepl.;
March-Nov. in the California lowlands. Only one brood at high e1eva-
[ions. mainly July-early Aug. Food: Aslers.

California Crescent Phyciodes orseis

Populations in Trinity Alps and Siskiyous areas dirfer from Ihose in
the Sierra Nevadas. In Trinities and Sikiyous Ihe upper side resembles
a FieLd Crescenl but the anlennai tips are orange. while the underside
resembles a Mylina Cres(l'nt, with fairly strong mottling. At high ele-
vations in the California/ Nevada Sierra Nevadas. upperside resembles
a Myliua Cres(l'nt while [he underside resembles the high-elevalion
populations of Field Crescents! Habitat: Mounlain creeksides. Ab,m -
da" ce: LR. April-June in most of the range, July-Aug. at high eleva-
tions in the Sierra Nevadas. Food: Thistles. Comments: Populations
formerly occurred north of San Francisco, but Ihese populalions have
not been found for many years. The reasons for th eir extirpalion are
unknown.
 ,>HOWN l' , lifE '>Ill CRESCENTS ET AL. • 175

3 Reid Crescent (Sierra Nevadas) " Field Crescent (california Sierra Nevadas)

7 California Crescent (Trinities) 8 California Crescent (Trinities)

(museum specimen) (museum spedmen)
176 • CRESCENTS ET Al.

Pearl Crescent Phyciodes tharos

Exact pattern is Quite variable. Usually with orange antennal clubs.
Above, orange with black reticulations. Usually with FW m~dian
band nOI much pa ler than the postmedian band. HW reticulatiOn ( ) f
males is similar to that of f~males . Habitat: Widespread in moist open
situations southward, including fields, meadows. woodland edges,
and suburbia; more [requent in drier habitats northward. Abundallce:
C-A. ApriI /May-Sept.IOct, Food: Asters.

Northern Crescent Phyciodes selenis

Variable. Usually with orange antennaltips. Above. males have
reduced HW black reticulations. leaving the orange postmedian area
of males more "open." Females usually have the FW median band
somewha t paler thanlhe postmedian band but are olten nOi separa-
ble from female Pearl or Tawny Cr~scents. Habitat: Mainly woodland
openings and edges. bUi (l(:'("Urs wherever there are aSters, including
suburban and urban areas. Abu"dance: C-A. Mainly Junt....July. but
as early as mid Ma}' and as late as early Sept. Panial second hroods
have been reported. Food: Asters. Comments: Northern and Pearl
Cresct'nts seem 10 behave as separate spedt:s in some areas and as
subspecies in others. This complex does nol comfortably (it within lhe
neat boxes we like to ronslruct.1f )' OU consider all individuals as Pearl
CrescentS you'll not only make your identifications easier, you'lI
probably be closer to Ihe biological reality.

Tawny Crescent Phyciodes batesii

Variable. Bel()w, the oouom of the black spot in the middle of the FW
inner margin is usually wide. Unfortuna tc::ly, this can almost never be
seen in the field. The individual in photo 7 is from Nonh Carolina;
many individuals in western popula tions much more closely resem -
ble Pearl and Northern Crescents, but the HW ground ("olnr on most
individuals is yel10wer (others are hrowner) . The antennal tips are
black (except for the Colorado populations). The black median bar
that is perpendicular to the FW costal margin may be:- helpful. In
lawny CrescentS it is characteristically (but nol always} lunger, with
straighter sides (more rectangular) than on Northern and Pearl Cres-
cems. Above, tends to be darker than Northern and Pearl Cresct::ntS
(espedally comparing malesl. Males resemble Pearl Crescent.. ahnve,
usually lacking the "open ~ HW tlfangt.' area of Northern Crescent
males. Females usually have a FW median hand that is paler Ihan til('
postmedian band. Habitat: Mainly woodland openings and t'dges.
Abulldana: LR-U. June-early Aug. Food: Asters. Comments; Some
Colorado crescents have re(:enlly been described as a subspecies of
this species. They IOt) k qui Ie different from Ihe eastern JXlpulation..,
and it is not certain that they are aCluallyTawny Crt'scenl s, A thor-
ough study of this group using molecular systematiC; is needed ,
 CRESC ENTS ET Al. • 177

1 Pearl Cres<ent d 2 Pearl Crescent "

3 Pearl Crescent 4 Northern Cres<:ent d

5 Northern Crescent 6 Northern Cn!scent 9

7 Tawny C~ent 8 Tawny Crescent

17 8 • CRES CE NTS ET Al.

Mytitta Crescent Phyciodes mylitto

Above. most pol?ulalions have black areas greatly reduced, so that
Mylitta Crescents are the most orange crescents. From southern Col-
orado through New Mexico and eastern Arizona. the FW above close-
ly resembles that of Pale Crescent. but that species does not occur
there. Habitat: A wide variety. including urban areas. dry fields and
wet meadows. woodland openings and mountain canyons, from sea
level to treeline. Abundance: U-C, March-SepLlOCl. allow to moder-
ate elevations. Probably 1WO broods, April/May-Aug./Sepl. at higher
elevations. Food: Thistles. Comments: As with almost all the crescents,
males will g~nerally differ from females. wet sea!ion individuals from
dry season individuals, and there is greal variability from individual
to individual. Males often patrol along smaU streams, gully bonoms,
or trails.

Pale Crescent Phyciodes pallida

Pale Crescents average larger than Mylitta Crescents. but the diagnostic
mark that best separates [his species from Mylina is the large black
Spot in the middle of the FW trailing margin below. Unfortunately. in
the field t his spot is almost always obscured by the HW. However. a
similar large black spot Is In the middle of the FW tramng margin
above. and where the two occur together. Mylina Crescents usually
have only a small black spot at this position. or lack the spot entirely.
Habitat: Woodland openings, streambeds in arid regions. prairie. and
foothill gulches. Abundance: R-LU in Pacific Northwest, mid
April-mid June. LU-C in Colorado, June-Aug. Food: Thistles. Com-
ments: Tends to be more colonial and local than other crescents.

Vesta Crescent Phyciodes vesta

The postmedian chain of black encircled orange spots on the FW below
is diagnostic, but often difficult to see in the field. Some individuals
have black lines crossing the FW cell below and these can be separat-
ed [rom Pearl Crescents which have much paler brown lines. Above.
Vesta Crescents are highly reticulated with black. Elada Checkerspol
have even thicker black reticulations and have wide black wing bor-
ders. Habitat: Thorn scrub and Olher dry open situations. Abundance:
C. March-Oct. RS and temporary colonist to southeastern Arizona.
RS north 10 Kansas and Colorado. Food: Hairy tubetongue.
 CRESCENTS ET AL. • 179

I Mylltta Crescent (california) :z MyUtta Crescent (callrornia)

3 Mytltta Crescent (Arizona) " MyUtta Crescent (Arizona)

5 Pale Crescent 6 Pale Crescent

7 Vesta Crescent 8 Vesta Crescent

180 • CRESCE NTS ET A L.

Phaon Crescent Phyciodes phaon

Below, HW is Ian with darker markings. FW ground color is bright
orange. Above. note the cream-colored FW median band. contrasting
with the orange postmedian band. Habitat: Moist situations \vith low
vegeTation that includes its low, mat-fonning hosTplam. Often along
roadsides. trails. lake beds, or in subu rban plam ings. Abul1dal1ce: C-A
eastward; becoming U in West Texas and California. Mainly
April/ May-OcLlNov. RS 10 Nebraska. Colorado, SOUTheaSTern Ari-
z(ma, and sou lhern Nevada. Food: Fogfruits.

Painted Crescent Phyeiodes pieta

Below. HW is cream to pale yellow witl1 dark markings gready reduced
or absent. FW apl'x is pale and u nmarked. Above. note the pale FW
median band and pale subapical spots. Habitat: Moist areas in arid
grasslands. prairies. and deserts . Abul1dance: LU-LC. March- Oct. in
s()ulheaSlern Arizona. Mainly mid May-Aug. nonhwa rd. Strays 10
Nebraska. Food: Asters and (non-native) bindweed.

Texan Crescent Phyciades texana

Both above and below. FW outer margin has a concavity. Below, FW
with orange base and large black patch. Above. black with a white
median spotband and variable amOUnlS of red-brown basa lly. Much
blacker than other Western Cfl'scems. Habitat: Open woodland,
thorn scrub. roadsides. and parks. Abundance: C. Can occur all yea r.
but main ly March-Od. Probably n01 residell[ in northern Texas and
Oklahoma, mainly June-OCI. Strays widely. north to Nebraska. Col-
o rado, Utah, and sou thern Nevada. Food: Sma ll acanthus family
plants. Comments: Males ohen pa t rol sma ll sections of a trai l or gulch,
rlying less than one fOOl off the ~round .

Pale-banded Crescent Phyciodes tulcis

RS only. Very similar to Texan Crt'Scent. Above, FW pale spots are yel-
lower and larger than on Texan Crl'scems and HW pale median hand
is yellow and wider. HW has partial pale postmedian band in addition
to pale submarginal band. Texan CreSCent has on ly a submarginal
band. Below. lacks Ihe ora nge FW base or Texan Crescent and has a
pall' HW. Habitat: lTop ica l woodland and edges. Abundance: RS 10
San Antonio area. West Texas. and southea~tern Arizona. Food: Un-
known. Small acalllhus family ])lanLCO are suspcCled. Comments: Trc;at-
ed as a subspecies of Cuhan Crescent. Phydodes frisia. on the first
ed ition of the NABA Checklist.

Elf Microtia elva

Nothing else reSt'mbJes this diminu tive Slray. Habitat: Thorn scrub.
Abundance: RS to sou theaslern Arizona. Mainly late AU).:.-Ckt. Food:
Unknown . Comments: Small size and weak flight do"e to the grnund
make it easy to overlook.
 CRESC ENTS ET AL. • 181

1 Phaon Crescent ::t Phaon Crescent

3 Painted Crescent " Painted Crescent

5 Texan Crescent 6 Texan Crescent

. -. . • \ . .

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• .
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,
, "

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-
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8 Pale-banded Crescent
182 • TRUE BRUSH FOOTS

True Brushfoots (subfamily Nymphalinae)

Anglewings and Tortoiseshells
(genuses Polygonia and NymphaJis respectively)
These two groups are best considered together. since they share many traits and are
very closely related. Unlike most of our butterflies. adult anglewings and lOrtoise~
shells rarely necta r at flowers. Instead, they often can be seen tak ing Sclp from trees,
cong regati ng at rotting fruit. or even deriving sustenance from anima l scat or car~
rion. These butterflies a rc closely associated wit h wood lands where on(' is likely to
see them along di n roads and tra ils o r a l cree ksides. Al so unlike any other western
bu tl erfJi es, species in these groups uvervvin ter in cold areaS as adu lts. The adult bUl ~
lerflies crawl into narrow cavities in trees, ur into cracks in human dwellings. On
warm days in the dead of w int er, they can sornt:limes be found flying in the s lln ~
shine! The overwintering ad ult s usua ll y mate in the ea rly springtime.
Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis
Larger than other angJt:wings. NOll' the silvered "question-mar1c."
below. Varies from almosl unpaucrnt.'d 10 highly pallt'rncd. Thi s is I.h('
on ly anglewing with a small black horizontal bar on the subapical fW
above. HW margin is often viol;](('ous. Black or "sumnln" fom, has
much black on Ihe HWs which Iht' orange or MfaW rorm lacks. Habi-
tat: Woodland s and adjacenl (Jpt.'n areas. Abundance: U·C lrom Wesl
Texas l'aslward and non h 10 Colo rado and Oklahoma. Elst"whtTt". R~
U. Early spring and again from mid sumnwr 10 la ll. Food: Hackoerri rs,
nt.'tlit's, dm family. and others. Commel1ls: Vt:'ry rardy a Qut'Sliull
Mark will have Iht' dOl of ils '"qm'slion mMk ~ missing. It'aving you In
qu('siion Iht' corrt' CI punnualion of Iht' spt:cies!

Eastern Comma Polygonia comm a

Bdow, brown-Innt'd. HW black postmedian Line below "comma" is
very jagged. fW apex is usually two-toned, Ulliwardly pale. inwardly
darker. Distinguisht'd fmm Queslion Mark by sma lkr sizt'o tht'
MC()ll1ma on the HW below and Iht.·lack of a small hlack horizonta l
W

bar on Ihe suhapica l FW ahovt' Ihal Queslion Mark has. Lih' QUt'S-
w
linn Mark. has a fa ll "orangt' fnrm wilh grt'all y reducc:d HW black.
Range hart.'ly OVt'r!;:lps oTher Weslern commas. e::XCt'pl for Gray
Comma. Brlow. Gray Commas arc heavily 51rimed. SaTyr Commas
have a less jagged poslmedian line hdow Ihl' comma. Habitat: Wood-
lands. Abu ndance: R-U. La!l" Mayflalt' Junt'-mid OCI. 2nd brood
nverwinll'ring as adults and nying again nt'XI spring.. mainly
April- May. Food: Elrns and nt'IIks.

Satyr Comma Polygonia satyrus

Bdow. bro\'\'n-tnnt'd. Musl (llht"r w~SIt:'rn commas an' darkl'r and
grayer bt:l(lw. Abovt'. Ihe two black spots on the in ner margin of the
fW (top SpOI someliml'S pall'), black spot in the middle of the HW and
the pale HW margin. and pale s ubmarginal band separa!t' Ihis species
Irom olher commas. Habi/a l: Woodland ... Abu"dance: M<linly R-U.
Single brood flies J undJuly (t'arly Aug. in Canada I-Oel/ Nov., ov~r~
wimt'rs, 11ll'1I flit·s aga in Ihe following spring. Food: Nt'l1lcs.
 TRUE BRUSH FOOTS • 183

1 Question Mark 2 Question Mark (orange form)

3 Question Mark 4 Question Mark (black form)

5 Eastern Comma 6 Eastern Comma

7 Satyr Comma 8 Satyr Com ma

18 4 • TRUE BRU SHFOOTS

Hoary (omma Polygonia gracilis

Beluw. varies from paler than shown 10 even darker gray than
shown . usually with a two-toned appearance with outer portions of
the wings whitish-gray and inner poritiuns darker gray. Above. the
HW submarginal yellow spots run together forming a band. HW lacks a
black spot in the middle of the wing. Habitat: Openings and ed~es uf
varied woodlands and brushy areas. especially along streams. [rom
prairie and foothills to treeline. Abundance: C. Early spring-late ra ll.
Food: Currants Comments: Some consider the weslern populations.
Zephyr Comma (P.gradJis zephyrus) to bt- a separate spl'ciC!s from the
more eastern Hoary Comma.

Green (omma Palygonia f aunus

Usually, the wings are more jagged than other anglewings. Note the
bluish-green submarginal band below (faint in Colorado) . Above. nOle
the tWO black SpOTS on Ihl' inner margin o[ Ihe FW (lOp spot some-
times faint) and the black spot in the middle of the HW. Eastern. Gray.
a nd Huary Commas usually have only the FW bottom spot or if the
lOp SpOl is present it is laint; Gray and Hoary Commas lack the middle
HW black spot. The black HW border has yeUowish spots and is bor-
dered inwardly by a dark brown band. Habitat: SITt:'a msides and open-
ings in coniferous or mixed mountain woodlands. Abundance: R-U.
Single brood flies July-Sept./Oct .. overwin ters. then flies a~ain Ihl'
following spring. Food: Willows and birches and olhers.

Gray (omma Polygonia progne

Below. very heavily striated. "Comma" is thin and tapered at both ends.
The OUTer portion or the FW is whitish. hUTlhe IlUler porlion of the
HW below the ~coJl1ma" is the sam(' dark colm as the inner wing
area. Above. HW black border (very wide a nd dirfu.\e in black rorm-
as shown) with small yelluw spots. FW lacks top spot on the inner
margin and HW lacks Illack spot in the middle of the win~. Habitat:
Deciduou s woodlands. Abundance: R-U. Mainly June- Ju ly,
Aug.-early Oct. with overwintering adu lts in Apri l- May. Food:
Gooseberries.

Oreas (omma Polygonia areas

Below. usua ll y Iwo-Ioned. Above, the HW dark border is the same
color on both sides of the enclosed HW pate submarginal band. Habi-
tal : Moist woodlands. especiaUy in Ihe vicinity of streams. Abw,-
dance: R-U. Late June/July-Sept. with overwill tering ad ults in early
spring. Food: Gooseberries. Comments: Some consid('r Oreas Comma
10 be a subspecies of Gray Cumma.
 TRUE BRUSHFOOTS • 185

1 Hoary Comma z Hoary Comma

3 Green Comma 4 Green Com ma

5 Gray Comma 6 Gray Comma

7 Oreas Comma 8 Oreas Com rna

18 6 • TRUE BR USHFOOTS

Mourning Cloak Nymphalis antiopa

unm istakable. A large. dark nymphalid. Below, dark striated brown
with pale yellow borders. Dark bruwn above wilh yellow borders and
blue submarginal spots. Habita' :Though cilaradcrislic of hardwood
forL'sts. Mourning Cloaks can be found in ahnost any habiLal. includ-
ing woodlands, fields, suburbs, and cities. Abundance: Generally C,
but R-U in much of Texas and in sou thern California. Adults emergt:
in mid summer, fly into the fall. uVL'rwinler. then fly again early the
fo llowing spring. There may be multiple broods in some areas. but
more likely is Ihal after emerging and briefly flying. many adults
enter a resting stage. becoming aClive a~ain in the fall. Food: Willows
and rllillly other trees and shrubs. Commenls: Ohen glides in night.
Seems 10 move south and downslope in the fall. north and to higher
eleva tions in the spring.

Compton Tortoiseshell Nymphalis vau-album

Note the white spot on the HW above. Below. dark llray and heavily
striated. Gray Comma. similar below. is much smaller-. Habilat: A
wide variety of wooded situations. Abundana : LU-LC. Adults fly late
July-early Sept .. overwinter. and then fly again The fo llowing spring.
Subject to cyclical popu lation explosions and range expansions. R
immigrant sou th to On·gun. Utah. Colorado. and Nebraska (and
probably farther) . Food: Birches and wi llows. Comments: The arislO-
cralic and boldly patterned Compton Tortoiseshell often glides
through the woodlands. seemingly surveying its realm. Named after
Compton County. Quebec. so. like cali lornia Tortoiseshell (not Cali-
lurnia's TOrloiseshdl). this spedes is Compton Tortoiseshell. not
Compton's TortOiseshell.

California Tortoiseshell Nymphalis californica

Below. very similar 10 commaS and Cumplon TorlUiscsheli. bUI lacks
"cornmaN and wing margins are I t:ssja~ed than commas. Alx>ve.
bright brown -orange with bold black burders. H abitat: Coniferous
and mixed wood land. Abundance: Usually R-U hUI A during irrup-
linn .. (<;rr Cnrnmrnr .. ). A(hdl <; fly mid Slimmer In f~lI . nve"....imer.
then fly again the following spring. Food: CeanOlhus. (ommel1ts: This
spedes. often quite rare. has periodi c irruptions and migratory move-
ments. In irruption years the bUlTerny lOay be everywhere. with the
caterpillars romplele ly covering Ceanolhus-ct>vercd hillsides .

Milbert's Tortoiseshell Nymphalis milberti

This colorful nymphalid has bright orange and yellow FW borders
abo .... e. Below. dark. striated brown with a pale submarginal band.
Mourning Cloak is much larger and ha s a pale margina l band. Habi-
la l: Moist wood land openings. A/JUttdallce: Mainly R-U bUI C in fhe
Paolic Northwest. Adults emerge mid summer, ny inlO the faU. over-
winter. and fly again the following :opring. Food: Neules.
 TR UE BRUSHFOOTS • 187

t Mourning Cloak :z Mourning Cloak

3 Compton Tortoiseshell 4 Compton Tortoiseshell

S california Tortoiseshell 6 california Tortoiseshell

7 Mllberfs Tortoiseshell 8 Mllberfs Tortoiseshell

188 • TRUE BRUSH FOOTS

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta

Naturally enough. Red Admirals are patriOlic-!;porting red, while
and blue along the FW costa below. Above. the reddish-orange bands
on both FWs and HWs make confusion of this spedes with any other
very difficult . Habitat: Open situations with flowers. including fields.
beaches. suburbia. and especially moist meadows near woodlands.
Ab,mdalJce: Mainly U-C but often R in Nevada, the California Sierras,.
and the Pacific Northwest . March-November in southern California
east to central/northern Texas. Mainly May-Oct. northward. Food:
Nettles. CommelJls: A cruss-dresser uf sorts, this spedes is a lady. not
an admiral.

American Lady Vanessa virginiensis

Both above and below, note the protruded FW apex.. Below. note the
distinctive robweb pattern and the pink patch on the FW. To distin-
guish from similar Painted and West Coast Ladies remember, Ameri-
M

can Ladies have big eyes and an open mind." The big eyes refer to the
two large eyespots on the HW below. The open mind refers to the lack
of a honzontal"dosing" line conncctinglhe black lines in the lower
middle FW above. Most individuals have a white spot on the FW
above that other ladies lack. Habitat: Widespread in open silUations.
Abundance: Mainly U. but R in tht' Pacific Northwest. Mainly
March-Nov. in southern California cast to central/northern Texas.
May-Oct . northward. RS north to British Columhia and Montana.
Food: Pearly everlastings and others in aster family.

West Coast Lady Vanessa annabella

Both above and below. nOie the protruded FW apex and the black bar
that completely crosses the FW cell. Other ladies have tWO incompkH.'
black bars in the FW cell. The region just outside the black FW celt bar
Is pink below. Habitat: Open situations. often disturbed. Abrmdallce:
R-U. Almost all year. but mainly March- Nov. in southern and coastal
lowlands. May- SepuOct. elsewhere. Food: Malluws and others in
the mallow family.

Painted Lady Vanessa cardui

Averages larger than other ladies, without protruded apex . Note the
four small HW eyespots below. Ohen with a pink suffusion above. The
FW median black band is wider and boldt'r. Hab;tat: Can be encoun-
lered in any Iype of open habitat. Abrmdallu: Mainly C-A, hut R-C in
Pacific Nonhwest. March /April-Oct ./Nov. Food:Thistles and many
others. Commetlts: Each year Painted Ladies 'iilream out of northern
Mexico during March and April in often impn-'SSive swarms 10 repop-
ulate the West. Numbers of buuerflies. and the extent of the territory
they reach. vary widely from year to year. This is lhe most cosmopoli -
tan butterfly in the world .
 SHOWN Llrl Sill TRUE BRUSHFOOTS • 189

1 Red Admiral 2 Red Admiral

3 American lady 4 American Lady

~
I
.
\ •••, ,•
I

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-,, -
,
(
(

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f

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5 West Coast lady 6 West Coast lady

7 Painted lady 8 Painted lady

190 • TRUE BRUSHFOOTS

Common Buckeye Junonia wenia

Note the prominent eyespots along Ihe margins of bOlh wings and the
two orange bars in the FW cell. Habitat: Open fields, beaches, and
many disturbed situations. Abundance: Mainly R-U, bUI C-A through
much of eastern New M exico, Texas, and Oklahuma. March- Novem -
ber from sOUlhem California, southern Nevada, southeastern Arizona
east to the Dallas- Fon Worth area. Moves northward as the season
progress(."S, in variable numbers each year, usually reaching northern
Californi(1, northern New Mexico, a nd Kansas by June. RS to nonh-
ern Nevada and North Dakota. Food: Monkeyflowers, snapdragons,
and others.

'Dark' Tropical Buckeye Junonio genovevo nigrosuffuso

Below, HW has a narrow white median stripe. Abuve, dark overall. with-
out pale FW band of Common Buckeye. Habitat: Arid open situations.
AIJUndance: R-U. Mainly May- Nov. R fall immi~rant \0 west(:'rn por-
tion of range. Food: Fogfruits, rut'llias, and others. Comments: Tht'
degree of "darkeningH varies.

White Peacock Anartia jatrophae

Below, when fresh, with heaUliful red markings on the silvery white
ground color. Ahove, silvt"ry white allover with a palt~ orange HW
border. Habitat: Open and/or disturbed areas. Abundance: R San
Antonio area. Decreasing stray northward. RS north to southern
Nebraska and sOlltht'as[crn New Mexico. Food: Fogfruirs, mdlias,
and others.

Admirals (genus Limenitis)

and Relatives (subfamily Limenitidinae)
This is an ecledic grou p of butterflies, including admirals, sisters, sailors, crackers,
and beauties! among o thers. Although mainly a tropical group, with quite a few
spedes barely entering the West as strays, the West does have sume pretty spiffy
admirals. M ost of these butterflies do not spend much limt' at nowers, preferring sap
and carrion.
Blue-eyed Sailor Dynomine dyonis
Below, unlike any other Western bunerflie!;. While HW po!ol media n
region enclosed two bull's·eyes with blue at their centcrs. Above,
male!; are iride!;cent greenish-gold, while females are hrown and
white. Habital:Tropical and subtropical woodlands. AIJUndance: RS
to the San Antonio area with report!; as far north as the Dallas- Fon
Worth area. Food: Nosehurn.

Common Mestra Mestra amymone

A very sOlaJi white nymphaJid with an apricot -colored HW border
and a very slow fluttering flight. HalJitat: Openings and edg('S of t rnpi-
cal wnodland and thorn scruh. Abundance: R. Mainly Aug.-Oc!.
Wanders widely. RS nnnh to Kansas, Colorado, and northern Ari -
zona. Probahly docs nO! survive the winter most years anywhen" in
Ihe West. Food: Nosehum_
 TRUE BRU SH FOOTS • 191

1 Common Buckeye 2 Common Buckeye

3 'Dark' Tropical Buckeye 4 'Dark' Tropical Buckeye

5 White Pl!acock 6 White Peacock

7 Blue-eyed Sailor B Common Mestra

192 • ADMIRALS ET Al.

Red-spotted Admiral Limenitis arthemis

There are IwO basic color rorms-White Admiral (shown Ol)posite.
map at leh) and Red·spoued Purple (shown page 195). See Com-
ments sCClion. Below. note the red spots on the bases of the wings
that give this spedes its name. Above. wilh a hold white band. NOle
the HW marginal blue crescents and the submarginal band of red
White Admiral
spots. Habitat: Openings in moist conirerous and mixed forests and
adjacent areas. Abundance: U-c. Late May-early Sept .. mainly mid
Junt"-mid Aug. Food: Birches. poplars. and others. Comments: Popu -
lations of this spedes come in lWO basic color patterns. lhe white-
banded pattern (White Admiral) is characteristic of Ihe northern.
single-brooded populations. while the blue-purple pattern (Red-spoI-
led Purple) is found in southern. multiple-brooded populaTions.
These populations meet in a wide band acros~ the n(lnheastem Unit-
ed Stales where they [orm a h)'brld swarm.

Weidemeyer's Admiral Limenitis weidemeyerii

Large. Bdow. Inner half of HW off-white with restricted black maoongs.
Above. with a bold while band. Usually (bul nOI always) with a small
while spot in the FW cell. Note the HW marginal bluish-white dashes.
not crescents. Submarginal red spots us ually, hUI nol always. reduced.
FW apex is black. nO[ orange-brown. HalJital: Moist mountain fOTC.."St;
washes and riparian areas in arid coumry. A/Jlwdallce: U-C. Mainly
mid June- mid Aug. Food: Willows, a:::.pells. and others. QI",me,,'s:
Will soar high among th(' trees. but comes down 1.0 perch on trees,
usually ahoul 7 to 15 feet above the gmund. Occasionally hybridizes
with Lorqu in's Admiral where their ranges meet and some consider
them to be conspecific.

Lorquin's Admiral Limenitis lorquini

Below. inner half of HW with brown maoongs. usually more extensive
Ihan on individual shown. Above, with bold white band. FW apex has
a linear orange patch that reaches the outer margin . FW cell with while
SptH. Habitat: Openings and edges of moist forl'sl and ripa rian area ...
Ab""dallu: C-A. April-Sept . where two-brooded: June-Aug. where
single-brooded. Food: Willows. poplars, and others. Co",ment:;: Mal("S
patrol shon stretches 01 trails. sallying fonh from their pcrche ... usual-
ly about 7 to IS feel above the ground.

California Sister Adelpha bredowii

Both above and below, FW apex has a large round orange patch that
doesn' reach the outer margin. Below. with lilaC- lOlled wing ba ..es.
Habitat: Oak woodland. often in can)'ons or washes. Almndance: C.
ApriIlMay-SepLlOct. Food: Oaks. Co",mel1l:;: Fresh individuals have
shimmering blue, green, and purple sheen .. Ihal can he seen as they
puddle al damp .sand. Otherwise. adults mainly ny swi ftly. high
through the oak trees.
 ADMIRALS ET AL. • 193

3 Weidemeyer's Admiral 4 Weldemeyer's Admiral

7 California SIster 8 calirornla Sister

194 • A DMIRALS ET AL

Red-spotted Admiral Limenitis arthemis

There are lWO basiC" color forms-Red-spolled Purple (shown oppo-
sill'. map alld!) and While Admiral (!lhown on previous page). Set'
Comments section. Below, the brillianl iridt'sceOi blue will exdte all
but the most jaded. Note Ill(' red spots at the bases of the wings that
give this species its namt'. Above, HW wilh brillianl iridt'!<>cent blue.
Red-spotted Pmple
Pipevine Swallowtails are tailed. Habitat: Moisl woodlands, including
riparian canyon wood lands in arid cUUOlry. Abundance: U-C.
Apri l-Oct north to soulheaSlern Arizona and Dalla!l-Filri Worth;
May-Sep!. northward; mid June- mid Aug. in Soulll Dakuta. Food:
Che rries, poplars. aspem.. and other!l. Comments: Populatinm of Ihis
species come in IwO ba~ic culor pallerns. Th e hhle-purple pallem
(Red-!llJOlled Purple) shown here i.. cha racteri ..lic of sOluhem. multi-
ple-brooded populaliom, while Ihe whit('-bandt'd pallern (Whitt' Ad-
miral). is found in northern. si ngle-hrooded popu lations. These
popuia tiom meet in a wide band a('rO!l~ 111(' non heaslem United
States. where they form a hybrid ~warm.

Viceroy Limenitis archippuS

Brigh t orang!' allover. with a black HW postmedian band. This hand is
fain l or absent on individuals in sou lhwesTem populations. oflen
with whiTe replacing the l\Ja«k. Monarchs and Quet.'ns lack tht' HW
black band. Viceroys art' l>maller Ihan Monarchs and tht'y often glide
on Oat wings while Monarchs and Qut'ens sai l with their wings in a V.
Habitat: Open areas adjacem (0 watercou~s or wet areas with wil-
lows. we~Tward main ly in riparian canyons and along river~. Abun-
dance: U-C we.. t to the Rocky Mountaills; LR wt'siward. April-Oct
sou thward: mainly Junc- Aug./St'pt. nonhward Food: Willow!I. Com -
ments: Well known as a mimic of the Monarch, the a ppea rance or
Vicerny~ i~ radically differem from Ihat of ot her admiral~. For a long
time it was thoughllhal birds avoided ea ling palatable Viceroy~
because they confused them with dbtasleful Monarchs. Recent evi-
dence suggests that, at l ea~t ill Florida. Viceroy!l are aho dhtaslefullO
birds. Presu mably. a greater number of similar· l ookin~ unpalatahle
individuals in an area results in a la~!er leaming curve fur birds. spar-
ing bUIlt'rOies.

Malachite Sipraeta stelenes

r-- How many other big, bri~hl green bUllerflie~ have you sten flying
around? Habitat: Tropical woodland. Abunda"ce: Strays (() San

~ Antonio area. Also RS nonh to Kansa~ (one fecurd), W~I Texas, and
solltheastern Ari:tOna (one record). Food: Ruellias and uthers in acan-
~ n thu s family. Comments: No t many people can remain stoic after !lighl-
lng one of the'ie flying emerald ... Thb "pecie, i, a HUt' bru,hfoo!
(subfamily nympha linae) and b plan:-d here only for ('Onvenienre.
The admiral and relatives subfamily continues on lhe nexi page.
 ADMIRALS ET Al. • 195

1 Red-spotted Admiral 2 Red-spotted Admiral

5 Viceroy 6 Viceroy

7 Malachite 8 Malachite
196 • ADMIRALS ET Al.

Red Rim Biblis hype ria

Brilliant red (above) or icy pink (beluw) bands are SCI against a black
velvet ground color. Habital.'Tropical woodlands and thorn scrub.
Abundance: RS to San Antonio area and West Texas. Food: Nosebum,
Comments: Usually Quite wary, landing 6-10 feet up on leaves-just
out of camera range,

Blackened Bluewing Myscelia cyananthe

Below, closely resembles the tree bark on which it habitually perches,
head downward, Above, gorgeous deep blue bands are set against
black. but usually perches with wings closed. Habitat: Thorn scrub.
Abundance: RS 10 southern Arizona. Food: Noseburn and other
euphorbia famil y. Comments: I.n the population that reaches Arizona.
males and females are similar except that females have a few white
spots around the FW margins. Farther south in Mexico. the females
of this spedes very closely resemble Mexican Bluewings.

Mexican Bluewing Myscelia ethusa

Below. closely resembles the tree bark on which it habitually perches.
head downward. Mottling varies from lighter than shown to darker
than shown. Perhaps not separable from Blackened Bluewing below.
Above. spectacular bright blue and black bars are punctuated by bold
while spots, but usually perches with wings closed. Habitat: Tropical
woodland . Abundance: RS 10 West Texas. Food: Adelias (according to
the late Joe ldeker of the Lower Rio Grande VaDey). Comments:
Bl uewings can appear to be either blue or purple, depending upon
the angle th e light gUntS off the wings,

Dingy Purplewing Eunica monima

Below. note the HW postmedian Circular areas. the upper circular
area containing two spots-the top one gray-white. Above. a dull. iri-
descent purple. Unfortunately. it doesn't usually open its wings while
landed. Habitat: Tropical woodland. Abundanu: RS 10 southeastern
Arizona an d central Texas. Food: Gumbo-limbo.

Gray Cracker Hamadryas februa

Large. Pale gray both below and above. Characteristic undulating
flighT Takes it beTween tree trunks, where it lands head downward
with its wings spread. Only rarely can one get a good look at lhe
underside of a cracker. Habitat: Tropical woodland. Abundance: RS to
southwestern New Mexico (one record). Food: Noseburns. Com-
ments: Male crackers are capable of making a clicking. or cracking
sound. 1\\10 other spedes of crackers. Black-patched (atlamis) and
Glaucous (glaucollomt». have strayed to sou theastern Arizona. Above.
Black-patched is darker blue-gray than Gray Cracker and the HW
submarginal eyespots are HlIed in with bldck. Glaucous lacks red in
the FW cell above.
 ADMIRALS ET AL. • 797

1 Red Rim 2 Red Rim

3 Blackened Bluewing 4 Blackened Bluewing

5 Mexican Bluewlng 6 MexIcan Bluewlng

7 Dingy Purplewing 8 Gray Cracker

198 • ADMI RALS ET Al.

Ruddy Daggerwing Marpesia petreus

r-- ,\ Above and tlclow with cilaracteri$lic dagger- Iails. Unlikely to be con-
fused with Olher species. Habitat: Openings and edgl'S of tropical

~ l
woodlands. Abundance: RS, mainly in late summerlfall. 10 southern
Arizona. WeSL Texas, north to eastern Colorado and Kansas. Food:
~ Figs.

Many-banded Daggerwing Marpesia chiron

r-- ,\ Above and below with characteristic dagger-tails. Below, two-toned.
Unlikely to be confused with other specil'S. Habitat: Openings and

~ l
edges of tropical woodlands. Abundance: RS [0 southeastern Ariwna
(olle record). West Texas, the San Antonio area. and Kansas (one
~ A record). Food: Figs.

Leafwings (subfamily Charaxinae)

The leafwings are medium -sized to large, swift-flyin g huuerflies, found mainl y in
the Amerk-an and African tropics. Rarely visiting flowers. they are often st.'cn at sap
and rotting fru il. Above. ma ny of the tropica l spedes have patterns of iridescent
blue, while others arc bright red. The undersides of the wings of most of the s:pcdes
resemble dead leaves. The mimicry of some of the tropical spedcs is amazing. On
one occasion. a butlerflier spying a leafwing at some roll ing rruit exclaimed "Here's
a leafwin g! Wai t a minute. my m ista ke. it's adua ll y a leaf. '" II was actually a
learwing!
Goatweed Leafwing Anaea andria
Larger than anglewings. Red-orange 10 orange-brown above (males
are brighter), with a short HW tail . B~havior. night, and wing-shape
are different from other orange butterflies in its range except for
Tropica l Leafwing. Sce the latter for distinction. Habitat: Open wood-
lands with its foodplants and adjacent areas. Abundance: U-LC.
June/JuJy-Aug.; Aug.-Oct. ovcrwimcring as adults and rlying
MarchI April- May. Food: CrOlOos. Comments: Often mrs as if swoop-
ing up and down on ocean waves. Overwintering individuals have
more poimed FWs lhan summer individuals.

Tropical Leafwing Anaea aidea

A slightly smaller (on average), redder above (on average) version of
the Goatweed Leafwing. Look for slightly uneven wing margins. point·
ing out at the veins. especially on the HW above the "tail.- Below,
also nOle the well-developed HW submarginal band thal Goal weed
Leafwings lack . Habitat: Tropical woodlands and thorn scrub. Abun-
dance: C. All year. RS north to sOUlheaSlem New Mexico and Kansas.
Food: Crotons. Comments: Adu lt s arc long- lived . Some consider aidea
a subspecies of troslodyta.
 ADMIRALS ET AL. • 199

3 Many-banded Daggerwing ". Many-banded Daggerwing

7 Tropical Leafwlng 8 Tropical Leafwlng

200 • EMPE RORS

Emperors (subfamily Apaturinae)

Empero rs are found worldwide. but mainly in the tropics. They rarely visit flowers.
but tllest.' are the butterflies most likely to visi t buncrflicrs. frequently landing on
people in search of the SaJlS in our perspiration. All fOllrof the W eSll'rn species have
landed on me !
Hackberry Emperor Asterocampa celtis
A nervous. rapidly flying nymphalid that often appears quite pale in
night as the sun flashes off the creamy g ray·bro wn undersu rface.
Note Ih(' black fW eyespot(s). Northern populations have one eyes·
pOI, southern populations (antonia) have two. Note the two black
spots In the center of the FW cell (thes(' spots occasionally come d{)sc
I(l coalesdng). Habitat: Anyplace with hackberries. but mainly wood-

lands and thorn scrub. Often in riparian canyons. Abundance: Mainly

C· A. But R·U. Arizona westward and in th" Dakotas. March/April-
Oct.l Nov. nonh to sout heastem Arizona and nonheastC'm Texas;
mainly late May-Sept. through Nebraska; June-july in the Dakotas.
Food: Hackbcrries. Comments: Closdy tied to hackbe rry trces. Gc::o·
graphically variable. some populations have previously been consid·
ered separate spedes.

Empress Leilia Asterocampa Ie ilia

Note the comhination of two FW eyespots and a solid brown inner bar
in the fW cell. Tawny Emperor lacks FW ('yespols and Hackberry
Emperor has twO black spots in the FW cell. Habitat: Tropical and
subtropical scrub. desl'rt washes and canyons. Abundance: C.
March-Nny. Food: Hackhcrries. e specially dt'scrt hackherry. Com·
ments: Found much more frequently landed on Ihe ground than
other emperors. which usually land on tree lrunks and Iree leaves.

Tawny Emperor Asterocampa elytan

Above. warm o range·brown wilh HW borders thai can be eilher
mainly orange or mainly black. There are no FW black eyespots. Habi·
tat: Anyplace with hackberries. but mainly woodlands and [horn
scrub. Abundance: Generally U·c. but R·U West Tt.'xas westward.
Mainly May/June-Sep1.l0cl. Food: Hackberries. Comments: Very
variable in sizt·. females are often very much larger lhan are males.
Males (nOl shown) are more angular wilh black ncar Ihe FWapexes.

'Cream-banded' Dusky Emperor Asterocampa idyja argus

A Mexican spc:cic:s with <:mpt:ror wing shape. behavior. ami HW pat ·
Icm . Note the fW with a diagonal cream-colored band. quilt' un like
Dlher emperors. Habitat: Thorn scrub. Abllndana : RS to sou theast-
\:.Tn Arizona (twO occasions-Sonoita Cr('(·k. Oct. 1990; Coronado
Peak. Od . 1999). Food: Hackberri('s. Comments: Tht, Mexican sub·
spc:cies, argus. is quite different from The West Indian idyja, and is
probably nt'SI considered a separate sp("c.ies Unlike other western em-
perors. Ihis spt·cies hilhops. l'la ng OU T on Ihose hilltops overlooking
the Mexican border in October. and you jusl mightsce one.
 SHO W N l ' • \If~ SIZE EMPERORS • 201

5 Tawny Emperor 6 Tawny Emperor

7 'Cream-banded' Dusky Emperor 8 'Cream-banded' Dusky Emperor

202 • SATYRS

Satyrs (subfamily Satyrinae)

These brown, medium -sized butterflies have a characteristic bobbing flight,
often weaving through the grasses that are their foodplant s. Most species rarely visit
flowers. The wood-nymphs (lhis page) all have two FW eyespots tightly
ringed with yellow.
Common Wood-Nymph Cercyonis pegala
r- Large. Comes in two basic COIOf fonns, each with many variations .
From Texas through eastern New Mexico and Colorado, individuals

~ have a bright yellow patch on Iht: FW, similar 10 photo I . Elsewhere,

they resemble the individual shown in phOto 2 and more dosely
~ ~ resemble Ihe other wood-nymphs. NOt e that thl.:: FW bottom eyespot is
as large as or targer than the top eyespot and tha t the FW postmedian
band is prominent and extends to the top of the top eyespol HW eye-
spots vary from prominent to almost absen!. Habitat: Moist grassy
areas. Abundance: C-A. Late May-m id Sep!. Mainly July- Aug. As
early as late May in Pacific lowlands and as la te as Sept. at many loca-
tions. Food: Grasses.

Great Basin Wood-Nymph Cercyonis sthenele

Note that the FW bottom eyespot Is smaller than the top eyespot
(sometimes the same size ). The FW postmedian band Is present, but
extends only about halfway up the top eyespot. and is often I~ss promi -
nent than un Common Wood -Nymph . HW eyespots vary from
prominent to almost absent . HaIJ;lat: Open grassy woodlands espe-
daUy pinyon pine-juniper: muist canyons in arid country. Abu,,-
dance: U-c. Mainly Ju ly-Aug. As early as mid May in the:' San
Frandsco area, as I'He as mid Sept. at many locations. Food: Grass(·s.

Mead's Wood-Nymph Cercyonis meadii

Very similar to Grt'a t Basin Wood -Nymph but with a pronounced red-
dish flush on the FW. The HW postmedian line is variable. but very
rarely shaped like twO adjacent mountai n peaks. Habitat: Open
grassy woodlands and canyons. Abundance: SOU Thern populations u-
LC. Ju ly-Sept. Nonhem popu latiuns R. Late July- Aug. Food: Grasses.
Commellts: Possibly conspedfic with Great Basin Wood- Nymph.

Small Wood-Nymph Cercyonis oetus

Note that the FW bottom eyespot is much smaller than the top eyespot
and that the outer edge of the bottom eyespot is much doser to the FW
outer margin than is the outer edge of the top eyespot. The FW post~
median tine is usually absent. if present it SlOps at the bOIlO/nllf the
tOp eyespot. The HW postmedian line is shaped like two adjacent
mountain peaks (peaks pointing ourward) in most individuals. Habi-
tal: Grasslands, sagebrush flats, scrub. and open woodland. Abtm-
dance: C-A. Mainl y .Iune-A ug., as 1al(' as lat(' St'PI . al some lucatiuns.
Food: Grasses. Comments: Neaars more avidly than other wood-
nymph s.
 SATYRS •

1 Common Wood-Nymph 2 Common Wood-Nymph

3 Great Basin Wood-Nymph (Nevada) 4 Great Basin Wood-Nymph (caUfomia)

2 0 4 • SATYRS

Ridings' Satyr Neominois ridingsii

FW subapex with a patch shaped like a bear-<law. Habitat: Short-grass
prairie, sagebrush, and open grassy woodland. Abundance: lR-LC.
June-Sept. Food: Blue grama grass and wheargrasses. Comments:
Spotted in low flight. this only North American represemative of an
Old World group is difficult to relocate after landing. blending with
the soil, rocks, and grass.

Red-bordered Satyr Gyrocheilus patrobas

Large and dark. HW with a broad pink-red border. Habitat: Coniferous
and mixed woodland in mountain canyons. Abundance: C-A. Mainl y
SepL-Oct., but as early as mid Aug. Food: Bull grass.

Eyed Brown Satyrodes eurydice

Pale with strong submarginal eyespots that are individually surrounded
by white rings. Northern and Southern Pearly-eyes. which barely
enter the West, are larger and darker and have submarginal eyespols
that are surrounded as a group by a while line. Habitat: Very wet
meadows. marshes with sedges. Abundance: R. Late-June-July. Food:
Sedges.

Pine Satyr Paramacera allyni

i!-l\ FW apex with eyespot. HW vvilh su bmarginal eyespots and a pale
postmedian band. Habitat: High-elevation pine forest in the Chinc-
ahua and Huachuca Mountains. Abundance: LR-LC. One brQOd.
J une-mid Aug., mainly mid June-mid July. Food: BemgTasses are
suspected.

Hayden's Ringlet Coenonympha haydenii

Pale gray-brown HW with marginal eyespots ringed with orange. Com-
mon Alpines are much darker with fewer, less orderly, HW ey('spoLS.
Other satyrs have HW eyespots that are either not submarginal or are
not ringed wilh orange. Habitat: High · elevation subalpine and alpine
meadows. Abundance: C. Late June-mid Aug. Food: Grasses. Com-
ments: Flight is slow with milch wing movement. A soft gray/hlack in
£light.

Common Ringlet Coenonympha rul/ia

Small. Variable, but distinctive . Usually with a singl!:: FW subapical
eyespot (sometimes faint or absent) and a siraight FW postmedian
line. HW ground color varies (mainly geobTfaphicalJy) from green-
gray to brown to pale gray or off-white. HW postmedian line charac-
teristically jagged. HW eyespots prominent or almost absent. Habitat:
Grasslands, meadows, coastal dunes and open grassy woodlands.
Abundance: C-A. Mainly April-Sept. in two-brood areas; late
May-Aug., peaking June-July, in single-hrood areas. Food: Grasses.
Comments: As the Supreme Court has said abou t pornography, it is
difficult 10 define, but you'll recognize it when you see it.
 SATYRS • 205

1 Ridings' Satyr 2 Ridings' Satyr

3 Red-bordered Satyr

5 Pine Satyr 6 Hayden's Ringlet

7 Common Rlngtet (WY') 8 Common Ringtet (AZ) 9 Common Rlng1et (CA)

206 • SATYRS

Red Satyr Megisto rubricata

Both above and below. lhl' FW disk is flushed with red-orange. UsuaJl)
opens its wings immediately after landing, then doses them again. This

~ ~ dr
is an excellem identification clue. since other satyrs do not behave
this way. Habitat: Dry woodlands. Abundance: C- A. bll! becoming,lR
~'\ :'lL at nonheastem edge of range. Mainly mid May-Sept. Food: Grasses.
Comments: There arc unverified rumo urs claiming that McCanhyile5
held secret con~ressional hearings. in Ihe 19505. about Ihe alamling
range cxpansion of this species.

Little Wood-Satyr Megisto cyme/a

r- ~ A medium-brown butterny that -bounces" along the lOps of grasses.
shrubs. and just inside t he: canopy of small trc:'L'S. ItS characteristic

~ [light. color, and size make il immedialely Tl'Cogni7.ahle on the wing.

This is good. because it rarely resls. When il does. nOle the two large
~ ::r A' eyespOls on each wing. Habitat: Main ly at the grasslandlwoodlaod
in terface. bu t a lso in more open siluations. Abulldance: U-C. Okla-
hOma sollth; R-U nonhward. May/June-Aug. Food: Grasses.

Carolina Satyr Hermeuptychia sosybius

Small. Much more at home within the woods than is lillie Wood-
Salyr. Below. si milar to Little Wood-Satyr hut has a HW cell-end bar.
Also nOle thl' gray eyes. Eyes of Little Wood-Sa tyr arc black. Without
eyespot above and uniformly brown. Habitat: Woodlands. espl.-'Cially
moist forest. Abll"da"ce: U-c. April- Nov. Food: Gra~ses.

Nabokov'S Satyr Cyl/opsis pyracmon

The dislinctive HW marginal patch, gray and "gemmed" tells )IOU Ihil. i!>
one of the gemmed-satyrs. Unlike other gemmed-sa tyrs. the postme-
dian line runs to the HW leading margin. The spring brood lacks the
outwardly directed spikes on lht' poslmedian hand. Habitat: Oak
woodland in mountains. Ab""dallce: C· A. Mid April-July. Aug.-mid
Nov. Food: Grasses.

Canyonland Satyr Cyl/opsis pertepida

HW marginal palch. gray and -gemmed. " The: HW postmedian line
dies (falls into a canyon) without reaching the leading margin. FW is
flu shed wilh red. Habillll: Moun tain canyons and gulchl.'S. Abll"-
dauce: Mid May-Ju ly, late St'pt.- Nov. in twu brood areal.. June-mid
Sept. in one brnod areas. Food: Grasses.

Gemmed Satyr Cyl/opsis gemma

Similar to Canyonland Satyr bUl without red flush and (in U. S.) range
is rarther east. Habitat: Moist gra~l.y areas within woodlands. Ab,m-
dance: R-LU . March-Oct. Food: Grassc:s.
 SATYRS • 207

1 Red Satyr 2 Red Satyr

5 CaroUna Satyr 6 Carolina Satyr

7 Nabokov's Satyr 8 Canyonland Satyr 9 Gemmed Satyr

208 • SATYRS

Alpines (genus Erebia)

and Arctics (genus Oeneis)
Found drcllmpolarly, these bu tterflies are mainly specialties of the far nonh and or
high altitudes. Because the growing season is su shon in these regions, many of these
species require two years to complete their life cyde. So, in some regions a partie·
lJlar species only (or mai nly) appears once every two years. Alpines are dark "<'Ityrs
of alpine meadows and tund ra. Their nighT is less "'bOUl1cyH than Ihe flight of wood·
n ymphs or ringlets and less skittering than that of most a rcri cs. Chasing a rc.1 ics over
rocks at ] 2,000 ft . in order to get a good look at Ih em is nOI for the raint of heart.
Common Alpine Erebia epipsodea
rt:1 , Fringes are unchecked . Both above and bdow with an irn:gular burnt
orange FW patch enclosing black eyespots (occasionally lackinM.

~ Below, blacki sh- brown with a few HW orangt::-circ1ed eyespols. Small

Wood-Nymphs are not as dark and lack the burnt orange FW patch.
~ y)./ Habitat: Moist meadows and prairies. from Rocky Mountain foothills
to high elevations. occasionally above treeline. Abundance: U·c. May
(low e1evationS)-Aug. (high e levations). Food: Grasses. Comments:
The most wide-ranging alpine in tht' West.

Vidler's Alpine Erebia vidleri

r-- fringes are checked. Below, note the pale postmedian band. especially
white at the HW leading margin. Below. most individuals lack the

~ ,n postmedian HW eyespots of Common Alpine. Habitat: Moist

alpine/subalpine Illountain meadows. Abundance: C. Late June-Aug.
~ Food: Grasses. Comments: luckily for bulterfli~rs. Vidler's Alpines arc
found in beaulirully lush mountains meadows filled with kaleido-
scopic fl ower displays.

Colorado Alpine Erebia callias

Gray in night with a visible reddish flush. The soh gray HW and red-
orange FW disk is distinctive. Above. the FW has a wedge-shaped
red -orange patch and often has green sheens when fresh. Habitat:
Alpine meadows. Abundance: lU. July-Aug. Food: Unknown. proba-
bly grasses or sedges.

Red-disked Alpine Erebia discoida/is

Both above and below note the reddish· brown rw disk. BeJow. the
HW has lhe outer one-third heavily frosted. Habitat: A \-vide varic:ty
of open grassy situations, including pine glades. ridge tops. meadows,
and sedge marshes. Abundance: R·LU. April-Aug.. mainly May-early
June. One record from the Turtle Mount ai ns of Nonh Dakota. Food:
Bluegrass.

Taiga Alpine Erebia mancinus

-j\ Fringes are checked. Note the single small white spot in the middle of
r- the postmedian HW. Habitat: Black spruce and tamarack bogs. Abun·

~ , dance: R. Mainly June- July. Food: Unknown. probably grasses or

sedges. See pg. 313 for more informalion.
~ h
 SATYRS • •

, Common Alpine :a Common Alpine

3 Vldler's Alpine

5 CoIol'ldo Alpine 6 Colorado Alpine

7 Red·dlsked Alpine 8 Taiga Alpine

2 10 • SATYRS

Theano Alpine Erebia theano

t'-I\ Both above and below, the fW has a smooth postmedian band of rec-
tangular spots without black eyespots. Below, also nOll" the cream-col-
ored HW postmedian band. Habitat: Dry or moist alpine (mainly) and
subalpine meadows. Abundmlce: lU. Mainly July-mid Aug., occa-
siona Uy as early as early June, At some localities, only flies every
other year. Food: Unknown.

Magdalena Alpine Erebia magdalena

Black, with green/purple sheens when fresh. Males patrol back and
forth across rockslides. Habitat: Rockslides and scret' slopes <1hove
treeline. Abundance: R-U, JulY-E'arly Aug. Food: Grasses, Comments:
The butterfly version of a black hole-when you see one, you can't
take your eyes off of il.

Melissa Arctic Oeneis melissa

Variable. fW without eyespots and somewhat translucent. HW tightly
mottled, wit h overall appearance varying frolll almost black to
brownish. HW basal and postmedian lines absent or poorly developed.
Habitat: Rocky alpine areas with grasses, including hilltops and
ridges. Abundance: u-c. late June-ea rly Aug. Food: Sedges. Com-
melllS: In the clouds and wind Ihese glacial relics look much Like Ihe
lichen-covered rocks on which they rest. Sunshine induces brief. skit -
tering, low flight.

White-veined Arctic Oeneis taygete

fW without eyespots. HW with median band St't off by strongly devel-
oped basal and postmedian Unes. edged with white. NOll" the whitened
veins. Other arctics, e.g., Albena a nd Chryxu s, can have whitened
veins but they have a FW eyespol. Habitat: Moist alpine meadows.
Abundance: LR-LU. Late June-mid Aug. Food: Sedges. Comments:
Some believe that the Nonh American populations are best treated as
conspecific with the Old World spedrs Deneis bore.

PoUxenes Arctic Oeneis po/ixenes

fW without eyespots and somewhal translucent . HW with basal and
postmedian Unes strongty developed, setting off darker median band.
Habitat: Alpine grassy kn olls and hillsides. Abundance: LR. Mid
J une-ea rly Aug. Food: Sedges and grasses. Comments: Flies fast. low.
and straight.
 SATYRS • 211

3 Theano Alpine (Colorado) If Magdalena Alpine

7 White-veined Arctic 8 Polixenes Arctic

212 • SATYRS

Great Arctic Oeneis nevadensis

Large. The leading edge of the HW Is whitened , with a dark triangle at
the postmedian line. The HW outer margin appears to be scalloped.
There is no FW postmedian line. Habitat: Open ings in moist moun·
tain coniferous forest . Abundance: lU·lC. Mid May- July in low·
lands. mid July-Aug. at high elevations. Much more common in
even·numbered years . Food: Grasses. Comments: Fond of landing on
dirt trails and fallen trees. Maruun's Arctic (not shown-see BTB:
East). found in Bri tish Co lu mbia j ust east of the Okanogan Valley and
in Ihe Alberta mountains south to Kananaskis Provincial Park. closely
resembles Great Arctic bu t the HW leadi ng margin is nOI as whi tened
and it fies mainly in odd-numbered years.

Chryxus Arctic Oeneis chryxus

Variable. Usually bright tawny above. visible in flight . Below. usually
with at least some orange visible on the FW. Postmedian FW line with
~bird beak"' poiming ou tward. Habitat: Moumain meadows and
grassla nds; openings in coniferous forest. Abundance: C-A . June-
early Sept.. mainly July. Food: Sedges and gr.asst."S. CommelJts: Along
the crest of the Ca lifornia Sierra Nevadas are found both very pale
Chryxus Arctic (bolh below and above) and the more usual fOnTI. Its
fli ght is usually fairly slow. high. and nondirectionai.

Uhler's Arctic Oeneis uhleri

FW wi thou t postmedian li ne or "'bird beak .~ Usually with four or five
small, dark eyespots spread along the HW submarginal line. HW usual-
• ly with Ns1rata" pattern. like sed imentary rock.. Habitat: Dry prairi~.
ridgctops. and ot her dry, open. grassy situations. Abundance: Mid
May-mid JuJy. Food: Grasses. Comments: Fli ~h t is genera ll y high off
the ground, but slow. making them easy 10 lollow.

Alberta Arctic Oeneis alberta

Smaller and duller above than Chryxus Arctic. Below. overall a~ pt'Ct
is paler than Ch ryxus Arctic. Tht' FW is brown~gray. without orange.
FW postmedian li ne with "bird beak " pointing outward. HW usua lly
• with one small, dark eyespot (0-2) in submarginal area. HW vt"ins
whitent"d . Habitat: Dry grasslands. oflt"n over volcanic rock fie lds.
Abundance: lR- l C. Mid Apri l-t'arly July. Food: Grasses. CommetJts:
Fligh t is low. fast. and erra tic.

Jutta Arctic Oeneis jutta

Look for the combination of a HW that is uniformly dark and a FW with
an eyespot surrounded by orange. FW wi th faint postmt"dian line (or
none). Habitat: Openings in lodgepole pine forest. Abundance: LU .
Late June-mid Aug. Food: Sedges. Comments: Snmt.'times nectars-
note the pollen clinging to the bulterny's body in photo 7 .
 SATYRS • 213

1 Great Arctic 2 Chryxus Arctic (Colorado-low)

5 Uhler's Arctic 6 Alberta Arctic

8 Jutta Arctic
214 • MONARCHS

Monarchs (subfamily Danainae)

Many of these butterflies are distasteful (0 predalOrs because of the accumularion of
toxic chemicals derived from the caterpillar foodplan ts.
Monarch Danaus p/exippus
A large orange butterfly with a powerful flight Ohen sails with its
wings held in a V. The male has a black scem patch Oil (he I-IW above,
See Viceroy. below. Habitat: Open fields, road sirles, canyons, suhur~
ban areas. While migra ting it can be anywhere. Abundance: Mainly
C. but R~U in Pacific Northwest. Mainly March/April-Oct.lNov.
Reaches Oregon, Alberta and Nonh Dakota in .Iunc. Overwinters
along the central/southern California coast. Food: Milkweeds. Com-
ments: The best-known buttcrfly of North America. Huge numbers of
Monarchs move south through the Midwest in Sepl. and Oct. Thc
spectacle at congregation points is awe~inspiring. Millions uf Mon-
archs from Nort h America eventually find their way to communal
sites high in the fir~c1ad Mexkan mountains. where they spend the
winter. West of the Continental Divide. mos t Monarchs migrate 10 the
central/southern California coast, where they spend the winter. In
early spring. the overwintering adults mate and begin 10 move nonh
and cast and Jay eggs. Their offspring then continue migrating cast
and/or northward.

Viceroy Limenitis archippuS

The species is not related 10 Monarchs and is shown ht'rt' for compari~
son. Small. Note the HW black postmedian band. Viccwy's flight is
weaker than Monarch's, with shatlU\wr wingheals, often gliding on
flat wings. Sec pagt' 194 for mO fe information about this speciL'S.

Queen Danaus gi/ippus

Rich mahogany brown, darker than Monarchs. This closely related
species lacks Monarch's hlack suhapical band and has white spots in
the FW postmedian area thai art' visihle hoth above and below. Habi-
tal: General in open areas. such as brushy fidels and roadsides. AbulI ~
dance: C in 3+ brood areas, mainl}1March fA pril- Ntlv.; R-U in two
brood areas, mainly May-Sept. Food: Milkweeds and milkweed vines.
Commellts: Many falls , tremendous numbt'rs tlf QUeens migral(,
southward 1hrough southern Texas. Whether these butlt'rilies con~
grcgatc at spt.>cHic sites, a la Monarchs. is unkoown.

Soldier Danaus eresimus

Deep reddish-brown. Similar In Queen but lacks the white spots in the
FW postmedian area . Note the blackened FW veins; Queen veins arc
not hlackent'd . Below, the HW median a rt'a is dark. con trasting with
the paler post median area, which often appears as if it has a watcr~
mark . Habitat: General in open areas and woodla nd edges. AIJlIII-
dance: RS 10 San Anmnin area and sou theastcm Arizona, mainly in
latc fall. Food: Milkweeds and milkweed vines.
 M O NAR CHS • 2 15

1 Monarch 2 Monarch 0

3 Viceroy It Monarch 9

S Queen 6 Queen

7 Soldier 8 Soldier
2 16 • SKIPPERS

Skippers (family Hesperiidae)

Skippers derive their name from their characteristic rapid darting fli ght. They are
genera ll y distinguishable from true butterflies by their relatively large bodies (com·
pared to their very angular wings) and by the thin extension (apiculus) ot the
antenna I club. There are four subfamilies of skippers in the West.

Firetips (subfamily Pyrrhopyginae)

This tropica l group o[ often brilliantly colored skippers is represemed in the West by
one species. The great majority of the species are characterized by the brilliant red
of their abdomen tips-thus the name firetip.
Dull Firetip Pyrrhopyge araxes
H\ \-'
Large. Below, bright vellow~orange is distinctive. Ahove, FW has curved
median band of three white spots, narrowing at tht' bnttom. Habital.·

\:: ~~ lO.
'-\
Oak woodland in mountains. Abundance: C·A. Mid July-early Oa.,
mainly Aug.-early Sept. Food: Oaks. CommelJls: Usually nectars with
its wings partly open. NOu l\" refers to the ahdomen lip, which lacks
t he brilliant red color chara(tcristi<.· of 1his group.

Spread-wing Skippers (subfamily Pyrginae)

Generally large r than grass·skippers, most species land with their wings spread naL..
Unlike the grass·skippers, they always open their FW and HW in unison.
Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus clarus
A large powerful skipper (hat fla shes its silvered spot in the middle of
the HW below even as it nies. Habitat: Wide·rangin~ in open habitats.
Woodland borders and openillgs, rields, ga rdens, riparian Glnyons.
etc. Abundal1ce: Mainly C, but LU in north ern Califomia alld the
Pacific Northwest. Mainly May-St'pl., as early as April and as late as
Oa./Nov. in southern Texas, sOllt ht'asteTll Arizona. and Padfielow·
lands. June-July in the north-North Dakota, Canada. Food: LOClISIS
and many other legumes.

Short-tailed Skipper Zestusa darus

Both above and below, note the short tail-like projection of the HW.
Beluw, HW with unusual postmedian band of four cream·yeUow spots.
H abiulI: Oak woodlands in mountains. Abundallce: C. Mid
March-mid May, with a partial summer brocxl illsoulheBsll'm Ari-
lona. Food: Oaks. Comments: An avid mud puddlcr. When hilltup·
pinK- lands on trees and sh rubs.

Hammock Skipper Polygonus leo

r-+ Often perches upside down under a leaf (photo 7 has hl't'll flipped
right side up). Below, with a black SpOI near th e hast' of the HW.

~
I Above. with blue iridescent sheen and three large wllite FW spots.
'-\ H abitat: Tropica l woodland. Abulldance: R immigrant, July-Ocl.,

~ n mainly Aug.-early Sept. Strongly migratory. RS nonh 10 central Cali-

rornia, nonhl'rn Nevada, and central New Mexico. Food: Ll'guml"S.
 SKIPPERS • 217

1 Dull firetip 2 Dull AretlJ)

3 Sliver-spotted Skipper 4 Sliver-spotted Skipper

7 Hammock Skipper 8 Hammock Skipper

218 • SPREAD ~WIN G SKI PPERS

Acacia Skipper Cogia hippalus

HW is soft gray-brown with mauve overcast and a white hinge. Sub~
marginal areas are pale. Note the small black spots on the HW margin ~
al line. Other similar skippers with white HW fringes are browner and
lack the black spotS on the HW marginal line. Habitat: Rocky canyons
and hillsides in arid situations. Abrllldance: U~LC. April-Sept. Food:
Acadas.

Outis Skipper Cogia outis

FWs are long and narrow. Note the semid rcl e of while spots on the FW
and the white patch JUSt below the antenna l club. C)oudywings lack
these features. Habitat: Acada prairie, parks. Abundana: U.
April-May, JuJy-Aug. Food: Acacias. CommenL~; One of our least-
known bu tterllic.--s.

Gold-costa Skipper Cogia caicus

As with many desert skippers, the HW fringe is white. The gold
costa is distindive. Habitat: Rocky canyons. Abrmdance: U. Mid
March-May, mid Ju ly--ea rl y Sept. Food: One report of fern acada.
Comments: Males perch at the bottoms of gullies.

Arizona Skipper Codatractus arizonensis

Large. HW with strong black and white markings and slightly elon~
gated at ou ter angle. Habitat: Foothill canyons and arroyos. Abwr-
dance: C, Southeastern Arizona. R-U, West Texas. Late March-mid
Oct. Food: Kidneywoods. Comments: Males are very territorial. land-
ing with wings closed on an exposed pi ece of vegetation, dead
branch, elc. (of!enjutting ou t from a canyon wail), a few feet off the
ground.

Potrillo Skipper Cabares potrillo

NOt!' the sadd l e~shaped pale SpOt on the FW. Habitat: Tropical wood-
land. Abundance: RS 10 soulheastern Arizona und San Antonio, Texas
area. Food: Privas. Comments: Potrillo means colt in Spanish, so the
saddle shou ld be easy to remembe r.

Valeriana Skipper Codatractus mysie

Closely resembles a Northern Cioudywing.. but almost never opens
wings while perched. FW apex is more mottled and HW frin ge is
more strongly checked black and tan below. Habitat: Red-rock
canyons. Abundance: R. La le July-Aug. Food: Tephrosia leiocarpa.
Comments: Foodplant is colonial. Few people have seen this spedes in
the Uniled States. Even fewer knew that they were seeing it! See page
313 lor more information.

Fritzgaertner's Rat Celaenorrhinus {ritzgaertneri

Large. HW with soft checkerboard pattern. FW with darkened spot near
base of wing. Habitat: Tropical woods and thorn scrub. Abundance:
RS to somhea stern Arizona, July- Aug. Food: Un known. Comments:
This species is crepuscular: during the day it is most often found in
highway cu lverts.
 S.WWN 1 . Ll!~ '>I,l SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 21:

1 Acacia Skipper 2 Outis Skipper

3 Gold-costa Skipper 4 Gold-costa Skipper

7 Valeriana Skipper 8 Frilzgaertner's Rat

220 • SPREAD-WIN G SKIPPERS

Long-tailed Skipper Urbanus proteus

Note the long, broad "'tails." Below, the FW dark submarginal band is
unbroken. NOie the striking blue-green iridescence above. Usually
lands with its wings partly open. flabitat: Open field s and woodl.:md
edges, especially brushy and disturbed situations. Abundance: R.
Immigrant, mainly Aug.-Oa. RS to West Texas. Food: Legumes. Com-
ments: Temporarily established in southern California in the 1950s.

Dorantes Longtail Urbanus dDrantes

Note the long. broad "tails." Below. the FW dark submarginal band is
almost completely interrupted by a finger of the paler interior ground
color pushing through from the inside. Above. without blue-green iri-
descence; brown with yellowish spots. Usually lands with its wings
dosed or only partly open. Habitat: Opcn woodland. woodland
edges, and gardens. Abwtdance: U. Mainly Aug.-Ocl. Food: Beggar-
ticks and other legumes.

White-striped Longtail ChiDides catil/us

Look for that white stripe going stIaigh l across Ihe middle orthe HW
below. Note the very long tails (so long that-un like other longtails'
tails-they dangle as the butterfly nil'S) and the black upside-down
triangle at the FW subapex. This species rardy opens its wings. Habi-
lat: Tropical and subtropical scrub and open wood land. Abundatlce:
R. Almost all year. RS to Austin. Texas area and West Texas.
Sept.-Oa. Food: Legume family vines.

Zilpa Longtail ChiDides zi/pa

Long tails. Below. dramatically monied. NOlc the black upside-down
triangle at the FW subapex and the large black spot and trailing white
patch along the HW trailing margin. Rarely opens its wings. Habitat:
Thorn scrub. Abundance: RS to San Antonio. Texas, area and south·
eastern Arizona . Sepl.-Oa. Food: Legume famil y vines.

Brown Longtail Urbanus prDcne

Long tails. Note the uniform brown ground color above. Other longtaiJs
have prominent pale spots above. Usually lands with its wings open.
Habitat: Tropical woodJand. Abtmdance: RS to sou thern Califurnia.
southeastern Arizona, and Austin. Texas. area. Sept.-Oa. Food:
Grasses. Comments: The tropical Teleus, U. te/eus. and Plain. simplirius,
Longtails are very similar I.U Brown. Both have bec:n reponed from
southeastern Arizona . neither definitely. Teleus has a very pro-
nounced pale median stripe on the FW above. Bmwn L.ongtails also
can have a pale median stripe but. when present. it is n01 as strong as
thaI ofTeleus. Plain Longlails are cwn more similar IU Brown Lung-
tail. They have a raint pale FW median slripe with charaderislic
vague darker markings within the stripe.
 SHOWI\: 1: • 11fl ')1[[ SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 221

7 Zilpa Longtall 6 Brown Longtall

222 • SPR EAD-WING SKIPPERS

Golden Banded-Skipper Autoehton eellus

Those lumi nolls golden-yellow bands make identifying this species
easy. Habitat: Riparian canyons and gulches. Abundance: u-c.
March- Sept. in two brood areas; Mid June-Aug. in one-brood areas.
Food: legumes. Comments: Although you can certainl y sec Golden
Banded-Skippers during the midd le of the day, they are most active
nectaring early in the morning and late in the afternoon. Most of the
day is spent perching in the shade in gullies and narrow canyons.

Chisos Banded-Skipper Autoehton eincta

Similar to the tremendously more common Golden Banded-Skipper,
bur the HW fringe is pure white, not cht'cked. Also note that the FW
median band is narrower and paler. Habi tat: Oak woodlands. Abu1I-
dallce: R. March- Aug, Food: Beggar-ticks. Comments: Th is Mexican
species is a difficu lt-lO-fi nd spt'ciah y of Big Bt'nd National Park, main-
ly in Green Gulch.

Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna asander

The pale stripe down the middle of the HW varies from wide and bright
white to wide and pale, to narrow and brigh t white. Usuall y, the
stripe is fuzz y oUlwardly. The gold sputs on the FW above are rarely
seen. Habitat: Thorn scrub. Abundance: RS to southeastern Arizona
(one record). Food: Unknown.

Sonoran Banded-Skipper Autoehton pseudoeellus

Although on average sma ller, th is species is essen tial ly identica l to
Gulden Banded-Skipper except thai there Is a prominent white patch
just below the antennal dub that Golden Banded -Skipper lacks. Habi-
tat: Canyons in pine-oak woodland . Abundance: Fonnerly occurred
Junt"-mid July in the Huachuca and Ch iricahua Mounlains, espl--cial-
Iy in Ramsey Canyon, but. despite much searching, none has been
seen in (he United States since 1936. Food: Beggar-ticks. Comments:
Still common in much of Mexico.

Brown-banded Skipper Timoehares rupti{aseiatus

Male is shown: female is similar bm darker. No (e (hl' three brown
bands on the H W. Habitat: Tropical woodland . Abundance: RS 10
southeastern Arizona and southwt'stern New Mexico, main ly
Sept.- Oct. Food: Barbados cherry.

Hermit Skipper Grais stigmatieus

large. Brown bands on hoth H W and FW. Note the HW postmedian
band composed of separate spots, pointed on their outsides, a nd (he
characte ristic FW postmedian dark blotch. Males sometimes lack (he
white FW spots. Habitat: Tropical woodland and (horn scrub. A bu1l-
da1lce: RS thro ughout Texas and norlh 10 Kansas (o ne record), main-
ly Sept.- OC! . Food: Unknown. Co",mems: Ra rely doses its wings.
 SPREAD-WIN G SKIPPERS • 223

1 Golden Banded-Skipper 2: Golden Banded-Sldpper

5 Gold-spotted Aguna 6 Sonoran Banded-Skipper

7 Brown-banded Skipper (Shown Life Size) B Hennlt Sldpper (Shown Life Size)
224 • SPREAD-W ING SKI PPERS

Cloudywings (genuses Achalarus and Thorybes)

Cloudywings are Jargish skippers wilh an even. dark brown ground color above
with pale or golden spots_ They often land with their wings held half open. Dusky-
wings have an uppe rside grou nd colo r tha t is very moaled. Spedes treated on this
two-page spread have white fringes; brown-fringed species are on Ihe nexllwo-
page spread.
Hoary-edge Achalarus Iyciades
Large and da rk. Note the conspicuous wide white patch on the HW
margin below. Silver-spoILed Skipper has its silver spot in the middle
of the HW. Desert Cloudywing doesn't occur in range. has a narrower
white patch on the HW margin below. and lacks tht.' wide golden
band on the FW. Habitat: Open situations near woodlands. Abun-
dance: R. April-Sepl. Food: Beggar-ticks.

Coyote Cloudywing Achalarus toxeus

The FW postmedian band is a pale golden tradng. unlike that uf any
other species. Habitat: Tropical woodland and thorn scrub. Abun-
dance: RS to San Antonio, Austin. and Del Rio, Texas, areas. In addi-
tion, this andlor a closely related species, Skinner's Cloudywing (A.
albodJiatus). have strayed to southeastern Arizona. Food: Texas ebony.
CommetJIs: Very wily.

Desert Cloudywing Achalarus casica

Very large and very dark. NOie the conspicuous while patch on the
HW margin below. Gold-costa Skipper is smaller with a gold costa.
Also. see Hoary-edge. this page. Habitat: Canyons and washes in
desert foothills and mountains. Abrmdance: R-U. April- Sept .. mainly
May and Aug. Food: Beggar-ticks and olher legumt's.

Drusius Cloudywing Tharybes drusius

Basically like a Northern Cloudywing with while HW fringes (but see
white-fringed form of Northern Cloudywinft, Ihis ra~e) . FW whitt'
markings are reduced. Below. nOle thai the HW marginal area is only
slightly frosted and paler than the rt.'S1 of tht" wing. Habitat: Mid-ele-
vation grassy areas in oak and pine -oak woods. Abu"dance: R-U .
July- Aug. Food: Cologania and pnJiJably uther legumes.

Northern Cloudywing Thorybes pylades albosu{fusa

A white-fringed form of Nonhern Cluudywing is sometimes found in
West Texas. more commonly in northeastern Mexico. Below. note
that the HW marginal area is widely frosted and paLer than the rest of
the wing. Otherwise, extremely similar to Orusius Cloudy wing. Habi-
tat: Pine-oak woodland. Abundance: R. Food: Unknown .
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 225

1 Hoary-edge :z Coyote Cloudywing

] Desert Ctoudywing " Desert Cloudywing

7 Northern Ctoudywlng 8 Northern (Ioudywing

226 • SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS

Northern Cloudywing Thorybes pylades

Usually larger than Western or Mexican Cloudywing!>. Below. dark
whh darker HW median and spikey postmedian bands. Over most of
the range. the face (pa lps) is dark gray or brown. but in southwestern
New Mexico and southeastern Arizona it is almost white. Above. pale
markings are usua lly restricted . Habitat: A wide variety of open habi-
tats. Abundance: Mainly C, but U in California and the Pacific North-
west. lWo brood areas, March/April-Aug.lSept. One brood area!>.
mainly May-June. June-July in Canada. Food: Beggar-ticks, dovers,
and other legumes. Comments: By far the most common and wide-
spread cJoudywing.

Western Cloudywing Thorybes diversus

Below. the HW has the median and postmedian bands very poorty
developed. The outer portion of the HW is only barely paler than rest
of wing. Habitat: Openin~s in moist coniferous forests. AbundanCe:
R-LU. Jum:--July. Food: Clovers and possibly other legu meso Com-
ments:This species is restricted to the western slope of the California
Sierra Nevadas and a relatively small area of northwestern California
and southwesu:rn Oregon. Even within these areas. yOll a re nOllikely
to stumble upon it.

Mexican Cloudywing Thorybes mexicana

Usually small. Below, the outer portion of the HW is very pale. Above.
spots often have dark outlines. but vary from extensive. as shown. 10
almost absent. Habitat: Openings in moumain coniferous forest s.
Abundance: C. May-June sou thward: June- Aug.norLhward. Food:
Clovers and other legumes.

Confused Cloudywing Thorybes confusis

Many individuals cannOl be dislinguisht'd from Northern Cloudy-
wings in the field. Below. outer portion of wings is often pale. face is
white. Above. spot pattern varies usually very restricted (like North-
ern) to extensive (like Southern). In range shown. individuals with
white face and very restrided markings above are probably this species.
Habitat: Dry open situations. such as dry prairie. hillside fidds. and
sand barrens. Abundance: R-U . April-May. July- Aug. Food: Prooobly
legumes.

Southern Cloudywing Thorybes bathyllus

Both above and below. nOle tht' white patch just where the antennal
dub bends. Other doudywing~ lack such a patch. Ab(lve. while mark-
ings are usually strongly expressed. Habitat: Many open situation s.
especially dry. fields with low brushy a reas. Abundance: U.
May- June. Aug.- Oct. Food: Legumes.
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 227

1 Northern C10udywing 2: Northern Cloudywing

3 Western C10udywlng 4 Western Cloudywlng

S Mexican Cloudywing 6 Mexican Cloudywlng

7 Confused Cloudywing 8 Southern Cloudywlng

228 • SPR EAD -WING SKI PPERS

Texas Powdered-Skipper Systasea pulverulenta

The unusual soft brown appearance and scalloped HW makes pow-
dered-skippers quite distinctive. The two western species are very
similar. Distinguish them by the FW pale median band. Texas Pow-
dered-Skippers have a smooth inner edge to the FW pale median band
Arizona Powdered-Skippers have a jagged inner edge. The pale
underside becomes prominent in flight Habitat: Tropical and sub-
tropical woodland. thorn scrub. and arid canyons. Abundallce: R-U.
Immigrant. mainly Ju ly-Nov. Food: Mallow family.

Arizona Powdered-Skipper Systasea zampa

The unusual soft brown appearance and scaLLoped HW makes pow-
dered-skippers quite distinctive. Arizona Powdered-S kippers have a
jagged inner edge to the FW pale median band . Texas Powdered-Skip-
pers have a smooth inner edge. The pale underside becomes promi ·
ncnt in night . Habitat: Desert canyons. Abw,danu : U. All year, but
mainly early spring and la ll. Food: Mallow family. Comments: Flight is
Quite "fluttery" a nd back and fo rth-doesn 't fly as powerfully or lin·
early as most other skippers .

Sickle-winged Skipper Achlyades thraso

The FW apex is curved outward-like a sickle. Above, with various
monied bluish·purplish sheens. Females are paler brown with less iri·
descence. Habitat: Tropical woodlands. thorn ~crub and adjacent gar·
dens. Abrmdance: R. Mainly Aug.-Oct. RS 10 West Texas. Food: lime
prickJy·ash. Comments: Unpublisht.:d work by Andy Warren indicates
that the correct name for this species may well be Eontis tamenul1d,
with the genus Acltlyodes split and (Ilraso referring 10 a SOUlh Ameri·
can species. In any event. the English name wiII still be Sickle· winged
Skipper!

White-patched Skipper Chiomara asychis georgina

Above, monied dark gray. black and wh it e. White is more extensive
on ma les. Fema le FW looks like a pale version of a duskywing (which
are close relalives) . Habita,: Open tropical woodlands. thorn scrub.
and gardens. Abundance: R. Immigrant and probably temporary
colonist. Mainly Aug.-Oa. Food: Barbados che rry. Commellls: North ·
ern georgina is probably separate from the South American asycltis.

White Spurwing Antigonus emorsus

A largely w hite skipper (summer form; winter form with white
bands. but much less extensive white). Nme the scalloped outer mar·
gin of the HW. w hite· patched Skipper is smaller. with extensive bla ck,
and a less pronounced scalloped HW. Northern Whi te· Skipper lack!\
the scalloped HW and has a less defined HW dark border. Habitat:
Tropical woodland and Ihorn scrub. Abunda"ce: RS 10 soulheastern
Arizona and adjacent New Mexico. July- Sepl . Food: Unknown.
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 229

3 Arizona Powdered-Skipper -4 Sickle-winged Skipper

5 White-patched Skipper 9 6 White-patched Skipper 0

7 White-patched Skipper 8 White Spurwlng

230 • SPRE AD ~WIN G SKIPPERS

Duskywings (genus Erynnis)

Duskywings constit ute one of the butterfly world's morc difficult challenges. Many
duskywings are ~o simi lar that it is common to find misidentified museum sped mens.
Thus th e astute observer will often say "Th at's a du skyw in g." o r 'That's a JlIvenal 's
Dliskywing grou p duskywing." The butterfly's size a nd the amount of white spotS
on the FW a re useful in grouping species. The "wake me wh en you see a colorful
butte rfl y group." comprised of Dreamy and Sleepy Duskywi ngs. normally lacks
any wh.ile spots abo ve, while a ll others have at least some wh ite spots on the FW.
Members o f t he Juvenal's Duskywing group (J u vcnal's. Scudder's. Horace's. Rocky
Mou ntain , Meridian, and Propertius Ousk ywings) are gen era ll y large. Pcrsius
group species (Persius, Afranius, and Wild Indigo Duskywings). along with Paruvius
and Mo ttled Duskywi ngs, are mid-sized. And lastly, Mo u rnful and Funereal Dusky~
win gs arc large with white fringes. In identifying duskywings. it is often useful to
know if one is viewi ng a male or a fcmal<:. Ont' can usually disti nguish duskywing
sexes, even in the field, by viewing the FW costal margin. Males have a fold along
the costa l ma rgin and the presence of [his fold often creates a slight angle ilt the FW
"wri st. " Females lack tile fold a nd h ave a smoothly rurved FW costal margin .

Male Ahanlus Ouskywing Female Propertius Duskywing

Rocky Mountain Duskywing Erynnis telemachus

H\ Large. HW fringe is brovm. Below, HW usually with two pale 5ubapi~
cal spots and w ith pale marginal spots. Above. with much gray on the

~"
~
. ~
.h FWs. Postmedian pale SPOiS usually large. Shoulders are black and thl:'
thorax Is prickled with bright gray hairs (except, of course. when well
worn). Juvenal's Duskywing lacks bright gray thorax hairs. Habilat:
Oak, and mixed oak, woodlands. Abundance: Mainly C. lale April-
early July. mainly May-June but as ead}1 as Match near southern
edge of range. Food: Oaks. Comments: Occasionally, very small males
are encowuered.

Propertius Duskywing Erynnis propertius

Large. HW fringe is gray. Above, with much gray on tbe FWs. males
looking espedaJly "'furry. In Calirornia and Pacific Northwest. only
W

Pacuvius Duskywing is similar (others have white fringe, lack FW

pa le Spots. or are much smalle r) . Pacuvius is smaller, lacks the gray of
this speoes. usually has a brown patch just beyond the FW celi. Habi~
tal: Oak. an d mixed oak, wood lands. Abundance: C-A.
MarchI April-June/July. Food: Oaks.

Meridian Duskywing Erynnis meridianus

Large. Similar to Rocky Moumain Duskywing bu t lacks bright gray
thorax hairs, brovm HW fringe 15 tipped with off-white and, below.
pale marginal spots art' lacking. Habitat: Oak woodlands. Abundance:
U-C. MarchI April-May. late June- mid Sept. Food: Oaks. Comments:
A strong h iJltopper.
 SPREAD- WING SKIPPERS • 237

1 Rocky Mountain Duskywing d 2 Rocky Mountain Ouskywing ~

3 Rocky Mounlaln Duskywlng If PropertJus Duskywlng

7 Meridian Duskywlng & (museum specimen) 8 Meridian Duskywing 9 (museum spedmen)

232 • SPREAD -WING SKIP P ERS

'Arizona' Juvenal's Duskywing Erynnis juvenalis elitus

Medium-sized 10 large with while fringe. HW fairly evenly colored,
both above and below. In southeastern Ari7tma there are four other
white-fringed duskywings-Scudder's. Mournful, Funereal. and
Paclivius. In Arizona. Muurnful has a white HW marginal patch
below that this species lacks. BOth Fune rea l and Pacuvius have brown
patches on the FW. Scudder's Duskywing is extremely similar bUl
more rarely encountered-see below. Habitat: Oak woodland in
mountains. Abundance: R-U . Mid March-Aug., mainly April- May
and July-Aug. Food: Oaks. Commcllts: 1 suspect that these Mexican-
Arizona populations will eventllally be conSidered a separate spedes
from the eastern popula tion s.

Juvenal's Duskywing Erynnis juvenalis

I'-- ,\ A large, strong-flying duskywing with well-expressed f W postmedian
pale spots. For the eastern brown-fringed populatiuns, the only oUu.'r

~ • species thai one is likely to mnfu"e this with is Horace's Ouskywing

(see discussion there) . Rocky Mountain Duskywing has bright gray
~\, _f X hairs on its Ihnrax . HlIlJilat: Oak woodlands. Abundance: e. east
Texas. LU, the Dakolas, and SaskalChewan; LR, Palo Dum Canyon
and Big Bend. April/May- June. Food: Oaks.

Scudder's Duskywing Erynnis scudderi

i'- ,\ See inset to photo 2. Although usually considered to be inseparahle in
the field from ' Ari 70na' Juvenal 's Duskywing,l beli~ve that individu-
\\. l
als strongly exhibiting the lh ree dark half·checks encroaching on the
"\- HW white fringe art' Scudder's. Average"! perhaps 25 % smallt'r than
~\' :n. 'Ari7ona ' Juvena!'s Dusky\'Ving. Also see Mournful Duskywing. Hab;-
tllt: Oak and pine-oak woodlands above 6000 ft. Abundance: R. Mid
April- mid Sept., mainly May with a partia l second hrood in Aug.
Food: Presumed to be oaks. Comments: HilitOllS.

Horace's Duskywing Erynnis horarius

A large brown -fringed dllskywing. similar toJuvt'nal 's and Rocky
Mountain. Below, Horace's lacks two pale subapical spots near the HW
apex that Juvenal's and Rocky Mountain Duskywin):S o imOSI always
have. Above, usuaUy with chestnut shoulders (Rocky Mountain-black)
and thorax without bright pale gray hairs. Horace's is more sexually di ·
morphic than Juvenal's o r Rocky Mountain and malt'S are less mill ·
tkd, more uniform dark brown , lackin~gray over>caling. l-Iorace's
females are more bold ly mauled than Rnck), Mountain ur (t"ipcdally)
Juvenal's females. Spring individuals are smaller and can re!>emhle
Afranius Duskywing. Habitat : Oak woodlands, espedaUy tho!>l;~ nn
poor soils and acljact'nl open art~a ... A/nll/dance: C. east Texas and
Oklahoma, March-Sept .; R-Le. C()lnrado and New Mexico,
April- May, July- Aug . Food: Oak s.
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 233

3 }uvenal's Duskywlng 4 Juvena'"s Duskywlng d

5 Horace's Duskywlng 6 Juvenal's Ouskywlng 9

7 Horace's Duskywing 0 8 Horace's Duskywing 9

2 3 4 • SPREAD-WIN G SKI PPE RS

Mournful Duskywing Erynnis tristis

HW fringes are white . .Large. Below, populations from Arizona east·
ward have vertically elongated white marginal spots on the HW. In Cal-
ifornia Lhese spots are weak to absent. The FW is usually quite
mottled and without a pale brown patch beyond the cell. Habitat:
Oak woodlands. Abundlmce: R-U. Cali fornia. MarchIApril- Sept.; U-
C. Southeastern Arizona to west Texas. Feb.lMarch-Sept.fOct.: R-U
northward . May-Aug.; RS to nurthwestern Arizona, north central
New Mexico and Austin, Texas, area . Food: Oaks. Comments: A strong
hilltopper. In California, Mournful and Funereal Duskywings are the
only duskywings with white HW fringes.

Funereal Duskywing Erynnis funeraiis

HW fringes are white. Large. Below, without HW marginal white
spots or with narrow, horizontally elongated white spots. Above. the
fW is largely black with a pale brown patch beyond the cell The FW
white spots are weakly expressed. Habitat: A wide variety. including
desert, woodland edges, and spruce forest, but preference is for hot.
dry situa tions . Abundance: U-c. California sou theast to southeastern
Arizona to West Texas and eastward. Almost all year, mainly
March-Oct.; R-U elsewhere. Mainly May-Sept. ; RS to Nebraska.
northern Colorado, and nonhero California. Food: legumes.

Pacuvius Duskywing Erynnis pacuvius

Small. HW fringes are usually white in eastern part of range, includ-
ing most of Colorado (individuals in northwestern Colorado have
dark fringes), dark in Calirornia and Pacific Northwest. Below, there
are no white marginal spots. Above, black and brown. Eastern range
individuals with more contrast between these areas, western range
individuals with less (almost entirely black along the northern Cali-
lornia coast). Note the multiple gray rings on the abdomen. HW usual-
ly with less rnstma pale spots and cell-end bar than on t'ecslus
Duskywings. Habitat: Extremely varied-leom pine forest to mixed
woodlands to chaparral. Abundance: R-U. In two-brooded areas, late
MarchI April-Sept.JOo. In single-brooded areas. May- mid July. Food:
Ceanothus. Comments: Hilltops.

Mottled Duskywing Erynnis martialis

Sma)). HW fringes brown. A brighter. more mottled skipper than
other duskywillgs, especially OD the HW above. Note the nalTOW and
relatively sharply delineated HW postmedian dark band and the multi-
ple gray rings on the abdomen . Frc:-sh individuals have a purplish
sheen. Habitat: Open wooded areas with sites for hilltopping. Abun -
dan ce: C. Colorado. May-June; R-U. Black Hills of South Dakota. £..au.'
May-mid July; R-U elsewhere. March IApril-July-Allg. Food: Ccan-
othus. Commellts: A strong hilltopper.
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 235

7 Pacuvius Duskywlns (Oreson) 8 Mottled Duskywing

236 • SPREAD-WING SKIPP ERS

Dreamy Duskywing Erynnis ice/us

Small fW without white spots and with broad. (hain-like postmedian
bands. Dreamy is smaller than Sleepy, has !.he last segment of the
palps longer. has the inner one-third of the FW above blacker than the
rest of the ground (olor, and nics later in the year. Habitat: Openings
in moist forest. Abundance: C. Canada and Montana; Mainly R-U
elsewhere: Everywhere. May-mid July. Food: Willows and poplars.
Comments: Doesn't hililop.

Sleepy Duskywing Erynnis brizo

A small to medium-sized duskywing. without white spots on the FW
above and with a broad, chain-like FW postmedian band. See Dreamy
Duskywing for comparison. Habitat: Openings in oak woodlands
with scrubby oaks. Abundance: LR-U. California; C. Rockies; R-U.
Texas; Mainly March/April-May/June. As early as mid Feb. in south-
eastern Arizona. as late as early July at some high elevations. Food:
Scrubby oaks and oak seedlings. Comments: Hilltops.

Persius Duskywing Erynnis persius

Small to medium-sized. Males have gray hairs over much of the FW,
creating a soft appearance . Basal third of the female FW is blackened
and HW has small pale SP01S and a cell-end bar that arc less promi-
nent on Pacuvius Duskywings. Habitat: Mainly mountain meadows
and forest openings but also in prairie. Abundance: Mainly U-c.
Mainly May-July Food: Golden banners and other legu meso Com-
ments: Hilltops.

Afranius Duskywing Erynnis afranius

Small to medium-sized. Males often have a small brown patch just
past the fW cell and lack the gray hairs of Persius Duskywings, creat-
ing a sharper pattern. HW pale spotS arc usually paler man on Per-
sius. Males patrol In gulches, while Persius males are usually found on
hilltops. Habitat: High prairie. badlands. canyons. and chaparral.
Abundance: u-c. Marchi April-May, late June/July-Aug./Sepl. Food:
Legumes. Comments: Females are perhaps not separable from Persius.

Wild Indigo Duskywing Erynnis baptisiae

Medium-sized . Basal 1/ ) of FW often appears dark and "oily." Note the
brown patch just past the FW celt. Females can be mistaken fOI"
Horace's D uskywings but have small pale spotS on the HW margin
below. Habitat: Roadsides and embankments. Abundance: U-LC.
April-Sept. Food: Crown vetch and wild indigo. Comm~nt5: Adapting
to use of 1he alien crown vetch about 25 years ago, this is now onc of
the commonest duskywings in the East. It may well spread westward.
 SPREAD-WIN G SKIPPERS • 237

7 Afranlus Ouskywlng d 8 Afranius Ouskywing 9

9 Wlld Indigo Duskywlng d 10 Wlld Indigo Duskywlng 9

238 • SPREA D-W ING SK I PPERS

Checkered-Skippers (genus Pyrgus and relatives)

The checkered- Skippers arc sma ll. but delightful. hlack ami wh itt· l'!H..'rgy
mach ines. You' ll need you r close- focusing binocu lars and suml: pa tiencc to get
good looks 311 i1ese an ima ls; but your crroTls wi ll be rewarded. Alt huugh there are
use ful field ma rks below, checkered-skippers usua ll y land w ith the ir wings open
(but ohen allowing a fl ee ti ng view o f thei r u nd ersides).
Common Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus communis
Thc cxu:nsivt, whitt' Spots on Ihe black back~rullnd mupled wilh Iht'
blllC -tingt'd hair crea les Ihe ('fftxI of a blue-gray blur as Ihis lill ie skip-
per whirs by you. It is larger. more common. and JllOft' widt"Sprcad
111<111 other cht.'t:kert:d-sk i ppcr~. Belt)w Cum mons havt: a -tt:it:phol1t'P
al the bast.' of the HW Iha l Tropicals lack. Remember, It:iephont's are
common. Habitat: A wide variety of open situatioJlS. uflen disturbed.
'Common'
Mainly in Ivwlands. but also occurs at high elevations. Abundance: C.
Thrcl'· brood aft'as, almost all year; two-brood areas, mainly
May-Sl'pl. Food: Mallow family. Comments: Alon~ tilt' Mexican bor·
dt'r flies Ihe 'White' Common Checkered-Skippe r, P. communis
albescens. Treated as a subspecies on the NASA Checklist. rt'cent, as yet
unVllb l ish~d, t:vidcnce indicates that it is best l'Onsidercd a scparat('
species. Although. 011 average. ' Whitt" Checkt'red-Skippcrs are slighl-
ly whiter than CClmmon Checker('d-Skippers. both spt'cics art'
'White'
extremely variable and it is not known how to ~t'jlilralt' them in the
field.

Tropical Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus oi/eus

Very similar to COllllllon Checkered·Skipper, bill ahove, note the
white spot at the FW apex that is a continuation or Ihe margina l spo t-
band. This spot is almost always missing from Cmmnons. The FW
fringe just below the apex is blackened or with Ihe black checks very
dost:iy spaced. Commons have:' this portion of the FW similar 10 the
rest of the FW. The FW cell has a prominent white spot (sec photo)
whert:: Commons hav(' a faint SpOI or none. Las Ll y. the HW mmginal
white spots are usually nOI too much smalkr than !Ill' su bll1ar~inal
white spot. Commons usually have the marginal spots mut:h smalkr
than Iht· submarginal spots. Bl'iow, Tropica ls are tanner and more
smudged <.md have a brown spot in the middle of tht: HW it'ading
marg in that Commons lack. Habi/at: A variety or Opt'J1 situations.
Abundance: C. Southern Texas. AU year; R immi~r<lnt, suutlll'nSIt'rn
Arizona. Ma rch-Oct. Food: Ma llow family. Commellts: Pl'rhaps
becoming more common northward.

Desert Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus phi/etQs

Above, very similar to Tropical, but FW fringe just below the apex is
not blackened. Below note the even. tan co loratiun and th(' row of
small dark spots. f1abita t:Thorn scrub. Abu"dmu;e: R·U. All year.
Food: Mallows. Comments: A mure avid nowe r visitor than Common
or Tropical Checke red-Skippt'rs. it is also fond of dilmp sand.
 SHOWN )X liFE SI/f SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 239

1 Common Checkered-Skipper 2 (ommon Checkered-Skipper d

3 'Whlte' Checkered-Skipper 4 Common Checkered-Skipper 9

7 Desert Checkered-Skipper 8 Desert Che<kered-Skipper

240 • SPREAO-WING SKIPPERS

Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus centaureae

Large. Larger than the West 's other mountain Checkere-d-Skippcrs
(except Common Checken.'CI-Skippcr). Note the missing white spot in
the FW basalspotband. tn the Rocky Mountains. most individuals
seem to have a faint yellowish casL Habitat: Alpine meadows and
talus slopt.-'S . Abundance: R-U. June-late July/ea rly Aug. More rom-
mon in odd-numbered years. Food: CinQuefoils.

Two-banded Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus ruralis

The fW has two white bands forming an "X." Note the white spot at the
base of the HW (somctimt.'S Quite small) . Small Checkered-Skippers
lack this spot. Below. HW bands are reddish-brown. Mountain Check-
ered-Skippers are grayer and duller. Makos have a costal fold that
male Mountain Checkered-Skippers lack. but it can lx' very difficult
to determine the sex of individuals of thest.: species in the field . An
added problem is that the presence or absence of a rostal fold in these
spcot.-'S is often not obvious. Habitat: Mountain meadows and open-
ings in cool coniferous forests, down to sea level on the Pacific CoaSL
Abundance: R. Southern California (endangered). April- May; C.
Nonht'rn California and the Pad[icNonhwcsl. March/April-Aug.; R-
U. Rockies. Junt.'-mid July. Food: Cinqudoils and horkclias.

Mountain Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus xanthus

On some individuals, the FW white bands do nOI form as strong an
"X" as on '!Wo-banded Checkered-Skippers . This is oc"Cause (he posi-
tion of the spot indicated in photo 6 is sonll'limt'S c10scr 10 the FW
outer margin than is the eQuiva lent spot on '!Wo-bandeds. Nole the
white spot at lhe HW base (sometimes sma ll ). Small Checkered-Skip-
pns lack this SPOI (except in spring). Be-st identification is from below.
Mountain Checkered-Skippers have dull gray-brown HW bands. while
'!Wo-banded Checkered-Skippers have a redder tint to tht' HW bands.
Habitat: High, dry mountain meadows and gu llies. A/Jrmdallce: LR-
U. May-June. Food: Cinquefoils.

Small Checkered-Skipper Pyrgus scriptura

Small Above, whi te spotting is usually (but not always) r(>(Juccd,
espcoallyon the HW. Note the absence ofa white HW basal spot
(except some spring individuals) that both '!Wo-banded and Moun-
tain Checkered-Skippers have and that, at the HW apex, the black
fringe checks only go halfway across the fringe. The FW costal margin
usually has a pale gray area that other checkered-skippers lack.
Below, the ground color is pale and sort. HalJital: Roadsides, gulches,
alkali fields. and disturbed open situations. AIJUlldance: lR-U. Three-
brood areas: March- Sept.fOd.; Single-brood areas: July-Aug. Food:
AJkali-maUows and other mallow family.
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 241

1 Two-banded Checkered-SJc.Ipper If Two-banded Checkered-SJc.Ipper

5 Mountain Chetkered-SJc.Ipper 6 Mountain Checkered-Skipper

242 • SPREAD-WING SKI PPE RS

Northern White-Skipper Heliopetes ericetorum

A medium-sized white-colored skipper. unlikely to be confused with
anything else. COnlinon Checkered-Skippers are black and white. but
they have much less white than white-skippers. like mOSt while-
skippers. females have more extensive black markings than males.
Note the inward-pointing HW submarginal white chevrons. See
Erichson's White-Skipper for separation from that spedes. Habitat:
Chaparral and arid canyons. Abundance: C. Southern California
north and easl to southern Nevada; R-U elsewhere. Mainly
April-June. Aug-Oct. Food: Shrubby mallows and other mallow fam-
ily. Comments: In almost all of its range. this is lhe only spedes of
white-skipper normally encountered.

Erichson's White-Skipper Heliopetes domicella

The well-defined basal portions of the wings make this a banded
white-skipper. Males and females are similar. Above. on ly tikely to be
confused with female Northern White Skippers. Erichson's White-
Skippers have the white bands above very defined, while female
Northern White-Skippers have them more diffuse. Also. the HW sub-
marginal white SpOlS on Erichson's White-Skippers are nOl inward-
pointing chevrons as they are in female Northern White-Skippers.
Below, note the dark FW patch that other white-skippers. occurring
in the United States. lack. Habitat: Thorn scrub. Abundance: U.
Almost all year. but espedally spring and fall. R immigrant to Col-
orado River area of southeastern Ca lifornia. Sept.--Oct. Food: Mallow
ramily.

Laviana White-Skipper Heliopetes laviana

Bt'low. note that the brown HW median band slants in toward the body.
Northern and Erichson's White-Skippers have this band perpendicu-
lar to the HW leading margin. The Inner edge of the dark HW marginal
patch Is approximately straight and does not fo llow the contour of the
outer margin. Females have somewha t more extensive black above.
HabUat: Open tropica l woodland and Ihorn scrub. Abunda"ce: R
immj~rant. Mainly April--early May. SepT.-mid Nov. RS to Austin area
and north Texas. Food: Mallow family.

Turk's-cap White-Skipper Heliopetes macoira

Both above and below. note the white ray that shoots through the FW
black border to the margin. Be low. note that the brown HW median
band slams in toward the body. Nonhern and Erichson's White-Skip-
pers have this band perpendicular to the HW leading margin. The
Inner edge of the dark HW marginal patch Is convex and follows the
com our of the outer margin. Females have somewhat more extensive
black above. Habitat: Tropical woodland and thorn scrub. Abun-
dance: RS to San Antonio area. Food: MalJow family_
 SPREAO- WING SKI PPER S • 243

1 Northern White-Skipper 2 Northern White-Skipper 9 (inset: 15 )

5 laviana White-Skipper 6 Laviana White-Skipper 0

7 TuJ't('s-ap White-Skipper 8 TuJ't('s-cap White-Skipper 0

244 • SPREAD-WIN G SKI PPERS

Mottled Bolla Bolla c1ytius

Extremely similar to scallopwings hut averages slightly larger and HW
is rounder. less scalloped. Bolll males and females have 0--3 incon-
spicuous white spots at the FW subapex. Note the diffuse. broad. dark
band in the middle of the FW above. Habitat: Tropical woodlands and
thorn scrub. Abundance: RS to southeastern Arizona and possibly
nonh to San Antonio, Texas area. Mainly Aug.-Oct. Food: Unknown.

Mazans Scallopwing Staphy/us mazans

Often not distinguishable in llle field rrom Hayhurst 's. HW rringe is
unchecked (sometimes alternating black and gray), while many Hay-
hurst's have definite white checks to the fringes. Habitat: Open areas
wilhin and adjacem 10 wuod lands. Ab.mdanu: U. March-Nov. Food:
lambsQuanersand pigweeds. Comme"ts: May be moving nonh of
range shown.

Hayhursfs Scallopwing Staphy/us hayhurstii

Small. HW margin scalloped. Dark brown (females) or black (ma les)
willl even darker bands forming concentric semicircles on the HW. Vari-
ably strewn with tiny pale silver or gold flecks. Usually with HW fringe
with some white checkering. No while o n head. Habitat: Moist npen
woodland, gardens, and disturbed areas. Abundance: u-c.
Texas-Oklahoma. March-Oct.; R-U. Kansas-Nebraska. May-Aug.
Food: lambsquaners.

Golden-headed Scallopwing Staphy/us ceos

I don'llhink you'll usually need help with this one. bUI remilles and
worn individuals sometimes lack a gold head. But even then. they
usually have a trace of ~old. often have while althe FW apex and
have a less scalloped HW margin than other scallopwings. Habitat;
Washes. canyons and riparian areas in arid regions. Abut/dance: U-C.
Almost aU year. but mainly MardlJApril-Sept.lOct. Food: Lamb-
sQ uarters.

(ommon Sootywing Pholisara CQtullus

Small. Black with a variable number of white spo~ Induding some on
the head. Habitat: Varied. including weedy areas. desen washes. agri-
cultural lands. and su burban gardens. Abtmdallu: Threc.'-bruod areas:
C. March-Oct.; two-broud areas. Mainly U-C. but R in mountains.
April-Aug.lSept. Food: lambsQuaners and pigweeds.

Mexican Sootywing Pholisora mejicana

IMnticallo Common Sootywing except thai lx-Inw. the veins are jet
black and wings have a bluish tinge (occasional on Common Sooty-
wing also). Habitat: Gulches and canyons. Abundance: LR.
May-J une. July-A ug. Food: Pigwt'eds. Comments: Even when they
SlOp . undersides are rarely shown .
 SPREAD-WING SKIPPERS • 245

1 Mottled Bolla (museum specimen) 2 Mazans Scallopwing ~

7 Common Sootywing 8 Mexican Sootywing

246 • SPREAD-WIN G SK IPPERS

Mojave Sootywing Hesperopsis libya

A sma ll black skipper Hying around saltbush is likdy to be this or the
next specit.'!i. l\vo-brooded populations (see photos 1 and 2) look
qu il e different [rom single-hrooded populations. Below. Ihey are snft
gray-brown with large white spots. Quite distinctive. Abuve, they arc
dark brown with FW white spots organized into nlt:dian and post-
median bands. Lndividuals in single-brooded populations have greatly
reduced white spots, both above and below. and much more closdy
resemble Saltbush Sootywings. Note the smooth dark brown/ black
ground color above. Saltbush Sootywings have a more mall led
appearance. Common Sootywings are blacker with white "potS on
the head. Habitat: Saltbush conc{·ntratinns a lung desert wash{'S and
a lkaline salt flats. Abundance: R-U. Two-brood areas March-QQ.: sin-
gle-brood a reas JunC'--Carly Aug. Food: Salthmhes.

Saltbush Sootywing Hesperopsis alpheus

A sma ll black skipper f\ying around saltbush i"likely to be this ur the
previous species. Below. usually wi th a white har in the middlc or th{'
HW. Common Soolywings are blacker with white spots on the head .
Habitat: Sa ltbush concentrations, alony desert washes and rivers, and
in alkaline sag{' [Ials. Abunda"ce: Ma inly R-U. TWo-brood areas:
May-June, July- mid Sept.; Ca li fornia-suu th c.:rn Nevada.
Ma rch/A pril- mid June; Oth er si ngle-brood areas: May!JlJn{'-July.
Food: Sa ltbusht,s. Comments: Reportedly ahundant a t Buuerbredt
Peak in Kern Coumy, California. Some consider ' MacNeill's' Saltbush
Sootywing. Hesperopsis alphellsgracielae. 10 he a di .. ti n<1 species. II is
found along the Colorado Rivt'r aud its tribUiarit's, mainly along the-
Ca li[orn ia-Arizona border. It is little differt'nt frum the olher sub·
'MacNeill's' speoes.

Common Streaky-Skipper [elates nessus

A tiny scrap of crink led brown a luminum foillhal f1ie'S away is SlIfe'IO
be this species. I bdievc that the t{'chnica l tt'rm for the group is
plca ledoptera. Habitat: Thorn scrub . Abundance: U-c. Mainly
March/April- Aug./Sepl. Food: Mallow [amily. Commellls: Huw much
more fun can butterOies he?

Scarce Streaky-Skipper [elates limpia Not Illustrated

It is not currently known how 10 separa lC' this "peele... from Common
Streaky-Sk ipper without dissection . Habitat: Mountain gulliC'!io and
washes and along riparian areas. Ablmdallce: R? March- Sept. Food:
Ma llow family. Comments: Be-cam.C' of Iht' difficulty uf dt'tt'rmining
whclhcrone is viewing this species. it s habi ts, range, and ahundanC{'
r{' main little known.
 SHOWN l ' lIH SIZE SP READ-WIN G SK IPPER S • 247
'.

3 Saltbush Sootywlng It Saltbush Sootywing

7 Common Streaky-Skipper 8 Common Streaky-Skipper

248 • SKtPPERLINGS

Skipperlings (subfamily Heteropterinae)

These small skippers sha re some trailS with grass~skippers and others with spread-
w ingski ppcrs. They open their FWs and HWs in un ison, like the spread-wing skip-
pers, but they feed on grasses and have other obvious affinities wi th the
grass-skippers. They a lso lack (he taperin g terminal extension of the antenna
(apiculu s) Iha l other skippers have.

Arctic Skipper Carterocephalus palaemon

A sma ll. but choice. gift fro 01 the north. Marked ra ther like- a minia-
ture fri tilla ry. Habitat: Moist grassy openings in cunilerous and mixed
fOrt·st. Abundance: LR - U. Mid April-t'arJy Au£. mainly May- July.
Food: Grasses. Comments: Has a sirong fondness for wild geraniullls.

Russet Skipperling Piruna pirus

Below. HW is unmarked. FW disk is black wilh white spOis. Annve.
Ihere a re a variable number of white spots on the FW. bllt none on
the HW. Note the blue-gray body hairs. Habitat: Moisl grassy slream-
sides a nd othe r riparian sil uat ions in wood lands rrom prairie canyons
10 high elevations. Abunda"ce: Mainly LU-LC. Mainly June-July. as
early as May in some areas. Recently discovered colony in Jeff Davis
Mt[Js. flies in Aug. Food: Grasses. Comments: Flight is quite slow.

Four-spotted Skipperling Piruna polingi

Below, with four large white spots. or an approximation thereof.
Above. with variable FVv white spots. Note (he two HW white spots,
the spot In the middle of the HW large and doubled . RllSS~1 Skipperling
lacks HW while spOIS. Habitat: Very moisi. gra."sy sit uations in high ·
elevation woodland. Abunda nce: LC. July- Aug. Food: Grasses.

Many-spotted SkipperUng Piruna cingo

Below, with many la rge white spots. Above. sinti lar 10 Four-spotted
Sk ipperling (in different habita t). but HW fringe is white (usually buffy
on Four·spotted Sk ippt:rling) . Habitat: Mid · dt'valion grassy arroyos
i n arid oak-covered hillsides. Abundance: LR- LU. Aug. Food: GraSSeS.
Comments: Comparing the underside pallerns ur this spedes and Arc-
tic Skipper. it is easy to see the relationship between the many tropi-
ca l skipperiings and the handful of northern represc=nlatives of this
group.

Chisos Sklpperling Piruna ha{erniki

Below. trW' dark brown with ba~t: an d outer angle gray. giving the
appearance of a dark inverted triangle sitting on the (-IW leading mar-
gin . Above. dark brown with a few FW white ~pu l s and a black ma r·
ginalline on bOlh wings. Habitat: Mounta inous pine-oak woodland.
Abundan ce: R. March- Sept. Food: Unkn own. Comments: In the Unit-
ed States. known o nl y from (he Chisos Mountai ns in Big Bend
Nalional Pa rk.
 <'HOWN lx 1111 '>1/1 SKIPPERLINGS • 24

1 AtctIc SkIpper 2 Arctic Skipper

7 Many-spotted SklpperUng 8 Many-spotted Sklppertlng

9 Chisos Skipperting 10 Chlsos Skipperting

250 • GRA SS-S KIPPERS

Grass-Skippers (subfamily Hesperiinae)

Genera lly smaller than spread-wing skippers, most grass skippers have a rapid,
darting flight. When landed, their wings an:' kept completely c1used (often), or with
the HWs mOTC or less completely open but with the FWs only partially opened,
forming a V or U. Males usually have a black "stigma" on the FW that cOl1lains spe-
cia li zed sex scales. The characteristics of t he stigma arc sometimes lIseful ror iden-
ti fication.
Tropical Least Skipper Anycloxyph a arene
Small. Below, note the tiny dark spots on the HW margin. Above, briglll
orange with a dull black FW border. Orange Skipperling lacks tiny
marginal spots below or a black FW border a bove. HaMtat: Edges of
permanent st reams and ponds, cil'negas. Abundance: LR-LU. Mid
Feb.-mid May, mid July-mid Nov. RS l10rlh to the Austin, Texas,
area. Food: Grassl's that have their roOlS in wall:r.

Least Skipper Anycloxypha numitor

Small. Hright orange with much black above that can be seen in night
NOIe the rounded wings. Flight is weak. Habitat: Wet mead()w~,
marshes, grassy roadside ditches, elC. Abundance: Thret'-brood areas:
LC. April-Oct.; (wo-brood ar~as: LR-LU, June-S~pt. Strays wesl of
rangt' shown. The one repon from Alb~rl a is unlikely to have bet'll of
an individual who arrived Iht!re under ils own power. Food: Grasscs.

Orange Skipperling Copaeodes aurantiaca

Very small . Bright orange wilh angular wings. No dis liTiClivt' mark-
ings. Flight is rapid. Habitat: Widespread in arid regions, especially in
canyons and gulches. Abundance: Mainly C-A. Becoming U-R al
nonhem edges of rang~ . Almost all year in Snu tht!m lowlands, but
main ly March-Oo . Mainly May-Aug. al high eil'valions. Food:
Bermuda gTass and olher grasses. Comments: - J('t plane" position
shown in photo 6 is Iypica!.

Southern Skipperling Copaeodes minima

Tiny. Bright orange with very angular wings. Not~ Iht' very narrow and
sharp white rayon the HW below. Above. essentially indislingubhable
from Orangt' Skipperling. Habitat: A variety of open grassy haiJitals.
bUI usually nOI in very W('l nor very dry si lUalions. AIJtmdanCf':
Three -b rood areas: C-A. aimosl all year; Iwo-brood areM: U-c.
March-Oct.; one-brood areas: R-U. Sepl.-Ocl. Food: Bermuda grass
and Olher grassc:s.

Sunrise Skipper Adopaeoides prittwitzi

Small. Hrighl orange wil h a very pale yellow (not bright white) HW ray
below. Also nOl(, the evenly orange fringes. Soulhern Skipperling ha~
a narrower, white HW ray. Habitat: Cienegas. Abulldance: LR -lU.
Mid May-mid Oct. Food: The grass, Paspa/um disticum (Poaceal:'). Com-
ments: In order 10 gel a good look at Ihis elusive beauty, you'll proba-
bly need to gel your feCI weI.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 25

3 least Sldpper 4 least Sklpper

5 Orange Skipperting 6 Orange Skipperling

7 Southem Skippertlng 8 Southem SklpperUng

9 Sunrise Skipper 10 Sunrise Sklpper (museum specimen)

252 • GRASS·SKIPPERS

Julia's Skipper Nastra julia

Below, almost unmarked dull brown. Above. usually with IWOsmall
pale spots in the middle of the FW. Eufala Skipper is larger wilh some·
what more elongated wings and is usually grayer below. Habitat:
Many open grassy habitats. Abundallce: C. Texas. March- Nov.; LR.
CaUforrua-Arizona. immigrant to Colorado River VaUey latc
Aug.-early Oa . Food: Bermuda grass and otht:'r grasses. Commeub':
Although nOt recorded from adjacent Sonora. Mexiro. I have indud-
ed this area on the range map with tht:' thought thai Lht:' iate·summer
immigrants to California must COIllt' i'rnm somewhere. Or perhaps the
butterriies just say. "Beam me up. Scottie." Swarthy Skipper. Nastra
Ihermin;er (see BTB:Easr for illustration). louks similar. but ground
color below is yellow-brown a nd veins are sligh tly paler. Above. there
SWarthy Skipper arc usually no pale spots at aiL

Garita Skipperling Oarisma garita

The HW below has white veins and fringe on this sma ll orange skippt:T.
Variably blackened orange above and with a while FW I.:ostal margin.
Habjtat: Mountain meadows and shon -grass and mixed·grass
prairies. Abundance: C. June- mid Aug. Food: Grasses. Comments:
Flight is weak and weaving.

Edwards' Skipperling Oarisma edwardsii

Larger than an Orange Skipperling with a sluwt:'r night. Note the
black-tipped fringe, below. Above. orange, withuut blackened wings
of Garita Skipperling. Habitat: Open mounlain woodland. usually
pine-oak between 5000 and 8000 ft. Abundance: u·c. Late May-mid
Aug. Mainly July-Aug. in sOlltheastt:'rn Arizona and southwcstt'm
New Mexico, mainly June- July nonhward . Food: Unknown.

European Skipper Thymelicus lineo{a

A small. weak-flying skillpcr with an unmarked orange HW (some-
times with white overscaling) and usually with orange fringe below
(occaSionally pale). Note the short and squat appearanct'. Habital:
Dry fields and roadsides with tall grasses. Alnmdance: LC. June-early
Aug. Food: Timothy. Commeltts: A native of Europe. this skipper was
introduced into Ontario in 19 10 and is now ahundant in much 01 thc
East. First recorded from Colorado and Monta na in the mid- 1980s
and from Utah in 1999. it is stil l expanding its range.

Alka6 Skipper Pseudocopaeodes eunus

Below, HW is pale orange with even paler. off-white ray and dark mar-
ginal SJXHS. Other rayed skippers are hrighter o range without dark
marginal spots (Tropical Least Skipper. with different ran~t" and habi -
tat, oft en has a famt ray). Habitat: Grassy deserl seeps. Abulldallce:
LR. June-Sept. Food: Saitgrasses.
 GRASS·SKIP PERS • 25

9 AlkaU Skipper 10 Alkali Skipper

254 • GRASS- SK IPPERS

Morrison's Skipper Stinga morrisoni

Below. the big silver spike at the base of the HW is almost unique.
Also note the white marginal line. Somt: Sonman SkipJX'rs haw a very
similar pattern,. but have a paler ground color, no white marginal line,
and evenly colored pall' fringes. Habitat: Opt:n pint: or pine-junipt~r
woodlands. Abundance: R-U. Southt:astem Arizona 10 West Tt'xas.
March-May. mainly April. Northward. mainly May-Junc. Food:
Grasses. Commenls: A strong hilhopper.

Hesperia Skippers (genus Hesperia)

Many of these interesting skippe rs are very simila r to one another. The HW pattem
often includes a prominent postmedian c hevron of w hile spots .:md some basal
white spots. while the FW below has two pale subapical spots near the outer mar-
gi n. Colorof "felt" in cemerof male stigma can some times be used for identification.
They feed on pe rennia l bunchgrassl's and most are single-brooded. Also see
female Sachem.
Green Skipper Hesperia viridis
Below, ground color is yellower and lighter , han 1110S1 similarly pat -
terned Hesperia. Note thai taken together, the outer margins of the bot-
tom three spots of the postmedian spotband form a concavity (some
female Pahaska SkipperS share this Trail and are nUl separable).
Above, male has black felt in stigma. Habitat: Low· fO mid·e1evarion
canyons and gulches. Abundance: Mainly U-C, bu t R sou theastern
Arizona. AUS li n arca, and Kansas-Nebraska. l\vo· bmods art:as:
ApriI/May-June/JuJy. Aug.- SepT.lOcl. : one-b ro(ld areas: mainly
June- Jul)'. Food: Grasses. Comment.'i: Fresh individua ls arc ft:ported
10 have a green Tint- perhaps Thl'y do. This spl'cies congregates in
canyons and gu lches, nOt on hilltops.

Pahaska Skipper Hesperia pahaska

Below, ground color is yellower and lighter than most similarly pal·
lerned Hesperia. Above. male has yellow felt in sli}-!ma and ft'males
usually have more contrast on their fW Ihan do Grl'cn Skipper
fema les. Most Common Branded Skippers below have the HW lower
basal white SpoT shaped somewha Tlike a C. See Grecn Skipper for dis·
tinction from thaT species. Also see Juha Skipper. Habital: A wide
variety. from sparsely wooded grassland in desen rangt·s to open pine
forest. Abundance: Mainly U-c. l\Yo-brood areas: March-Oct.; one-
brood areas, May-July. Food: Grasses. Comments: HillTops. Females
are st'en much less freQut:ntly than a rt' malt-s.

Apache Skipper Hesperia woodgatei

Below. ground color is dark brown. sometimes green-brown. Bolh
above and below. note 1he white pakhes just below the clubs of lht.' jel
black antennas. Habitat: Openings in high mountain pine and pine-
oak forest. Abundance: lU-LC. Mid Sept.-Oct. Food: Grasses.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 255

1 Morrison's Skipper 2 Morrison's Skipper d 1 Morrison's Skipper Ii'

'+ GrHn Skipper

<:G,(',
, ", - ," ''" .
-

"" ",0/1

\ .."~ .'
'~ " --~-;-.~'" .!I
,_ - .,t
,

, .7-,..----......

7 Pahaska Skipper
..........
, ", .
8 Pahaska Skipper 0 9 Pahaska Skipper Ii'

10 Apache Skipper 11 Apache Skipper d 12 Apache Skipper 9

256 • GRASS·SKIPPE RS

Common Branded Skipper Hesperia comma

This species, the most widespread and generally mmmon Hespaia , is
dirricult 10 charaaerize due to the extreme individual and geographi -
cal variation. Tlw underside ground mlOT varies from brass)' grCt'n to
dull brown-gray 10 chocolalc to yellow-hrown. as shown, in part on
the opposite page. Some populations in northwestcrn California and
southwestern Oregon are chocolate brown beneath with only tract'S
of lhe HW chevron or none at all. NUle IhaimOSI populations have
the HW basal white spots funning a C. with Iht' spot .. conneaed, or
almost conneaed. Even when nOi connected, thc lower of the two
white basal SpOts a lmost always curves back toward Ihe hody. Differ-
entiation from other Hesptria Skippt:rs is gent'rally given under those
species. Juba Skippers have Ihe inner edg(' of Ihe FW black border
above very jagged and have the bottom spot 01 the I-IW chevron dis·
placed inwardly (some nonhern Common Branded Skip~rs also
share this latter trait but lack the jagged border above) . Habitat: A
wide variety, including rocky outcrops above treeline. open conifer-
ous forest. sagehrush steppes, and prairies. Abw tdollce: Mainly C·A.
June-Sepl.. depending upon clevation. locatinn. ilnd year-much less
at any given locality in a given y('ar, as t'arly as May in souLbern Cali -
fornia and southern Nevada, nccasionally as late as Nov. July-Aug. is
the peak f1ighl period over most of Ihe rangt'. Food: Grasses. Co",·
ments: Will hilltop. AboUllhc variuus named subspt'Cies. a few of
which arc now treated as full species by some (H. c. assiniboiaon Ihe
plains of Montana and Albena. caSl lO Saskatchewan and Nonh
Dakota). Ferris and Brown (in Butterflies of/he Rocky MOllntain States)
said. ~ Often one must be salisfied to lidentify individuals] (0 the
species. a job made simpler by considering Holarctic rCommon
Branded Skipper] as a single species."

Sierra Skipper Hesperia miriamae

i'-- ,\ Below, note the partially checked fringes. Ground color below b dark
brown with scattered bluish -white overscaling. H aMtat: Found only

~ l above ircdine (over 10,500 ft.) on th(' hight'st peaks of the California
Sierras and the White Mountains of California and Nevada. AbIUl-
~ n ", dance: LR . Ju ly-Aug. Food: Grasses. Comments: Hilltops.

Columbian Skipper Hesperia columbia

r- Bright pale to medium brownish· yellow. HW without the upper of the
two white basal spots and with tht' upper section of the IIW whilc

I~ l
chevron missing or panial. FW with very faint subapical spots along
costal margin . HalJitat: Chaparral and oak woodlands. but wilt hilltop
~ .'0 into other habitals. Ab,mdatlce: LR-LU . Southern Califoma:
March/Apri l-May (occasionally through June) , Sepl.-Ocl.; Nonhern
California: La tc May-June, Sept. Food: Grasses Comments: llilltops
and mudpuddle~.
 StlOWN 11 LIFE SIZE GRASS-SKIPPERS • 257

1 Common Branded (WA) 2 Common Branded 0' (WA) 3 Common Branded Ii> (MT)

4 (ommon Branded (MT) 5 Common Branded (eA) 6 Common Branded Ii> (eA)

10 Sierra Skipper 11 Columbian Skipper 12 Columbian Skipper 0-

258 • GRA SS- S KIP P[RS

Uncas Skipper Hesperia uncas

Below. extensive HW white chevron with connected spots, white veins
(usually). and blotchy dark brown/ black markings make this skipper
unlike any other except Rhesus and some Sandhill. Ab()v~. females
usually have mor(' prominent FW whitt' sputs than do other Hesperia
sk ippers. Rhesus Skipper is smallt'r and has pure white fringes with-
out the HW marginal dark Sp01S that Uncas Skippers POSSI.."5s. Popula-
tions in Mono Co unty. Ca lifornia (macrwaini and giulanii). have the
HW while vein in g grealiy reduCt'd or absen t hut ortell have the
blotchy dark brown/black markings. Habitat: Shon -grass grasslands
and grassy a lkali ne nats. Abundance: Mainly R-U. Two-brood areas:
May-June. late july-Sept.; onc-broud areas. mainly June-July. FOfld:
Blue grama grass and other grasses. Comments: Cobweb Skipper (Hes-
peria metea ) (See BTB: East for illustra tion ) looks like a very small.
Cobweb Skipper
dark Uncas Skipper. It is LR -lU and nit's April-early June in dry field s
with bluestem grasses.

Juba Skipper Hesperia juba

large. Below. ground color is dark yellow-brown to dark grl..,(,l1-
brown and the bottom spot of the HW chevron is displaced inwardly.
Above. FW black border is very jagged and is especially prominent on
females . Females also have a double black spot In the middle of their
FW above. Habitat: Mountain m~adows and sagebrush grasslands.
Abundallce: Mainly C. hut R in eastern Colorado. in much of the C3li~
rornia Sit!rra Nevadas and in the Sprin~ Mountains of Nevada .
Apri l- June, late Aug.-SepI.lOcI. Food: Grasses. Comments: Not a hill ~
topper.

Lindsey's Skipper Hesperia lindseyi

Below. the HW chevron on males is cream-colored. not white. The
outer edge of the chevron spots is very spikey (usua lly) , extending
along the vcins. Above. the FW border is indis1inct. hlending into the
ground color. Habitat: Open grassy areas within chaparral or open
oak woodland in foothills. Abundance: LR-U . Sou1hern Caliromia; U-
C. Norl hem Ca lirornia. Mainly mid May-early July. Food: Grasses.

~
Nevada Skipper Hesperia nevada
l Bclnw. the HW ground color is ~reen-1Ulled and the- bottom spot of
the HW chevron is displaced inwardly. barely touching the spot above
it HW chevron spots are often edged with black. Arnwc. FW borders
"'- arc not sharply defined . Habitat: High-elevation grasslands. moun -
~:n 1ain meadows. and non hem prairies. Abu"da"ce: Mainly U-C. but
LR in Saskatchewan . May-early Sept. Much shor1l'r a1 any given
locality. F(I()d: Grasses. Comme,,'s: Hilltops.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 259

1 Uncas Skipper 2: Uncas Skipper d 3 Uncas Skipper 9

if Juba Skipper 5 Juba Skipper 0 6 Juba Skipper 9

7 lindsey's SkIpper 8 lindsey's Skipper d 9 lindsey's Skipper 9

10 Nevada Skipper 11 Nevada Skipper 0 12: Nevada Skipper 9

2 6 0 • GRASS-SK IPPERS

Ottoe Skipper Hesperia ottoe

Large. Below, dull yellow-orange without a HW chevron of white
spots. Someti mes with a faint. paler HW postmedian area. Above.
males' sligmas have gray ~fdl. " Western populatiuns of Leonard's
Skipper are very similar but fl y later in Ihe year and males have yel-
low · felr' (OcGlsionally one can see Ihis in the field, but it is quilt'
tricky). Dakota Skipper males are ex tremely similar except that they
are much smaller. Habitat: Tall grass and short grass prairics, espedal-
Iy along ridgetops. Abundance: R-U. June-early Aug. Food: Grasses.

Dakota Skipper Hesperia dacotae

Below, males arc dull yellow-brown with a faint HW postmedian
band. Females vary [rom mouse brown with strong spots (most com-
mon form) to gray-ydlow (simi lar to ma le) bUI usually have a basal
wh ile spot at the HW It:ading margin. DOlled Skippers Jack lhis basal
spot and are larger. Above. female Sachems look surprisingly similar
but have a black patch at the center of the FW that Dakota Skippers
lack. Habitat: Moist or dry. ungrazed, (:alcareous (alkaline) prairies.
Often associated w ith pa le purple coneflower. Abundance: LR.
Mid llate June-mid July. Food: Grasses. Commeltfs: The few remain-
ing colonies of this prairie species need all the help they can get.
Small. isolated colonies arc certain tn die out. the unly question is
when. Since native prairie is one of o ur most endangered habitats.
prairie restoration is the only hope (or Ihis and similarly situated
spedes.

Leonard's Skipper Hesperia /eonardus

Below. pa le yellow-orange with the HW chevron variahle. usually
reduced to a few small white spots or completely a~enl. Above,
females have extensive black with strongly contrasting pale spots.
Often di[ficuh 10 distinguish [rom Olloe Skipper <:-xcept by flight time.
Habitat: Prairie. Abulldancf': LC. Mid Aug.-Sept. Food: Bluestem
grasses. Comments: The local and federally protected montana subspe-
cies in the Sou th Plalle River Canyon 01 Colorado is more like easlern
populations, ohen with more ex tensive chevron spots and a redder
HW.

Dotted Skipper Hesperia atta/us

Below, ground OIlor varies from pale yellow-orange to yellow-brown
to olive -brown. HW " dotted~ spot band can be as e xtensive as on the
individual shown in photo I0 (this individual is frum the sLightly dif-
ferent eastern population) or completely absent. Ollue and Leonard's
Skippers are very similar but are usually brigh ter and more orange,
both above and below. Habitat: Shorl-grass prairie. Abllndance: LR .
May-mid J une. mid Aug.-SepL . Food: Gra'ises. Commenls: The
Texas-Oklahoma populations of this skipper arc rarely seen and lillie
known.
 SHOWN 1: ) LIFE SIZE GRASS-SKIPPERS • 261

1 Ottoe Skipper :z Ottoe Skipper d 3 Otto!! Skipper 9

4 Dakota Skipper 5 Dakota Skipper 0 6 Dakota Skipper 9

7 Leonard's Skipper 8 Leonard's Skipper d 9 Leonard's Skipper Q

10 Dotted Skipper 11 Dotted Skipper d 12 Dotted Skipper 9

262 • GRASS·SKI PPE RS

Fiery Skipper Hy/ephila phy/eus

This southern species has the "measlcs"-many small black spots on
the HW below-giving it a fever and making it "fiery." Below, males
are bright orange with spots varying from lain t dull brown to sharp
black. Above, note tht: very wavy black borders on the FW and HW.
Femalt:s are simila r bu t the ground colur IS dull yt'll()w ~ brown with a
greenish tinge. Usually with an ""arrow" on the HW above. Habitat:
Lawns and other low open grassy areas such as dry fields and road ·
sides. Abundance: Three + brood areas: Mainly C· A. Mainly
March-Sept. Almost all year in southea ste rn Ari70na, where it is U.
Lnunigrant to two-brood areas: Main ly R-U occaSionally more com·
mono Mainly (att' summer. RS 10 northern Calirornia and nonhern
Nevada. Food: Bermuda grass and other grasses. Comme"ts: A very
variable immigrant northward.

Whirtabout Polites vibex

Below, ma le is orange-yellow with large smudged brown or black
spots. These SpolSare larger and not as numerous as on Fiery Skipper.
Ahow, note the smooth black bordt'r on the HW. r-cmales are olivt'-
gray below and somelimt's (as on the individual in photo 5) have the
margina l Llark spotS coalesced into a bordt'r. Habitat: Woodland
edges. roadsides. dist urbed grassy fields. Abundance: Lnunigrant 10
two -bruod area~ . Main ly R-U. April-Sept. RS 10 Wt."S1 Texas. Food:
Grasses. Commen'.'>: The flight pattt'rn of Th e WhirlabouT lives up to its
name.

Sachem Ata/opedes campestris

Below, Ihe ground color 01 males is yellow. There is a squarish brown
patch at the center of the HW bottom margin and broad borders. Very
rarely these darker markings are extremely fa im so that superficially
the HW appears to be all yellow. Ahove. the large. black rectangular
stigma of ma les is unmistakable. Females are large. with a characteris-
tic dull brown ground color below. and with a HW postmedian chevron
that closely resembles H esperia skippers. Unlike HNperia skippers. the
outer edge of the three subapical spots along the costal margin often
curves outward and at least some oC the spots are uften hyaline. Note
the two very large. white hyaline spots on the FW a nd the black patch
at the center of the fW above. Habitat: Open disturbed fields. road-
sides. suburban and urban lots. barren". Abtmdanu: A. South Texas
nort h through Kansas. Ft'b./ March- Nov.; U-C. Nebraska northward.
Mainl y Junc-Oct .; Mainly R-U, West Texas westward.
March/AllriJ-Qct.; RS to North Da kota and Nevada. Food: Bermuda
grass. crabgrass. and other grasses. Commmts: Th is species is the
source of many rcpons of rare HNpE'ria !> kippers. It could tum up
almost anywhere.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 263

1 Fiery Skipper & 2 Whirtabout d 3 Sachem d

5 Whirtabout q

7 FIery SkIpper d 8 Whlrlabout d 9 Sachem d

10 Fiery Skipper 9 11 Whirtabout 9 12 Sachem 9

264 • GRASS -SKIPPERS

Draco Skipper Polites draco

·Oraco is Latin for dragon. and so it seems filling lhat Ihis skipper
W

has a "lightning boLt" (with jagged inner edge) in the middLe of the HW
chevron. both above and below. Some populations of Sandhill Skipper
a re similar. bUT lIsually have while HW veining. Hesperia Skippers
lack the ~ Ii ghtning boh." Habita t: Dry mountain meadows and fore!,t
opening.'\. Abundance: Mainly U-C. but A in the White Mounlainsof
Arizona and LR in the Cypress Hills of Saskatchewan . Latc
May/June-July. Food: Grasses. Comments: In most of its range. Draco
Skippers are found on ly at high elevations. ranging up 10 treeline. but
in Al berta they arc rt:ported to occur in foothills grasslands and furt'St
openings.

Sonoran Skipper Polites sonora

Below, HW with a pale postmedian band and an elongated pale basal
spot Long Dash has a postmedian band that is wider and a pale basal
spot that is not as elongated. Ground color below ranges from grt't'n-
gray-brown in the Rocky Mountains (inset 10 photo 4). 10 yellow-
brown most of the rest of the range (photo 4 ). to dark reddish-brown
along the Pacific coast. Ahove. Ihe gmund color of males can be a ..
shown or almost enlirely orange. Habitat: Cool. wei meadows.
Abundance: Mainly V-C, but R in the San Bernardino MOllnlains of
southern California. Late May-Aug. Much shoner at any given locaJi-
Iy. Food: Grasses.

Long Dash Polites mystic

Below, HW with a broad pale yellow postmedian band and a pale hasal
spot. Sonoran Skipper has a HW postmedian band that is narrower
and a HW pale basa l spot thai is usually more elongated. Peck 's Skip-
pers have an even broader HW poslmedian band and a more promi-
nenl outwardly-poinlint-t (enlral spot. Above, males have a black
patch outward from the stigma- the stigma and the patch together
crealing lhe long dash. Females have a pattern similar 10 the malt's.
with a dark area where the males have a stigma. Habitat: Moist 10
wei Br~ ..<;y h~hil~I". incil1rlinp. mf'~rlnw.. ~nrl rn~ri<;iril:' rlilche<;. A IJU"-
dalla: Mainly U-C but LR atlhe western edge of its range. Mainly
June-July blll as Iale as mid Aug. Food: Grasses.

Peck's Skipper Polites peckius

Below. note the very broad HW postmedian yellow pakh with the cen-
tral spot jutting outward and the secund smaller yellow patch althe
base of the I-lW. Habitat: Wet mountain meadows, prairie marshes.
and also disturbed moist areas. Abuudance: Mainly LU- LC. 1\\10-
brood areas: May- Sepl.; one-brood areas (including Arizona While
MOllntaim): mainly mid Junt'J1alf' .funt·-(·a rly AtI~ . Food: Gra ..s.....
COtnmelllS: The population in the Whitt' Mountains is separated hy
about 400 miles from other popu lations but look... remarkably :::.imilar.
 SHOWN I' , lIF~ SIZE GRASS-SK I PPERS • 265

1 Draco Skipper 2 Draco Skipper 0- 3 Draco Skipper i(

4 Sonoran Skipper 5 Sonoran Sklpper d 6 Sonoran Sklpper <;I

8 Long Dash 0 9 Long Dash I(

10 Peck's Skipper 11 Peck's Sklpper d 12 Peck's Skipper I(

2 66 • GRASS-SKIPPERS

Rhesus Skipper Polites rhesus

This inhabitant of high grasslands is like a small Uncas SkipJ)l'r, with a
bold white HW chevron and dark chocolate markings. Null' the pure
white fringes. Above, dark with sOllle white FW spots. Nole lilt' white
shoulders. Uncas Skippers, and other similar spcci(''S, have al leasl
some dark markings on the fringl'S and some orangl' above. HaMral:
High-elevation short grass prairie, often on high-quality blue grama
grassland. Al1IImlanre: Mainly R. Some luca tions and occasitmal
years, C. Mainly May- mid June. as lall' as mid Ju ly at some lucalities.
Food: Blue grama grass. Co",,,,ell'.~: In Ihl' Arizona White Mounrains,
look for this spl'cies in iris-filled gullies on high. dry, opl'n grassland.
The yummy dark chocolall' markin~s on Iht' HW arc Rhesus pk'n',.

Carus Skipper Polites carus

Below, ground color is brown-gray. Wing fringes are gray. HW has dis-
tinct postmedian and basal white bands. Above. with white shoulders.
HabUat; Arid. open oak grassland. Abundance: R-U, Mid March-mid
May, July-Sept. Perhaps only an immigrant to northern part of range.
moving nonhward in late summer. July- Sept. Frequently strays out-
side (he range shown-to l'Xlremt' cast('rn Ca li fornia, northern Texa!\.
and undoubledly elsewht're. Food: Unknown. CommetJIs: Unlikl'
most species. Carus Skippers hililop jusl belowlhc tups of hills. With
their precise markings and small black spots, Carus Skippers look like
pen and ink drawings.

Sandhill Skipper Polites sabu/eti

A widc!>pread. variable species. Bdow, the HW has a pruminent post-
median chevron that ranges from pale yellow to almost whitl'. Mostly
as shown in photo 7. The postmt"dian chevron extends outwardly
along the vcins and is omnl'cted inwardly to basal spots. Most popu-
lations have a pattern inside the chevron that resembles a portion of a
hand with an outward-pointing finger. Many desert populations have
Ihe HW pallern washed OUI (see photo 8). while populations at high
elevations in the California Sierra Nt"vadas and in south -ct'nlral Col-
orado are the most distincr (Sl'C photos 10-- 12). Other similar spedes
lack Ihe finger-pointing llattcrn. Uncas Skippers have a sort of "fin-
ger." but it is wider (two vl'ins wide) , giving a qUitl' different appear-
ance. HalJita,: A wide variety of dry grassland ... Most frequently on
sandy areas, but aisu on lawns and high-elevation dry meadows.
Abundance: LU, Three-brood areas (chllsca ); April- Sep1.: R-U. Two-
brood areas: May- June. Aug.- Sept.; U. One·hrood areas (ucumseh);
Jun(......Sept. Food: Sahgrasses. Bcrmuda grass and other grasses. Com-
ments: SingJe-hrooded )'lOllU lat ions also occur at high t'r l'Ievations in
the Rocky Mountains. nying mainly late June- mid July.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 267

1 Rhesus Skipper :I Rhesus Skipper IS 3 Rhesus SkIpper 9

• Clrus Skipper S Carus Skipper & 6 Sandhill Skipper 9

7 Sandhill Skipper (sabuletO 8 Sandhill Skipper (chusca) 9 Sandhill Skipper 0 (sabuletD

1Q. Sandhill Skipper (ministigma) 11 Sandhill Skipper (tecumseh) 12 Sandhill Skipper 0 (tecumseh)
268 • GRA SS-S K IPPE RS

Tawny-edged Skipper Polites themistocles

Small. Below. usually unicolorous drab olive with a strongly contrast-
ing tawny orange FW margin . However. some individuals and popula -
tions have a faint HW postmedian band and rarely individuals or a
population will have a well -marked postmedian band (in set to photo
I). Above. males have an intense thick black stigma bordered by a
bright orange FW costal margin. Habitat: Many open grassy situa-
tions. including low meadows. roadside~ . mountain meadows and
lawns. Alm ndtlllce: C. Two-brood areas: May- June. Aug.-Sept.; U.
one-brood areas. Mainly June- July. Food: Grasses.

CrossUne Skipper Polites origenes

Medium -sized. Usually larger than Tawny-edged Skipper. the disjuna
populations in Colorado and New Mexico being especially large.
Below. the yeilowish-brown ground color is usually ligh ter than on
Tawny-edged Skipper. often with a ~bras sy " look. and there is Jess
contrast between the HW and the costal margin of the FW. There is
usually at least a faint HW postmedian band. occasionally strong.
Above. males have a less intense stigma than Tawny-edged and it nar-
rows toward the base of the FW. Note the additional yellow spot just
past the FW stigma. Females above usually have a brighter FW costal
margin and the HW yellow overscaling stops wt'll short of the outcr
margin (us ually reaching the outer margin on female Tawny-edged
Skipper). Habita t: low-elevation grassy meadows and Hclds. Abrm -
dance: lU-C. Mid June-July. Food: Purple top and other grasses In
most of range. big bluest em and other grasses in Colorad(~New Mex-
ico.

Mardon Skipper Polites mardon

Wings are short and stubby with a rounded FW apex. Very similar to
Long Dash. but Long Dash is found in a different range and habital.
Also similar to some Woodland Skippers. but FW !>ubapical spots ncar
outer margin are weaker on Mardon . Habitat: In Wa shington State.
lowland paStures and grassy slopes. In nonhwcstcrn California.
mainly grassy areas in rhododendron /conifer forest in the fog belt.
Ab,mdance: LR . Califomia-Oregon. Early Jun c-carly July; Ore-
gon- Washington . Mid May- July. Food: Red fescue and probably
ot her grasses.

Southern Broken-Dash Wallengrenia otho

Below. HW postmedian band is often shaped Uke a 3 and ground color
is bright reddish-brown. HalJitat: Woodland openings and edges.
Abunda nce: U. April-Ocl. Food: Grasses. Comments: NOr1hem Bro-
ken -Dash. w. egeremet (See BTB: East for illustration). is similar but is a
much duller yellow-brown. It strays westward along the Wesrs east-
ern border bctwecn Nebraska and Texas.
 GRASS·SK IPPER S • 269

2 Tawny--edged SkIpper & 3 Tawny·edged Skipper 9

If Ctossllne Sklpper S Crossllne Sklpper & 6 Crossline Skipper 2

7 Mardon Skipper 9 8 Mardon Sklpper d

10 Mardon Skipper & 11 Southern Broken-Dash 12 Southern 8roken·Dash 2

270 • GRA SS-S K IPPERS

Arogos Skipper Attytone arogos

ill'low. orangl'-ycl low with white HW fringes and whitish HW veins.
Note the broad blackish border on the FW above. Males have the
orange portion of the FW unmarked. females with a hlack streak in
the c('n tt.'r of tht' orange ponion. Habitat: Tall and mixed grass
prairies. Abundance: LR-U. 1\vo-brood areas: May/Junt'--{'ar]y July.
Aug.-St.'pl.; olle-brood art'as: June-July. Food: Bluestem grasses.
Comments: Vt'ry wary.

Delaware Skipper Anattytone logon

Below. clear bright unmarked yeUow-orange below. Usually the fringes
are orange. sometimes tan. Above. orange with black borders and at
least some black veining. Females have a hlack arrowhead al tile hase
of the FW and another smaller black palch in the middle of Iht' FW.
Other orange sk ippers arc larger and nol so bright (Olloe. Leonard's)
or arc much smaller (Least Skipper. Orange Skipperiing). Habitat:
Wet brushy areas in prairies or open foothills. sllch as strt:am or
marsh edges or shrubby ravines. Abundance: Mainly R-U. becoming
LC along eastern edge of t he regi on. Two-brond areas:
MayJJune-SepUOct.; one brood areas: Mid Junt:- Ju[y. Food: Grasses

Two-spotted Skipper Euphyes bimacula

Large. Below, orange to brownish-orange with paler veining and a
striking white ray along the HW trailing margin . Above. males have a

~ _n restricted dull orange patch un bolh sides of the stigma. Habitat: Bogs
and acidic sedge marshes. Abundance: LR. Mid June- mid July. Food:
~\ ;r Sedges. Comments:Th is is perhaps the rarest and most Incal of any
butterfly with an extensive range. The widely scattered colon it's gt.'n -
erally have a wry low population density- usua ll y unly a few indi-
vidua ls art· seen. Extt'osive wt'tland draining has mad(' this species
even rarer than it was historically. Oion Skipper. Euplryes dion (Scc
BTB:East for illustration). tlardy emeTS Ihe West in northeastern
Texas. It is large and orange. wi th a pale ray through Ih(· middlr urthe.-
HW.

Dun Skipper Euphyes vestris

Dark brown all over. Bl'iow, occasionally with a lain t postmedian
patch and with a purplish sheen when fresh. Ahovt:. males are dark
hrown with a black stigma. In many populations. the head is bright
golden·orange. in most it is at least gold-green. Fema lt' above is dark
brovvn with two sma ll pale spots ncar Ihe cc::nler of the FW. the inner
spot oftt'n shaped like a half moon. Habitat: Varit'd. woous and
edges. prairies and roadSides. Sl't·ps and springs in <;ou lhern Cal ifor-
nia. Abundance: Mainly U-LC. bllt LR in sO\lthern Ca lifornia and
Saskatchewan . nvo-hrood areas: May- Sc.:pt.; one-brood ar('as: Mi d
M<ly--eariy Sept., mainly J 1l, Ile- .Iu]y. Food: Sl'(i~l'"s. CommelllS: Proba-
bly because it tolerates dri('r conciitions Ihlll1 its rdmivt's. thi s is the
most common and widcspread Eup/lyes.
 SHOWN l' , LIfe Sill GRASS-SKIPP ERS . 271

1 Arogos Sldpper 2 Arogos Skipper <5 3 Arogos Skipper C;

4 Delaware Skipper 5 Delaware Skipper a 6 Delaware SkJpper C;

7 Two-spotted Skipper 8 Two-spotted Skipper <5 9 Two-spotted Sklpper !?

10 Dun Skipper 11 Dun Skipper <5 12 Dun Skipper C;

272 • GRASS-S Kt PPERS

Woodland Skipper Ochlodes sylvanoides

Below. ground color is usually red- or yellow-brown (brown along
the nonhero Ca lifornia coast nOrl h through Oregon). but pattern is
variable. Individuals (oht'n in the same vopu latinn) vary from having
a prominent broad HW pale chevron of large "hlocky" spots (most
frequent) to having on ly a faint trace 01 the chevrun. to t'wrything in
between. Above. FW has a jagged black border and a dark patch past
tbe FW cell that is not as black as on Lung Dash. Habitat: Almust
everywhere bUI in the deserts. Ab""dance: C-A. Mid Jun ~arl y Del.
Main ly Aug.-Sept. Food: Grasses. Comments: One of the most wide-
spread grass-skippers of the West. In man}' areas in late summer and
fall. Woodland Skipper.. art' Ihe m()<;l common butterflieco to be found.

Rural Skipper Ochlodes agricola

Sma ll. Below. males are mainly unmarked. but usually have a some-
what darkened area in the middle of tht' HW. There are usually promi·
nent dark spots in the center of females' HW and often a pink blush.
Woodland Skipper is somewhat larger. usually more well-marked
below and with jagged FW borders ahove. HalJitat: Woodland open-
ings and edges. roadsides and riparian habitats, all at luw 10 moderatt'
eleva tions. Abundance: u-c. May-July. Food: GraSSL'S.

Yuma Skipper Och lodes yuma

Large. Below, almost unmarked. usually with a washed~oul look and
a ground color of yellow to off-white. A very dark population flies in
the Rio Grande Gorge of Taos County. New Mexico. Above. females
often have a pale tracing of white spots on the FW. Habitat: Arid-
coun try seeps and marshes with giant reed colonies. Abundance: LR
(Colonies are mainly very loca lizt:d and separated from other colonies
by large distances. although once located a colony will usually con-
tain a fair number of individuals). Two- hrood areas: June-July.
Atlg.-Sept.; one·brood areas: July- Aug. Food: Giant reed. Comments:
There are almost cena inly undiscovered colonies of Yuma Skippt'rs
wa iti ng for you to find th em.

Snow's Skipper Para try tone snowi

Medium -sized . l3elow, ground color is red-brown . The HW postmedi·
an ~rotband is variably expressed. The HW fringe is usuaUy snowy
white, varying 10 off-white. Note th e three prominent FW pale sub-
apical spots along the costal margin . Above, ricb brown with the same
SpOtlXlltem on ma les and females, including an hourglass-shaped
SpOt nea r th e end of the FW cell. Habitat: High-t.'levation moist open-
ings ill pine lu rest. Abundance: LR-U. July- Aug.JSept. Food: Grasses.
Commel/ts: Flight is o ften very fa st.
 51'01'>11: 1 lll~ '>lIt GRASS' SKJ PPE RS • 273

4 Rural Skipper ($ Onset: 9 ) 5 Rural SkIpper d 6 Rural SkIpper 9

7 Yuma SkIpper 8 Yuma SkIpper d 9 Yuma Skipper 9

10 Snow's Skipper 11 Snow's SkIpper d 12 Snow's Sk1pper 9

274 • GRASS-S KIPPER S

Hobomok Skipper Poones hobomok

Below, males and muSI ft'males have an extensive brown patch at the
HW base and broad brown borders enclosing a yellow po!>lmcdian
area. Some females below (form pocahunlas. pholo 10) are suffused
• wilh dark brown bUi usually (clain some of Ihe usua l pat1('rn. They
are v(.'ry similar lu kmalt:' Umber Skippers. hUi Lheir range is very dif-
kren!. Habita t: WOOdland trail s. openings. and cdges. Abullda" a: U.
Mi d May-t'arly July. Food: Grasses. Comments: Form pocahoOlas is
unknown from Culorado populations.

Taxiles Skipper Poones toxiles

Below. male HW is mainly pale yellow with scattered brown rectangles
and a narrow brown bordt'(. AboV('. malc:s are lustrously golden.
Below, females have a silvery white HW leading margin and arc dark
yellow-brown with vague darker blotch(·s (photo 11). Habitat:
Wood land openings and ed~es. parks and gardens. small patches of
woods in prairie. Abundance: Mainly C-A. June-July/mid Aug., a!>
lalt' as St'PI. in southeas[crn Arizona. Food: Grasses. Commen ts: Zabu-
Ion Skipper. Poanes zabu.lon (see BTB:East for illustration). is simila r
but males are brighler and the brown palch at the bast' of the HW
below is mo re extensive and t::ndoses a !.mall yellow patch. Fl.'mal('~
have thl.' while along Iht' HW costal margin placed murt' Jllhl.' apt'x.
lWo broods, May-Sepf.
Zabulon Skipper
Umber Skipper Poanes me/one
Below. blotchy rusty-brown and yellow-brown with frosted mar-
gins. Above, note the black area in the center of the FW and the adja-
cent roundish yd low (male) or whiti sh (female) spot. Habitat:
Woudland trails and opt.'nings, lowland and (oOlhilis canyons; often
near waler. AblllldmJce: Mainly U-c. Ca lifornia (becoming R north of
San Francisco); R. eiscwhcf('. March/April- J unt', JUly-Scpt.lOct.
Food: Grasses.

Clouded Skipper Lerema occius

Both below and abuvt:'. nOLe Ule three white subapical FW spots that
usually curve outwardly. Bduw, the JiW frost ing at the margin and at
the IOWl'r rniddk of the wing 5('15 0[[ a dark vt:r1ical band that extends
rrom thl· CCnlt"r or the HW trailing margin. The FW lacks the twu
while subapical spots ncar the uuter margin that Poa"es skippt'fs
have, Habita ,: Prefers moist grassy areas in o r near woods hut wan-
ders widely. Ab,mdtm ce: Three-brood areas: A. Almost all yt'ar; two-
brood areas: C t.'astward. R- U wl'~tward, April- Nov. Food: Grasses.
Com mw ts: Taxonomically. this skipper is usually placed doS{' 10 Least
and Julia's Skippers. bU I it is shown her(, because uf ils similar ap-
pearanct' to PoallfS skipl)crs. One of tilt' t'a rlit:st -risi ng ')kippcrs.
Clouded Skippers will b~ seen perching and courljng early in the
morning herun: Ihdr rdatives have wohn .
 GRASS · SKIPPE RS • 275

t Hobomok Skipper 2 Hobomok Skipper d 3 Hobomok SkIpper 2

" Tulles Skipper 0 5 Taxiles Skipper c1 6 Tulles Skipper 9

7 Umber Skipper 8 Umber Skipper 0 9 Umber Skipper 9

10 Hobomok Skipper 9 11 Taxlles Skipper 9 12 Clouded Skipper

form Pocahontas
2 7 6 • GRASS-S KIPPE RS

Dusted-Skippers (genus Atrytonopsis)

These are brown 10 gray, largish skippers wi th strong white eyebrows. Most species
have an a ffi nity ror rocky canyons or boulder-strewn washes. The species on these
pages have du ll HWs both below. main ly w ith two slight ly darker bars, and above.
The rour species on pages 278-279 have mo re prominent HW white markings.
bot h above and below.
Dusted Skipper Atrytonopsis hianna
Below. because the white eyeline does not go oompletely around the
eye. the black eye with white above and below gives this spedes a
•• masked appearance. Wings have few markings but margins arC' frost-
ed. Habitat: Dry prairies, barrens, and upenings in uak-pine wood-
lands with bluestem grasses: Abundance: lU. Mainly mid/ late
May-mid June. As early as latt' Apri l in Texas, as la ic as early July in
South Dakota. Food: BluesteIn grasses. Comments: Flight is low and
difficult to follow.

Viereck's Skipper Atrytonopsis vierecki

Below. gray-brown. usually with a faint pale spot near the base of the
HW. The HW fringe Is gray. not white . The white eyeline is rontinuous.
Above. note the hourglass-shaped pale spot in the FW cell. Dusted
Skipper is smaller, and darker with a masked appearance. Deva and
Moon-marked Skippers have white HW fringes below and Deva lacks
the FW cell hourglass spo!. Habitat: Washes through sparse oak-
juniper-pinyon woodland and dry gulches on high prairies. Abun-
dance: U-c. West Texas. April- May; ds~where, mainly May-June.
Food: Unknown. Comments: Ohl'n chooses small rocks for perching.

Moon-marked Skipper Atrytonopsis lunus

large. Below, against the dark brown ground rolor the bold white HW
fringe looks like a crescent moon. There arc usua lly no pale spots on
the HW. NOie the hourglass ~shaped spot in the FW ceU above. Habi-
tat: Openings in mid-elevation mountain oak woodland. t.'spedally in
canyons. Abundance: U-C. July-A ug. Food: Bull grass. COmments: In
love with thistles.

Deva Skipper Atrytonopsis deva

Below. HW fringe is off-white. Above. with only a rew pale markings.
lacking a.n hourglass-shaped Spot in tht.' FW cell. Viereck's Skipper has
a gray fringe below and has an hourglass-shaped spot in Ihl' FW cell
above. Habita t: Openings in mid-elevation mountain oak woodland.
espedally in canyons. Abundance: C-A. Southeaslern Arizona. Late
April-early July. mainly May- June; Becoming R northward . Mainly
June-early July. Food: Unknown. Comme11ts: Some Yl'ars, the nower-
ing shrubs in so utheastern Arizona canyons swarm wilh Deva Skip-
pers. Even then . their beautiful song is heard only by the cognoscenti.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 277

1 Dusted Skipper :2 Dusted Skipper

3 Viereck's Skipper 4 Viereck's Skipper

7 Deva Skipper 8 Deva Skipper

278 • GRASS-SKIPPERS

White-barred Skipper Atrytonopsis pittacus

r--- ,\ Below, the HW has a white postmedian bar of translucent pate spots
that can be obvious or dirricult to sec, dq>ending upon the light. HW
\~ .",
fringe is unchecked white. The FW ahow has an hourglass-shaped
spot in the cell and the HW above has a straight white bar. Other
"A species with white postmedian bands below have checked rringcs.
Above. Viereck 's Skipper has 110 HW while spolS, while Python Skip-
"" per has a curved HW whi!(~ band. Habitat: Mid-devatinn grassy oak
woodlands. Abundance: U-c. Arizona; R. West Texas. March-May,
sometimes a partial second brood Sepl.-On. Food: Unknown. Com -
ments: An avid mudpuddler and sometime hilltopper.

Python Skipper Atrytonopsis python

r- Both below and above. there is a white patch jusl below the antennal
club. Below, the HW is strikingly marked with whitt', lavcnder-tinged

~ '\ l
gray and some black. Note the prominent. narrow white postmedian
band that cuves outward and th(' checked fringes. Above. FW has Vel-
~ h. lowish spots and the HW has a curved pate spotband. Cestu::, Skipper
has a wider postmedian band and lacks the white patch just below lhe
amennal club. Habitat: Openings in mid~ 10 high-elevation oak
woodland. Abundance: C. Southeastern Arizona; Mainly R-U else-
where. May- June/early July. Food: Unknown.

Cestus Skipper Atrytonopsis cestus

Both below and above. Ihere is no while patch just helow the anten·
nal dub. Below. the HW is strikingly marked with white. gray. and
some black. Both below and abovt'. Ilute the prominent. wide white
postmedian band and the checked fringe:=s. Above, the FW celt spot
looks more like a Z than an hourglass. Habitat: The saguaro/mesquite
grassland imerface. Abundance: LR-LU. Mid April- May. Mid
Aug.-early Oct. Food: Bambuu muhly. Commetlls: Usually pt'rches on
stt:t'p rock faces where il can be difficult 10 see. A rock thrown parallel
10 Ihe rock face often looks lik(' a spt:eding Ce!)(Us Skipper to Ihe
intently gazing male. indudng a brier invcstigatory sunie thaI allows
you 10 detennine his pOSition.

Sheep Skipper Atrytonopsis edwordsii

Large. Below. ground color of dull brown with extensive gray over-
sca ling. HW variably expresses some pale yellowish Slx>tS. Fringe is
checked. FW is more rounded than thai of 01 her co-occurring
Arrylonops;s. Above. similar 10 Python Skipper but SJlots are 1101 so yel-
low. Habitat: Openings in low- 10 mid-elevation oak grassland. espe-
ciaUy in rocky canyons. Abundance: R-U. Mid April- June. Aug.-mid
On. Mainly May and Aug. Food: Side oalS grama. Comments: Quite
panialto perching on rock ledges.
 GRASS·SKIPPERS • 279

5 Cestus Skipper 6 Cestus Skipper

7 Sheep Skipper 8 Sheep Sldpper

2 80 • GRASS-SKIPPER S

Roadside-Skippers (genus Amblyscirtes)

The great pleasure derived from learning the roadside -sk ippers is. fortunately. as
close as most of us will ge t to understanding sadomasochism. They are small. dully
co lored. an d many of the species closely resemble one anoth er, w h ile the others are
not far off!
Texas Roadside-Skipper Amb/yscirtes texanae
Below, dull blurry gray. often with an olive cast when fresh. Above,
FW spo ts are pale yellow, including a small spot in the FW cell. Habi-
tat; Canyons and washes in low-elevation arid regions. Abundance:
?
R-U. Eastward. May- Sept.; Westward perhaps there is only a single
brood as it is reponed only mid July-early Sep'- Food: Bulb panic-
grass . Comments: Males often perch on rocks in washes or gullies.

Bronze Roadside-Skipper Amb/yscirtes aenus

Below, variable. Most popuiarions are relat.ively unmarked below,
with gray overscaling over the entire HW and a few vague pale spors.
Some individuals. especially in lowland southeastern Arizona, are
more strongly marked (sec inset to photo 3). Fringes arc checked.
Both below and above. there are at least some orange/copper-colored
scales on the fW. Above. the FW spots arc usually ye llow-tinged.
There is usually no spot in the FW cell. or, if present, it is small and
vague. Also see Common Roadside-Skippe r. Habitat: Woodland
opening~ and prairie gulches. Abundance: Ma inly U-c' but R along
limits of range. late April- Sept. Mainly May-June northward and
June-Aug. elsewhere. Food: Grasses. Comments: Males often perch
on rocks in washes or gullies.

Cassus Roadside-Skipper Amb/yscirtes cassus

Below. FW with bright orange and with a pale spot in the cell (often
obscured by the HW). The fringes are strongly checked. The HW is a
pepper-and-salr gray-brown, with vague paler spots, espedally a
short mt.'dian and longer postmedian band, giving the effed of two
parallel pale bars. Above. with extensive bright orange on both FW and
HW. including large orange spots on the FW. Bronze Roadside-Skip-
pers arc usually darker below and not as orange above. Habitat:
Moist open situations in mid- to high~e1evation woodland. Abrm-
dance: C. Mid June-mid Aug. Food: Grasses.

Slaty Roadside-Skipper Amb/yscirtes nereus

Both below and above, fringes are almost completely unchecked .
Below. ground color is a buHy yellow-brown wearing to a dull gray-
,~ brown. The HW postmedian band is irregular. OrR'n shaped vaguely
like a loose 3. Above, the ground colur is black. The FW has a white
A ;, po~tmedian spotband and the HW has a spotband (o(ca~ionally
absenl) lhat replicates the spotband below. Habitat: Grassy openings
in mid-elevatiOn oak-juniper and pine woodlands. Abundanu: R-U.
July- Aug. Food: Common beardgrass.
 GR ASS-SK IPPER S • 281

1 Texas Roadside-Skipper 2 Texas Roadside-Skipper

3 Bronze Roadside-Skipper 4 Bronze Roadside-Skipper

s Cassus Roadside-SkIpper 6 (assus Roadside-SkIpper

7 Slaty Roadside-Skipper 8 Slaty Roadside-Skipper

282 • GRASS-S KI PPERS

Large Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes exoterio

large (for a roadside-skipper) . Below. wi th scaltered gray overscaling
when fresh Ihat very rapidly wears to a Hat brown ground color. HW
with scattered white SpOi S. The spots in the postmedian spotband are
pointed outwardly and arc aligned in a straighlline. but lhe Ifth spot
up is smaller and slightly displaced inwardly. making the 5th spot seem
to stick outward. Above. ohen with dull orange uverscaling. Habitat:
Openings in mid- to high-elevCl tion oak and coniferous woodland.
Abundance: C-A in soulhea!>tern Arizona; becoming R-U nonhward.
Mid Jun e-Aug. Food: Bu llgrass.

Dotted Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes eos

Striking when fresh. Below. bold white rounded HW spots are outlined
by black th at becomes di lficult 10 see on worn individuals. Postmedi-
an spotband h irregu lar. Ahuve. there is no whilt' spot in the FW cell .
Habitat: Grassy areas in !>parse oak woodland. Abundance: R-U. Two-
brood areas: Mid March-mid Oct.: mainly mid March-April/May.
July- Aug.: one-brood areas: ma in ly mid June-July. Food: Ohtuse
panic-gras!>.

Toltec Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes tolteca

Below. similar 10 DOlled Roadside- Skipper bUl usually with a white
spot in the middle of the HW trailing margin (sometimes faint ) that
DOlled and Elhsa Roadside-Skippers lack . Note Ihe prominent hour-
glass-shaped white spot in the FW cell. buth bt-Iow and above. and the
pale bar in the middle of the HW atxJVe. Habitat: Canyons and washes
at low to mid elevations in desert ran~es . Abundance: LR . Mid
May-mid Sept. Food: Grasses.

Elissa Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes elisso

Simi lar to Dotted Roadside-Skipper bu t. both below and ahove. with
a small oval white spot in the FW cell. To llec Roadside-Skipper usuall y
has a white spot in the middle of Ihe HW trailing margin thallhis
species lacks. has a pale ba r in the middle of the HW above. and has a
larger ho urglass-s haped SpOI in the FW cell. Habitat: Edges of desert
ca nyo ns and washe<;. Abundance: LR. Mid Jul y-mid Aug. Food: Side·
oa t.. gram a. Commeltt!.: Adu lts Lypicall y nectar ea rly in the morning.
Males perch and display rrom about 8 A.M. 10 9:)0 A.M .• afler which
loca ting a n individual becomes problematica l.
 SHOWN 2x. LIFE SIZE GRASS-SKIPPERS • 283

3 Dotted Roadside-Skipper 'I Dotted Roadside-Skipper

5 Toltec Roadside-Skipper 6 Toltec Roadside-Skipper

7 Elissa Roadside-Skipper 8 Elissa Roadside-Skipper

284 • GR ASS-SK IPPER S

Common Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes via lis

BOIh below and above. nOie The strongly checkered fringes. Below. the
HW is almost black with gray "frostingHover Ihe OUTer ponion. bUT nOi
a long the HW leading margin. The FW subapical spots are usually
wider at the costal margin. forming a while wedgl". OLher small dark
skippers such as female Taxiles or Dusted Skippers Jack The checkered
fringes. Bronn' Roadside-Skippers have frosting over the entire HW
and usually do nOi have wedge-shaped FW subapica l SpOiS. Habitat:
Woodland edges and grassy openings. Abulldallce:lWo-brood areas:
U. April-June. panial second brood July- Aug.; one-brood area~: R-
LU. mainly May-July. as late as Aug.JSCpT. in parts of Oregun and the
California Sierra Nevadas. Food: Grassc~. Comments: Rarely common
anywhere. This is th e mOSt widespread ruadside-!okipper in North
America .

Nysa Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes nysa

The mottled pattern below nysally diSTinguishes this spedes fmm our
other roadside-skippers (10 paraphrase KloTS). HaMtat:Thorn scrub
and canyons and washes in sparsely wooded arid regions; also lawns
and gardens and roadsides in dislUrhed areas eastward. Abut/dallce:
Mainly R-U. March/April-Sept./OCl .. mUST common March-April.
July-Sept. Food: Grasses. Comme"ts: Males love TO perch early in Ihe
morning in the middle .of trails. roads. or gullies.

Orange-headed Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes phylace

An oT~ngc-h("acl('d STlln ner trimmed wi lh whiH:' hinge. How cOllld
you go wron~? Well. some populations of Dun Skippers. L'"Spedally in
nonhern Mexico. have heads Thai <Ire almost as brighT orange as Ihis
spedes. They are much larger than thi!> spedes and Iht'ir fringes are
pale. but not white. Golden-headt'd Sca llopwings arc spreadwing
skippers and opt' n Iheir wings in unison . Habitat: Hi~h prairie
gulches and canyons in sparsely wooded regions. Abundance: R.
Southeastern Ariz. July-early Aug.: U-C northward. Mainly
May-June/early July. f7ood: Dig blut'!>lem grass. Comme"ts: Did I for-
get to mention lhe lovely uirrama rine blut, color below? Or Ihe fact
Ihat those pesky Dun Skippers can he raTher blue-purply helow also?

Orange-edged Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes {imbriata

An o range rringed version of Oran~e·ht'aded Roadside-Skipper. The
fringe wears (0 a pale orange thai. H desperate enough. you can turn
into while. Habitat: Moi st grassy openings in hi~h-ekva ti(\n pine lor-
est. Abundance: lC. laTe May-Aug. Mainly mid June-July. Food:
GraSSt's. Comments: North of Mexico. Ihb winsume species is {'lUnd
only high in the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mounlains of extreme
southeaslern Arizona. Individuals will sometimes move downslope
into oak woodlands laTc in the season.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 285

1 Common Roadside-Skipper :2 Common Roadside-Skipper

3 Nysa Roadside-Skipper 4 Nysa Roadside-Skipper

7 Orange-edged Roadside-Skipper 8 Orange-edged Roadside-Skipper

286 • GRASS- SK IP PERS

Celia's Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes celia

Below, dark grizzled gray-brown-black wilh vague, small while HW
spots. Above, HW has wh it e spots. This spedes resembles members of
Ih(' DOlled Roadside-Skipper group on page 283 bUI only DOtted
Roadside~Skipper ilself overlaps it in rangt!. DOlled Road sid('~Skipper
is nOI as dark below and has larger, brightcr, and more well-defined
white spots. Above, DOlled Roadside~Skippcr 1.1cks Ihe HW white
Spo lS Ihal Ihis species has. HalJital: Wood land Irails. crt!t'k bottoms,
moist open woodland, suburhan lawns and gardens. Abundallce: C
eastward, becoming R in Wesl Texas. April/ May-early June, late
June-early Sept. Food: Grasses. Comments: Bell's Roadside-Skipper,
Amblyscirtts btU; (See BTB: East for illustration) , harely enters I he
Wesl . It is extremely similar to Celia's Roadside-Skipper. It is usually
even blacker than Celia's Roadside-Skipper, often with a purplish
sheen hUI, unlike Celia's Roadside-Skipper. the HW apex is nOi frost-
ed . The HW pale spots are ohen even more indislinctlhan on Celia 's
Roadside-S kipper. It is found along trails througb moist. rich wood -
Bell's Roadside-Skipper lands and along woodland creeksides, where it is LR-LV. nying
April/May-early June, July-early Sept.

Oslar's Roadside-Skipper Amblyscirtes oslari

Below. the soft gray HW has a pale postmedian band and Ihe FW disk
has some orange. The HW fringe is unchecked, pale gray-brown, offen
White-tipped. Above, largely unmarked with extensive. scallercd
dull-ora nge scales. Cassus Skipper is more aggressively ~ray-brown
helO\v w ith a checked fringe. Silllius Roadside-Ski pper has a well-
developed HW median band below a nd its fringe is whiter. Habitat: A
species of the high prairies and Rocky Mountain foothills. Most orten
found in prairie ravines, badlands, stream heds, and canyons and
~ulches in arid regions. Alnwdonce: R-U (sometimes LC in Colorado).
Mainly mid May- July, hUi mid July-early Sept. in s()utheastent Ari-
zona. Food: Side-oats grama. Comments: Mating occurs in gully and
canyon bottoms.

Simius Roadside-Skipper "Amblyscirtes· simius

• Below. the soft gray HW has both median and postmedian pale bands
and the FW disk is orange. Ahove. very varia hie. From almost all
o range, to mixed orange and black, 10 almost all black. Note the pale
gray FW costal margin. HalJilat: High, shon grass prairie. Almndallce:
Mainly R-U, hut LC in parI S of Wyoming and Colorado. Mid
May-A ug. Mainly mid July- Aug. in southeastern Ariwna; rossihly
tWO hroods in Wesl Texa~ and southeastern New Mt'xicu, April-May,
June-July; mainly June-July elsewhere. RS? 10 southern
Saska tchewan (three records). Food: Blut:' grama grass. Comments:
-Hi lltopping" take" place on small knolls on gt:mly rolling gras'iland.
Known nOI to be an AmblyscirlfS, the species is, 1m now, without a
genus tha t it can call ho me.
 GRASS-SKIPPERS • 287

5 Simius Roadside-Skipper 6 Simius Roadside-Skipper

7 Simius Roadside-Skipper 8 Simius Roadside·Skipper

288 • GRAS S- SKIPP ERS

Eufala Skipper Lerodea eufala

Grayish-brown with a pale body. Ollen ident ifiah le at a distance
because it frequcntly gives IWO quick Mwing-daps" after landing.
Below. often with faint Iraces of a pale HW postmedian band vaguely
shaped like a 3. Above, the- FW cell orten has one or twn small pa le
spots. Habitat: A wide variety of open situations. AIJtllldance:Thrce +
brood areas: U-C, mainl}' C eastward and U westward, almosl all year;
two-brood areas: C immigrant eastward. mainly June- Oa .. R-U
immigrant in California, mainly Aug.-OCl. Food: Grasses.

Wandering Skipper Panoquina errans

Below, yellow-brown with some HW cream-colored spots and usually
with pale yellow veins. The abdomen is striped lengthwise. Habitat:
Coaslal marshes along river mOlllh$ and olht'r hraC'kish waters.
Abtllldallce: LR-LU. July-Sept. Food: Sallgrasses. Comments: Disap-
pearing from many areas.

Ocola Skipper Panoquina oeola

The wings are long and narrow. Plain, dull yellowish-brown below
with the distal one-quarter of the wings darker brown. Sometimes with
a purple sheen when fresh. N OI(' Ihe lengthwise-striped abdomen.
Habitat: A wid~ variety. Abrmdal1ce:Three + brood areas: C, almost
all year; two-brood areas: R. ma in ly JUly- OCL; RS to southeastern
Arizona. Food: Grasses. Comments: Another sru;:cies whose influx
northward vari~ s greatly rrom y~ar 10 ycar.

Violet-clouded Skipper Lerodea arabus

Below, HW has a dark central blotch (often like an invcrted trian~Ic),
and pale areas at thl' wing base and outer margin. Fresh individuals
a re lingcd with vio let. Eufala Skipper is smaller and a wcaker flyer.
Habitat: Arid gullies and cal'l}'ons. spilling out into nearby flower gar·
dens. Abulldallce: LU . All year. mainly carly spring and laiC fall. Food:
Grasses.

Violet-banded Skipper Nyctelius nyctelius

Below. the HW has alternating pale and dark bands, tIle pale bands
with a violaceous sheen when fresh. A black spot is near the middle of
the HW leading margin . Abdomcn wi th black and whi ll rings. Hab;·
A

tat: Thorn scruh. Abulldan ce: RS 10 southeastern Ar\zuna and t/1r-

Aust in area. Food: Grasses.

Brazilian Skipper Calpodes ethlius

Very large. Red -tinged brown be low with three or four large white or
translucent spots in an angled line on the HW. Habitat: Suburban and
urban gardens with cannas. Alm"dance: R. Very variably abundalll
immigrant. main ly July-Gct . Food: Cannas. Comments: This species
possess('s a strong ('migrational drive. Strays have been recorded in
southern California, Utah, west Texas. and easlern Nebraska. Keep
your canna readyl
 GRASS-SKIPPER S • 289

1 Eufala Skipper

3 Wandering Skipper 4 Ocola Skipper

7 Brazilian Skipper (Shown at 11/ 2 x Life Size)

29 0 • GIANT·SK I PPERS

Giant-Skippers (subfamily Megathyminae)

The aplly named giani-skippers are big. fal, and powerful. The Megarhymus feed on
yuccas, whHe Agflli1ymllsealerpillars feed on agaves. The ),lICea-feeders occasional-
ly open the ir wings while landed. the agave-feeders more rarely do, making field
identification even more difficult. Some spedes, for example, Orange Giant-Skipper,
have been treated as consisting of seven different spedes, each with tiny ranges. The
adul ts of some spedes, such as Ursine Giant-Skipper. are rarely seen. Typically,
people loca te caterpillars and raise them to adults.
Yucca Giant-Skipper Megathymus yuccae
Very large and black wilh some marginal frosting. Other giant-skip-
pers arc not so black. Above, tht:" HW marginal yellow hand has a
smooth inner bordeT. On Strecker's Giani-Skipper i[ is usuany scal-
loped inwardly. Habitat: Yucca grassland and semideserl. Abrmdar/ce:
LR·U. Feb.-early June. mainly March- April. Food: Yuccas. Com-
ments: Adults art' rarely seen.

Strecker'S Giant-Skipper Megathymus streckeri

Very large. Grayer. n01 as black as Yucca Giant-Skipper and with a few
scattered HW white spots that Yucca Gian[-Skipper lacks. Note [he
pale HW margin [hat agave giam-skippers lack. Habitat: Rolling YllCca
grassland. Abundance: R-LC. Mid May--cariy July. Food: Yuccas. Com-
? mentS: In flight. rapidly bealing HWs look like a black [ail with a
L_...o.U'-d...L>.L..l while border.

Ursine Giant-Skipper Megathym us urs us

Huge and unmistakable with white antennas. There is blue-white over-
scating over more than two-thirds of the wing ht:low. HalJitar; Yucca
grassland/oak woodland interlace. Abundance: R. Mainly July- Aug.
but reponed April- June in the Big Bend, Texas. area. Strangely. lhe
repoTtcd flight period in nearby southeastern New Mexico is
July-Aug. Food: Yuccas. Comments: Extremely rarely !Seen as an
adult

Mojave Giant-Skipper Agathymus alliae

H\ IndiViduals arr probably nol separa\1le from Anzona ulam-Sklpper.
For now, l'ield identification must rdy on loca[ion and foodplant .

~ Habitat: Mid-elevation dry rocky limestone hillsides with pinyon-

juniper. Abundance: LR·LU. Sept.- Nov., mainly lale Sept.-Ocl. Food:
~ n Utah agave. Comments: Perhaps most common in the Spring Moull -
tains of Nevada.

Poling's Giant-Skipper Agathymus polingi

The smallest giant-skipper often has til{' most contrastingly patterned
HW below. Very similar to Huachuca and Arizona Giani-Skippers. Usc
size and association with ... hindagg~rs for identification. Habirat: Dry,
shindagger-covered slopes. Almlldance: LC-LA. OCI. Food : Shindag-
ger. Comments: Adults of this little giant-skipper are sometimes so
common on shindaf.iger-covered hillsides [hal [he pain from your
bloody ankles will melt away. Hey, maybe I should have wom boots!
 SHOWN Lli f '>l/f GIANT-SKIPPERS . 291

7 Poling's Giant-Skipper 8 Poling's Giant-Skipper

292 • GIANT-SKIPPERS

Arizona Giant-Skipper Agathymus aryxna

Very simila r to Huachuca Giant-Skippe r but normally found at lower
elevations. Also similar to Orange Giam-Skipper but fringes are
almost always checked white and black and th e re is almost no overlap
in range. Habitat: Low- to mid-elevation arid grassland/open wood-
land. Abundance: U-c. Sept.- Nov., mainly Oel. Food: Palmer's agave,
desert agave, and others. CommentS: Most likely 10 be found mud-
puddling.

California Giant-Skipper Agathymus stephensi

H\ Often more mottled than Olhcrgiant -s kippns, usually with some
rusty-brown spots, especially where indicmed on photo 2. Habitat:

~~ '-\
Desert hillsides and canyons along Ihe wt'stem cdgc of the Colorado
desert. Abtmdtmce: U. SepL-ea rly Od. Fcwd: D~sef1 agave. Com -
fA ments: Usually lands with its head up.

Huachuca Giant-Skipper Agathymus evansi

H\ Averages large r and more well -ma rkcd than Arizona Giant-Skipper,
but this is nor much to go on. Probably
, nor separable excepT by high-

~ '-
er-elevation habitat and association with foodplant. Habitat: North (If
Mexico, found only above a hout 5500 ft. in open pine-oak forest in
~'\ t" the Huachuca Mountains and vidnity. Abundance: C. Mid Aug.- mid
Nov., mainly Sept. Food: Parry's agave, VaL huachuct'nsis. Comments:
Most likely 10 be found mudpuddling.

Orange Giant-Skipper Agathymus neumoegeni

Usually with orange hairs on the thorax and abdomen and with fringes
checked buffy and black. Arizona Giam-Skippers have fringes checked
white and black, Habitat: Arid grassland/open woodland usually at
mid~e levations. Abm,dtmce: R-U. Aug.- Oc!. Food: A variety of
agaves.

Mary's Giant-Skipper Agathymus mariae

Usually with a silvery reftection below. HW may be unmarked or
strongly marked. See Coahuila Giant-Skipper for separation from that
species. Habitat: Lechc::guilla-covered, rocky Ch ihuahuan tlesc::rt.
Abunda" ce: R-U. Sept.- Nov.. mainly Oct. Food: Lecheguilla. Com-
menl.,,: If you lI)Ve I DO" heat anrllaugh at a baking !iun. are in ... pircrl by
desolate landscapes virtually devoid of bUlternies, and shrug off the
pain of jabbing plant spines, then searching for this buTterfly is right
up your alley!

Coahuila Giant-Skipper Agathymus remingtoni

Below, brownish I-IW is strongly marked. Spots in the HW postmedian
spotband are strongly pointed outwardly hoth below and above, and ,
especially above, individual spots are very thin . There is no orange on
Ihe wings, induding bases of FW and HW where Mary's Giant-Skip ~
per has orange. Habitat: Lecheguitla-covered, rock y Chihuahuan
desert. Abtmda" ce: LR. AUfl.- Nov., mainly mid Sept.- m id Oct. FOlXI.:
Lecheguilla.
 GIANT-SKIPPERS •

1 Arizona Giant-SkIpper 2 California Glant-Sklpper

3 Huachuca Glant·Sklpper " Orange Glant-Sklpper

S Mary's Giant-SkIpper 6 Mary's Giant-SkIpper

7 Mary's Glant-Sklpper 8 Coahuila Glant·Skipper (museum spedmen)

294 • HAWAIIAN BUTTERFLIES

Hawaiian Butterflies
Butterflies in Hawaii fly essentially all year and. for the mo", part. specit's are found
throughout all the major islands, in gardens and parks. There arc only two spl'des
ofhutterflics native to the Hawaiian Islands-Haw.1iian 1311H' and Kamehamcha Lady.
neither of which is found elsewhere in the world. Both of these arC' great hUflerflit's.
Kamehameha Lady Vanessa tameamea
This is a bi~ buuerfly, only a liult' sma ller than J MourninJ.! Cloak.
Although Painted Lady and American Lady art' now found in Hmvaii,
(he bright red Ctlloratiun (I' Kailleh aillcha Lady. along wil h its hold
black markings and large s ize, make il unmistakable , lis flighl is very
high, comfortably nying 15-20 fecl off the gruuntl-unlikc Olher
ladies. Although very attraCll'tllO flowing !.CIP, il will nl'ctar al now-
ers. including the yellow blossoms ul a Iret' kgume. This species is
uncommon and generally restricted it) tlw l'Vl'f-lewer areas wilh
nalive vegeta l ion. IL<t major cat~rp ill ar lootlplam is mamaki.

Hawaiian Blue Vaga blackburn;

This butlt'ftly b a minI}' shacll' of grl'cn. sOlllewhat lih' an Arizona
Hairstreak. II is most dosdy rdalt:d to sOl11e Asian spcdes that arc rel-
atives of the azures. Who would Ihink that tlH.'rt' would be a viokl-
topped. green-bottomed blue? II also is uncommon and rl'stri.oed 10
nat ive highl<lnds habitat where ils main calerpillar foodplant is Ihe
nativc acacia, koa.

Another 13 spedes have found their way to the islands in hi storicallill1l'~. almus! all
of them introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans. Species that occur
elsewhere in the West are treated on the previous pages, anOlher threc arc shown
here. and one. Banana Skipper. is unillllsrrated. With so few species. idt'ntification
is easy. Tilt, 13 inlrodllced spccies are:
Chinese Swallowtail Pap ilia xuthus Opposite page
The only swa llowtail in Hawaii. A widespread Asian specks.
Cabbage White Pieris rapae Pg. 55
Lantana Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon bazochii Pg. 105
Inlroduccd in an absurd atlempt \(l control introduced lantana.
Red-spotted Hairstreak Tmolus echion OppOSite page
DillO.
Pea Blue Lampides boeticus OppOSite page
Ranges through much of Eurasia and Africa.
Western Pygmy-Blue Brephidium exile Pg. 107
GulfFritillary Agrau/is vanilloe Pg. 135
Painted Lady Vanessa cardui Pg. 189
American Lady Vanessa virgin;ensis Pg. 189
Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta Pg. 189
Monarch Danous plexippus Pg_ 215
Very pale 10 almost whitt' individuals art' fairly common .
Fiery Skipper Hylephila phyleus Pg_ 263
Banana Skipper Erionota torus
A large. crepu scular. banana - I u"in~ Asian species.
 HAWAIIAN BUTTERFLIES • 295

5 Red-spotted Halrstreak 6 Hawaiian Blue 7 HawaIIan Blue

8 Pea Blue 9 Pea Blue

Photos 5""'9 shown at 1 1/ .X life Size
 RARE STRAYS AND EASTERN SPECIES
MARGINALLY ENTERING THE WEST

White-dotted Cattleheart Parides a/opius

A sma ll, black Mexica n swallowtail with a HW po~tllledian row of whitl' ~JlOl!-.. One
record from southeastern Arizona.

Zebra Swallowtail Eurytides marcellus See BTB: East for illustration

The black-striped white triangular wings on this small swa llowtail are distinctive.
Srraysjust west of the eastern border of the region in Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska.

Broad-banded Swallowtail Papi/io astya/us

Very similar 10 Omythion Swallowtail. Males have a yel10w spot in the FW cell
above that Ornythion males lack. Females can be tailed or untailed. RS 10 sOllth-
eastern Ari zona, late July-mid Sept.

Three-tailed Swallowtail Papilio pi/umnus

Resembles Pale Swallowtail with black bands much wider so Ihal cream-yellow
bands are narrow. Also has red-orange postmedian spots along the HW inner mar-
gin and three tails. RS to southeastern Arizona.

Palamedes Swallowtail Papilio pa/amedes See BTB: East for illustration

Dark brown with yellow postmedian and submarginal bands. Has slIay~d 10 tilt:
San Antonio. Texas. area and been reponed (rom northern New Mexico (once). A
butterfly of the sOlllheastern United States with disjunct populat ions in norl heast-
ern Mexico.

Ruby-spotted Swallowtail Papi/io anchisiades

Black with pink-red median and postmedian spots on the HW. RS to San Antonio.
Texas. area, weST Texas, and sou theastern Arizona.

Mexican Dartwhite Catasticta nimbice

A medium-sized white tha t is black! with wide median band of yell ow or yellow-
ish white. In the ) 970s an d '80s, a small colony was appar~nlly estahlished in the
Green Gulch area of Big Bend NP. Alth ough now gone, probably ::.lilI a RS to Big
Bend, Texas.
 RARE STRAYS AND EASTER N SPECIES MARGINAllY ENTER IN G THE W EST . 297

Giant White Ganyra josephina

A very largt' Mexican wt,ite. usually large r than phoebis su lphurs, with a strong
black spnt at [he end nr Ihe FW cell . RS 10 New Mexico ( I record) and weslern
Kansas (t rrcord).

Howarth's White Ganyra howarthi

Very simi lar In Gi<lnt White but about 3/4 the size. A stray and irregular colonbt to
southwestern Arizona. especially a t Org,1I1 Pipe Cactus Nat ional Monumen t.
Mainly found in th orn ~crub woodland on sand dunes along the coa~[ or al ong
sandy washes. RS to southeastern Arizona. Multiple broods. All year.

Florida White Appias drusilla See BTB: East fo r illust ration

A large while with rail' antennal clubs. F\-\' has solid black border, nOI extending
;m·vard along Ihl' vein~. Some orange at the base of the HW leading m<lrgin. RS to
Kansas. Colorado, and sou th eastern Arizona.

Great Southern White Ascia monuste See BTB: East for illustrati on
A large white with turquoise an tennal dubs. FW has wavy black border wilh black
extending inward a long the veins. RS to Kansas. Colorado. southeastern Arizona.

Sonoran Marble Euchloe guaymasensis

Pale yellow a hovt,. Spa rsely Illilfbltd below. Common in Sonora. Mexico. norrh to
abolll Im uri s, ahout 25 mile~ sou th of Ihe Arizona border; there is olle U.S. record
from Bisbel:, Arizo na. latt:' March 1997. This species hilltops.

Apricot Sulphur Phoebis argante

Si milar to Large Orange Stllphur but the FW diagonal band is unbroken. RS 10 west
Texas.

Statira Sulphur Phoebis statira See BTB: East for illustration.

Similar 10 C loudle ~~ Sulphur bur rhe OUler 113 of the wings below appear to be
"puckert.'d." Thert.' is S01llt' yellow at the base of the FW costa l margin and a long the
FW disk . RS 10 north and W{'Slto western Kan sas and New Mexico.

Tailed Sulphur Phoebis neocypris

Similar In Large OranAe Sulphur but HW w it h very definite tai l. RS 10 sou thea stern
Arizona.

Harvester Feniseca tarquinius See BTB: East for illustration

A mediulll-sized gossamer-wing thai is bright orange above with bold black mark -
i!lgS. Below. the FW disk is orange and the HW is dull reddish-brown with delica te
white markings. Slray ~ 10 t.'a~tern edge of region in Texas and. to a l es~t.' r ex tent,
Kansas and Nebraska.
298 • RAR E STRAYS AN D EASTER N SPECIES MAR GINAl l Y ENTER I NG THE W EST

Marius Hairstreak Rekoa marius

A fa irly large hairstreak. Below, similar to Red -lined Scrub-Hairstreak but browll -
er and without any red in the postmecUan li ne. Above, males are dull iridt'sceot blue
and females are pale gray. RS to sout h eastern AriZona.

White M Hairstreak Parrhasius m-album See BT8: East for illustration.

HW red-ora nge spot is displaced inwardly. Brilliant iridescent blue above. Resident
west 10 abou t Fori Worth, Texas. Strays west to Allstin, Texas, area.

Edwards' Hairstreak Satyrium edwardsii See BTB: East for illustration

Similar to Banded Hairstrea k, but usually browner with f-IW postmedian band bro-
ken into spots surrounded by while. RS along eastern edge of tht., region.

Yojoa Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon yojoa

Similar LO Lacey's Scrub-Hairstreak but with a while FW ce ll -e nd bar, a straighter
HW postmedjan lin e, and a more definite white band just outside the HW post-
med ia n line. One recent report from southeastern Ari zona.

Bromeliad Scrub-Hairstreak Strymon serapio

Similar to Red-lined Scrub-Hairstreak but red nn HW postmecJian hand is much
broader. RS? Has been fnund on limeston e hi ll s overlooking the Rio Grande River
in Big Bend NP, Texas. Associated with a terrestrial bromeliad (Hechria sca risoa).

Clytie Ministreak Ministrymon clytie

Louks 1ike a sma ll Red-spotted Hairstreak (pg. 295) but with an fed-orange FW cell-
end bar. U in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, it occurs north to Uva lde County, Texas,
possibly as a temporary colonist.

Red-bordered Metalmark Caria ina

Tiny. Dark iridescent ultramarine blue above with orange borders, a metallic sub-
ma rginal line, and a very wavy FW costa ) margin. RS from the Lower Rio Grande
Valley to t he San Antoni o, Texas, area.

Mexican Silverspot Dione moneta

Similar to Gu lf Frit ill ary bllt the ground color abovt' is darker and there are no
black-rimmed white spots in the FW cell above. RS to west Texas.

Julia (Heliconian) Dryas iulia See BTB: East for illustration

About the size of a Gulf Fritillary with even longer and narrower Wings. Males are
almost completely orange above, while females have a black diagonal line on the
FW. RS north to Kansas an d Colo rado.

Zebra (Heliconian) Heliconius charithonia See BTB: East for illustration

The black and yellow horizontal stripes make this species unmistakahle, RS north
and west to Nehra ska, Colorado, southeastern Arizona, and southern California.
 RARE STRAYS AND EASTERN SP ECIES MAR GINAllY ENTERING THE WEST. 299

However. hecause unethical commercial iOlerests are shippin g these butterflies [or
release a t specia l events (to unwiHing victims wh o don'[ rea li ze th e environm en-
tal damage this may ca use), J would hesitate to place much credence in any uUI-uf-
range occ urrence of Ihis species.

Isabella's Heliconian Eueides isabella

Somewhat large r (han GuIr Frit illary, with black and orange horizonta l stripe s. RS
north and west to Austin. Te xas, area, wes t Texas, and sou theastern Arizo na.

White Morpho Morpho polyphemus

A huge aml powerful a ll -white Me xican bUHe rfly. One reco rd rrom extre me
so utheastern Arizona.

Southern Pearly-eye Enodio portlondio See BTB: East for illustration

Si milar to Eyed Brown b tl l larger a nd darker with HW submargina l eyespots that
are surroun ded as a gro up by a wh ite line. Antennal clubs are orange-yeUow. RS to
western North Dako ta, central Nebraska, an d central Kan sas.

Northern Pearly-eye Enodio onthedon See BTB: East for illustration

Very similar (0 Sou the rn Pea rly-eye but antenn al dubs have a black base. RS to
western North Dakota, cen tral Nebraska, and ce ntral Kan sas.

Mercurial Skipper Proteides mercurius See BTB: East for illustration

Very large, with a golden head and thorax. HW belo w mouled dark and pal e. One
recent repo rt from sou theastern Ari 70 na.

Mexican Longtail Polythrix mexicono

Simil ar to Doran tes Longtai l, but in additi on to white spots in the mi ddle of the FW,
there is an unusua l violet -tin ged spOt roward the base of the FW, about 1/ 3 out
a long the- inner margi n. One reco rd from so utheas tern Arizona .

Two-barred Rasher Astroptes fulgerotor

A very large skipper, abou t the size of a Dull Fi ret ip. Brilliant turquoise blue above
on th e base of the wings and on the body. FW with a strong white median band and
a shorter subapical white band. RS to so utheastern Ari zona (2 records) a nd San
Antoni o, Texa s, a rea.

Glassy-winged Skipper Xenophones tryxus

About the size of a White -patched Skipper and somewhat similar to that species,
but white marks o n the FW are tran slucent. One record fro m Hidalgo County,
New Mex ico.

Chiomaro mithrox
Resem bles a fe ma le White -patched Skipper with o ut any of the white. Instead,
grou nd color is slaty-gray wi th blue refiedances. One record from sou theastern Ari-
zona.
300 • RA RE STRAYS AN D EA STERN SPECIES MARGI NALLY ENTERI NG THE W EST

False Duskywing Gesta gesta invisus See BTB: East for illustratio n
About the size of a White-patched Skipper. Duskywing-likt: wi th a brown patch,
distal to the FW cell. thai curves outward in characteristic fashion, enclosing .a
darker black patch. Resident along the south Texas coast. RS to sou th central Texas.

Faceted Skipper Synap te syraces

Abou t the size of a ma le Sachem with wide black FW borders both above and
below. Below, with the HW very stria ted by fine lint's and wit h an inverted black tri-
angle along the HW leading margin. Two records fro III sOlltheaslern Arizona.
Commonly found from cemral Sonora, Mexico, south.

Neamathla Skipper Nastra neamathla See BTB: East for illustration

Extremely similar to Julia's Skipper but tends 10 have ground color duller brown
below and 10 have less prominent pale spots on the FW above. An eastern species
occu rring west 10 about Freestone and Brazoria Counties. Texas. One report from
southeastern Arizona was probably of a Julia 's Skipper.

little Glassywing Pampeius verna See BTB: East for illustration

Similar 10 Dun Skipper and Northern Broken-Dash. bUl has a white patch just
he low the antennal club. Two reports from central Nebra ska.

Broad-winged Skipper Poanes viator See BTB: Eost for illustration

A large, dull-colored. weak-flying marsh ski pPt'r. Bduw. dull orangish-hrown with
a somewhal pa le ray. UsuaUy lands with its head up. R-U. April- Aug. in shrubby
marshes and hogs along the West's eaStern border in Texas.

Purple-washed Skipper Panoquina sylvicola

See BTB: East for illustration
Like an Ocola Skipper with extensive violet iridesct'nce below. Abo with a spot in
lhe FW cell above thaL Ocola Skipper lacks. One record from so utheastern Ari70na
(one record- I 0/30/85) and IWu from (he Auslin, Texas, area.
 SPECIES DUBIOUSLY REPORTED
TO HAVE OCCURRED NATURALLY

The followi ng species have been reported as having occurred na turall y in

the Wesc but those re pons are either clea rl y erroneous- for example,
Dynamine tithia-or are unsubstantiated.

Thoas Swallowtail Papilio thoas

Confliaing reports of one individual on July 18. 1935. or two individuals on July
5, 1935. [rom SCOll (OtlI1lY. Kansas, and some vague reports from Colorado. Gian I
Swallowtails art' commonly misidrlll ificd as thi s species. Since I have never seen a
legitimate n:cord of Ih is tropical specks from so ulh Texas. I strongly SII SPCd lilal
specimens were misidentified. ur that if this species was in Kansas il was br01Jght in
with tropical fruil.

Cyanophrys longula

Cyanophrys amyntor

Rorida Purplewing Eunica tatila

Ont" n,:poTl from west Texas seems unlikely.

Rusty-tipped Page Siproeta epaphus

Olll' museum sp('cimcll thai probably is of Mexican origin.

Dynamine tithia
Reponedly colkcted on March 15. 1977 al the Woodward Ranch. 20 miles sou lh
of Alpine. Brewsler COl I nty, Texas (sec Kendall and McGuire. 1984 ). This species is
found in sOll lh caslern Brazil. The same collector reportedly also collected a sped-
Illt'n of Cyanopllrys amymor (another tropical species nOI otherwise ever recorded
from thl' United Sta tes) allhe same location on Ihe same date. The mos l chari table
intCrpfl'tatioll of this information is Ihal SOme errors were made.

Diaethria anna
One unlikely reporl from Big Bt'nd
302 • SPECIES DU BI OUSl V REPORTED TO HAVE OCC URR ED NATU RAl l V

Historis acheronta
One recort fro m Presidio Co. Texas, Aug. 13, 1969. Not reported from any north-
ern Mexican states.

Blomfild's Beauty Smyrna blomfildia

Waiter Oaggerwing Marpesia coresia

Angled Leafwing Anaea glycerium

One uncorroborated repon from southeastern Arizona.

TIger Mimic-Queen Lycorea c/eobaea

Mercurial Skipper Proteides mercurius

Epargyreus windi
Unsubstantiated reports from south ern Arizona and Californ ia .

Mimosa Skipper Cogia ca/Chas

One report from southern California. This species is unknown from a ny adjacent
Mexican a reas.

Windia windi
One unpublished and u nsubstantiat ed report from sou theastern Arizona.

Fawn-spotted Skipper Cymaenes odilia

One unconfinn ed report from southeastern Arizona.

Chestnut-marked Skipper Thespieus macareus

 Supplementary Text

Sara Orangetip Anthochoris sora

The possibility that there is more than one species in the Sara Orangelip complex
arises mainly from the work of Geiger a nd Shapiro (1986) . Eledrophoreaic data led
them to condude that populations of stella in the hig h California Sierra Nevadas
were genetica ll y different from sara at lower eleva ti ons on the west slope. As a con-
trol. Ih ey lIsed Colorado individuals believed to be of the su bspecies julia and
found that these individuals were different from both sara a nd stella.
To my knowkdge, there is no published informa ti on about t.he gen etics of
popula tions in the Pacific North wes t, flor has there been a gene tic exa minati on
of popu lat ions between Colorado julia and Californ ia stella to see whether there
is a gradual change or a marked discontinuity. In addi tio n. in the Paafic North -
west. where there are two taxa in th e compl ex. flora and stella. basically west and
east of the Cascades respectively. very experien ced observers maintain ve ry dif-
ferent views. Some are of (he opini on tha t flora and stella are not really distin -
guishable and tha t they fo rm a cline. Othe rs are of the opi ni on thal f/ora and stella
are distinguishable and are sepa ra te speaes. withf/ora as a su bspecies of sara. Still
othe rs are ce n ain th at flora and stella a re one species. but that thi s spedes is dis-
tinct from sara.
In Colorado. the rel atio nships bet wee n high-eleva tion julia to pinyon-juniper
populations (ingraham;) and to stella lO the northwest is ve ry little u nde rslOod. To
the sou th . ingrahami in northet n Ne w Mex ico supe rfidally IllOre cl u:,el y re:,ell lbk :,
julia than it docs thoosa of th e California-Nevada desert ranges.

Western Sulphur Colias occidentalis

Populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and from central Idaho lO Walla
Walla Cou nty. Orego n. are pselldochn"slina. considered as a full species by so me.
Males are orange-flushed above. females are pale yellow Or off-whit e with grea tl y
reduced Or absent FW black borders. Below. the HW cell spot is usua ll y single or
weakly do ubled and the red ri mm ing is narrower than on Orange Sulphurs. Most
individ ua ls lack HW postmedia n spots. but they are so meti mes weakl y prese nt .
Fo u nd in rocky openings in coniferous forest. reportedly in areas with mule-ears
(Wyetilia) (Compositae) in bloom, late May- la te J uly. de pending upon locality and
elevation.
304 • SUPPLEME NTA RY TEXT

Queen Alexandra's Sulphur Colias alexandra

Christina's Sulphur (G. alexandra christina) may well be a dhtinu speck'=:,. It h ltIaill ~
Iy orange above, flics mainly in June-July and is more an inh ah it ant of coniferou~
fo rest openings than is Queen Alt' xand ra 's Sulphur. Un like Ora nge Sulphur, the
HW ce ll ~spot hdow is usually single. Populations in the Black Hills of South Dako-
ta and Bear Lodge Mountains of northeastern Wyom ing, art' krauthii arc allied
with christina, but are considered a full species by some. They arc found in co nirer~
O li S forest o pen ings, mainly July--early Au g.

Bramble and Sheridan's Hairstreaks

Cal/ophrys dumetorum an d C. sheridanii
There is great va riability in the expression of the wh ite postllll' lHan lint' in both of
these spt'oes. in some cases with individuals in Ihe sa me populati un varying grea t ~
Iy. Also varying, again sometimes wit hin th e salTle IUI IHll ario!), is Ih t, ground coi()r
below, from blue-green, to gree n, to ye lJ ow~g r t'e ll. SOIllt' recent authors have
treated populat ions ' place as J3 ram bit:' Hairs l reak as four sp~(·ies and popul ations I
plaCe as Sheridan's Hairstreak as thre(' s p~cit's. Olhe rs co nside r that Ilwre arc IWO
species in Bramble and two in Sheridan's. As Ern st Dornfeld ~aid in BlltlerfliesofOre-
gon, "'Separating the different species ... is often perplexing even 10 experts." As an
exa mple of Ih e level of con ru sion, so me population s in Oregon traditio nally COIl-
sidered to be ' Alpine ' Sheri dan's Ha irst reaks (e. s. lembet#) arc nuw considered by
some to be 'Coasta l' Bramble H airStrcak~ (e. d. viridis). Un fortuna tel y, some book'>
give liule inkling of th e lack 01 consensus, instead giving the idea that the way it is
presented in that particu lar book is th e current ctHlsiuered opinion uf tl1<:' sciemif-
icco mmunity.

Juniper Hairstreak Cal/ophrys gryneus

Lepidopt erists try to divide the Jun ipe r Hairstrea J.. by w in g color and pattern
and/or by caterpillar food plant. However. to date it is not ce rta in which, if any, of
these popu )arinns merit species Slatus, and more work is req uired. In the Great
Basin, populations trad itiona ll y treated as 'Si va' JUlliper Hairstreaks, feed ing Oil
junipers, become progre s~ively browne r a nd then more purple as une travels from
cast 10 west. un til one reaches Ihe Ca lifornja Sierra Nevadas. Here, t's~ent i ally
idt' ntical ~ appcaring populations usc inC(~ nse cedar a~ th e hostplanl and arc ca lled
'Nelson's' Juniper Ha irslreaks (e.g. nelsoni). But 110le th at there- rea ll y aren ' t any
junipns for Ihis population to use and Ihal ca terpill ars of nelsoui will feed on
jllnipns in the laboraLOry. Fanhe r wes t and south , ct'rtain populalions also lISC
nonjunipt'r hosts. 'M uir's' Juniper Hairstrcak (Cg. m uiri ) is found ill
the California Coast Ranges where it feeds un Sargelll cyp ress while ' Th orne'~'
Juniper Hairslrea k (Cg. thornei) (known unly frum th e vicinit y of Olay Mountain
011 the Ca lifo rnia /Mexico bo rder ) uses Teca te cypress. Each of these is mo~t
similar to jllniper~ feeding populations fnund nearby; j unipc r~ fe('din g populatio ns
in the Inner Coast range south of Sa n Francisco for Muir 's and junipcr~ feedi ng pop-
ulation s ju st miles away ('Loki' Juniper Hai rsue ak) lor Tho rne 's. Nurth wa rd , o ne
finds brown s iv a~ like population s (e.g. barryi) feedin g on junipl'rs and cx trctmcl y
similar populations (Cg. rosneri) using giant ceda r (T/TUya plicata) as a hostpla11l.
 SUPPLEMENTA RY TEXT • 305
Euphilotes Blues
More than most butterflies, th e life 01 a EUflhilotes blue revolves aro und its hosl-
plant- in each cast' a species or variet)1 of buckwheal. Egg~ are la id on Ihe hos t-
plant. c.Jte rpilla rs ked Oil the hos tpian t flowers. while adu lt s neClar a I the fl owers.
Rare ly does the butterfly fly far from th e stand of hos lpiams, which is o ft e n isolat -
ed from o il w r pOle11lial hoslplants hy a large d istance.
Given this int ensive involvemenr wit h the hos tplant, it is not surprising that
many populatiuns of t :lIphilOles b lu e~ are adapted for optima l ust' of tht, bost,
including limin g of the flight of adults. Because different va rit'lie s of buckw hea ts
flowt.' r at d iffert'n l times. the different populations of Euphilotes hl ues t('nd a lso to
fly al differl'llt t in1l'~. Flyilig al differenl limes of the year erects SO I11<:.' bar riers to
gent.' flow among the populations- it would be a prt'Hy good trick for an April -fl y-
ing lernait' to matt' wi th a September-fly ing male! But bccause there are so many
difftTt'nl p opula ti on~ with d ifferC:' nl flight limt=s, it is possibk Iha t an April- fl ying
population somL'times overlaps wilh a May-flying popula tion th a i sumetimes
overla ps wi th a June-flying popula tion ... An d so on .
i{ SL't.'ms to 11lt' tilat on(' of the hallmarks of a "~pt'cies" is that i l is ((msi~tently dif-
fcn:nr from rela t("d species and thu s each indi vidual shou ld be identifiable a~
belonging, or not ht..' lon ging, to Ihat species. Usually the difference will he obvious
lIpon visua l inspt'ctiol1, hu t il may be that the difference is in !)Ollle internal ~Iruc­
IlIre( s), or ill SOUle pa rti cu lar DNA ~equence(s). So if two species O<xur tOge th er, Ih e
faCl lhat cach rl'ta in s its genet ic int egri ty and remains ide ntifi ab ly diflercl1l is rea -
son to considl'f eacll a full specie.;;.
Wil h thi s group 01 blues. idcntifjcaljun as to Square-spollt'd Blue. DOIled Blue.
Rita Blue. or Spa ldi ng's l3lue is possible for all individuals, although somet imes only
by dissection, and so we Ireal Ihem as full specie~. Bu t for most Etlphi/o/('s blues indi -
viduals il is impossibl e to ide ntify. w ilh certa im y, th e s ubspecies an indi vidu al
belongs (0 without rderen ce ((,) exact locality, flight date and hostplant.
Wh t'n two rela led populations do nOI occur together, either uecaust' th eir
ranges are d ifferent and nOrloverlapp ing (alloratric), or the ti me of year at which
adults ny is difrercllI a nd non-overlapping (allochronic). il seems reason a hle 10
im pose anoth er criterion for deciding whe ther or not to considt'r t hem as separa te
species: jusl how differellt are they'? Adm ilt ed ly. Ihis will be arbitrary- thert' are
many ways 10 measure differences, and some differ<:.'nces may he more imponanl
Ihan otht'fS. Bu t we can at least ask tha t the differences we measure. regardless of
how we are measuring them, be as great as the difl'erences bet ween cl ose ly reiat-
rd, \Jut dearly ~(::'parale, species Ihal fly togelher. Is th e gene ti c dislCll1ce between
Euph ilotes battoides baueri and Euphilofes battoides illfermedia equivaleI1l to t he genet-
ic distance hetwt:'en Greenish and Boisduva l's Glu('s? So far as I can lel l. th ere is n o
pub li shed inform at ion thai would allow one to answer l hi .. ques tion.
Another unanswered question relilting 10 a ll ochronic popu l ation~ is wha t per-
centtlge of individuals emerge at the "wrong" lime of the yeil r a nd potemi a ll y
interhreed w ith populations Ibm norma ll y fly a t Ihal limt'. We know that w hile
most bult ernies in a population with a synchronous hrood are programmed 10
enw rgc..' a t roughly the same time of year, ~ome times an individual, e ith ('r because
of envinmT1lt'llta l tactors or a mu tatio n or other genetic rador~, emerges at a tim e
306 • SU PPLEM ENTARY TEXT

very different from normal. But we don 't know if Euphilotes blues populations pro ~
duce 0.000 1%. I %, or 10 % of such individuals. Since their numbers would be low
they would be very easily overlooked, especially because they would probably
emigrate from the colony's home area (d ue to lack of flo wers on the traditional
hOSlplant) and because if encountered they would probably be assumed 10 be a
member of the population normally flying at tha t time of year.
Until we can ide ntify indi viduals wi th cenaill ty to population and have
obtained information abollt the degree of related ness of these populations. my
advice is to retain your sanity and identi fy these butterflies to "complex" (even this
may not be possible in all cases in the field). white at the same time noting exact
location. date. and hostplant used. if poss ible, for future reference. The following
(simplified!) table, giving the subspecies nying in various locatlons along with their
usual flight limes and food planlS (brillg your huckw heat field guide), may be a use-
ful aid to identifica tion.

~uare ·~tted Dotted

BC glaucon
LC, July
E. umbellatum

AB anciUa
LR, mid May-early July
E. umbellatum

WA glaucon columbiae
LC. late March- late July LU, mid April- mid Aug.
E. umbelfatum £. compositum, E. heracJeides

OR glaucon (includes oregonensis) columbiae (north & east)

LC, late May-July LC, mid May-early Aug.
E. umbellatum E. compositum. E. heracleides
intermedia (Siskiyous) enoptes (southwest)
LR, June-July U-C, late May- j uly
E. marifolium E. nudum

MT glaUCO" anciUa
July May-early Aug.
E. umbel/atum E. umbel/arum

ID glaucon columbiae~anciUa
U, June-July U, mid May-July
E. umbel/arum E. compositum, E. umbel/atum

WY ancilla coloradensis
E. umbellatum E. effusum
 SUPP LEM ENTARY TEXT . 307

Square·spotled Dotted Rita

CO centralis anciUa coloradensis
lU, July- Sept. C·A, April- July lU, July- early Aug
E. jamesii E. umbeflatum E. effusum
ellisi (extreme west)
l R, Aug.·Sept.
£. corymbosum

UT ellisi (extreme east & south) anciUa rita (southeast)

U, Aug.- Sept. U, June-July l U, Aug.
E. corymbosum E. umbeUatum E. wrightii
paUescens
R, July
various

NM centralis coloradensis (northeast)

LU, mid July-early Aug. lU , Ju ly- early Aug.
E. jamesii E. effusum
rita (west)
lU , Aug.
E. wn'ghtii

centralis dammersi rita

l U, July- Sept. l U, mid Aug.- Sept. lC, Aug.
E. jamesii E. wrighti E. wrightii
ellisi (north) mojave (NV border) pallescens
U, Aug.- Sept. lU , April- June
E. corymbosum E. pusil/um & E. reniforme
martini (sw quadrant)
LU. April- mid May
E. fasciculatum
bauen (NV borde r)
E. ovalifoJium

NV glaucon (north) ancilla? (north 2/3) paUescens

U. May- June C, late May- July LA, June- Sept.
£. umbel/a tum E. umbel/atum E. nummulare
baueri (west) opacapuUa (south 1/3)
C. April- June LC, Sept.-0ct
E. ovalifolium E. wrightii & E. pJumatefia
intennedia (Carson Range) enoptes ssp. (Carson Range)
R. June-Aug. l C, June- Sept.
foodplant unknown E. wn'ghtii & E. elatum
308 • SU PP LEM ENTARY TEXT

~ql!.are·~otted Dolt"!! Rita

NV (cont.) martini (south) purpura (Spring Mtns.)
C·A. March-May C, June-Aug.
E. fasc;culalum £. umbel/alum
ellisi (south) giulianii (Grapevine Mtns.)
LC, Aug.- Sept. LR . July
E. heermannii E. umbel/alum
mojave (Virgin Mtns.)
LC. April- June
an annual Eriogonum

CA intermedia (Trinities region) enoptes (north & Sierras) palleStens (southeast)

C, June-mid Aug. U· c, June-Aug. LU. Aug.- mid Oct.
£. umbetlatum & £. nudum E. plumateila.
E. marifolium £. microthecum
battoides (Sierra Nevadas) bayensis (north coast)
LU, July-Aug. C, June
E. umbel/alum E. nudum
bernardino (southwest) smithi (Monterey coast)
C. late May- early July LR. July- Aug.
E. fasciculatum E. parvifolium
martini (southeast) tildeni (SF· LA, inner coast range)
C. late April""arly June U. July- Aug.
£. fasciculatum £. nudum
ellisi (southeast) dammersi (southeast)
LR . Aug.-early Oct. LU. Sept.- Oct.
E. heerman;; E. elongatum
baueri (east of Sierras) mojave (southeast)
May- June LU. April- May
E. ovalifolium E. pusillum. E. reniforme

Acmon and Lupine Blues Plebeju5 Demon and P. lupinU5

The ranges given of Acmon and Lupine Blucs reflcct the traditional view of these
species. Recently, a few individuals have argued thai most ropulations throughout
the West are actually Lupine Bl ucs and that Acmoll Blue is essentially restricted to
California. Given the fact that these two species arc ext remely closely relatcd-
although they behave as sepa rate species in southern California, it is possible that
when enough information is available that they will be cons idered to be one
species-it isn't impossihle that this is Correct. However. no new information was
presented in support of this radical realignment. One argument given was that
"Acmon" in much o r the West outside of Ca lifornia lIses only buckw heats as cater-
pillar foodplants, as does Lupine Blue, while "Acmon" in California lI SCS legumes
in addition to buckwheats. Howevcr, in hoth Alberta and Ari zona knowledgeahle
bUllerfly enthusiasts are fairly certain th at the Acm on Blues in their areas (IllIZi and
texana, respectively) are using legumes in addition to burkwheats. This is based on
 SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT • 309

th~ir finding ACl110n populations to be common in (·crtain areas wh~rc they a r~

unable to loca lc any bllckwheiHs, uutlhat have a profusion of the suspected legu-
minous loodpli.1 nts. Unti ltht' rc is a reliable scientific study of the situation, it is best
to adhere to the traditioni.11 view.

Identification of Greater Fritillaries in Colorado

by Andrew O. Warren

Prohably the most difficult of Ihe gre-ater friti1laries to id clllify wilh ("coainty in Col -
orado are the Allalltis grou p fritillaries. These are so difficuh to idenliry that most
speciali sts studying Illt., group don't even agree on whe re to draw species a rid sub-
species lines. Silvered and IIllsilvered Atlantis frilillaries GIn often be found IOgclh -
er in Colorado's rnoun lains between 7000 and 9000 fecr. where they mostly
behave <IS scp<lfate species. Always-silve red Atlantis fritillaries tend to prefer high-
er t'kva lion habitats (ahove ~ooo feel). wl1ilt' throughout Ihe state ' lI cspcris'
Atlant is fritillaries mc found al lown elevations, down 106000 feet or lower. These
Hesperis fritillaries are silvered west of the Continenta l Divide. and mostly tlnsi l-
ver('d ('asl of Iht divide. In the southeastern pmt of Coloradu (Raton Mesa and
Mt·sa de Maya) flies it siiven'd form of Hesperb, which also 11 <:15 Cl very pale di sk 011
tht' IIW below. Partl y silvered individuals are common around L:l Vela Pass. while
fanher north, parlfy silVt'n:d individuals are very scarce «md then mostly females )
along th e Front Range west of Denver and Fort Co llins. On the west slnpt." where
Allanti s and Hespt'ris arC' Loth silvcred, they an' very difficult to tell apart. Herc,
Atlantis call usually be dist inguished from Ht'speris by the darker coloration on the
IIW Lelow. wilh weU-dduled dark and black markings. Below. the FW of mOSt Hes-
peris individuals has a prominent orange fitlSh, stronges t basally. MoSt All i1l11 is
individuals have a less pronounced or<lnge flush on the f W b('low. Fcmale Hesperis
arc a dcep. a lm ost red -orange on the uppcrside, while the uppersidc of Atlantis
klllalcs is gellcra ll y paler. The dark basal colo ration un lhe uprersidc of a ll wings
of ALlal1lis kmalcs il:i usually less extensive than it is on Hcspl.'ris females. ftm a le
Atlan tis fritillariel:i a imosl a lways have a dark cinnamon brown disk, while females
of Hesperis have a reddis h -brown disk.
Great Basin Friti ll arit's in Colorado are only found in th e northwestern pan of
the sta le (roughly 7000- 10.000 feet). and are esscmia lly always silvered. They can
usually be It lid apan fn)11l all other fritillaries Ih ere by their smaller sizt' (only Mur-
mon Fritillaries are smaller) and the dark reddish- brown color of tht' HW di sk
below. The? eXlt'llI of the suhmarginal pale band on the HW below is quite variable.
and this band is oftell overscaled Wilh the reddi sh-brown scaling of the disk. The
topside colormion of Grt:at Basin fritillaries is paler orange than is I hat of Hcspt·ris.
On Great Basin fril illaries, lht' male FWs below are very pale. and the HW disk lacks
Ihe gcccllish·gf<lY patches usu<l ll y found on Atl antis.
In Colorado. COfOnis Fritillaries do not show a great amoulll of geographic
varialinn, bUl may show variation at the same loc<ltion. Below. the hindwing disk
310 • SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT

typically vari es from a light cinn amon brown to a greenish-brown. Coro nis indi -
viduals are most likely 10 be confused with Zerene Frilillaries. since both of them
have la rge. rounded silver spots on the HW below. and may have simila rl y col-
ored HW di sks. Fortun at ely. Zcrene is rt'strided to the northwestern part of the
state (where Coronis is sca rce). so Coronis ca n be:: easily determined along the
Fro nt Ra nge . Wh ere the two species may fly togethe r. Coronis is larger Ih an
Zercne an d always has a thick. well -defined brown linin g on the basa l edge of th e
margin a l sHver spOiba nd of the HW ue::low. This lini ng is poorly developed in
Zerene and is usua ll y green or greenish-brown .
Zcrcnc Fritill arics are cX lremdy variable in tht' state. Bdow, tht' colur of the
HW di sk ranges from li gh t cinnam on brown to light green to pa le tan. Zercne can
alm ost always be sepa rated from Ca llippe and MomlOn Friri ll aries by Zercnc's
large r. marc (Ounded. very lustrous silver spot s on the HW below- these spots
arc narrower wit h more pointed edges in Callippe and Mo rmon Fritillaries.
CaJljppe and Edwards' Fritill aries are the only two species in Colorado tha t
always have a tota ll y green HW disk belo w. Edwa rds' is always mu ch larger than
Callippc. and Ih<..' margin al silver spots on the HW below of Edwards' tend to be
sli ghtly larger and less pointed than a re the same spots on Callippe. Male Callippe
Fritillaries ha ve a redu ced orange flush on the FW below (which is prominent on
Edwards'), and the uppe rside of a ll wings o n Ca llippe have bold er black markings
than on Edwards'.
Great Spangled Frit illaries ocolr in two distinct population s in Colorado. In
the southwest, populati ons look li ke a small ve rsion of Great Spangled FriliHary
from eastern No rth America. Males and lemales above a rc simila rl y colored. the
HW be lo w has large. rounded silver spots an d a narrow s ubmargin al band. In the
northwestern pa ri of the state. Great Spa ngled has rt'du ccd silver spolling on the
HW below, and a wide, pale subm arginal band. Maks and females arc strongly
dimorphi c (very pale females). and, below, both sexes have a darker HW di"k
th an do the southwestern populations. These two populations arc reported to
intergrade on the south side or Grand Mesa in Della an d Mesa Counties. but th e
sit uation there requires rurther study.

Identification of Greater Fritillaries in the Great Basin

by George Austin

Un like the situa tion in th e eastern Uni ted States, where fi ve spet'ies of greater
fritilla rics a re rdatively distinct in appeara nce and generally unvarying over
broad a reas, th e se veral western species of greater fritill ari es a re confusin gly
similar an d vary greatly an d often in a para ll el fashion wbt.'rc as many as eight
species may be see n together. Geographic seg rega tes within species are often eas-
ier to identify th an are difl ert'nt speoes whose patlems may converge. Knowl -
edge of fli ght ti mt:s, location, and subtle differences in color and patt ern. gleaned
from a thorough exam ination of many in dividuals. is often necessary fo r detn-
 SUPPLE MENTARY TEXT • 3 11

mina tion. Usdul charactt'rs include sizt'; wing sha pe; il11en sit)' of color; thickness
o f veins and hlack markings; amount of hasaJ dusting; color (If the HW disk
below; sizl-'- shape. Jnd extellt of silvering; and the width of Ihe postmed ian hand
vl'iuw.
The first step in Ihe identification of a greater Iritilla r), in tht: Great Basin (Cal·
ifornia eac;;t of the SicrrJ Nt'vada s, Nevada, and western Utah) is 10 co nsider only
spl:'cies potentially found at the location where the fritillary is rlying. Then the
~casy" species ca ll be diminatl'd. 'Carol's' Zerene Friti ll ary is found only in the
Spring Mountains of southern Nevada and is the only greiller fritillary fOllnd
there. An easy call! Both Greill SpLlIlgled and Nokomi s Fritillaries arc large and
striking, with black and c ream-colored females. They are the only greater friti l·
[aries in the Great Basin with gn."e n·brown eyes, rather than blue·gray eyes. In
the Great Basin, nearly all CaJlippe Fritillaries are easily identified by the inten sl'·
Iy green HW disk below. Above, Callippe Fritillaries also difrer from other Gre.:!t
Basin greatcr fritillaries. They are pale yellow·onmge wi th thc fcmaks tinted
(almost) greenish. On the HW above. both m<:lies and femal es have cOllspinwus·
Iy pale ghoc;;ts of the underside silvered spots.
Tht' remaining species Gill then be catcg(lrized as s111all or large. In northeast·
ern Nevada, the gt.'neraJly cncouIltt'red small species that is unsilvered is Mor·
mon Frit illary (hut see Atl antis Frit ill ary, be low). Their l-1W s below are Ilt'ariy
uniformly dull yellow to yellow.orange. A minority of individuals here have sil ·
ve red spots and a somewhat browner HW disk often tinged with green. These
latter individuals rese mble the M ormon Fritillaries of centril l Utah on which the
disk is yet darh'r and the silvering 1110re prominent. Small individuals from wes t-
ern Nevada a nd eastern Ca lifornia include both Mormoll and Great Basin Fr itil ·
laries (Great Basin Fritillaries from eastern Nevada are mu<:h larger). Male Gn.'at
Basin Fritillarit's are distinguished from Mom)(1n Fritillaries by their thickencll
black veins. but females of these two species are very sim il ar. Son1(" Grea t Basin
Fritillaries Jack any silvering. while, in western Nevada, Mormon Friti ll ar ies have
al lea!>l a hill! orsilvcr in Ih l' HW SpO IS below.
This leaves us with Zen'nt', Coronis, Atl a nti s, Great Basin (in tl1(> eastern
Great Basin), and, in ct'ntra l Utah. Hydaspe. Coronis Fritillary is large (and
females a re somc ti mes Il uge). bright orange, and tile females have a very dark.
often ncarly solidly colored, otller margin above . The FWs of Coroni s are slightly
more elongated at the apex than the olher species. Below, the HW disk is even ly
colored, not mOllkd, and browni sh-often with a him of green. The silvered
spots are large. squarish. a nd buld.
Great Basin Fritillary, from cl'ntral Nevada 10 ct.'llIra l Utah, is sma ller th a n is
Coronis and tlw HW disk be low is moult-d. ranging from dark to pale brown or
ye llowish. often with distinct (but not strong) gree ni sh tint ~. In th e Stansbllry
Mountains of Utah, the disk is especially variable and of a strange ye ll ow. brown
to yellow-green color unlike that seen on any other greater fritillary. n,e silvered
~pots are sma lltT and sO I1lt'what more elongated. Ma les ofte n have noticeably
thickened FW veins. Ahove, the ground color is darker, more brownish o rangt'
than it is on Coronis Friti ll aries. The greene r-tinged disk individuals cou ld be
312 • SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT

confused with Ca llippe Fritillary. but thar '>pecies has an intense ly hlui <>h -gr('en
di sk in thi.:; region with the grcen often oblitt'raling Iht: pale postlllC't.iian band.
Except in ex treme western Nevada, Zere ll(' Fritillary is pah: orange ahove with
a yellowish 10 rale brown HW disk below. The silvered SpotS are sq llari.:;i1. but nOI
a.:; large a~ on COl"Ollis. The FW veins abovl' are not noticeahly thickened . In Wl'st -
ern Nevada Zerene Fritillary ha s a purplish 10 pale purple -brown HW disk below.
Atlantis Fritillary occurs in Elko (OUIlI)', Nevada , and rarely ill !Iw Ca l-.;on
range. Two diff e re nt subspecit's are unsilvert'd and have tan HW "POlS in:=aeau.
One of !hee;e occure; in the Jarh idgr and l ndept.'ndt'llct' mountain s. 111<' other is in
th e Carson Range. In tlw R lIby and fast Hll mbokh IlH.lllnlaill ra Jl!4e~. Ad ami:-. Frif-
illary is silvered and looke; like a <;mall Zerent:. Bc<;icil's it s <; ma llcr size. th e disk of fhi e;
Atlanti s population is sOIll('wi1al darker (rt'd-brown on 1t'lll a les) than on th l'
Ze renes in the area. In th(' mountain s of n'mral Ulall. Atlan ti " Fri lillary is a l11l'di -
ull1 - s iz~d species that i<; relativel y brighl orange ahovt'. The HW spots he low range
from brightly <;ilvercd 10 whitish or pale cream. They may be hesl distinguished
from their sym palric congl'lH:'r'> by their hrighl rt'd·hrowll dis~~.
Hydaspe Fritillary harely enters the Greal Basin in Utah. This I1lt'diul1l- sil.cd
speci es is broadly marked wilh hlack ahov('. Below. lhl' dbk is dull purpl e -brown
(with thi s color running across [he posllnedian pall' hand ) a nd (he " pOl S arc
squa re. dull. and UIlSilVtTed.
Habitat preferellces al'>o differ somewilm amollg the greater lritillarics. In Neva-
dC1. Nokomis Fritillary is toutld in the welle"t ml'aciows a nd $~t"r~, u<:ouaily ill lower
el{'vations. Great Spangled Frilillaries are fOllnd ill tho ~e same habilals hUl a lso
range inlo somewhat drier areas. Mormon Fritillary prdl'l's wt'lmeadows at hi gh
elevations. Great Ba,>in Frilillary is usually fOllnd in drier areas, oft e n at lilt' ('dgt'~
of meadows. but also in more arid situations ill eastern and cen tral Nevada where>
males frequently are encoun tered un hilhups ( a~ are Callippes). Zerl' ne. Coronis.
and Ca llippe Frilillaries prefer even drier habitat.;; and so arc rnore widespread ill
Nt'vada than the other species. The different suhspecit'';;: of Atl a llfi s Fritillaries arc
found in a variety of hahitats from relatively dry draws anci canyollS 10 woodland ...

Atlantis Fritillary Speyeria at/antis

As mcntioned in the Comments section of lhl' main te xt, in some areas thert:.'
appears to be t wo populations of Atla ntis Fritillari es flying at the same locat ion ami
many believe thaI th ese are separat(' species. Although I personally heli eVl' Ihat a l
leastlwo species are lik ely, il is also poso; iule that populations that behave a~ sepa-
rat e "'pedes in on(' area may merge and behave as a si ngil' species ovcr much wider
area". Anolher problt'm with the two species ('o l1cept for Ihl' Alla nli <; com pi e>.. i<;
that there is essentiall~1 no information as to which of the twO specie ... 10 a ...sign
mallY of the sepa rate populations. Recldish -tinged HW dis~ vs. graY-lingcd HW disk
may. orma}' not have anything to say about specie.;, a<;:signlllt'l11 . The thl)llght thai
om" of the two species is always silvered whih.' Iht' othe r ma y h{' ~i1vered or 1101 .
llIay or may not be curred. In many populations of gn...'3 te r Iritillaries. all occa.;;ional
unsilvcrcd individual can be found. Popul ation.;; in Ol'(.'gon. Ca liforni a and Idaho
are un"i lvered. In the Wa..;atch and Uinla ranges o f Utah. and ill much o f Mo nt a na.
 SUPPLEMENTA RY TEXT . 313

individuals Illay he either silvered or unsilvert'd . In Colorado and the Black Hills of
South Dakota, si lvt'red and un silvt'red populations fly IOgelhcr.
Of allth(.' Atlantis complex populations I have set.' n, only l1aus;caa, in the While
Mountains of Arizona an d adjaCt-'nt Nt.'w Mt.'xico. has tht, dull yt'lIow -gret'll t'ye
color typical of Ihe Aphrodilt.' group of grt'alt'f fritillarit.'s . But. I havl' nol seen livl'
(bullerfly t'ye-co]or changes upon death) individuals 0 1 pupldatiom. ill sout hern
Utah (ch;rc.1I1e), nonht'rn Arizuna (s/tellbachi) and (t'ntral New Ml'xico (dorothea) and
I would not bt' sll rpris(.'u il tht~se also had ye ll ow-green eyes. The possibility Ihat
Ih('<;;(:' populations are a separa te.' Spt'cil'5 should bt' invl'sligated.

Taiga Alpine Erebia mancinus

Until rt'l't'lltly. Ihest' hUllcrflit.'s W('[(,' trealed as a subSpt'cit's of Disa Alpint', Ereb;a
disa. I-Iowever. nt'w t'vidt'n(e, presented in The BUllerflies of CaNada (LayLerry et.al.
1998). shows that lht" 1'opllla1ions inhabiting taiga habitat are very distinct (rom
thost' inhahiling tundra . The second t'dition o f lilt.' NABA Checklist will refll'Ctlhi s
change.

Valeriana Skipper Co datractus mysie

I n the first edi tion of Ihe NABA Checklist, Ihis species was called Valeriana Cloud y-
, ... ing and its .;;\il"llIific nal11~' was T"orybes valeriana. Rt'c(:'nt work has dcmonstral-
l'd Ihatthis spel'ies helongs in Ihegt'nu<;; CDdatraclus. !lot in Thorybes, and so il b 11<11
a c1oudywing. In additiun. and mosl confusingly. I he correct scientific name for I ill'
specit's appears 10 be mysie. nOI valeriana, It is possible th allhe English name.:" will be
changt'O in tilt' st't'und t'ditioJl uf th e NADA Checklist, This entin.' mess dcmon-
slralt'S a major downside to using a sciel11ific name as lhe basis of an MEng lish'"
name.
 Photo Dates, locations and Credits

All photographs were ta ke n by J effrey Glasshe rg. except as indica ted

below. The a u thor used a Minoha 7000i camera eq u ipped with a Mi noha
100 mm macro lens and a Minol ta AFl 200 ri ng fl ash . Page numbers fol-
lowed by photo n umbe r; da tes a re given as mont h /day/yea r.

4 3. 1: 6 / 19/99 Crawford Creek. Sisld r oll Co .. CA

4 3.2 : 6119 /99 Crawford Creek , Si s ki~l(lu Co .. CA
4 3.3: 7117 /98 Hans Pas.'!.. Okan()~an Co .• W A
4 3.4: 5 /30 /97 Apex Pa rk. Jefferson Co .. CO
4 3.5: 611 4 198 Mt. Lindo. JdfeTMlIl Co .• CO
43.6: 8/9 /99 Uhby Flat. Sno wy Range. Albany Co .. WY
43 .7 : 7124 /9 5 Above Frog litke. Ca rson Pass. Alpine Co .. CA
4 3.8 : 6 11 3/98 TinylOwn. Jefferson Co .. CO

4 5. 1: 9 / 29/98 .! UIlU, Va l Vt'rdc Co" TX

4 5.2: 10 / 12 / 97 Sycamore Ca nyon. Santa (rm Co .. AZ
45 .3: J {20/97 FI. La uderda le. Bwwa rd Co., Fl
45.4: Flo Lauderdale. Browa rd Cn .. FL. Ph oto by Run Bocnder
45 .S: 9/4 /97 Sierra Picach os. NUt"vo Leon. M ex ico
4 5.5: in sel. 9 / 5/98 Ch ipin que Pa rk, MOllle rrey, N uevo l eon, Mexia)
4 5.6 : 9 13/97 Sierra Picacill)s. N uevo Leon, Mex i w
4 5. 7 : 6 / 1/99 Green Gu lch. Big Bend N P, TX
4 5.8 : 10 /22 /99 Chaparral WMA. laSa lle Co .. TX

47 . 1: 9 / 29/98 J u no. Va l Verde Co .. TX

47 .2: 9 / 29/98 J u no, Va l Verde Co .. TX
47 .3: 6 / 5 /97 Ro~'a J Gorge-overlook. Fremolll Co .• CO
47.4 : 6112 /98 MI Undo. J e He«;on Co .. CO
4 7. 5: 6 / 17 / 86 Fo rt Colli ns, Larime r Co .. Co .. PhOlo II}' Pau l A. Opler
4 7 .6: 5/ 25 /99 16 mL w. of Springerville. Apacht' Cu .• AZ
4 7 .7 : 6/ 12 /98 MI. lindo. Jefferson Co ., CO
47 .8 : 5 /25 /97 Bunerbred l Peak. Ke rn Co .. CA. Pho lOb) Jal'k N. Lt:vy
 PHOTO DATES, LOCATIONS AND CREDITS

49. 1: 7116/98 Winthrop. OkJno~Jn Co., WA

49.2: 7/19/98 Blad; CanYIIil. Okanogan Co .. WA
49.3: AMNI·I !.pecimell. 6121/75 SI. Mary. MT
49.4: 6/5/976/5/97 Royal Gorge Ovt'r10{lk. frt'mOIll Co .. CO
49.5: 7/22/95 W(:'st of Sonor'] Pil!.S. TlIOll1lllllt, Co., CA
49.6: 7/6/97 Ril hhil Ec1r<O Pc1SS. ROllI! Co .. CO
49.6: inst't. 6/ 13198 M I. lindo, Jt'fkT~ on Co .. CO
49.7: 2/27/98 plum CJnyon. Ann-Horrego SP, Silll Oil-go Co .. CA
49.8: 2/27/9f. Plulll Cmyon. Ann-Borrl'go SP. SilO Diego Co., CA

51. I: 7/5/97 RJbhit Eilrs Pil~S, ROlll1 Co .. CO

51.2: 6/ 19/99 Cril'wl'o rd ( ret'l.;. Sisl..iyol1 Co .. CA
51 , 3: 8/2 1/94 Spruce Run Ree Area. Htl11h.· rdon Co .. NJ
51.4: 8/ 16/96 Ml Kinnt'Y. Collin Co.• TX
51.5: 6/28/96 MrNair, lakt' Co.. MN
51.6: 6/19/97 Chew's Ridge, Muntert'y Co., CA
51.7: 6/28/99 RlI~rlL'r Pilr"- Cochise Co .. AZ
51.8: 6/29/99 Onion SJddl~. Cochbe Co .. AZ

53.1 : 6/6/97 ~nllih or Floren(e. Fremont Co .. CO

53.1: inset. 9119/91 Sc.'l1lenac Canyon. An:t..a -!Jorrt:go SF. San Diego Co., CA
53.2: 6/ 17/98 DI'SCilnsn. S.:ln Diego Co .. CA
'53.3: 7/ 18 /92 la\..e l(,ui~ . Wind River Mlns .. Frt'monl Co .• WY
53 .4: 7119/98 Harl~ Pa~s, O"aIlVf:al1 Co.. WA
'53.5: 5/3 1/97 Ahove TinylOwn, Jdferson Co .. CO
53.6: S.:lme individual as 53.5
53.7: 815197 Nyl' Co .. NV
53.8: 7/29/98 M('sa Vt'nlc NP, MOntt'ZliTnil Co .. CO

55. I : 717197 Fort Collins, lilrimt:'r Co., CO

55.2: 6/12/97 Hoht'rf!s. Lah' Cu .. CA
'55.3: 4/10/98 Sa n Gahrid C.:lnyon. lOs Angeles Co .. CA
'55.4: 7fJ I 199 Campbell Blue River. Greenlet' Co .. AZ
55.5: 7122/92 TopvU!ec Pas.,>, Tt.'lOn Cu .• WY
55.6: 6/16/97 PurisimJ CH.'d Rt'dwunU Pr('!>t'rve. Stln M,'lcO Co .. CA
55.7: 7f'3 1/99 CJmptlel1131ut' Rivt'r. Grt'enit't' Co .• AZ
55.8: 7/3 1199 Cillllpl1l'11 Blut' Rivt'r. Greenlet' Co., AZ
55.9: 6/30/99 Marshall Gukh, M1. Lemmon. Pima Cu .. AZ
55. 10: 6/30/99 Milf5hall Gul('h. MI. Ll'mmon. Pim.:l Co .• AZ
55.11: 9/9197 Sawmill Canyon. Cochist· Co .. AZ
55. 12: SJml' individual as 7.9

57. 1: 6/20/99 MI. A~hIJnd.

Ja('kson Co .. OR
57. I: insl't. AMNH spt·cimen. 6/1/68 M<lYo LJkt'. Yukon
57.2: 5/30/97 Apex P<Hk. Jdft'rson Cu .. CO
57.3: March 1993 Tucson, AL Photo by Jim Brock
3 16 • PH OTO DATE S, LOCATI ONS AN D CR EDITS

57.4: 4 /9/98 Lucernl' Valll'Y. San Bt'rnardino Co .. CA

57.5: 4 /3/98 Ja(1Jmba, San Dil'go Co .. CA
57.6: 4 14 /98 Jat·u mha. San Dit-go Co., CA
57.7: 513 1/97 ahovt., 'rinytown. Jefferson Co .. CO
57.8: 4 / 23194 l.art.'nim Pa rk. Mineral Co .. WV
57.9: 6/2 1/99 nunhea:,t 01 Cresccrll City. Dc:! Norte Co., CA
57.10: 6/23/99 Spikt- Buck Meadow, Humboldl Co .. CA

59. J: 4/28/98 Vogel Flat. Big Tujunga Canyon. Los Angt'lt.':, Co .. CA

59.2: 3/ 1/98 Jacumh.1. San Diego Co .. CA
59.3: 4/27 /95 O' NdJl Regional Park. Trabuco Canyon. Orangt: Cn .. CA
59.4: 7124 /95 Car~un 1'a:'5. Alpi nt.' Cu., CA
59. 'i: 814/98 Osborn Mtn .. Sublt:'tt t, Co .• WY
59.6: 712 1/95 ('ast or Sonora Pa::;:,. Mono ClI .. CA
59.7: Junt' 1998. Golden Ga te Park. JeHcrson Co .. Co., Photo by Rick Cech
59.8: 5/ 10/98 Sandia Mtns., Bemallilu Cu .. NM
59.9: 4/8/95 Clark MIn .. San Bernardino Co .. CA
5').10: 3/3/98 50:'''(lrS Crossing. Anza-Born'go SP. San Diego Co.. CA
59.1 J : 3/4/98 Scissors Crossing, Anza -Borrego SP. San Diego Cu .. CA
59.12: 2/27/98 Plulll Canyon. Anza-Burrego 51'. San Diego Co.. CA
59. 13: 4/ 18/99 Assullpink WMA. Monmouth Co .. NJ
59.1 4: .. a me individual as 59.13
59.15: 4 /2/ 93 Gray .Ranch. Hidalgo Co .. NM. Photo b y Sleven J. Cary

61.0 1: 6117 /98 Dt:.'scanso. San Diego Co.. CA

61.01: inst' t. 6/1/99 Big Bl'nd NE TX
61.02: 9119/93 Am.:a-Borregu SP, CA
61.03: 9/25/99 Gmhen. Capl' May Cn .• N .)
61.04 : 7/ 14/93 Glazil'f AriJorclUm. N l'W Castle. Westchester Co .. NY
6 1.05: 717197 Wcslridgc Estates, Fort Collins. CO
61.06: 8/8/99 Elkhart Park, Pinedale. Subkllt' Co .. WY
61.07: 6 / 19 /98 Ridgt.' Ruute. Los Angdt·s Co., CA
61.08: 6117/98 Dco;:camo. San Di~goCo .. CA

63.0 L: 6/191'J9 Cecill'villc. Siskiyou Co .. CA

63.02: 7 /2 2/98 Hurricane Ridge. Olympic NP. WA
63.03: 8/5/97 Kingston Canyon. Lander Cn .. NV
63.04: 8/3/98 Gr~'(;'n Hivef Lakl's Trailhead. Subkt tc Co .. WY
63 .05: 8/ 1/00 Banff NP. Alberta. Canada. Ph{JIO by Ahm{'t Baytas
63.06: 7122/97 Plateau Mountain, Alberta. Canada
63 .07: 817197 Dar\a Meadows. YoSt'mite NP. CA
63.08: 7/27J98 Mt. Unml1lpahgre. liinsdale Co .. CO

65.0 1: 7119/97 Southeast or Pokbridgt·, Flatht'a d Co .. MT

65.02: 7 / 19 /97 Southeast or Polebridgl'. Flathead Co .. MT
 PHOTO DA TES , LOC ATIO NS AN D CRED ITS

65.03: Darby MT. PhOlo hy SIt;'vt'1l Kohler

65.04 : Darby MT. PhOI(1 hy SIt'Vc.'n Kohler
65.05: 8/3198 Grl·t;'11 Rivc.-r Lakc.-5trailhcad, Suhlent" Co., WY
65.06: 7/2}/92 YelJowslOnt: NP. W\'
65.07: 7/25/98 American Basin, 1 1.000 fL m.·ar l.lkc.' Cil),. Hinsdale Co., CO
65.08: 8/9/99 Snowy Range, 9900 fl. Carbon Co .. WY

67.0 1: 10/9/97 Gardt:n Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ

67.02: [0/26/95 La Gloria, Starr Co .. TX
67.0}: 6/ 11 /97 Pc'pperw()ou Prl'snvt:, ~anta Rusa. SonOm<l Co., CA
67.04: 6/17/97 Pom, San lub Obispu Co., CA
67.04: instAl. 6/ 1 1/97 Pt'rpt'Hv<'lnd Prest'rve, Santa Rosa. Sonoma Co .. CA. In night
67.05: 6/11/97 P<.'Plwrwood Pr<.'5c'rVl'. Santa Rosa, Sonoma Co., CA
67.06: 9/23/9821 Illiles Ilnrlh (If Dt:l Rio, Val Verde Co .. TX
67.06: inst'!. IO/2}/99 5.lllla Ana NWR, Hidalgo Cn., TX. Cwght hy an ambush bug
67.07: 2/6/956 miJn south of Mismaloya. Jalisco, Mt;'xito
67.08: 10/26/91 Missioll, Hjdalgo Co .. TX

69.0 1: 9/23/9821 miles l10rth of Dd Rio. Val Verde Co., TX

69.01: iml"t. 10/27/96 La Joya, Starr Co., TX. Road-killetl
69.02: 10/9/97 Sawmill Can}'nn, Cochise Co .. AZ
69.0}: }/22/94 Kl'ndall, Dadt' Co .. FL
69.03: insl:1. 3/26/90 SOIlIh Miami, Dade Co., FL
69.04: 9/29/98 J1II1(,I, Val Vt::rde Cu., TX
69.05: I O/16/9Y Santa Ana NWR , Hidalgo Co .. TX
69.06: 10116/99 Santa Ana NWR. l-lidal1!(1 Cn., TX
69.06: inSl't. 101 14 /94 Ro ma. Slarr Co., TX

7 1.0 1: 10/9/97 Gardell Canyon, Cochise Co .. AZ

71.02: A/29/99 1\>1c.:'lhodisl Thickt'l, Wt'slaco, Hidalgo Co., TX
71.03: 9/23/lJ8 2 1 miles north of Dd Rio, Val Verde Co., TX
71.03: in<;t!I. I 0/25/99NonhufHargill, Hidalgo Co., TX
71.04: 10/20/99 Amislad National RtT. Area, Val Verde Co., TX
71.04: in::.(:'1. 6/1 Rl96 Braw!> Bt::lld Sf. Fort Bend Co., TX
71.05: 10/14/94 Pl:iiita s, Hidal~o Co., TX
71.06: 10 /27/95 ~a ll ta Ana NWR, Hidalgo Cll., TX
71.07: I 0/2}N9 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co., TX
71.07: lnsl'1. 1119/97 Calt.:'mac(). Vl'raCTuz, Mexico
7 1.08: )/ 19194 Gainl'svillc, Alachua Cn .• FL

73.01: 9/23/9R 20 milt.'S north of De] Rio, Val Vt-rde Co .. TX

73.02: 9/27/98 La,!o(lIna McadnwTrail. Big Bend NP. TX
73.02: ins!.'£. 9/23/9820 miles north of Del Rio. Val Verde Co, TX
73.03: 9/27/9R 20 mile.:s north of Del Rio, Val Verdl Co .. TX
3

73.04: 10/9/97 Saw Mill Can}'on. Cochise Co., AZ

318 • PHOTO OATES , LOC ATI ONS AND CRED ITS

73.05: 10/9/97 Garden Canyon. Cochi <.; t' Co ., AZ

73.06: 5/23 /94 Baller Camp. Miami - Dade Co ., FL
73 .07: 5120/ 94 Bauer Camp, Miami - Datil' Cu., FL
73.08: 4 / 30 /98 Sonoita, Sanla Cruz Co., AZ
73.08: inset 11 / 13/99 South of Cd. Vicloria, Tamps .. Mt:xico

75.01: 717197 Fossil Crt:l'k, Fort Collins. Lariml't' Co" CO

75.02: 717/97 Fossil Crl'l'k. Fml Collins. Lariml'l' CIl .. CO
75.02: ins{'l. 717197 Fllssil Cr(·ek. FOri CClllins, Larimer Co .. CO
75.03: 71 I R/95 Crane Flm, Yoscmite NP, CA
75.03: inset. 7/15197 Wesl Glacier, Flalhead Co., MT
75.04: 7 /22 195 WeSI o f Son(lra Pass, Tuolullllll' Co .• CA
75.05: 6 /20 /97 Minl'S Rd . Alameda Co., CA
75.05: insc1. 4 /22 /95 Sanla Clarila Valley, Los Angel('s Cu .. CA
75.06: Same individual as 75.05 inset
75.07: 7123 192 Yl'Ilowslont' NP. WY
75.08: 6/12/97 Middll'lo\,\·n. Lake Co .. CA

77.0 1: 7130/94 Roan Min .. Carter Cn., TN

77 .02: Soulhca~t of Chief Min . C'llIrance 10 Glader NP. MT
77.03 : 7/23/95 Niagara Creck RlI .. TlIolllmn~ Co., CA
77.03: insc:t. 7 / 21 197 Cartlww Ridge, Waterlon NP. Alht'na
77 .04: 8 /4 /98 Oshorm' Min .• SlIbll'11c Co., \'ltV
77 .05 : 7 /20/95 Ll'l' Vining, Mo no Co .. CA
77 .06: 7 /22 /92 TogWOIl'L' Pass, Teton Co., WV
77 .07 : 6 /21/97 Mines RlI. , Alalllt'da Co., CA
77 .08 : 6120/ 97 Mines Rd" Alamt'da C(I" CA

79.0J: 6119/97 Chew's Ridge, Monterey Co" CA

79.02 : 6119/99 Cecilevil\t,. Sjskiyou Co., CA
79.03: 7/3/96 Dakota Dunes, Ullion Co" SD
79.04: 6/ 19/99 Ccdleville, Siskiyou Co .. C/\
79.05 : 6 / 12 /94 Descanso, San Diego Co .. CA . Phou.l hy Jack N. Levy
79.06: 7 /2 /96 Pipestone Nalional Monuml' lll. Pipeston.e Cn .. MN
79.07: June 1993, Ill'ar Des(:anso, San Oicgo Co" CA . Photo by Jack N. Levy
79.08: 6/ 5/ 90 Middle Creck WMA. lan(:aSlcl' Co., PA

8 1.01: 7130/99 Big Lake:' Rd .. Alpine. Apache Co .. AZ

8 1.02: 7121/951 mile eaSt of Devil'~ Gale Pass, M ono Co .. CA
81.03: 8/8/99 Pinedal{:, Suj,lctte Co., WV
8 1.04: 8/6/99 Pinedale, Sublelle Co :, \-vy
81.05: 81219710 miles north of Bridgeport, Monn Co .. CA
8 1.06: 8/1/98 Pinedait', Sublelte Cn., WV
8 1.07: 712197 Apt'x Park, .Jefferson Co .. CO
81.07: insl't. 5/ 30 /97. Apex Park, Jefft:'rson Co., CO
Sl.08: 7117 /98 Winthrop, Okanogan Co., WA
 PHOTO DATES , LOCATIONS AN D CRED ITS •

83.01: 7/ 17/98 Bt.'low Hart's Pass. Okano~an Co .. WA

Bl.02: B/6/99 Bondurant. Suhlcuc Co" WY
R3.03: 7/17/98 Bt:low Hart's Pass, O"anugan Co., WA
81.04: 7/21/95 West or Sonora Pass. Tuolmnne Co., CA
8'3.05: 7118/97 We .. t Glacier, Flathead Co., MT
83.06: 7/ 18/97 Wtc'st GlacilT. Flathead Co .. i\lT
83.07: 7 / 27/98 MI. Uncompahgre. Hinsdale Co., CO
83.08: 7/20191 Tugwoll'e Pa ss. TelUll Co .. WY
83.09: 7/21/98 lIurriCilllL' R id~e. Olympic NP. WA
83.10: 7/22/95. NiilJ.;ara Rd .. Tuolonlnc Co., CA

85.01: 9/26/1)8 Chiso:-. Ba<;in. Bib t:lend NP. TX

85.02: 9/2 4 /9 4 Gailll'sville, AI<lchua Co .• FL
85.03: 7/28/98 Mt'''a Vl'nk NP. Montezuma Co .. CO
85.04 : '\Jme ineJividllJI.1S B'LO}
85 .05: 7/18/9') (r'II)(, Fla t, YO"it,:mitc NP. CA
85.06: 6112/97 R. L. S ll'vcmOl1 SP, Naj"1<l Co .. CA

87.01: 6/9/95 WJ}!tlllL'f. Wat-:tlllcr CI).. OK

87.02: 717 /97 W •.:slfid~e ESlillc). Fort Collins. Larir}lcr Co.. CO
87.01: 712197 Ape).. P.uk. Jclfer;on Co .. CO
87.04: 7/29/98 Ml·...l Wnk NP. MonlC.'/l/mol Co.. CO
87.04: inSl'1. 6/3/85 27 mill'S SOllth of Jla}'clc'n. Rill Blanco Co .. Co .. Photo by Paul A.
Oplt'r
87.0'): 6/25/88 Ruck Crc.:t.'k Park FI Paso Co .. CO
87.06: 7/2197 Apex Par". Jdkr<;on Cn .. CO

89.01: f,/2/97 S(lIIorol Pa~!> . TUtI[onlllne 0) .. CA

89 .02 : 7/1/94 Chapp,,1l\Ua. Wl')ICh csll·rCo .. NY
89.03: 7/20/95 Lt·c Vining. Muno Co .. CA
89.04: 6/25/88 Rock Crce" Park. EI P<lSV Cu .• CO
89.0'): 7119/98 Blac" Canyon. O"anogan Cn .. WA
89.06: 6/20/97 Mines Rd .. Alameda Co .. CA

91.01: 711 }/92 MI. Zion, Jdferson Co .. CO

91 .02: 6/17/98 Ol'ScanS(), San Dj("~o Co .. CA
91.03 : 6121197 Mim" Rd .• AI.:Imed.:l Co.. CA
91.04: 5/24/996 miles '<Illi h of Glnht:, Gi la Co .. AZ
91.05: 5/28/99 Ml'Killrick Canron , G\lada lupe Moun tain .. NP. TX
91 .06: 6/22/X9 Ward p(lulld Ridge Reserva tion , We\ lche!>terCtI .. NY

93.0 1: 4 /21/95 San Gabrit'l Canyon, Los Angdcs Co., C A

93.0 I : ins(>t. 6/27/9 1 MI. Zion, Jefferson Co .. CO
93.02: 7/3/8 1 IHlrth of Rose Peak, Greenlee Co .. AZ. Pholo b)' Jim Brock
93.0'3: 5/29/91 Norl h Rt'ach, San Francisco. CA. Photo by Bob Stewa n
93.04: 7/22/95 Sonora Pass. l\lo\uITInt' Co .. CA
320 • PHOTO OATES, LOCATIO NS AN O CREOITS

93.05: 3/ 19/97 nonhwcst of Goodsp rings. Clark Co .. NV. Photo hy Jim Brock
93.06: 5/3 1/97 ilbove Tiny town , Jefferson Cu., CO
93.07: 5/1/98 Gardell Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
93.08 : 51 J 198 Gardcn Cilnyan, Cochise Co .. AZ

95.0 1: 5/1/98 Gard~n Ca nyon, Cochist: Co., AZ

95.02: 717191 ChClppaQua, Westchester Co., NY
95.03: 5/ 10/98 Juan Tabu Rec. Area, Sandia Mill::,., Bernallilo Co .. NM
95.04: 5/30/99 Pint:' Canyon Trail. Big Bend NP. TX
95.05: 10/25/93 Hargill, Hidalgo Cu., TX
95.06: Adult eme rged 6/2/81 from cat~ rpillilr collected 4 milt:s c. o f S}'GllnOrl' Ctlnyon.
Santa Cru7 Co .. AZ. photo by Sleven J. Prchal. Sonnran Anilropod Siudic<;
Institute

97.0 I : 6/22199 Bald Hill Rd ., Humholdt Co .. CA

97.0 I: inSt:!. 6 / 18/99 Mount Ashland, Jackson Cu., OR
97.02: 2/9/90 ex ova, Vernon, BC, Canada. PholO by Cns Guppy
97.02: inse!. 6 /29/97 M ines Rd., AlaOledil Co .. CA
97.03: 2 / 28/98 Plum Canyon. Am·.J-BorTcgo SP, San Diego Co., CA
97.04: 3/ 27 /96 Otay Mountain . San Dit:go Co .. CA. Photo hy Jark N. Levy
97.05: 7 / 1199 MoullI Lemmon, Pima Cu., AZ
97.06: 7 122195 Niagam Cn.'d Rd .. Tu(llomnc: C{l .. C/\

99.0 1: 6 / 17198 Descansu. San Dkgo Co., CA

99.02: 6119 /98 Ridge Route, Los Angdl'<; Co .. CA
99.03: 3/27194. Reecer Canyon. Ellensb urg. Killilas CO .. WA . Photo by Davi(t NUllnalte~
99.04: 6 / 23/99 Spikebuck Meadow. Humboldt Cu .. CA
99.05: 4 /24/94 Larenim Park , Mineral Co .. WV
99 .06: 5/3 1/ 97 ilbove Tiny town, Jefferson Co .. CO
99.07: 4 /8/98 Clark Mounlain. San Bernimlino Co .. CA
99.08: 6/23/99 Spikebuck Meadow, Humho ld l Co .. CA

101.01: 513/98 California Gukh, Santa Cruz CO .. AZ

101.02: 3/15/88 EI M o rro, Margarita I:. lan(1, Vl'nc.:J.:ue la
101.03: 1/21/93. San Jose Vista Herm osa, Oaxaca, Mexicu
10 1.04: 11/ 18/98 Pei'iitilS, Hidalgo Co., TX
101.05 : 3/21/98 Bilhia San Carlos, Sonora, Mt;xicl). PhOto by Jim Bruck
10 1.06: Il/ l /9 9 San Jose de Pimas. Sonora. Ml·XjCO. Pilo1() hy PriScilla Bn)(lkin

101.01: 8/8/97 Jackson Slough, Sacra memo Co .. CA

103.02: 8/8/97 Jackson Slough, Sacra menlO Co., CA
103 .03: 7119198 Wack Canyo n. Okanogan Co., WA
103.04 : 7/8/97 West ridge Estates, Fort Co llin s, Larimer Co., CO
103.05: 9/ 13/93 Avalon, Sanra Catalina Island, Los An~dl:s Co .. CA
103.06: l2 /17199soll lh !lfCd. Victoria. Tamps., Mt'xim
 PHOTO DATES , LOCATIO NS AN D CREDITS • 3

105 .0 1: IU / 19/99 Ami'>lad Nat l. Rcc. An:a. Val Verde Co .. TX

t05 .02: IU/21/93 Rul1la, Sta rr Co .. TX
105.01: Ad ull enH:'rget.l J line 11)99. rcared from an t'gg coll ected mid April, 1999. Landa
Park. N~ w Braun fel s. Coma I Cn .. TX . Photo by Jdf Sintten
to5.04: Man.h 19\)8 Tt'p{lca. Sonora. Mt·xiC\l. Photo by Jim Brock
105 .05: 111 /92. Rtc. 134, Guerreru, Mcxko
105.06: 2/23/98. Oahu. Hawaii

107.0 I : 913/97 Sie rra Picachos. MI!nIt'rn:y, NUl' VI) Lnm, Mexico
107.02: 6/ 17/97 Pn:tn. ~an Luis Ohispo Co., CA
107.01: 8/ 11 /89, Wilcox Playa. Cochisl' Co .. AZ
107.04 : 8/4 /9 9 Mar~hall Gulch. Mt. Lemmun, Pima Co .. AZ
107.05: 9/ 13/93 Avalon. Sanla Ca talina Island, Los Angl'le<; Co" CA
107.06: 7/29/ 98 Ml' ~a Vert.lc NP, MOrHe71zma Co .. CO
107.07: 6/ 16 /98 Df'~can~n. S;lll Diego en .. CA
107 .08: 6116/98 Descanso. San Di ego Co .. CA
107.09: 6/ 17/98 Dl'scanso. Sa n Diego C()., CA
107 . 10: 9/ 16/93 Moron).!o Vallt-y, San lkrnardino Co., CA
107. 11 : 9121/98 Dd Rill, Val Verde Co., TX
107 . 12: 9/23/98 Dd Rio, Val Vt'fut.' Cu., TX

109.0l : 6/23/99 Spikebuck Mcadow. Humbo ldl Co .. CA

109 .02: 5/ 13 /96 ReslOn, Fairfax Co., VA
109.03: 611 0/97 Apn( Park. J effe r~on Co .. CO
J 09.04: 7/29/9 4 Blowing Rock. Watauga Cn .• NC

109.05: 7/6/97 Rabhil Ea T~ Pass. RnUl1 Co., CO

109.06: 6/24/99 Sayler. Trinity Co .. CA
109.07: 3/ 19/94 In- Ko- Pah Gorge, Impt'ria l Co., CA. PIlI>!o by Jack N. Ll'VY
1fl9.()7: in~el. 5/2/95 near Bt'atly. Nyt:' Cu., NV. PhnlO by J im Brock
109.08: 12 / 11199 sOllth o f Cd. Victoria, Tamps., Me xicu

I (1 .0 1: 7/1/99 Ma rsha ll Gulch, Mt. It'mmnn, Pim., Co .. AZ

I 11 .0 I: insl't. 6/ 14 /97 Tildt'n Park. Contra Costa Co .. CA
Ill. 02: 6/ 16/97 Ourlt'igh Murray SP, San Matt.'o Co .. CA
111 .01: 4 /20/94 Jamesburg, Middksex Co., NJ
111.04 : 6110/97 Apex Park. Jefferson Cn., CO
111 .05: Sanll' individual <IS 111.04
111 .06: 2/27/98 Plulll CanY{ln, Anza-Borregu SP. Sa n Diego Co .. CA
I J 1.07: 2/27/98 PlullJ Canyon, Anla -Burrt:'go Sp. San Diego Cu., CA
111. 08: 2/28/98 Pl um Canyon, Anza-Borrego SP. San Dit'go Co., CA

113.0 1: 817197 Gaylor La kt:''i Trail. Yosemill' NP. CA

11) .02: 6121198 Ca rlisle Rd .. Vt:'lllura Co., CA
I 13.01: 6/ 15/98 Dt:~('am(),
Sa n Dkgo Co .. CA
11'3 .04 : 6/21198Carlislc Rd .. VClHura Co .. CA
322 • PHOTO DATES , LOCATI ONS AND CREDITS

I 11.05: 4/ 18/97 ro..1d to Gi lroy Canyon. San BernanJinl1 Co., CA PhOl\1 by Jack N.
Levy
I 13.u6: 7/3 1/99 soulhwt'st of Ea~ar. Apache Co .. AZ
11 3.07: 7/3 1/99 sou t hwest of Ea~ar, Arach(' Co., AZ
I 13.08: 8/ 1/99 SUlllhw/:'SI 11£ Eagar. Apache Co.. AZ

115 .0 ) : 7/8/97 Apex Park. Jellerson Co .. CO

1 15,02: 71RI97 Apex Park, Jefferson Co.. CO
115 .03: 7/21/95 t'aSl of Selllora Pas<;, f...lolloCo.. CA
1 15.04: 6/22/99 BJld Hill Rd, Humboldt Co .. CA
11 S.05: 4121/95 Boh's Ga p, Los Angdt's Co .. CA
11 5.06: 6/22/99 Bald Hill Rd .. Humboldt Co .. CA
I 15.07: 9/ 19/93 SeTltl'n<Jc Canyon. Am..a-Borrego SP. Sa n Diego Co .. CA
11 5.0S: 6122199 Bald Hill Rd .. Humbolot Co., CA

11 7,0 I : X/I0/99 Rock port. Wel d Co .. CO

117.02: same imtivioll al as 117.0 I
117.02 : in<;cl. 9/ 11 /99 nonh of Pmadise, Cochise Co .. AZ. photo hy Jim Brock
117.03: 9/13/99 north of Paradise. (ochi<;t;' Co .. AZ. Photo by Jim Brock
J 17.04: 8/4 /97 E<;Jlleralda Co., NV
11 7.05: nr. (illnt'va. Las<;cn Cu .. CA. PholO by John Emmel
I 17.06: 7/29/98 OlIVe Crcck. Dn l ort'~ Co., CO
J 17.07: 7/29/98 Dove Crt't'k. Dolurt's Co .. CO
I 17.08: 7/29/98 Dove Crt'ek, Dolort's Co .. CO

I 19.0 I : 6/ 1/97 soulhl'asl of Aurora. Arapahoe Co" CO

11 9.02: 712197 Apex Park, It'rrcrson Co.. CO
119.03: 4 /28/95 VogC?"1 Flat. Bi!! Tujunga Canyon. los Angt'le .. Co .. CA
11 9.04 : 4 /28/95 V(lJ!(' I I~ l at. nil! Tujunga Canyon. Los Angeles Co .. CA
1 19.05: 1/ 1/98 Jacumba . San Oiego Co., CA
119.06: 611 0/97 Apex Park. Jefkrson Co .• CO
1 19.07: 6/18199 Mt. Ashla nd. Jackson Co .• OR
11 9.08: 4/2 1/95 Sail Gahrid Ca n yon. Los Angeles Ct) .. CA

121.0 I : 7/23/95 Sonora Pas!>. Tuolumne Co .. CA

12 1. 02: 6/1/97 soullwasl of Aurora. Arapahoe Co., CO
12 1.03: Mt. Pinos. Ventura Co" CA
121.03: in~et, 7/ 17/97 Brown i nf."l. Glacier Co .. MT
121.04 : 6/2/97 Elbt'rt. Elbert Co .. CO
121,04: inse l. 6/ 18198 Mt. Pi nos. Ventura Co .. CA
121.05: 6/16/99 nonht'il<;1 of Crescent Cit)', Del Norte Co .. CA
12 1.06: 7/22/92 TogwOIet' Pa~<;. Te ton Co .. WY
12 1.06: inset. 7122/98 Dcer Park. Olympic NP, WA
121.07: 7118/95 Crant' Flat, Yost' mite NP. CA
12 1.08: 6/2 1/99 nurtheast u f Crescent City. Del Norte CIL. CA
 PHOTO DATES , LOCATIO NS A ND CREDITS

123 .0 1: 7/191'-)8 Black Canyoll, Okallogan ClI., WA

123.02: 7/19/97 Pokbridjo:l', Flathead C(l., MT
123.03: 7119/97 Poh;'hridge, Flathead Co., MT
12 3.04: 7/23/9'5 Niagara Crt:ek Rd., Tuolumne Co., CA
123.04: inse\. 7/19/98 Black Canyoll. Okanogan Co .. WA
12 3.05: 8/ 1/97 Sonora Pa"s, Tuolnlllne Co .. CA
123.06: 612197 Elhl·rt, EIDert Co., CO
12 3.06: iuse!. 8/ 1/97 SOllora Pass, Tu~)loml1l' Co., CA
123 .07: 612/97 EIDt:rt. Elht'fl Co., CO
123.0f\: 6110/97 Apex Park , Jefferson Cn .. CO

12 5.01: bl20NS Ot:'scansu. San Diego Co., CA

125 .02: 4/21195 San Gahrid Canyon. Los Angl'll-s Co., CA
I 25.03: 711 9/95 Yost'm itt' N P. CA
12 5.04: 517198 sou lh orG lll\}l', Gila Co., AZ
125.05: 4/21/95 San Gahrk l Canyon, Los Angele.. Cll., CA
125.06: 6119/9$ Ridgt· Route. Los Ange le ~ Co., CA
125 .07: 4/22/95 Santa Clarila VaHey, Los Angt'les Co .. CA
125 .08: 4/22 /95 Santa Clarila Valky. Los Angeles Co., CA
125.09: 6/18/98 MI. Pinos, Ventura Cn., CA
125. 10: 6/ 18/9811.11. Pinos, Ventura Co., CA

127.0 1: 7/21198 Hurricane Ridge, Olympic NP, WA

J27.02 : 817197 mad ttl Saddlcbag Lake, Mono Co., CA
127.03 : 7/ [ 8/95 Tamarack Flal, Yosemite NP, CA
127.04: 813/97 Tuolumne Mt:adows, Yost'mile Np, CA
127 .05: 713 1/99 Saddle bag Lake, Mono Co., CA. Posed photo by Jack N. Levy
1,27.06: 817197 above Tioga Pass, Yosemite NP, CA
127.07: R/6/97 Campilo MIn., Muno Co., CA
J27.08: 8/6/97 Campiw Min. Mono Co., CA

129.01: 8/4/96 San Pedro Riparian Area, Sierra Vista, AZ

129.02: 813199 Box Canyon, Sanla Cmz Co., AZ
129.03: 2/28/98 Plum Canyon. Anza-13orrc:go SP. San Dic::go Co., CA
129.04: 10122193 Wl'st of Roma, Slarr Co., TX
129.05: 1012 1/93 Roma. Slarr Co" TX
129.06: 10129193 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Cll., TX
129.07: 10119/93 Santa Ana NWR , Hidalgo Co., TX
129.08; 101 J 4/94 Mis~i(lI1, Hidalgo Co., TX

131.01 : 8/2/96 Gar<ll.·11 Canyon. Cochise Co .• AZ

13 [.02: 8/2/96 Gardt'll Canyon. Cochise Co .. AZ
[ 3 1.03: 4130 /98 Palagunia. Santa Cruz Co .. AZ
131.04: 8/ 17/89 Madera Canyon, Santa Crul. Co" AZ
131.05: 8/ 15/89 Box Can}'On, Pima Co., AZ
324 • PHOTO DA TES , LOCA TIONS AN D CREDITS

131 .06: 817186 Trinidad rvtine, near Santa Ro!>a, Sonora, Mell.. Pho{(l by Jim Brock
111 .07: 7/ 1/99 M L Lemmon. Pima Co., AZ
131.08: 6/27/91 Mt. Zion, Jefferson Co .. CO
131.09: 5/29/99 Big Bend NP. TX
131.10: 5/29/99 Bi~ Bend NP. TX

l33.01: 9/12/93 Devil's Punchbowl. SW. (11 Palmdak. CA

133.02: 91) 5/93 LA Cresll-lwy., San Gahriel MillS .. CA
133.03: 4/23/95 Adelanto, San Bernardino Co., CA
133.04 : 8/ 19/96 Palagonia, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
133.05: 8/9/96 Box Callynn, Pima Co" AZ
133.06 : 9/26/98 Big Bend N P, TX
133.07: 8/3/96 San Pedro River, Sierra Vista. Cnchise Co .. AZ
133.08: 9/26/9f!, Chis()s Basin. Big Bend NP. TX
I 33 .09: 9/19/93 Sentenac Canyon. Anza-Horrego $P.CA
133 . 10: 8/22/98 Rt. 16. km 255, Sonora. M('xico. photo hy Jim Brock

135.01: 9/23/98 north of Del Hio, Val Verde Co. , TX

135.02: 9/27/98 Chisos Ba si n, Big Bend NP. TX
135.03: 9 /23/ 98 mIrth 01 De l Rio, Val Verde Cn .. TX
135.04: 10/2S/99 Sama An NWR, Hidalgo Co., TX
135.05: 517198 sOltlh nf Globt', Gila Co., AZ
135.06: 8/ 11 /96 Cando HUb Cien~a, Sanla Cru7 Co .. AZ
135 .07: IO/26/9R Roma. $ larrC(l., TX
135.08: 10/24 /9 4 P{:niTaS, Hidalgo Co .. TX

13 7.0 1: 811/99 Cam pbell Blue River, Greenlee Co., Al

137.02: same individual as 137.01
137.03 : 7/2 4 /97 West Glacier. Flathead Co .. MT
137.0) : inset. 6113/95 Barry Co., MO
13 7 .0 3: inset. 6/13/95 Barry Co., MO
137.04 : 7118/97 West Glacier. FlaThead Co., MT
137.05: 8/2/97 easl of Brid~epon, Muno Co .. CA
137.06: 8/2/97 same individual as 1.3 7.05
137.07: 8/8/97 Eagle Creek Rd., Tunlomne Co., CA
117 .08: 7/25/97 We sl Glacier. Flal head Co., MT

139.0 J : 6/1 J 195 Prairie SP. Barlon Co., Missouri

139.02: same individual as 139.01
139.03: 8/5/98 Vi r~ill ja Da l(', Larimer Co .. CO
139.04 : 8/ 17/93 Fort Indiantown Gap. Lehanon Co .. PA
139.05: 8/5/97 Kingstnn Canyon, Lander Co .. NV
139.06: same individual as 139.03
139.07: 8/2/98 San Bernardinu Mlns .. San Bernardinu ell .. CA. pholo by Jad, N. Levy
139.08: 617197 San Bernardino Mtns., San Bernardino Co .. CA . Photo hy .lack N. Levy
 PHOTO DATES, LOCATI ONS AN D CRED ITS

J 41.0 I: 717/97 Wt'slridge E"la l (,~. F(lri Collins. Larimer Co., CO

14 1.0 1: lop inse!. Salllt: in dividual
J 4 I .0 I: honum in<;(·I. 7!7 197 Fori Co llim. Larimer Co .. CO
141.02 : 8/5/98 Vir~ini.:l Dale. Larimer Co., CO
141.0}: 7/2/97 Apl'X Park, Jdft-rsoll Co., CO
141.03: imet. 5<1 me individual
141.04: 7/15192 Rod,. y M lilIniain NP. CO
141. U5: 7/5/97 Rahhit Ear!; Pa:.~. ROUIl Co .. CO
14\.06: 7/25/97 Wesl Glacier. Fla l head Co .. MT
141.07: 7/3 1/99 Ca mphdl Hltlt, Rivc~T. Gn'cn lt'€' Co., AZ
14 1.08: sa ntt' i ntiividua l a.. 14 I .07

14J.O I : 7125/95 Hi!! Tret's PJrk Ca lav!;'ra:, Co .. CA

14}.0 1: inse!. 7119/98 Blad Ca nyon . Okanogall Cn., WA
14}.02: 7/22/95 Nia).!ara Crl't'k Rd., Tu()lomne Co .. CA
14 }.O}: 6/19/99 Ceci levi II!:', Si.,kiyou C(l .. CA
1 4 ~.04: 7116/97 Rabbi1 Ears Pa~:,. Rou t! Co., CO

14 3.0';: 7/21/95l'asl 01 Dcvil's Galt· Pa s~. Mono Co., CA

143.(J6: 7/ 19 / f )8 Black C.l nyoll . Okanogan CO" WA
143.07: 7/6/97 Rahhit EM<; Pa ..... ROllI! Cn .. CO
14} .08: 8/5/97 Killgs tcln Ca llY(II} , Landl'r Co.. NV

145 .0 1: 6/6/97 sOllih of Fl nn'nee:, Frt:mo llt Co .. CO

145 .02: 6/ 14/9X MI. undo. Jdlef"'\oll Co .. CO
145.03: 7 113 / 92 MI. Zion .. Jl'ffl'rsoll Co ., CO
145.04: 6/10/97 Ap~x Pa rk Jdkrs(JIl Co.. CO
14 5.05: 611 9 /99 Ct'ci!eviJlc.:, Siskiyou Co .. CA
14 5.06: 6119/99 Ct'cilL'vilk. Siskiyou Cn .. CA
145.07: 6/14/97 Mt. Oiahln .. ummil. Co nt ra Costa Co .. CA
145 .01:1 : 4 /26/9') Dictionary Hill. San Diego Co., CA

147.01: 7/'i197 Rabbi l Ean. Pa .. ~, Roull Co .. CO

147. 02: 7118/97 HlIn~I)' I-I()r~e, Fl iulll:ad Co .. MT
147.03: 7 11 2/00 Sllowbird. 11 000 It .. Sa il Lakt' Co .. UT
147.04: 71 1p,f92 S i nk~ Can~'oll Lovp Rd ., near La ndn. Fr('mont Co .. WY
147.0'i: 7124/95I)orrinJ,.:tnn , Ca lwra!i Co .. CA
147.06: 6112197 no~gs Min . SF. L:1k(' Cu .. CA
147.07: 6/ 19/97 Cht'w'~ Ridge. MUllIcn'y Co .. CA
147 .08: 6/ 19/97 Ch ew 'S Rid~e. M()n1~rt·y Co .. CA

149.0 1: 7/27/98 Mt. Uncompahgre, Hio!>ciale Co" CO

149.02: 7127/98 Mt. Uncompa hgre. Hinsdale Co .. CO
149.03: 8/8/99 Elkh art Park , l1('ar Pint:dak. Sublcllt' Co .. WY
149.04 : 812/98 Pincdalt'. Subll'ttt' Co" WY
149.05: 8/8/97 Ea~1e Mt'atlow Rd .. Tuolomne Co .. CA
326 • PH OTO DATES, LOCATIONS AN D CRED ITS

149.06: same individual as 149.05

14 9.07: 7130199 Big Lake Rd., nr. Alpine. Apache Cu., AZ
149.08: 7/20/00 Lamoille Canyun, 10,000 rt .. Rub~' MIIl~ .. EI}"o CO.NY

1 51.01: 6/ 13/93 nOrTheast of Errol. NH

151.02: 7/25/92 BearTo(Jlh Ridge, Park Co., WY
151.03: 7119/97 southeast 01 Polehridge, Flathead Co., MT
15 1.04: 7/ 1R/97 MeGee Meadow, Glacier NP, MT
15 1. 05: 6/25/90 Wt'slcht'~tt'r Co., NY
15 1.06: 7/30/94 Roan Mountain, CarierCo .. TN
151.07: 6/ 16/99 nonheast of Creseem City, Del None Co .. CA
151.08: same individual as 15 J .07

153.01: Ma}' 198 1 Kalavella Bog. CarlTon Co., MN. Photo hy Oavid H. Ahrenhol7
153.02: 5/2 1/98 Gliddell. WI. Photo by Ann B. Swengel
153.03: 6/4/97 allove Fairplay, Park Co .. CO
153.04: 6/4/97 above Fairplay, Park Co., CO
\53.05: 7/26/97 Red Cloud Mm .. near Lake Citro Hinsda le Co .. CO
153.06: 7/26/98 Red Cloud Min. , Ilt'ar Lake City, Hin ... dak Co .. CO
\53.07: 7/22/92 Togwotec Pa ss, TClOll Co., WY
153.08: 7/24/92 Beartooth Ridgt', Park Co .. WY

155.01: 8/4/98 Osborne Mill., Sliblelle Co., WY

155 .02: 8/4/98 Osborne Min., Sul>lellt' Co., WY
155.03: 7/22/97 WaTerlon P<lfk, Alberta
J 55.04: 817/99 Vliale Lake. Sublt'lIt' Co .. wy
155.05: AMNH specimen.7/27175 Pla leau Mm .. Alocna
155.06: AMNH specimen. 7/22175 Plalt'au MIn., Alberta
\ 55.07: AMN I·! specimen. 7/26175 Plaleau Mm., Alberta
155.08: AM NI [ specimen . 7/22175 Plaleau Mtn., Albc:rta

157.0 I: 3/2/98 Anza-Borrego S.P. San Diego Co .. CA

157.02: 2/28/98 Anza-l3orrego SP, San Diego Co ., CA
157.03: 10/29/96 La Gloria, StJrr Co., TX
157.04: 10110/98 Weslaco. Hidalgo Co., TX
157.05: 9/ 18/93 Parker, Yuma Co., AZ
157 .06: 7/29/99 Garden Canyon. Cochhc Co., AZ
157.07: 5/ 14/98 Aguirre Springs Nail. Rec. Art'a, Dona Ana Cn., NM
157.08: 5/ 14/9R Agu irre Springs NaiL Rec. Area, Oona Ana Co., NM

159.0 1: 9/3/9$ Sierra Picachos, Nuevo Leon.. Me>:i(o

159.02: 1/4 /92 Atoyac. Guerrero. Mexico
159.03: 9/3/99 La ESI31lzueia Park, Mont('rr('~', Nu evo Leon. Mexico
159.04: same individual as 159.03
159.05: 10/31/96 Hargill. Hidalgo Co., TX
 PHOTO DATES, LOCATI ONS AND CREDITS

159.06: \amt' individual a;; 159.05

159.07: 10/29/91) La Gloria. Starr Co., TX
159.0S: 10 /29/96 La Gloria, Sta r{ CO., TX

16 1. 01: 8/9/96 Box Canynn. Santa Cruz Co., AZ

16 1.02: 8 19 /9 6 I'a lagull ia. San ta Cruz Co .. AZ
16 1.03: 8 16/96 Pa .aE:IHlia. San ta Cruz Co.. AZ
16 1.04: 9/23/98 non h uf Del Rio, Val Vt-rdt: Co .. TX
161 .05: 4 /30/98 nOrlh of Sonoita. Santa Cruz Cn .. AZ
161.06: 7/ 15/92 Rocky Mountain Np, CO
161.(J7: 5112/98 David Hill. Harding Co .. NM
16 1.08: samt' individual as 16 1.07

163.{) I : 811 5/89 Box Canyon , Pima Co., AZ

163.02: 8/ 15/89 no n h of Dc:! Rio. Val Verde Co .. TX
16 J.03: 511/98 Ga rden Ca n yon. Cochbe Co .. AZ
163.04: 8/ 15/89 Bux Canyon. Pima Co .• AZ
1()) .05: 5/29/99 Chis!)c; Basin, Bh: 8c:nd NI~ TX
163.06: 9/27/98 Chbos Basin . Bi~ lJen d NP. TX
16J.07: 9/2.71')8 Ch ic;oc; Ba'in. Big Bend NP, TX
16) .08; 9/27/98 Ch isos Ba$in. Big Bend NP. TX

165.0 1: 6/19/99 Cedh:,vil il'. Shkiyou Co .. CA

165J)2: 6112/97 R.L. Stev{' nc;on SJ~ Na pa Co., CA
165.03: 4/9/98 Lucerne Valley. San Ikrnardino Co .. CA
165.04: 4/9/98 Lu('erne VaJll'Y. San Bernardino Co., CA
165.05: 4/)0/98 nonh of Sonoi la. Santa Cru z Co., AZ
165.06: 8/6f1J6 Grump Hill. Cochi.w Co.. AZ
I (l 5.06: ins!:'t. 511 O/9R Sand ia Mlns. Bt'rnallilo CO.. NM
16'i.07: Rl2/96 Garrl~n Ca nyon, Coch i"t" Cn., AZ
165.08: 8/2/96 Garden Canyon. CIJ(:iJist:' Co .. AZ

167.01: 5/29/97 Apex Park. Jdft'r~on Co .. CO

167.02: 5/29/97 Apex Park. Jdft"rson Co .• CO
167.0): 7/5/97 Rabbit Eaf".; Pass, ROlllt Co., CO
167.04: 7/15/92 R(lck}' Mountain NP. CO
167.05: 6130/96 GIJdal Lakes SI~ Pope Co., MN
167.06: \lame individual as 167.05
167.07: 814 /98 ahow Gret'n Rivc..'r Lakec;, Sublette Co., WY
I 67.0R: 8/4 /98 above Green River Lakt:~. Subl<:1tc:" Co., WY
167.0S: il1St'\. 8/ 4 /9R above Grt't:' 11 River Lakec;, Sublett/;' Co., WY

169.0 I : 6/ 16/98 Dt'~c:an~o. San Dit'Sto Cn .. CA

169.02: ~amt' individu a l a~ I 69.() I
169.0J: 4/5/98 LlKt:'rnt:' Va llt.:y. San Bernard ino Co., CA
328 • PHOTO DA TES , LOCATIONS AN D CREDITS

169.03: inset 7/26/92 Gallalin, MT

J 69.04 : 4 /4 /98 Lucerne Va lley. San Bernardino Co., CA
169.05 : 7/24/95 Durrington, Calaveras Co., CA
169.06; 7/22/95 Niagara Creek Rd .. Tuolumne Co .. CA
169.06: inset. 7/5/97 Rilhbil E;lrsPass, .R out! Co .. CO
169.07: 7/22/95 Ni agara Creek Rd .. Tholomne Co .. CA
169.08: 7/23/95 Niagilra Creek Rd .. Tuoiom ne Co., CA

17 1.0 1: 4 /27/95 Trabu co Canyon. Orange Co .. CA

171.02: same individunl as 171.0 1
17 1.03: 7/21/98 Hurricane Ridge, Olympic NP, WA
17 1.04 : 6/16/97 Purisma Creek Preserve, San Maleo C()., CA
171.05: 7 n 1/99 MexiGln Hay Lake, Apache Co" AZ
)7 1.06: 8/4 /98 Osborne Mill .. SubJe ll (> Co., WY
J 7 1.07: 5/25/99 wesl 0 1' Springerv ille. Apache Co., A Z
17 1.08: 7/22/95 Niaga ra Creek Rd .• Tuolomnc Co .. CA

173.0 1: 7/22/92 Togwolee Pass, Teton Co., WY

173.02: 5/30197 Apex Park. Jefferson Co .. CO
173.03: 7/4/97 Above Fairplay, Park Co., CO
173 .04: 4 /3/98 Jacumba Mtn., San Diego Co .. CA
173.05: 7117/00 Mr. Baldy, Creal Basin Np, NV
173 .06: same individual as 173.05
173.07: 7/18192 Wind River Mountains, Fremont Co .. WY
J 73.08: 7118/92 Wind River Mounlnins. Frem on l Co .. WY

175.01: 7/ 19/98 Black Ca nyo n. Okanogan Co .. WA

175.01 : inset. 513 1/97 above TinylOwn. Jerr('r~(Jn Co .• CO
175.02: 611 0 /97 Apex Park. Jefferson Co .. CO
175 .03: 8/8/97 Eagle Creek Rd. Tuolomne Co .. CA
175.04: same individua l as 175.03
175.05: 7 /2 1/95 east o f Sono ra Pass, Mono Co., CA
175.06: same individtwl as 175 .05
175.07: ex ova colleclcd 5/26/84 Cecileville, Sisk iyou Co" CA by Ken Han sen
175.08: ex ova collected 5/26/84 CecilcviIJe. Sisk iyotJ Co., CA by Ken Hanscn

177.01: 5/4 /98 Ca nelo Hills Cicnega. Sanla Cruz C(I .. AZ

177 .02: 7/6/96 Troy Meadows, Mor ris Co., NJ
177.03: same ind ividual as 177.0 I
177.04: 7/25/92 Wrai th Falls, Yelluwstone Np, WY
177.05: same individual as 177.04
177.06: 7/6/97 Rabbi! Ears Pass, Roun Co .. CO
177.07: 615/96 Jones Gar. Macon Co" NC
177.08: 6128/96 McNair, Lake Co., MN
 PHOTO DATES , lOCATIONS ANO CREDITS

179 .0 1: 6/12/97 Boggs Mountain SF, Lake Co., CA

179.02: 4110/98 Sail Gabriel Canyon, Los Angeles Co., CA
179.03: 5/5/98 Ga rden Canyon, Coch ise Co., AZ
179.04: 5/1/98 Garden Canyon, Cvchhe Co .. AZ
179.05: 6 / 12/98 TInylown. JdfeJson Co .. CO
179.06: 6/ 10/97 Apex Park , .Ie[ferson Co.. CO
179.07: 11 ' 12/89 Falcon SP. Sla rr Co., TX
179.08: 10125/95 LaglJna Ala~cosa NWR. Cameron Co., TX

181.0 I : 9/23/98 Del Ri(l. Val Verd e Co" TX

181.02: B117/Q6 McKinney, O)l1in Cfl., T X
\81 .03: 8/ 11 /96 Cando Hills CieIH;,ga. Sall1a Cruz Co .. AZ
181.04: 81 I 1/96 Canel(l Hilb Cienega, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
181.05 : 5/29/99 Chisos Basin, Big Bend NP, TX
18 1.06: 8/ 10 /9 5 Bnnon Creel.:. Austin. Travis Co .. TX
181.07: 9 /4197 Sie rra Picachos, Nuevo Leoo. Mexico
18 L.08: 5/28/00 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co., TX

183.01: 10/24/99 Roma , Starr Co., TX

183.02: 10129/94 Morristown, Morrh Co., NJ
183.03: 10124/98 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co., TX
183.04: 9/25198 Pine Canyon. Big Bend NP. TX
183.05 : B122/92 Great Dismal Swamp NWR, Suffolk . VA
183.06: 7112/95 LunCo'nhurg, VT
183.07: 6/23 / 97 Hur l e i~h Murray Sp, San Maleo Cu., CA
183 .08: 6/23/97 Burlei~h Murray SP, San Mateo Co .. CA

185.0 I : 7/2/97 Apex Park, Jefferson Co .. CO

185.02: 8/5/98 Virginia DaICo', Larimer Co., CO
185.03: 7/2319 1 Moose Rivt'r Plains, Hamiltun Co., NY
185.04: 7/26/9 1 M ()o~(;' River Pl ains, Hamilton Co., NY
185.05: 6112195 R.oaring River SP, Barry Co., MO
185.06: 7112/95 Lunellburg. vr
185.07: 6/16197 Bur l ei~h Murray SP. San MalCo'o Co .. CA
185 .0B: 6116/97 Burleigh Murray SP, San Maleu Co .. CA

187.01: 7/ 11 /95 Gorham, NH

187.02 : 7/ 19/98 Black Ca nyon. Okan(lgan CO .. WA
187.03: 717196 Troy M eadows, Morris Co .. NJ
187.04: sameilldividuala~ 187.03
187.05: 6119/99 Cecileville, Siskiyou Co .. CA
187.06: 6/19199 Ceciieville, Siskiyou Co., CA
187.07: 8 /5/9 8 Virginia Dal~. Larimer Co., CO
187.08: 7/20/95 Lee Vinin~ MOllo Co .. CA
330 • PHOTO OATES , LOCATI ONS AND CRE DITS

189.01: 5/3 1/97 MI. Falcon Park, Je Her;on Co .. CO

189.02: 6110/97 Apex Park , Jefferson Co., CO
189.03: 817/96 Harsha w Cn.:d. San ta Cruz Co., A'I
189.04: 7/3 1/99 Ca III phe]] Blue River, Greenlet' Co" AZ
189.05: 7/ 18/95 Crane Flal , Yoscmite NP, CA
189.06: same i ndividua l as 189.05
189.07 : 517198 SOll1h or Glohe. Gila Co" AZ
189.08: J/2/98 An 7.a·Borrego sr, San Diego Co .. CA

19 1. 0 1: 9126198 Lost Mine Trail. Big Bend NP. TX

19 1. 02: 6/ 16/98 Cuyamaca Lake, San Oj~gu Co., CA
19 1.03: J 1/ 19/9B El Canele Ranch, Kenedy CQ" TX
19 1.04 : 513/98 CalHornia Gulch, San ta Cnll Cu., AZ
J9 1.05: 1013 1/97 Santa Ana NWR, Hida lgo Co .. TX
19 1,06: 10/ J7/99Sa nlaAnaNWR. Hidalgo Co .. TX
19 1.07: 1/4/92 AlOyac, Guerrero, Mt>xico
191 ,08: 10/24/94 Periilas. Hida lgo Co" TX
19 1.08: ime1. II J\ 1/89 Bentsen-Rill Grande S l~ Hidalgo Co.. TX

193.01 : 6128/96 McNa ir. Lake CO .. MN

193 ,02: 6/28/96 McNair. Lake Co .. M N
193.03: 8/8/99 Elkha rl Park , Pint"dale. Suhlelte C() .. W Y
193.04; 6J J 0/9S Lewi" Creek. Custer Co., CO
193,05: 7/23/95 A lpinl" Co" CA
193.06: 7/ 19/98 Black Canyon, Okanogan Co .. WA
193.07: 6/20/98 Descans('l. San Diego Co .. CA
193.08: 611 9/99 Cecileville. Siskiyou Co.• CA

195 ,0 1: 711199 Marshall Gulch, M1. Lem mon, Pi ma Co., AZ

195.02: J 0/8/97 Garden Canyon. Coell i"e Co .. AZ
195.03: 71'30/90 Ki sco Swamp, We!>lch~~ I t'r Co .. NY
195.04: SI21S9 Cros.; Ri ver, Westche"tt'-r Co., NY
195.05: 6/ 18/96 Brazo~ Bend Sr. Fort Bend Co., T X
195.06: M arch 1994 Bill William s NW R, AZ. PliOl11 by S. Mark NcI~()n
195.07: J 012195 Tree Tops Park. 13roward Co.. FL
195.08: J 0/2 1/93 we"! of Roma. Slarr Co .. TX

J 97.0 I : 12/12199 Cd. ViclOrja. Tamp!:> .. Mexico

197.02: J 2/1 5/99 Cd. ViclOria, Tamps .. Mt>xico
197 .03: 2/9/99 HlIawlco. Oaxaca, Mexico
197.04 : 2/ 11 /99 Iluatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico
197.05: J0/25/98 La Lnmila Mission. Hidalgo Co.. TX
197.06: 10126/99 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co., TX
J 97.07: 2/ J 0/99 Canda laria Loxicha, Oaxaca. Mt'xico
197.08: 1-/24 /93 Santa Ana NWR, Hidal~oCIl" TX
 PHOTO DATES. LOCATIONS AND CREDITS

199.0 1: 3121/90 South Miami. Miami-Dade Co .. FL

199.02: 3/2 1/90 South Miami. Miami-Dade Co., FL
199 .03: 2/10/99 CaTld<llaria Loxicha. Oaxaca. Mexico
199.04: Samt: individual as 199.03
199.05: 10/22/94 San ta Ana NWR . Hidalgo Co., TX
199.06: 6 / 12/95 Roarin~ River SP. Barry Co .. MO
199.07: 1011 2/99 Chaparral WMA. Dimmit Co., TX
199.08: 5/29/99 Chis(I" Basin, Big Bend NP. TX

201.01: 5111/98 Aguirre Springs Rcc. Area. Dona Ana Co., NM

20 1.02: 7/8/97 Apex Pnrk, Jefferson Cu., CO
201.03: 4/29/98 S.1bino CJn~10I1. Tucsnn, Pillla Cu., AZ
20J .04: 10/ 14/94 Rotna, Starr Co., T X
201.05: 10 11 5199 unda Park, New Braunfels. Comal Co .. T X
201.06: 11126/915 Chisos Basi n, Big Bend NP, TX
20 1.07: 10/3199 Coronado Peak, OlChise Co" AZ
20 1.08: Same ind ividual ,1" 20 1.07

203 .0 I: (./30/94 Cro~<; Rivn, We<;tchester Co .. NY

203.02: 7117/95 Palo Alto. San ta Clam Co., CA
203 .03: 8/5/97 King'itllll Canyon, Lander Co .. NY
203 .04: 6/15/97 MI. Diab lo, Contra Costa Co., CA
203 .05: 7/31/98 Ruck Crt.'t'k Pnrk. El Paso Co., Co
203.06: 7/23/92 Wrilith Falls, Ydlowstone NP, WY
203 .07: 7/28/98 Ml'\n Verde NP. CO
203.01:\: 7 n 1/<)9 Campbell Blue River. Green lee Co .. AZ

205.0 1: 617197 sou theast of AUfOr<l, Elbert Co., CO

205.02: 611/97 sout heast n t Aurora, Arapahoe Co" CO
205.03: 10/9/97 Gardl'n Ciln},oll, Cochi5e Co .. AZ
205.0-1: 6130/96 Glacia l Lakes Sp, Pope Co .. MN
205.05: 6/29/99 Barf( lot Park, Cochise Cn., AZ
205.06 : 7/2 4 /92 Clay BU il l', Park Co., WY
205 .07: 7/20/92 Brooks I..."kt' Crt'ek, Pilrk Co ., WY
205.08: 7/3 1/99 Mcxic<J1l Hay La ke, Apache Co" AZ
205 .09: 6/15 /97 Mt. Diahlo, Contra Costa Co., CA

207.01: 6 /27/99 Saw Mill Cilnyun, Cochise Co., AZ

207.02 : 6/26/99 Carr Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
207.03: 7/2196 Five Rid~t' Preserve, Plymoll th Co., IA
207 .04: 713196 Hom e r, Dakola Co., NE
207.05: 10125199 San ta Ana NWR, Hidal ~o Co., TX
207.06: 3/15/94 K h.;;illllllce, FL
207.07 : 8/2/96 Gurdcm Ca nyon. Cochise Co., AZ
207 .08: 511 5/98 A~uirre Springs Rec.Arc<J, Don a Ana Co" NM
332 • PHOTO DATES , LOCATIONS AND CREDITS

207.09; 10115199 Landa Park, N~ w Braunft:I ... Comal Co .. TX

209.0 1: 5130197 Apex Park. Jefrerson Co .. CO

209.02: 6110197 Apex Park. Jer£erso n Co.. CO
209.03: 7122 /98 Deer Park . Olympia NP. WA
209.04: 7-17-98 Hans Pass. Okanogan Co .. WA
209.05: 7{27/9g MI . Uncompahgre. Hinsdale Co .• CO
209.06: 7/24/92 Clay Bulle. Park Co .. WY
209.07: May, 1980 Ca lavella l3og.Ca rhon Co .. M N. Pholo by" David H. Ahrt'nholz
209.08: June. 1980 l..anglay River Preserve. McNair. Lake Co .. MN . Photo by David H.
Ahrenholz

211.01: 7124/92 Clay Bulte, Park Co .. WY

211 .02: 7 /29/ 98 MI . Uncompahgre. Hinsdale Co .. CO
211.03: same individual as 21 1.02
21 1.04: 713 197 above Fairplay. Park Co .. CO
2 1 1.05: 7/27 /98 Mt. Uncompahgre. Hinsdale Co .. CO
2 11.06: 7 /22 /97 Plaleau MIn .. Alberta
21 1.07: 7/27/98 MI. Uncompahgre. Hinsdale Co .. CO
2 1 1.08: 713197 above Fairplay, Park Co.. CO

213.0 1: 71l9/98131ack Canyon. Okanugan Co .. WA

2 13.02: 6/12/ 98 Mt. Undo. Jefkrson Co .. CO
2 13.03: 7/4/97 above Fairplay. Park Co .. CO
2 13 .04: 8/7/97 above Tioga Pass. Yosemi le NP. CA
213.05: 513J197 above Tiny town. Jefferson Co .. CO
2 13.06: 613/97 Como. Pa rk Co .. CO
2 13.07: 813f9R Greell River Lakes. Sublette Co .. WY
213.08: sa me individual as 21 3.07

215.01 : 5/28/99 McKillTick Canyon. Guadalupe Mlns. NP. TX

215.02: 117/96 EI Rosario. Angangueo. Michoacan. Mexico
215.03: 7/30/90 Kisco Swamp. Westchester Co.. NY
215.04: 10/17/99 Sanla Ana NWR. rlidalgo Co .. TX
215.05: 8/ 10/95 Ra rton Creek Park. Ausrin. Travi s Co .. TX
215.06: 6/28/99 Cave Creek Canyon. Cochise Co .. AZ
2 15. 07: 913/98 Sierra Picachos. Nuevo Leon. Mexico
215 .08: 9 / 2/98 Sierra Picachos, Nu evo Leon .. Mexico

2 17.0 1: 8/9/89 Cavt' Crt'"ek Canyon. Cochi~ Co .. AZ

217.02: 8/8/89 Cave Creek Canyon. Cochbe Co .. AZ
217.03 : 6/30/99 Marshall Gulch. Me Lemmon . Pima Co.. AZ
2 17.04 : 6/19/99 Ceci ieville. Siskiyou Co .. CA
2 17.05: 6 11 198 Carden Canyon. Cochise Co .. AZ
 PHOTO DATES, LOCATIONS AND CREDITS

217.06: same individual as 2 17.05

2 17.07: 3125/94 Stock Island. Monroe Co .. FL
217.08: 1013 I 196 no nh of Hargill. Hidalgo Co., TX

219.0 I: 513 1199 (hisos Basin . Big Bend NP. TX

2 19.02: 8/10/95 Barton Creek Park. Travis (l., TX
219.03: 7/29/99 (arr Canyon. Cochise Co .. AZ
219.04: 7/29/99 Garden Canyon. Cochisl' Co .. AZ
219.05: 5/1/98 Cali fornia Gulch, Sanl<) CrlJ i'. Co., AZ
219.06: 1/20/96 Mismaloya, Jali sco. Mexico
219.07: 7130/98 Alamo Canyon. Santa ( rtl 7 Co., AZ. Photo by .lim Brock
219.08: 1/22/96 south of Misma loya. Jalisco. Mt'xico

221.0 1: 9/28/96 Savanna h. GA

22 1.02: 5/22/94 shick Island. Monroe: Co .. Ft
22 1.03: 10/27/95 Sa lllil Ana NWR. Hidalgo C(l.. T X
22 1.04: 12/6/99 Castdlow H.:unmock, Miam i- Dade.: Co .. FL
22 1.05 : 1 III 0/89 Silnta Ana NWR, Hidalgu CO.. TX
221.06: 1 1111 /89 Santa Ana NWR, lIidalj.:o Co .• TX
221.07: 2/8/95 Mismalnya. Jalisco. Mexico

223.0 1: 811 ')/89 Box Canyon. Pima Co .. AZ

223.02: 5/11/99 Gn:t'J1 Gu lch. Sig Bt:n<l NP. TX
223.03: 9/3/97 Sierra Picachos. Nuevo LCOI), Mexico
223.04: 9/5/97 Chipinqut: Park. Montl·rrey. Nu l'VO Leon, Mexico
221 .05: 9/ 1/99 Sierra Picachos. Nuevo Leon. Ml'xico
223.06: 8/15/98 Socorro Rivera. Chi chl,la hlla, Mexico. Photo b)' Jim Brock
223.07: 10/23/99 Santa A na NWR , liidalguCo .. TX
223.08: 913/97 Sierra Picachos. NllC!VO Leon. Mt'xico

225.0 1: 6/13/90 Chappaqua. Wcsrchcsler Cn., NY

225.02: 10/21/93 La J oya, Starr Co .. TX
225.03: 817/96 1l.1fshaw Creek. San la C ruz Co .. AZ
225.04: .same individual as 223.03
225.05: 7129/99 Gankn Ca n yon, Cochis('" Co .. AZ
225.06: sallie individual as 223.04
225.07: 5128199 McK ittrick CanY()Il, Guadalupe Mtns. NP. TX
225.08: 9/3/97 Siena Picachos, Nuevo Leon. Mexico

227.0 1: 7/1199 MI. Le.:mmon, Pima Co .. AZ

227.02: 8/ 1199 Eagcr, Apache Co.. AZ
227.03: 6/ 16/99 nOnhl'aSl of Cn'sc('nt City, Del None Co., CA
227.04: samt' indivirlual as 223.03
227 .05: 7121/95 cast o f Sonnm Pass, Mono Co., CA
334 • PHOT O OATES, LOCATIO NS A ND CREDI TS

227.06: 7/ 19/95 Tuolumne Meadows, Vosel1lile NP. CA

227 .07: BI23/9 1 Gaillevi1le, Alachua Co., Fl
227.0B: 31 17/94 Oca la NF, Mariun Cu., FL

229.01: 9n/9B La Estanzuela Park, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon. Mt:x ico

229.02: 8/8/B9 Guadalupe C<lonyon, Cochist' Cu., AZ
229.03: 4/28/98 uA" Mtn., Tucson, Pima Co., AZ
229.04: 1Oil 5/94 Saba l Pa lms, C,lIneron Cu ., TX
229.05: 10/2 1/93 west uf ROllla, Starr Co., T X
229.06: 10/26195 La Gloria, Starr Co., TX
229.07: 10/2 1/9 3 Roma Starr Co .. TX
229.08: 8/19/97 Ac1vana. Sorora . M(.'·xko. pholn by Jim Brock

23 1.0 I:6/ 10/98 Lewis Creek Trail. CUSler Co .. CO

231.01: inset. ~aJlle individual as 231.01
23 1.02: 5/3 1197 Tiny town, JeHersnn Co .. CO
231.03: same individual as 231.02
23 1.04: 60 BI99 M I. As hland. Jackson Cu., OR
231.05: 6/20/99 Mt . As h land. Jackson Co.,
231.06: OR 6113/97 Llke Berryessa. Napa Co., CA
231 .07: AMNH sp('omen. April. Parac!bc, AZ
23 1.08: AMNii. spcdmen. Aug. Paradise, AZ

233.01: 5/5/98 Garden Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ

233.02: same individua l as 231.0 I
233.02: inset. AMNH specimen. 8 119/69 Miller Canyon. Cuchi"c Co .. AZ
233.03: 5122/92 Chappaq uil. Wes tchester Co .. NY
233.04: 4/25 /98 Chatsworth, OCt:a n Co., NJ
233 .05: 7/29/98 Mesa Verde NI~ Mon leluma Co .. CO
233.06: 4115195 Busch, Carroll Co .. AR
2303.07: 7129198 Mesa Verde NP, Montc~uma Co., CO
233.08: 7129/987/29/8 Duyl' Crl't'k, Dulon:~ Co .. CO

235.0 1: 819/89 Cave C reek Canyon. Cochise Co., AZ

235.02: 5/31199 C!lisos Basin. Big Bend NP. TX
235.03: 6/ 15/97 MI. Diablo, Con tra Cosla Co., CA
235.04: 5131199 Ch isus Basin, Big Bend NP, TX
235.05: 9/25/98 Pine Can},on traiL Big Bend NP. TX
235.06: 6/27/9 1 MI. Zion, Jefferson Cu .. CO
235.07: 6/20/99 ""11. Ashland, Jackson Co .. OR
235.08: 6113198 MI. Lindo, Jefferson Co .. CO

237.01: 5111196 WonhinglOn SF. Warren Co., NJ

237.02: 7115192 Rocky Mounlain N P. CO
237.03: 6/6197 Lewis Creek Trail. Cusler Co., CO
 PHOTO DATES , LOCATIONS AND CREDITS • 335
237.ll4: 517198 ';Olllh nr G lot'lc:, Gila Co., AZ
237.05: 5/30/97 Apt·x Park, Jdfcf!)(J1l Co., CA
237.06: 6/23/9<) Spikt'huck Ml'adow, HUIllt'loldt Co., CA
237.07: 8/ 1/99 Eagar, Apach(' Cu.. AZ
237.08: 6/20/98 Dl':,can::.o, San Diq::o Co" CA
237.09: 5/29/92 OJkridgt·. Su::.::.ex Co" NJ
237.10: 7/1 1/96 Troy, Mnrri<; Co., N.I

239.0 I : 8/1 I/Q5 Tl'X<l:, Point NWR, Jt!lkr'ioll Cn., TX

239.02: 8/9197 Jackson Sluugh, SJCralllt'l1tO Co., CA
239.03: }/1/98 w(,st Ilf O('(oli llo, Irnperial Co., CA
239.04: 1:10/9/97 J acksun Slu lJ~h , Sacramcnlo Co" CA
239.05: 11 / 10/89 Santa AnJ NW R, Hid'l lgo Co .. TX
239.06: 3/25/94 Stock Island. M onroe Co., FL
239.07: 10/29/96 La GloriJ. Starr Co" TX
239.08: 10·19-99 Al1Iistad Nail. R<:c. Art·a. Val Vt:rdl' Co., TX

241.0 I : 7/4/97 al)(lVl' Fairplay, Park Co., CO

241.02: 7/3/97 al)(lVt' FJirplay, Park Co., CO
241.03: 6/22/97 ilurkigh Murray SP. San Maleo Co., CA
241.04: 6/23/1)9 Spikl'hllCk Mcadow, Humbuldt Co .. CA
24 1.05: 613197 Como, Park Co .. CO
241 .06: 6/3/97 C(1IlIlI, Park Co., CO
241.07: 8/8/97 Jack::'llll Slough, S.lCTamt'nlu Co" CA
24 1.08: 8/8/97 .IJckslln Slough, Sanan1l'nlO Co .. CA

243.01: 9/ 12N3 Ot.·vWs PUllchhowl. Los Angdes Co., CA

243.02: 6/ 19/')8 Rid!-!t' ROllte, Los An}.:d~'i Co .. CA
243 .02: inSt.'1. 9/ 1 1/93 Ot'vi]'s Pun chbowl. Lns Angeles Co., CA
243.03: 10119/93 I lo lll1ur Hdrgil ], Hitlc11go CU .. TX
243.04: 4 128/98 ~A~ M(lunlain, Tucson. Pi ma Co., AZ
243 .05: J 0 116/99 Sa m a Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co .. TX
243.06: 10124 N 4 Pdlila<;, Hidal}.to Co., TX
243.07: 10124 /94 l a Lumi l<l M ission, HidalJ.:II Co., TX
243.0S: 10/28/96 La Lomila Mission, Hidal}.to Co., TX

245.0 1:AMNH spl'cimell. 6/19/66 Tamps. Mexico. Collened by H.A. Frel'man

245.02: 10/20193 Sah(JJ Pall1ls. Cameron Co .. TX
245.03: 11 / 15/89 Sallel] Pa lms, Carncrnn Co .. TX
245.04: 81 J 6/96 Ml'Kinnc)" Cullin Co., TX
245.05: 5/ 14/98 Aguirn~' Springs Na il. Rcc. Area, Dona Ana Co" NM
245.06: 8/9/97 Jackson Slough, SaCraml' IlI0 Co., CA
245.07: 8/8/97 Jackson Slough, SanamcfllO Co., CA
245.08: 6/17/00 Canyon Vcnadu, 6miks ('aS I of Clines Comers, Torrance Co .. NM. PholO
by Stt:WTI J. Cary
336 • PH OTO OATES, LOCATIONS AN D CREDITS

247.0 I : 9119/93 Sentenilc Canyon, San Diego Co.. CA

247.02: I 0/4 /99 Thcson, Pima Co .. AZ
247.03: 8/3/96 San Pedro Ripilrian Area. Cochj ~e Co.. AZ
247.<M: same individual as 247.03
247.05: 9117/93 Parker. Yu ma Co., AZ
247.06 : 9118/93 Pa rke r. Yuma Co.. AZ
247.07: 811199 Box Canyon, Santa Cruz Co .. AZ
247.08: 8/8/89 Guadil Jupe Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ

249.01: 5/18/99 MI. Ashland, J ackson Co., OR

249.02 : 8/3/98 Green River Lakes Tfililhead . Sublette Co., WY
249. 03: 6/25/88 Rock Creek Park, EI Paso Co., CO
24 9.04: 6126/9 1 Cherry Creek Park, Arapahoe Co., CO
249.05: 7/29/99 Carr Canyon-Comfort Springs, Cochise (fl., AZ
249.06: 817189 Car r Canyon-Com fo rt Springs, Coch ise Co., AZ
249.07: 8/3/99 Pena Blanca Ciloyon. Santa Cruz Co.. AZ
249.08: 811199 Pefla Blancil Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
249.09: 9/5/97 Chipinque Park, MorllerrC'y, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
249.)0: same individual as 249.09

25 1.0 I : 8/ 14/89 PaL;lgonia Lake SP, Santil Cruz Co., AZ

25 1.02: same individual as 25 1.0 I
251.03: 7/2/96 Hole-in - the-Mounlain Preserve. Lin{'oln Co., MN
251.04: 7110/94 Roan Mm .• Carte r Co.. TN
251.05: 6/29/99 Portal. Cochise Co .. AZ
251.06: 9/19/97 Sentenac Canyon. San Diego Co .. CA
25].07: 9130/96 Sa\'.lJ1nah, GA
251.08: 9/29/96 Savannah. GA
25 1.09: Photo by Jim Brock
25 1. 10: AM NH specimen. I 1/4 /66 Morelos. M('xico

253.01: 9/23/98 north of Del Rio, Val Verde Co.. TX

253.02: 10/25/95 Laguna Atascosa NWR. Caml..'rol1 Co.. TX
253.03: 6/27/91 Coal Creek Canyon, Jefferson Co., CO
253.04: 8/3/98 Green Riwr Lakes Trailhead, Subh::lte Co., WY
253.04: inseL 7/2/92 Apex Park. Jefferson Co .. CO
253 .05: 7/20/93 Garden Canyon, Cochise Co .. AZ. Photo by Jim Brock
253.06: 7128/99 Garden Canyon, Cochi s~ Co .. AZ
253.07: 6/8/96 M orri stown, Morris Co., NJ
253.08: 6/22/96 Cro<;s River, Westchester Co .. NY
253.09: 9/ 12/93 Palmda le. Los Angeles Co .. CA
253. 10: 9 / 12/93 Palmda le. Los Angeles Co., CA

255.0 1: 5/31/97 aooveTinytown, Jefferson Co., CO

255.02: 5131/97 above Tin yl0wn, Jefferson Co .• CO
 PHOTO DATES , LOC ATIONS AN D CREDITS •

255.03: 5/5/98 Garden Can~'on. Cochise Co., AZ

255.04: 6/5/97 Ro}'al Gorge overlook. Fremont Co .. CO
255.05: 617197 Royal Gorge owrlook. Frelllont Co., CO
255.06: 10/ 19/99 AmiSlad NatL Rec. Area. Val Verde Co., TX
255.07: 611/97 south t'asl of Aurora, Arapahoe Co., CO
255.07: lOp inset. 8/3/99 w~St uf Pena Blanca Canyon. Santa Cruz Co .. AZ
255.07: bOIlOIll in set. 5110/98 Sandia Mlns .. Bcma llilo Co., NM
255.08: 6/1/97 sou t heast 0 1 Aurora, Ararahoe CO .. CO
255.09: 5/ ]4/98 Aguirre Srrings Nai l. Rec Area. Dona Ana Co .. NM
255.10: 10/9/97 Saw I\:till Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
255. 11 : 10/9197 Saw Mill Canyu[1, Co(h ise Co .. AZ
255.12: 10/9/97 Saw M ill Canyon, Cochise Co .. AZ

257.0 1: 712 ) /98 Hurrical1t> RidJ.lc. Olympic NP. WA

257.02: 7/2 1/98 Hurricane Ridge, Olympic NP. \VA
257.03: 7119/97 Polehrid~e. Flathead CO .. MT
257.04: 7119/97 ~ou t ht'asl of Po lebridge. Flathead Co .. MT
257.05: 7/22/95 Niagara Cr€ek Rd .. ThoJornne Co., CA.
257 .06: 8/2/97 north 0 1 Bridgeport. Mono Co .. CA
257.07: 8/ 15/94 Poin ! Reyt:\ St3 lion. Marin Co .. CA. Photo by Bub Stt:wa rt
257.08: 8/8/99 Elk han Park, near Pint'daie. Sublette Co .. WY
257.09: 8/5/98 Vir~inia Dal~. Larimer Co .. CO
257.10: 7/22/80 above SJdd lebag Lakt'. Mono Co .. CA. Posed photo by Jack N. Levy
257. 1 I: 6/19/99 Cedleville, Siskiyou Co .. CA
257.12: 6118198 M I. Pinos, VClHura Co .. CA

259.01: 717197 Wt'stridgl'" ES lales, Fori Collins. Larimer Co., CO

259.02: 6112/98 ML. Lindo. Jelfcrsnn Co .. CO
259.03: nJ71CJ7 Pcn nJ\e, Frel110nl Co., CO
259.04 : 9120/9} <;oU lh of Julian . San Diego Co.. CA
259.05: 9/20/93 sou th of Julian. San Dit:go Co., CA
259.06: St'Pl. 96 MI. Pa lOlllar. San Diego Co., CA. Phoro by Jack N. Levy
259.07: 6/ 19/99 Ced leville, Siskiyou Co.. CA
259.08: 6/ 15/97 Ml Diablo summ it. Comra Costa Co .. CA
259.09: 612196 Saw Mill Mms .. Los Angeles Co .. CA
259. 10: 6/ 1 1/98 Fairplay, Park Co., CO
259. 11 : 6/26/88 San Anl onio Mm .. Rio Arriba Co .. NM . PhotO by Sleven J. Cary
259. 12: SJllle ind ivid ual as 259. 10

26 1.0 1: 717197 Wl'"stridge E~latt:'s. Fort Collins, La ri mer Co .. CO

26 1.02: 7/8197 Weslt"idge Esta les, Fnrl Collins. La rime r Co., CO
26 1. 03: 712196 Five Ridge Preserve. Plymouth Co .. IA
261.04: 6/30/96 Gladal Lakes sr. Pope Co., MN
26 1.05: 6/30196 Glacial L1kt's SP. Pope CO .. MN
261.06: 7/ 1/96 GlaciJI Lakes SP. POPt' Co., MN
338 • PHOTO DATES , LOCA TIONS AND CREDITS

261.07: 8117/94 Sheyenne Naliollal Grassland, NJ). Photo by Ann 13. Swenget
261.08: 8/17/94 Sheyenne National Grassland. NO. Photo by Ann B. Swengel
261.09: 9/24/95 Wdlflcel , Barnstable Co., MA
26 1. 10: 6/2/96 Samthills Gamdands, Scotland Co., NC
261.1 1: 7/25/90 La kehurst. Ocean Co .. NJ
261.12: 8/26/91 Lake Delancey, Marion Co., FL
263.0 1: 9116/93 Palm Springs, Riverside Co., CA
263 .02 : 11/1 6/89 Bentsen- Ri o Grande SP. Hi dalgo Co., TX
263 .03: 9/1 1/93 Palmdale, Los Angeics Co., CA
263.04 : 9/]9/93 Anzil-Borrego SP. S.:m Diego Co., CA
263 .05: 10/26/93 Bentsen-Rio Gra ndI:' SP, Hidalgo Co., TX
263 .06: 7/29/94 Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., NC
263 .07: 91 13/93 Sanlil Catalina rs land, Los Angeles Co., CA
263.08: 10/25/98 P<:iiitas, Hidalgo Co., TX
26 3.09: 6/ 14 /97 Tilden Park, Con tra Costa Co., CA
263.10: 9/ 13/93 Sama Catalina Island. Los Angeics Co., CA
263.1 1: 10/23/95 Roma, Starr Co., TX
263.12: 10/1 7/99 Santa Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co ., TX

265.0 1: 7/4/97 above Filirplay, Park Co., CO

265.02: 713/97 above Filirplay, Park Co., CO
265.03: 7/23/92 Wraith Falls, YellowstoneNP, WY
265.04: 7/19/98 Black Canyon, Okanogan Co., WA
265.04: inset. 8/8/99 Pinedale, Suhictte Co ., \VY
265 .05: 8/8/99 Pinedale, Sublcl!e Co .. WY
265.U6: 7/20/95 Let' Vining, Mono Co., CA
265.07: 717197 Fossil Creek. Fort Collins. Larimer Co., CO
265.08: 7/2/97 Apex Park, Jefferson Co., CO
265.09: 7/20/97 (as t of Glacin NP. MT
265. I 0: 7130/99 west of Alpint', Apache Co., AZ
265 . J' : 7/30/99 weST of Alpine. Apache Co .. AZ
265 .1 2: 7130/99 west of Alpine, Apache Co .. AZ

267.0 1: 5124/99 west of Sprin g:{'rville, Apache Co., AZ

267 .02: 5/24/99 west of Springerville. Apach{' Co., AZ
267.03: 5/24/99 \\I('SI of Springt'rville. Ap3Ch(; Co .. AZ
267 .04: 5/2/98 Sycamore Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
267 .05: 4/ 19/93 Post Canyon, Sam3 Cruz Co .. AZ. Photo by.Jim Brock
267.06: 9/12/93 Palmdale, Los Angeles Co., CA
267.07: 7/26/95 Stockton, San Joaqu in Co., CA
267 .08: 9112/93 Palmdale, Los Angles Co., CA
267.09: 9/16/93 Morongo Yalley. San Bernardino Co., CA
267.10: 7130/98 Russell Lakes WMA, Saguilche Co., CO
267 ,II: 8/3/95 Saddlebag Lake, Mono Co .. CA
267. 12: 813/97 above Tioga Lake, Mono Co., CA
 PHOTO DATES, LOCA TIO NS AN D CREDITS

269.01: 7/22/97 Walcrton Park , Alberta

269.01: ill:-.el. 7/30/99 \-vesl of Alpine, Apache Co .. AZ
269.02: 5a1llt' individual as 269.01
269.03: 7130/99 Wt'st of Alpine, Apache Co .. AZ
269.04: 7/4/96 Minm·sol.a Valley NWR, Senll Co., MN
269.05: 6/27/9 1 MI. Zion Jefferson Co., CO
26tJ.06: 6/6/9(.. Sandhills Gamdand~. Scotland Co" NC
269.07: 6116/99 norllwaSI nf Crescent City. Od Norte C(l" CA
269.08: 6120/9Y northeast of Crescent City, Del Norte Cn., CA
269.09: <;alnt' individua l as 269.07
269.10: 6/16/99 nunhcast of Cr('seelll City, Del Nortt' Co .. CA
269.1 I : 10120/93 McAllen. Hidalgo Co .• TX
269. 12: 10123/95 Pt'liilas, Hidalgo Cll., TX

271.01: 717197 Weslridg(' ESlall'S, Fori Collim. L.1rimcr Co .• CO

27 1.02 : 7/8/97 Weslridge Estal es. fort Colli]15, Larimer Co., CO
271.03: 619/95 north (lfWagollt:r, Wagont'rCo., OK
271.04: 71RN7 Apt:x Park, JeffCT$(ln Co., CO
271.05: 7/8/97 Ajll'X Park, Jdlersoll Co., CO
271.06: 7/9/9S Kilchewan Preserve, W{'sl chcsler Co .• NY
271.07: 6/29/89 Lakl'IHlrst. Ocean Co., NJ
27 1.08: 6/29/89 L.:,kt'hursl. On:'<In Co., NJ
27 1.09: 6/28/95 L,kl·hur~l. OCt:an Cu., NJ
271. 10: 712197 Ap('X Park, Jdfc:rsull Co.. CO
27 J. J J: same individual as l7 J. 10
27 1.12: 6/27191 MI. Zion, Jdft'fSOn Co .. CO

273.0 1: 9/ 1S/91 San Gabriel MlllS., Lm Angt'Jes Co., CA

273.0 1: in sct. 9115/93 San Ganriel Mlns., Lo:.; Angell's Co., CA
273.02: 91 [5/91 San Gahriel Mtn~., Los Angeles Co., CA
273.03: 9/15/93 San Gahriel M l ns., low Angdes Co., CA
273.04: 7/ 16/95 Skyline Dr., Palo Aho, Santa Clara Co., CA
273.04: imt'!. 6/ 16/98 Descanso, San Diego Co., CA
273.05: 6124/99 Sa),lt.'r, Trinily Co., CA
27'3.06: 6/ 15/97 MI. Diahlo, Con l ra Costa Co., CA
273.07: 8/4/97 Big Smoky Vallcy, Nyt' Co .. NV
273.08: 8/4/97 Bil:( Smoky Valky, Nye Co., NV
273.09: 8/4/97 Big Smoky Valley. Nyt' Co., NV
27).10: 7130/99 wt'st of Alpine, Apache Co., AZ
273.11: 7130198 La Vela Pa~s, Hucrfano Co .. CO
273.12: 8/5/96 Carr Canyon-Comfort Springs, Cochise Co .. A.Z

275.0 1: 61f,/96 Mvrri"lown, Morris Co .. NJ

275.02: 5/20/90 ChappaQuil, Westchesl er Co., NY
275.03: 6/4/96 Jon~ Gap. Macon Co., NC
340 • PHOTO OATES , LOCATIO NS AN D CREDITS

275.04: 7/8/99 Apex Park. Jefkrson Co .. CO

275.05: 7/8/97 Fon Col li ns, Lannicr Co .. CO
275.06: 8/5/96 Carr Canyon·Comfon Springs. Coch ise Co., AZ
275.07: 6/22/97 Burleigh Murray SP. San Mateo Co .. CA
275.08: 4/29/95 Dallon Canyon. los Angeles Co., CA
275.09: 5/29/95 Dahon Canyon. los Angeles Co .. CA
275.10: 6/8/96 Morri stown. Morris Co .. NJ
275.11: 8/5/96 Carr Canyon·Comfon Sp rings. Cochise Co .. AZ
275.12: 10/ 15/99 Landa Park. New Braunfels, Coma I Co., TX

277.0 1: 6/6197 Lewis Creek Trail. Custer Co .. CO

277.02: 6/6/ 97 Lewis Creek Trail. CUSler Co .. CO
277.03: 5113/98 Aguirre Springs Nail. Rec. ATea. Dona Aoa Co., NM
277.04: 5/ 15/98 Aguirre Spr ing~ Na Il. Rcc. A rea, Dona Ana Co., NM
277.05: 7129/99 Garden Canyon. Cochise Co., AZ
277.06: 8/2/96 Ga rden Canyon. Cochis(' Co., AZ
277.07: 5/25/99 Gardt'n C;Joyon, Coch ist' Co., AZ
277.08: 5126/99 Garden Canyon, Coch isL' Co., AZ

279.01: J 0/9/97 Gardt'n Canyon, Coehist' Co., AZ

279.02: same individual as 279.01
279.03: 5/26/99 Garden Canyon, Cochist, Co .. AZ
279.04: 5/26/99 Garden Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
279.05: 513198 Calilornia Gulch. Santa Cruz Co., AZ
279.06: 513/98 California Gulch, Saota Cru7 Co., AZ
279.07: 8/9/96 Box Canyon . Sama Cruz Co., AZ
279.08: 9/4/97 Sierra Picachos, Nu('vo Leon, Mexico

281.01: 5/13/98 Aguirre Springs Nail. Rcc. A Tt'<l, Dona Ana Co. NM
281.02: same individual as 281.01
281.03: 5/12/98 Mill s Canyon, Ha rding Co., NM
281.03: inset. 6/28/99 PonaL Cochise Co .. AZ
281.04: 7129/99 Garden Canyon, Cochi se Co., AZ
281.05: 6/30/99 Marshall Gulch, Mt. Ll'nul1oo. Pima Co .. AZ
2Al.Q(): 7/2A/99 Garden Canyon, Cochise Co .. AZ
281.07: 7/29/99 Garden Canyon, Coch ise Co., AZ
281.08: 7/28/99 Garden Canyon. Cochise Co., AZ

283.01: 8/2/96 Garden Canyon, Coch ise Co .. AZ

283.02 : 7/29/99 Garden Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
283.03: 8131/96 Southwestern Re~carch Sta li<Hl, Cocb ise Co.. AZ. Photo by Jim Brock
281.04: 8/2/99 Patagonia, Santa Cru z Co., AZ
283.05: 8/8/96 Sycamore Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
281.06: 8/8/96 Sycamore Can}'on, Santa Cruz Co., AZ
 PHOTO OATES, LOCATI ONS AND CRED ITS •

283.07: 7127/99 Peila I:3lam.a L.1kc. Sanl<l Cruz Co., AZ

283.08: 7/27/99 Peila Blanca Canyon. Santa Cruz Co .. AZ

285.01: 6/12/98 TinYltlWn, Jefferson Co., CO

285.02: 7 / 5/97 Rahhit Ears Pass, ROlllI Co.. CO
285.03: 2/27/00 S.:mta Ana NWR, Hidalgo Co .. TX
285.04: 9/3/9S Sit'rra Picachos. Nuevo Leon. Mexico
285.05 : 6/ 15/98 MOllleZUTlla, San Migut'l Co., NM. Photo by Jane Ruthn
285.06: 611 5/98 MOllt('zuma, San Miguel Co., NM. Photo by Jane Ruffin
285.07: 6/27199 Carr Canyon-Comfon Sp rings. Cochise Co., AZ
285.08: 6/29/99 BarfuOl Park. Cochist:' Co., AZ

287.0 I: 8/15196 Durk Creek Park. Dallas CO., TX

287.02: 912/99 Sierra Picachus. Nue vo Leon, Mexico
287.03 : 817189 lower Carr Canyon. Cochise Co .. AZ
287.04: 7/28/99 Lower Ca rr Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ
287.05: 6fS/97 Penrose, Fremont Co., CO
287.06: 6/5/97 Penrose, Frelllolll Co., CO
287.07: 6f6f97 sou th of Florence, Fremont Co .. CO
287 .08: 617f97 Penrose, Fremofll Co., CO

289.0 1: BI8197 Jackson Slough. Sacramel1lo Co .. CA

289.02: 8/8/97 Jackson Slou gh, SacramentO Co., CA
289.03: 9/9179 Upper Newport Beach. Orange Co., CA. photo by Philip Nordin
289.04: 10115/99 New IJraunleis, Comal Co .. TX
289.05: 4/29/98 NA" Mm., Tu cson, Pima Co .. AZ
289.06: 10117 /99 Santa Ana NWR, Hida lgo Co., T X
289.07: 10/25198 Missiun. H idal~u Co .. TX

291.01: 3119/94 Gainesville, Alachua Co., FL

29 1.02: April. 1983 Kelhaker Rd .. San Bernardino Co., CA. Photo by John Hafernik
291.03: 6/5/97 Penrose, Fremont Co ., CO
291.04: 61l0f98 P(.'nrose, Fremonl Co., CO
291.05: adult emcrgt'd 8/2/99 from a Il upa fou nd Wl'st of Pt'ilJ Blanca Lak e.. Santa Crul.
Co., AZ. PholO hy Jim Brock
291.06: AMN H specimen. 9/9/61 west of Cameron, AZ
29 1.07: I Of 12197 Molino Basin, Pima Co., AZ
29 1. 08: 10/4/99 Molino Basin, Pima Co .• AZ

293.0 1: 1011 0/97 mouth of Gardt.'11 Canyon, Cochise Co., AZ

293.02: 9/ 19193 Sentenal' Canyon, San Diego Cn., CA
293.03: 1011 0/97 upper Garden Canyo n, Coch ise Co., AZ
293.04: 9/68 soutllwe<;t of San ManueL AZ. Photo by E.S. Ross
293 .05: 10/20/99 Amistad Natl. Rec. Area, Val Verde Co .. TX
342 • PHOTO OATES, LOCATIONS AN D CREDITS

293 .06 : 10/20 / 99 Amistad Natl. Rec. Area. Val Verde Co .• TX

293.07: 10119 /99 Amistad Natl. Rec. Area. Val verde Co .. TX
293 .08 : AMNH ::.pecimen. 9 / 16 / 59 Del Rio. Val Verde Co" TX . Collected hy l-I.A. Freeman
293.08: in~t!t. Same individual as 293 .08

295 .0 I : 1/ 27 /98 Hawaii. HI

295 .02 : 1/27 / 98 Hawaii. HI
295 .03: 7 I Bf7G Volcano. HI. Photo by W. R. Mull
295 .04 : 718176 Volcano. HI. Photo h)' W.R. M ull
295 .05: 113/ 92 Guerrero. Mexico
295.06: 1/28/98 Bird Park, Hawaii Volcanoes N P, HI
295.07 : 1(28/98 Hird Park, Ha\vaii Volcanoes Nil, HI
295 .08: 1/27/98 Ookala . Hawaii, Hl
295 .09 : 1127 /98 Ookala . Hawaii. HI

Acacia!:. (Aw(ia) (LI.::gu l l lil1(1 ~al')
Acanthus family (Aca11lhaCt.'ac)
Adl'/ias (Adelia) (Euphorniaceae)
Agavt.'S (AylH-r) (A f.,:ilvan'a<:)
Alfalla (Mrdicnyl'satil'a) (Legumil1osae)
Alka li -mallows (Sida) (Malvaceae)
Anbe (Pofllim/unI vu/yare) ( Umhdlil"-
c.'ra ...')
Arctic willow (SaJixarctica) (Saiicaceae)
Ashc~ (Fraxinus) (Okaccal')
Aspt'n~ (Populus) (Salicaceat')
Astcr family (Composilac)
Balloon-vine (Cardiospermllm) (Sapin-
daceae)
Bamboo muhly (Muhlenbergia dumosa)
(Poaa'ae)
Barbados cherry (Malpig/Jitl glabra)
(Malpighiaceac)
Beach aSler (Coret/JrogYl1c jilagimfolia)
(Comp0silill')
Bt'arherry (Arctostyphy/os tIl'tHlrsf) (Eri-
caceal')
BeardlOllf..!ut'S (PmslfmoH) (Scrophu-
lariaceae)
Beggar-lick" (Desmodium) (legumi-
nosal')
Belllgrasses (Agrosfis) (Poacl'ac)
Bermuda grass (Cy"odoll daC(y/o1l)
(Poan'al' )
Big hluestem (Andropogollgerardi)
(Poaa'at)
Bindweed (Cl'17l'olvll/liS antfI1S;S) (Co n-
volvulaCt'ae)
Birches (Betula) (BClulact'ile)
Bird's-foot trefoil s (Lotus) (legumi-
nosal')
Foodplant Scientific Names
Bil lt:r hru~h (Pllr~hia tridentala)
(Rosa ceae)
Bkeding heans (Dire11tra) (Furnari-
aCt'ac)
Blut'ht'rries (Vaccl11illl1l) (Erica ceae)
Blut' grama gra ss (Boute/olla gracilis)
(Poaceae)
Bluegrass (Poa) (Poaccae)
Blul'Slem grasst's (Andropogol1)
(Poaceae)
Broad dock (RumexoimlSlfolitls) (Polyg-
onaccae)
Buckwhea ts (Eriogomlffl) (Po lygo-
naccilc)
Bulh panic-grass (Pal1imm bulbbosllm)
(Poaceae)
l3ul lgrass (Muhlenbergia emersli!yi)
(Poacc:at')
California huckwheat (Eriogol1umfasci-
CilIata) (Polygollaceac)
Cannas (Canna) (Cannaccac)
Ca nyon duolcya (DlIdlrya cymosa)
(Crassulaccae)
Canyon oak (Qllercus dl1)'solepis)
(Fagaceae)
Cassias (Cassia) (Legutninosae)
Cea lHlthus (CeanoChllS) (Rhamnaceae)
Cherries (Pnmlls) (Rosaceac.')
Ch im'st' houses (Collillsia) (ScTophu-
lariaceac)
Chinquapin (Castal/opsis) (Fagaceae)
Chupcrosa (Belopcrone callfOrltica)
(Acanthaceae)
Cinquefoils (Potentilla) (Rosaceae)
Cilrus family (Ruta"" cae)
Clemalis (Clematis) (Ranunculaceae)
344 • FOODPl AN T SCIENTIFIC NAM ES
Cliff rose (Cowania mexicana)
(Roasaceae)
Clovers (Trifolium) (Leguminosae)
COllllllon beardgrass (Bol/trioch/oa
barbinodis) (Poaceae)
Cottonwoods (Pol'ulw:) (SaJicaceae)
Crabgrass (Digilaria) (Poaceae)
Crown vetch (Coronilla varia) (It'gumi ~
nosae)
Crucifers (Cruciferae)
Curled dock (Rumex crispus) (Polygo ~
naceae)
Currants (Ribes) (Grossulariaceae)
Deerweed (Lot/(.>: scOparil(s) (Legumi~
n os<Je)
Dc:sert agave (Agave deserti)
(Agavaceac)
Desert aster (Machaeranthera forti/alia)
(Compositae)
Desert hackberry (Cellis pallidal
(Ulmaceae)
Desert scrub oak (Querms turbinella)
(Fagaceae)
Desert sunflower (Viguiera dcltoides var.
parishii) (Compositae)
Docks (Rumex) (polygonacead
Dwarf bilberry (VacciniulJI cae.'ipitosum)
(Ericaceae)
DWilrf m isIielOes (Arceuthabium) (Vis~
caceae)
Elm family (Ulmaceae)
Elongaled buckwheat (Eriogonuf1l elon-
gaturn) (Polygonaceae)
Emory oak (QuerClis emory;) (Fagaceae)
Englemann's sp ruce (P;'11lS
engelmanl1ii) (Pinaceae)
False indigo (Amorpha califarnica)
(Legu mi nosae)
Fe rn acacia (Acacia angu.f;tissima) (Legu-
minosae)
Figs (Ficus) (Moraceae)
FIat-lOpped white aster (Aster umbella -
IUS) (Compusitae)
Flax (Linum) (Linaceae)
Fleabanes (Erigeron) (Composi lae)
Fogfruils (Lippia) (Verben aceae)
Garnbel's oak (Quercusgamhelii)
(Fagaceae)
Giant cedar (Thuja p/icara) (Cupres-
saceae)
Giant reed (Pltraql11ite.~ australi.q
(Poaceae)
Golden hanne rs (Thermopsis) (Legumi-
110Sae)
Gooseberries (Rihes) (Grossularian.'ae)
Gray oa k (Querws.qrisea) (Fagan'ae)
Gumbo -limlJO (Bursera simamba )
(Burseraceae)
Hackbnrit's (Celtis) (Ulmaceae)
Hairy luhetongut' (Sip/tmIOgiossa pilosel-
fa) (AcaIllhacc3c)
Healh family (Ericaceae)
Honey lllesquile(Prosopsis glandulosa)
(Legu 111 i l1usae)
Hops (Humulus) (Mora<'Tae)
Horkelias (Horkelia) (Rosacaea)
Horsent'liles (Solanum) (Solanaceae)
Incense n~ d ar (Calocedrus deofrrens)
(Cupressaceae)
Indian pailllbrushes (Ca.>:til1eja) (Scro-
ph ulariaceae)
James' buckwheal (ErioHonllllljamesii)
(PI )Iygonaceae)
Junipers (Junipems) (CU I)f(~S SaL"eae)
Kidn eywoods (Eysenardtia) (Legumi-
nosae)
Knotweed family (Polygolla(cae)
Kn olwt'cds (Polygollllm) (Polygo-
naccae)
Koa (Acacia koa) (Ll'guminosae)
Lambsquarters (CI1fI1(Jpodil(1J1)
(Chenopodiaccae)
Lechegu ilia (Agave lec/1eguilla)
(Agavaceae)
Lt'gullles (Legllminu!:>ae)
Lignum vitae (Guaicacwn) (Zygopbyl-
laCl'ae)
Lime prickly-ash (ZantJ1t1xyiUlJl/agara)
Locusls (Robinia) (Legu min(l~ae)
LomatiulTIs (Lomatium) (Umbellifcrae)
L()o~e buckwheal (Eriogonum effu.mm)
(Poiygonaceae)

LOIU~es (Lotus) (Lcguminosae)
LOIISt'WOriS (Pediculari:;) (Scrophulari-
accae)
Lupincs (Lupinus) (Lt'gullliIIOS<le)
Mallow family (MalvJceal')
Mallows (Malva) (Malvaceae)
Mamaki (PipIUrtlsalhidlls) (UniGlCeat')
M iJriloliulll buckwheat (E'-;090I1[(111
marifolillm) (Polygon':Ke<lt')
Mesqu itt's (Prosopsis) (Lt'gulllillosae)
Milk wecds (A.~depias) (A.:;dt'piau (lCcae)
Milhwt'l'd vinC'') (SarCOJte111I11a) (Asdl~-
piadareat.')
Mistfluwers (Eupatorillm) (Compvsi -
tae)
Mi stletoes (Pho,-ndendr(ll1) (Loran-
tha("t'ae)
MonJ...t'yflnwers (Mimuills) (Scrophu-
lariacl'at')
MUlllltail1 aVl'1l5 (Dr)'asoctol'eraia)
(Rusano'al')
Mountain heat her (Cassiope IIIL'rten -
simla)(Erkaceac)
Mount ain mahogany (Cercocarplfs mem-
ranl/5) ( l~o saCt.:'ae)
NaJ...t'd huckwilt'ilt (£r;(lgo l1um lIudum)
( Poi ygo na cl'al')
Ne llic:!'> (Urtica) (Urticaceae)
Noseburn .. (Tra,qia) (Eliphorbiaceae)
Oaks (Querms) (Fagaceae)
Ohl ust' panic-grass (Polliwm OblllJIII11)
(Poaccat')
Panic-grasst'S (Pal1icllm) (Poaceae)
Pal mer's agave (A,qave palmeri)
(Agavac('ae)
Parry's agavl' (Agave parry;)
(Agava ccal.')
Pars ley family (Umht'lliferae)
Pil ssionvine~ (Pass;flora) (Pas~iflo­
ra ceac)
Pca family (Legllmi nosilc)
Pl'arly l'vt'r!astings (AnaphaJis) (Com -
posil(1e)
Pigwt't'ds (Amaranth liS) (AmMall -
thaceae)
Pines (Pinus) (Pinaceae)
FOODPLA NTS SCIENTI FIC NAM ES • 345
Pipe-vine,> (Aris[(II(lci1ia) (Arislulod -
aceae)
Ponderosa pi nt: (Pi/IUS /lOIlderosa )
(Pinacemo ')
Poplars (P(lpulus) (Salicact'al' )
Prairie violel (Viola pedalifjda) (Viu ~
laceal' )
Privas (Priva) (Vcrhenilccae)
Punctured bran (Oxytheca per/oliCIIQ)
(Polygonaceae)
Purple lOp (Tridensjlavw) (Poaccat')
Rahbithnlsh (Chrysotlraml/ljJ) (Com-
pnsit<le)
Racemose buckwheat (F.rioqemlim race-
l1l(lSum) (Polygonacl'ae)
Ratanys (Krameriao\o) (Krallll.'riaccac)
Raillewt'cds (A stragalus) (Lq:!umi-
nosae)
Redberry (RhanmHs crocea) (Rham -
naceae)
Redbud (Cn°cis cQl loJensis ) (Lehgu mi -
nosae)
Rock cresses (Arabi.\·) (Crudferae)
Rock-primroses (Al1drosace ) (Primu-
laceae)
RueBia s (Ruellia) (Acal1lllaccac)
Sahbu shes (Atriplex) (Chenopodi-
a«.'~1l"
Saitgrassec:; (Distichlis spi cata and D. str;c-
ra) (Poareac)
Sargel1l cypress (CupreSSlis o~ar9entii)
(C uprc",sart'al')
Sassafras (Sassafrasalbidum) (Lall-
raceae)
$crewhean mesquite (pros(lpsis pub-
sesceus) (Leguminosae)
Sedges (Ca rex) (C)' pt.'raceae)
Sl.'epw illow (Bocc/raris glurinosa) (Com-
posirae)
Shaggy luff ( Sfendandriwn barbatum)
(AtO
anthaceae)
Shindagger (Agave s:chottii) (Agava<:eae)
Shooting-stars (DodecariJeon) (Primu -
laceae)
Side-oats grama (Bouteloua
CLtr1ipendula) (Poaceae)
346 • FOODPlAN T SCIE NTIFIC NAMES
Silverlea fs (Lelicophyllul11) ( Scrophu-
lariaceae)
Silver-leaved lotus (LollIS argophyllllS)
(Leguminosae)
Snapdragons (Antirrhinum) (Scrophu-
laria ceae)
Snowuerries (Symph oricarplls) (Capri-
folia ceae)
Snow willow (Salix nivalis) (Sali-
caceae)
Sorrds (Oxyn'a) (Polygonacea(')
SotJlhweSlern bernardia (Bernardia
myricifolia) (Euphorhiaceae)
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) (Lau-
raceae)
Sputted saxifrage (Saxifraga bronchialis)
(Sa xi fra gacl'a c)
Slonccrops (Sedul1l) (Crassulaceac)
Sulphur btJCkwheal (Eriogollul11 umbel-
lalwn) (Polygonaceae)
Sunflowers (He/ianthlls) (Compositae)
Sweclbush (Bt'bbiajrll1eea) (Composi-
tae)
Tecate cyprl'ss (Cllpressusforbesii)
(Cupressaceae)
Te xas bl'argrass (Nolina texalla)
(Agavaceae)
Te xas ehony (Pil hecellobilll11 ebano)
(Leguminosae)
Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana)
(Ehenaceae)
Thistles (Cirsium) (Compositae)
Timothy (Ph/ellm prateuse) (Poaceal')
ToothwUTl <; (Den/aria) (Crudfcrad
Ttl lip trec (Liriodelldron) (Magnoli-
aceal')
Turpentint'-broom (Tlwl11110Sma mOIl-
tana) (Rutaccae)
Twinberry honcyslIckk' (Lol/;er ra
illvolucrara) (Cap rifo liau'ae)
Utah agave (Agave lltal1ellSis)
(Agavaceac:)
Velches (Vicia) (LeguJl1il1osa<.~ )
Vi olets (Viola) (Vi olaceae)
Water dock (RwnexoriJicli/atl/s) (Polyg-
ullaceae)
Western soapbl'rry (Sapilldus drJlm-
m Ol1dii) (Sapindaccae)
Wh e.1lgrasses (Agropyron) (Poaceae)
Wild cht'rries (Pnmus) (Rosacca<.')
Wil d indigo (Baptisia til1clorin) (Legu-
minosae)
Wil d pan"y (Viola pedul1clIfata) (Vio-
laceae)
Wild parsnips (Lomarillm) (Ulllbellifl'r-
ae)
Wild plums (Pnmus) (RnsaCl:ae)
Wild larmgon (Artemisia draclII1Cliloidt's)
(Composilac)
Willows (Salix) (Salicaccae)
Wintergn.:·t'lls (Gaultlteria) (Erican:ac:)
Wright\ bud..wheat (Eri09ontI11l
wrighti;) (Polygonaccac:)
YtJCcas (Yucca) (Ag.waccae)
 Organizations Concerned
with Butterflies

The North American Butterfly Association (NABA) promote$ puhlic t'lljoymell t.

awa reness, and COllst.'Tvalinn o f bUllcrnies and all aspects of recreational. 110n(011-
Slimplivt' hutlt'rflying. including field identification. butterfly gardening, and pho -
tography. NABA pul1lishes a full-color maga/.ine. American Butterflies; a neWSIl'ller.
Butterfly Gardenil1H News; 11as chapter<\ throughouL North America; and run s the
ann ual NABA FOLIrth of Jul), Butterfly (OUIlIS. Tl1c:St" one-day counl~. held main -
1)1 in June and July (centered nn the Founh of July period). are growing rapidly.
Currently almost 400 COUniS are conducted each year. at sites across North Amt'r-
iea. They are a fUll-filled way 10 help monitor butterfly populations. 10 learn about
hlllierfly ic\cllIificalil)J1, and 10 meet otherhllttnfliers.

NASA
4 Delaware Rd .
Morri stown . NJ 07960
Weh sill': hltp: llwww.naba.or1,!

The Lepidopterists' Society is an inl~rnational organization devoted to 1he scientif-

ic ~ 1 udy 01 aillepidilptera. The Society publb.hes lhe Journal o[the Lepidopterists' Soo-
ety as well as I he Ne\vs (lIthe Lepidopterists Society.

Lepidopterists' Societ y
1608 Presidio Way
Rose:Yilie. CA 95661
Wt.'h si u.': hllp:llwww.furman.edu

The Xerces Society is an international organization dedicated 10 the global protec-

tion or habitats lor all invertt:'brate~. including butt~rflies . The: Sock-tv publishes
Wil1gS.

Xcrces Society
4828 Southe:ast Hawth o rne Blvd
Portland, OR 9721 5
348 • ORGANI ZATIONS CONCERN ED W ITH BUTTE RFLI ES

The Nature Conservancy buys land to preserve natural diversil y and owns Illl)re than
1,300 preserves - the largest privalc system of nature sanctuaries in the world.

The Nature Conservanc},

181 5 Lynn SI.
Arlin gton, VA 22209
Web sit e: hup:/lwww.t nc.org
 Glossary

ANTENNAL CLUB The lhickened end of rhe antenna. Variable Chcckl'rsptJl, page
17 1. photo 2, usually has luminolls golden antennal clubs.
APEX The tip of Ihl' wing. Calirornia SiSler. pagl' 193. pholO 8. has a large orange
"pot al lilt, FW apex.
APICAL Rdt' rring to the area allhe Lip of the wing.
BASAL Referring to lhe area near lile ba~t· uf the wing, adjaCt.:1H 10 the budy. Great
Purple Hairstreak. pagl~ 85, photo I. has red hasal spOl~ .
BORDER A band uf color along a wing margin. Red Admiral. page J 89, photo 2. ha!)
a fed·orangt' HW border.
CELL Tilt, n ' ntrai an~a or thc wing. uuul1dni un all ~ i(Jc!\ uy veins. Common Buck-
l~ yC. page 19 1. photo 2. has two orangl' hars in each FW cell.
CELL-END BAR A bar (If color along the vein bounding the outer edg,c of the cd!. COIl-
(fasting wi th Ihe ground color of tbe wing. Gray Marble. page 57, photo 10, has
a small. hlack FW ccll-,,'ncl har; ' Oesen' Pearly Marble, page 57, photo 4, has a
very thick . black FW cd l· l'ncl bar. Soapberry Hairstreak, page 87. photo 1. bas
a whit'" HW o:II· "'lId har.
COSTAL MARGIN (COSTA) Thl' "'.ding edgl' of the FW. Gold-costa Skipper. pagl'
219. photos 3 and 4, ha ... a gold·culort:'d co~tal margin.
CROWN Tile lOp uf Ihl' hl'ad. Gray Hairsln:ak. page 103. photos 2 and 4. has an
orallgl'-rt'd (roWIl.
DISK Tht' Cl'l1Iral art',1 of till' wing, including, but larger than. the cell. Red-diskcd
Alpint'. pagt' 209. photu 7. ha ~a reddish· brown FW disk.
DISTAL Away frol11lhc body,
DORSAL TOWMd Iht:' hack . The dop.al wing s urface is the upper surfan,'.
FOREWINGS (FWs) The leading pair of wings. Sara Orangetip. page 59, photo .. 2- 9.
has hright tlrall!!"-' patcllcs on its FWs but no orange on the HWs.
FRINGES Scak'i Ihal stick OUI from the edges of the wing mcmbranes. Fllnt'real
Ollskywing. pa1-tt' 235, photos 4 and 5, has a white HW fringe.
FRONS The area in the front u f the head belwcc:n the eyes.
GROUND COLOR The basic or background color of the wing.
HINDWINGS (HWs) The rear pair of wings. Red Rim , page 197. pil o(O'\ 1 and 2. has
pin},. or red hands on its HWs but nOI its FWc:.
HYALINE Glassy and IranslllCt'n l.
LEADING MARGIN The margin of the HW thai is on lOP as the hllltcrfly sils upright.
Female Taxilt's Skipper, paf:"-' 275. pholO II. hac; a partly white HW leading
margin.
350 • GLOSSARY

MARGIN Any of the wing edges. but usually referring to tilt, ouler margin.
MARGINAL LINES, BANOS, or SPOTS A series of lines. hands. or SPOIS along the oUler
margin. Coral Hairstreak. paf{e 87. photo 2. has red HW marginal SpOi S.
MEDIAN About one-half of the way ou t the wing. passing Ihe distal end of Ihe cell.
Red Admiral. pa ge 189. photo 2. has a red-orange median band on Ihe FW
ahove. Giant Swallowtail. page 45. phOlO 7. has. on the I-IW (1el(lw. a black
median band cnclosing some blue and red spots.
OUTER MARGIN The wing edgt: farthest from the body. it is more or less perpendic-
ular 10 the ground as the butterfly sits uprighl. Ruddy Copper. page 81. photo 2.
has a thin black line along the outer margins of the FWs and I-IWs.
POSTMEDIAN The wing regions fa rt her from the bouy than (dista l to) the median
region. Silver-banded Hairstreak. page 95. photo 5. has a white postmedian
line Oil its I-I W.
POSTMEDIAN BAND A series of spots or lines in the poslnledian regioll of Ih e wing,
e ither darker or paler than the ground color. Dusky-blue Groundstreak. page
10 I. pholo 4, has a postmedian band Ihat is partially red.
STIGMA A stru cture. usually black and vi sible. on the FWs of mosl ~rass-skippe~.
formed by specia li7ed scales. Ma le Sachem, page 263. photo 9. has a prominent
black stigma in the ct.'nter of the FW.
SUBAPICAL Rdt'rring 10 tht' regionjusl berore the lip of the wing. Golden Bandt'd-
Skippt:r. pagt' 223. photo 2, in addition to having a striking golden -yellow hand
in the middlt' of Iht' FW. has a small subapical whilt.' patch on the FW.
SUBMARGINAL Rdt:rring to the region JUSt before the area at Ihe oUlside edgt' uf thl'
wing. Carolina Satyr, page 207. photo 5. has submarginal eyespols on the HW
below.
VENTRAL Toward (he;" bt'lly. Tilt' vt'ntral wins surface is Ihe;' lower wing surface.
VEINS A serit's of visibly raist'd strucw ral t'it'Jl1ent s un the wjng~ which serve as
wing StrllI S. The branching pal tern of I he veins is important in lepidopteran s)'s-
temati('<;;. Monarch. page 2 1S, photos 2 and 4. has the veins covered with black
scales.
 [ DAINTY SULPHUR )

)
-
LARGE MARBLE

[ CABBAGE WHITE )

[ ORANGE SULPHUR

[ ANISE SWALLOWTAIL )

WESTERN TIGER SWAllOWTAIL

 AMERICAN SNOUT FATAL METALMARK

( COMMON RINGLET 1
COMMON WOOD- NYMPH

____ L-______M~O_._._RC_H__·____·_ )"_______________~

MYLITTA CRESCENT

[ SAGEBRUSH CHECKERSPOT J
~-----

[ AMERICAN LADY
~=~~~='

MOURNING CLOAK

( GREAT SPANGLED fRITILLARY

 ,
-
( PURPLISH COPPER [ SPRING AZURE ) ( BOISDUVAl'S BLUE )
=- ., - -

BRAMBLE HAIRSTR[AK ) ( CALIFORNIA HAIRSTREAK ) ( GRAY HAIR STREAK )

[ BLUE COPPER )
( COLORADO HAIRSTREAK )

COMMON BRANDED SKIPPER

-
)

COMMON SOOTYWING
I

SllVER ~ SPOTT(D SKIPPER ) [ NORTHERN (LOUDYWING )

 Bibliography

Acorn. J. 1993. The Butterj7ieJ of Alberta. Edmontun: Lone Pin e Publishing.

Austin. C.T. 198 5 .... Lowland Riparian Butterflies of the Greal Basin and Associat-
ed Art'as," J. Res. Lep. 2 4 : 117- 13 1.
Au stin, GT J986. " Nevada BlIllcrflies. Preliminary checklist and distribution." J.
Lep. Soc. 39(2):95- 11 8 .
Austin. C.T. 1987. "Nevada Populations of Polites sabuleti and the Dt"snipliol1s of
Three Ncw Subspedl's. BIlII. AllY1l Mus. 109: 1-2 4 .
A ustin, G.T. 1992. "Cery(lni.'i pegala in the Great Basin: New Subspecies and Bio-
geography." Bull. A/~vl1 MU.fieum 135:1-59.
Austin. G.T. 1998. " Definiliv<t' Destination: Spring M ountains. Nevada," American
Buuer/lies. W inter: 4- 11.
Austin. G.T. "Definitive Dc.'slination: Greal Basins NP. Nevada.'" (in prep~.
Austin, G.T. and Austin, A.T. 1980 (1981). "Bullernies of Clark County Nevada." J.
Res. on the Lep. 19: 163.
Austin. G.T. and Smith. M.J. 1999. Revision of the Thessalia leanira complex. In
Emmel, T.e., ed., Systematics of We.<;tem North American Butterflies. Gainesville,
Florida: Mariposa Pn.:ss.
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 Index

Qcastw., 168 aqric(!/a.272 simius. 286

am"s. 274 Aguila (Iso/Idcr. 222 rexana£" 280
Arlln/ams alhociliatlls. 224 Aguna, Gold·!!ojlOltl'd. la/teea, 282
ca.~;ca, 224 222 l'ialis. 284
Iyandes. 224 aidea. 198 amrmolt£', 190
IOXl'IlS, 22 4 atiJena (B%ria). 154 anl}'l/fnr, 30 1
acherOn/Q, 102 alberla (OelleiS). 2 12 amylltula. 108
Arh/yodes tamemmd, See a/beseem. Sec commwl;s Anora aidea. 198
tllraso albod/iams. 224 andria, 198
thraw, 228 albosll/fil.l'eJ.. Sc.:l.' py/ades ,qlycl'riufII, 302
aOllOll, 124 alcestis. 86 (T(lgledyla. Sec aidea
Adelpha bredou,;j, 192 alea, 104 Allarliajo.rrophae. 190
adiasle. 146 alexandra. 60. 62 Anatrytollc [OgOIl, 270
Admiral. Lorquin's. 192 alliaf'. 290 Qnchisiades. 296
Rt'd. 188 allyni. 204 Allcy/oxypila orene, 250
Rc.."d -spolIl'd. 192. 194 alopills, 296 Ilumilor, 250
Weidelllt'yt'r'" 192 a/pllells, 246 af/dria, 198
Whitt" I t)2 Alp int'. Colorado, 208 Angk d,SlI lphllr, While,
Adopaeoides priltu4lzi. 250 Commnn. 208 66
aea. Set' cil/go Dba . Set' Taiga Yelluw, 66
aenus. 280 Magdalena . 2 10 anicia. St'C chakedona
aff/llis, St'(' dumelortlm Rt~d·Disked, 208 anna, )0 I
afranius. 236 Taiga. 208 annabella. J88
a,qaritile. 68 Theano. 2 10 AniI'm c/Minde. 66
A,qathymlls alliae. 290 Vidler's. 208 maerufa. 66
al)'xna. 292 Amblyscirtes aml/S. 280 alllhedall. 299
halleri. Sec aryxna belli. 286 Anlh{)(l/aris (elllllra. 58
i.'vans;. 292 fOSSilS. 280 julia. Sec sara
gelltry;. Set' aryxna celia. 286 lan(f(llata. 56
mariae. 292 elissa. 282 midea. 58
nellmaeqeni. 292 eos.281 pima. St·(· eethura
poling;. 290 exoteria. 282 sara. 58
reming/(lni. 292 /imbriala. 284 stella. St't' sara
stephemi. 292 IIcrellS. 280 thoosa. Set' sara
Agrcwlis vanillae, 134 nysa. 284 A IlligOfms emorsus, 228
A.'1riades cassiope. 126 oslari. 286 amiopa, 186
Hlandoll, 126 pl/ylaa. 284 apama, Set' dumelomm
podarce, St't' glandon prellda, See lolteea aphrodite, J 40
362 • IN DEX

Apodemia chisosemjs. See najs at/antis (Hamadryas). 196 bimaeula, 270

duryi. See momlO atlantis (Speyen·a). 140 blackburni. 294
hepburni, 132 At/ides halesus, 84 blom[i/dia, 302
l1Iejicanus. Sce mormo Alrylom a1"090s, 270 Blut:", AClllun. 124
mormo, 132 Allyfonopsis cestus, 278 Am ic 126
nats, l30 deva, 276 Arrowhead, 11 8
palmeri, 132 edwardsii,278 B(lisdll\'at'~. 120

phydodoides. 130 hianna, 276 Cassius, 106

vilgu/ti. Sec mormo IUllus, 276 C('raunus, 106
Appias drnsilfa. 297 pittams.278 Cyna, \08
arahus, 288 pytholl,278 Dotted, 11 4
arachne, 160 vierecki,276 Grcen bh, 120
A rawaws jada, 100 alta/us, 260 Hawaiian, 294
araxes, 2 16 augustil1us, 98 i-Icalher. 126
archippus. 194 aura11liaca, 250 Lupint'. 124
Arctic. Albena, 2 12 auretorum, 90 Marine. 106
Chryxus, 2 12 ausonides, 56 Melissa. 122
Grea t 2 12 Autochton cellu'\", 2 22 Mojave. See Dotted
Julta, 2 12 cil1cta, 222 Northl'rn, 122
Macoun's, 2 12 pseudoceJ/us, 222 Pea, 294
Melissa, 2 10 avalana. 102 Rt"akirt's, 106
Poli xenes, 2 10 azia, 100 Rila, 116
Uhler's, 212 Azure, Hops, 110 San Emigdio, 124
W hi te-veined. 2 10 Spring, 110 Shasta. 126
arelle, 250 Slimmer, 110 Si lvery. 11 8
ares, 130 Smal l. 108
arganre, 297 Banded-Skipper Sonoran. I 10
algl/5. See idyja Chisos, 222 Spa ldin g'~, II"
arizoncnsis (ea/ephelis), 128 Golden, 222 S'luarc-spotted, 112
a rizoncl1.<;i.~ (Coda tractus), 2 18 SOnoran, 222 Veinal, 124
arogos, 270 bairdii. See machaNI Xe rl(:~. See Silvery
arora, 76 baptisia('.236 Bluewing. Blackened. 196
arrhemis, 192. 194 bmesii, 176 Mt'xican, 196
aryxl1a, 292 bathyllus, 226 boeticu.s, 294
asal1der, 222 battoidrs, I I 2 Boisduva/iana, 70
Asda monusfe, 297 Bartus phi/enor, 44 13oila, Mottled. 244
astarle, 154 poJydamas, 44 Bolla. ciyrius, 244
Astcrocampa argm. See idyja baueri. See battoides Soloria alberta, 154
celtis, 200 bazoellii. 104 astarte, 154
clyton, 200 Beauty Rlolllfild's, 302 bellona, 150
idyja, 200 /Jebrycia. 102 charielea. Set' montinus
leilia, 200 beckerii. 52 epilhore, 150
ASlraples[u/geraror, 299 behrii (CoJias). 62 t'wwmia, 150
aSlyalus.296 b;:hrii (Salyrium), 86 [reija. 152
aSlymtQx, I 94 belli, 286 frig9a, 1'52
asychis. 228 bellona, 150 improba. 152
ala/ama, 188 bemardino. Sec balloides kriemhild. 152
Ata/opedes mmpestris, 262 Biblis hyperia. 196 1I1ontinus, 1'5 4
 INDEX • 3 6~

napora, 154 siva. SCl' gryneus cesonia. 66

xc/ene, J SO spinelorum, 96 eenri, 104
(ifanla. See mominlls thornei. Sec grynClls C('SIIlS, 278
bore. Set: taygere viridis. Sl'l' dlimeLOmm eell1l1ra, 58
br"dowii, 192 xami, 94 cha/cedona, 170, 172
Brephidiumo..l/e.106 Ca/podl's l'lhliIlS, 288 c/tarie/ea. SC~ mOl/timls
brizo. 236 Co/ycoris (('crops, 100 charil/wnia. 298
Broken-Dash. Nonhcrn, isobeon. 100 Cht·ckert'd·S kipper. Com-
268 campeSlris (Alalopedes), mon, 238
SOllthern, 268 262 Ocsert,238
Brown, Eyed, 204 campe~'lris (Phyciodes) , Grizzled. See Skipper,
Bud,eye. Common. 190 174 GriZ71ed
Dark. S{'e Tropica I canadensis. SO M ountain. 240
Tropical, 190 cardui, 188 Small. 240
mbares potrillo, 218 Coria ino. 298 Tropical. 238
mims, 218 carinellla, 134 Two-banded. 24 0
(alanlls. 86 carolfle. SC(' zame Whil!' . See Commo n
(O/(lIas, 302 Carrerocel'hailis pafllemon. Checkers pOl, Anicia. Sce
Calep/teJis ariZo,tf1lsis, 128 248 Variable
nemesis, 128 carus, 266 Arachnl'. J 60
nilu.~. Sel' I'erdiralis casicQ, 224 Black, 164
perdita lis, 128 cassiope, 126 Chinali. 162
rawsoni. 128 ((Issills. 106 Oolleu, 160
\Y"ri.qhti, 128 emsus. 280 Edith's, 172
cali[orni((l (Chlosyne). 156 Caras/ieta nimbice. 296 Elada, 160
cali[ornica (Nymphalis), 186 ((/filius. 220 Fulvia, 164
califomica (Satyrium), 88 Cat1Jehean . Whiu.' ·doltcd. Gabb's. 168
callias, 20S 296 Gilh:lIl"S, J 72
callippe. 144 call1llils. 244 Gorgollc. 166
CallopJIIYs offillis. St'e dume· cccrops, 100 Harris', J 66
forum Ce/al.'no nhinilS fri tzgoutne r;, Hoifmann's. 168
opllma. S('e dumeforum 218 LC.1nir.1, 164
IIII.quSlitms. 98 Celostrina hllmlllllS. $ l'(' ladotl Northern. 168
coms{(xki. Sec .fheridllt/ii fadon. 1 10 Rockslidl'. 166
dllmf/onun, 92 ncg/eela. 1 10 Sagebrush, 168
eryphon, 98 celia, 286 Sjlvt'ry, 166
[orl!.. 98 eel/lIS, 222 Ti1('ona. 162
grynells, 94, 96 Celotes limpia, 246 Tiny. 160
henn'd, 98 nessliS. 24 6 Vari.1blc. 170, 172
jo/msolli. 96 celtis, 200 chinariemiis. 162
Icmberti. Sct' siteridanii cenlaurear, 240 C"ioides calil/us, 220
m(far/andi, 94 cenlrafis. Set..' batroid~ ziipa, 220
moss ii, 98 ceos.244 Clliomara asychis, 228
muiri. Sec Bryneus cerallnlfs, 106 georgina. Set asychis
nelsolli. See .qrynells Cercyonis meadj;, 202 mirltrax, 299
perplexa. Sec dllmelorum Oc.~IIIS.
202 chiton, 198
polios. 98 pegafa.202 dlisosensis. Sec nais
sheridanii. 92 srhmelC'. 202 Chioroslrymoll simaelhis. 94
3 64 • IN DEX

Chlosyne acaSlIIS. 168 behrii. 62 Ruddy, 80

(oli/ornica. 1 56 cesonia. 66 Tailed. 76
definira. 1 58 christina. Sec alexandra corrsia. 102
endeis. 158 eurydice. 66 corottis. I 3B
gabbii. 168 eury/heme. 60 Cralker. Bla(:k'palcht'{1.
gorgone. 166 harfordii, See alexandra 196
harrisii. 166 inlerior, 64 Glaucous. 1')6
hoffmal/ni. 168 gigaflfea. 6 4 Gray. 196
jal/ah'. 158 krauthii. St:'t' alexandra Cf('su'nt. Californ ia. 174
lacinia. 156 meadii. 62 Fil'ld. l74
lIyfteis. 166 nastes, 62 Mylilta. 178
palla. 168 occidentalis, 62 Non hem. 176
rosiltl. 158 pelidne.64 Painlcd. 180
wllimeyi. 166 phi/odice. 60 Palt:.178
christina, Sn' alexandra pselldochrislina, SCt' occi- Palc-handed. I SO
2 12
rll1YXtlS. dentalis Pea rl,1 76
cin((a. 222 seuddm.64 Phaun. 180
cingo.248 cololl. StT chalced(ll/a TJwny. 176
cJllrIl~,
2I6 columbia. 256 Tt:xan . 180
claudia. I 34 columella. Sec i5tapa Tulds. See Palt--bandt'd
deobaea. 302 (omma (Hesperia!. 256 Vt""I<I. 178
c1odius. 42 conltlw (Polygonia), 182 (resphol1lt"s. 44
doril/de. 66 Comma. Eastl'fIl, 182 creusa. 56
Cloudywing, Conruscd, 226 Gray. 184 (ritala. xxxxx
Cnyoll', 224 Green. 184 oysalus.84
OCSt'rt, 224 Hoa ry, 184 cupreu,~. 76
Drllsius,224 Orcas. 184 cymlOmhe. 1':.16
Mt'xka n, 226 Satyr. 182 Cyanol'hrys amynt(lr. 301
NOrthern, 224, 226 Zephyr. See Hoary lal/guill. 30 I
Sldnnc::r's, 224 communis. 238 Q1bele, 136
SnulhcfIl,226 co"L~to,ki. Sec sheridanii Cy/lopsis gemma. 206
Wl:<;tcrn. 226 comyntas. 108 pcrlfpid(/. 206
V.alt.:rial1a, See Skipper, collfusis. 226 pyracmofl. 20b
Valcriana Copaeodes at/rantiaw, 250 Cymaene{ odilia. 102
clyrie, 298 minima. 250 Q'melo.206
clyrius.244 Copper. Ameri('an. 76 (yna. lOB
dyran, 2()O Blue. RO oweas. 1(..1
cory/a. Sec se/mis Bronn.', 78
Codalrac1Ll.f arizonensis. 2 18 Edith·s.74 daCOMe. 260
mysie.2 18 Ferris', See Ruddy I)a~~{'fwin~. Many-banded.
c(){'nia. 190 Gorgon. 78 198
Cnenollympha haydenii. 204 Gray. 74 Rl1ddy. 198
tullia. 204 Great. 74 Waiter. 102
('.Dgia caieus. 218 Hermcs. 78 daim.70
(alc/ta.f. J02 Lila(:-bordert'd. 82 Danwhifc. Mn.;ican, 296
hipp(I/IIS, 2 18 lustrous. 76 O(ll1am eresimlls. 21 4
olltis. 2 18 Mariposa. 82 .'Ji/ipJ'IIS, 214
Colia,~ alexandra. 60, 62 Purplish,82 plexippll5. 2 14
 INDEX . 3 65

dejinita, 158 edwardsii (Alrytol1opsis), 278 ErionOla torus, 294

deva, 276 edwardsi; (Oarisma), 252 Erora quaderna, 92
Diaethria afllla, 301 edwardsii (Satyrium), 298 enans, 288
dina, 72 edwardsi; (Speyeria), 144 Erynnis afrnnills, 236
dion, 270 egeremeI, 268 baprisiae, 236
Dione mOlleTa, 298 e,q/eis, 14 6 brizo. 236
dione, 74 e1ada, 160 dill/s. Sl:"t.' jllvenalis
disa. Sec mancinus Elf, 180 /lIneraJis, 234
discoidalis, 208 Elfin, Brown, 98 /toratius, 232
diversus, 226 D<-'St'M, 98 ice/us, 236
Dogfac(', California, 66 Henry's, 98 jl/Ve/lafis, 232
SOIHht'rn, 66 Huary,98 marlialis, 234
damicella, 242 Muss',98 meridiallus, 230
darames, 220 WeSICfIl Pine, 98 pacuvius, 234
darus, 216 ehua.282 persills, 236
draco,26 4 ellisi. St:t' battoides propertills, 230
drusilla. 297 elva, 180 scudderi, 232
dntsillS, 224 Emesl~<; ares, 130 rrisris, 234
DryllS julia, 298 zela, 130 reJemachus, 230
dumetamm, 92 emigdionis, 124 eryphon, 98
duryi . S~t' manila t'morsus, 228 t'IhUus. 288
Duskywing, Afranius, 236 Emp<:'for, Crea nl -ban ded. etllllsa. 196
Ariz{lna. See Juvenal's See Dusky Euch/oe ausonides, 56
Dreamy, 236 Dusky. 200 af/lsa. 56
False. 300 i-Iackherry, 200 hyantis, 56
Funereal. 234 leilia, 200 guaymasensis, 297
Horace's. 232 Tawny. 200 lotta. See hyanris
.Iuvenal's.232 Empres~ Leilia. 200 olympia, 56
Meridian. 230 mdeis, I 5~ Elleides isabella, 299
MOl! teu, 234 Enodia al1fhedol1. 29Y eIIfala, 288
Mournful, 234 portlandia, 299 Ellnica monima, 196
Pacuvius.234 moples, I I 4 tarifa, 301
Persius, 236 eos.282 elmomia, 150
Propenius, 230 ('paphlls, 30 I eWlIIS, 252
Rocky MOlllllain. 230 Epm:qyreus clams, 2 16 EupJtilores aneilla. See enoptes
Scuduer's, 232 windi, 302 battoides, 112
Skcpy,236 "pipsodea, 208 balleri. Sec hal/oides
wild Indigo, 236 epilhore, 150 bernardino. See baltoides
dymas, 160 Erebia (a/lias, 208 centralis. Sec battaides
Dymasia dymas, I 60 dh'a. St:T mancillllJ ellisi. See balloides
Dynamine dyonis. (90 dis((IidaIiJ, 20g enopteJ, 1 14
lilhia, 30 I epipsodea, 208 9faufon. Sl'(' batIoides
dYOllis, 190 magdalena, 2 1U illlennedia. Sl'C ballOidt's
1I1mlciI1lL(, 208 ma/1ini. See bauoidt's
Eanris. See Ac/tl)'odcs rhea no, 210 mojavl'Ilsis. S('l' mopIeS
edllon, 294 vidleri, 208 pallesct?11s. S~(' rita
editha (Euphydryas), 172 eresimus, 214 rit(1,116
editha (l_.vcaflJa), 74 ericetorum, 242 spaldingi, 1 16
366 • INDEX

Eupllydryas at/ida See dla/- Carol·s. See Zcrene Mary·s.292

c('dona Coron is, 138 Mojave.'. 290
chalcedona, 170, 172 Dingy. 152 Oran)!f', 292
c(1loll. See (haJcedolla Edwards', 144 P('lin~·s. 290
editha, 172 Frcija. 152 Slfcckcr's.290
gil/ettii, 172 Frigga. 152 Ursine, 290
Euphyes bimacuia, 270 Great Basin, 146 YuC(·a, 290
dion. 270 Great Spangll"<l, 136 .91:<lantea, 64
vestris, 270 Gulf. 134 ,qiliPPIlS, 2 I 4
Euptoieta claudia. 134 Hydaspe. 142 gillettii. 172
hegesia. 134 Meadow. 150 glandon. 126
Eurema boisduvalialla, 70 l\1t-xican . J 14 Glassywi ng. lillie, 300
daira, 70 Momlot), 148 qlallcollome. 196
dina. 72 MuullIain, 154 Glaucopsyclte /ygdafllu.f. 11 8
lisa, 70 Nuknmis. 136 piaslIs, I I R
mexicana, 70 No nhw('slem. See xerces. Su"/ygtfamus
nidppe, 72 Atlantis glal/cus. 50
nise, 70 Padnc 150 glycerium, 302
pro/erpia, 72 Purplish, 154 Horgon, 78
etlrydice (Colias), 66 Rt'gai. J 38 gorgone. 166
eurydice (Satyrodes), 204 Relkt. 152 gracidae. St"l' alrhells
eurymedol/, 50 Silvt:r-bord ered, 150 .gracilis, 184
eurytheme, 60 'ntalliil. See P~Jrplish Grais sti.qmaticus, 222
Ellrytides marcel/us, 296 Unsilvcred, 146 Gwundslreah.. Du~ky - hluc,
evansi. 292 Varie~a t ed. 134 100
El'ereS amy,IIt1la, J 08 Zerelle. 142 gnams, 84
(omYl/tas, 108 [ritzgarrrneri, 2 J R gry1letls. 94, 96
exile, 106 fll /fJfrarar. 29 guaymasensis, 297
exoteria, 282 Ili /ginast/ tII, 8R Gyrocheilus patrobas. 204
fulvia, 164
fmmlls, 184 fimeraiis, 234 Habrodais .'1rUtIllS. 84
Jovol/ius, 9U ha[erniki. 248
fehma, 196 gabbii. 168 Ha irstrea k, Acadian, 88
f'eniseca tarquil/ius, 297 Ganyra Itowanlti, 297 AriWIl(l,92
{ttllbn'ata, 284 josephina. 297 Banded,86
Firclip, Dull, 216 .'Jarila.252 Behr's,86
Flasher, l wn- barred, 299 gemmed·salyr. See Salyr Bramble. 92
Flat, Fritzgaerlner's. 2) R gemma, 206 Bromeliad. 298
[0Iis, 98 geJlOl't'va. 190 Ca 1iforni ~, 88
[reija, 152 .'Jeorgino. Sec asycllis Cora l. R6
frigga, J 52 Geslo gfSla, 300 Co lo rado. 84
[risia, See IUlcis irn'islI5. See .qesla Edwards', 298
Fritillary, Aphrodite, 140 Giant · Skipper, Arizona, 292 Hedgeww,90
Alberta, J 54 Bauer·s. See Arinma Golden . 84
Atlantis. 140 Ca lifo rnia, 292 Gold · huntcr's 90
Astarte, 154 Coa huila , 292 Gray. 102
Bog, 150 Gentry's. See Arizona Greal P urplt:. 84
Callippe, 144 Huachuca, 292 lIavia. 90
 INDEX . 367
Johnson's, 96 Hemiargus cermmus, 106 hyperia, I 96
Junipt.'r, 94, 96 isola. 106 HypostT)'!1IOll cmola, 100
ManU!>,298 henria, 9H
Mounlain Mahogany, hepburni, ( 32 icarioidcs. 120
90 hermes (Lywma), 7R iCc/lis. 236
Muir's. See Juniper "cnllc.~ (Hermf llptychia) . See idalia, 138
Nelson's. See Ju nipe r sosybills idas. 112
Nonhcrn. See Oak ht:rmit. See Sk ipper. Her- id)ja, 200
Oak. 90 mi l i1avia, 90
Olivt'". See Juniper Hermeuprychia sorybius, 206 impreba, J 52
Poling's, 90 Hespuia assiniboia. See indra.46
Rt:d-handed . Sec comma illo. 298
G ruu nds l rt::a k, attalLls. 160 it/urior, 64
Du-"ky-blue colorado, Set.· comma intermedia, Sec battoides
Red-spoiled, 294 co/umbia.256 imerrogarioni.(, 182
S;:mdia,94 comma, 256 itll'isus. Set' g('$la
Sheridan's,92 dacorae. 260 iole, 72
Silvl'r-bandt:lL 94 jllba.258 isabc/ll1, 299
Siva. Scl'Juni per lronardlls. 260 isobeoll. 100
Soapberry, 86 lilldseyi.251;! isola. 106
Sonman, 1UU metea. 258 istapa, 104
SOO IY, /-IS miriamae, 256 julia, 19R
Sour lwrn. Ser Oak nevada, 258
Siript:d, s6 orroe. 260 jada, 100
Sylvan. 88 pahaska, 254 janais, 158
Thickt:1. 96 UflcaS. 258 jatrophae, 190
Th()rnc'~. SeeJLl llipc r viridis. 254 joJmsolli, 96
While M , 291'1 woodgatei,254 josephb1Q. 297
Xami. 94 hcsperk St.'t.' atlantis juba, 258
Jwlesl/s, 84 (Speyeria) Julia. 298
Hamadryas atfantis. 196 l1esperopsis a/pileus, 246 julia (Anthocharis) , Set.' sara
ft!brua, 196 gracie/ae. Sec alpi1clIs julia (Nasrra), 252
glallconome, 196 libya, 246 JWlOnia cMnia, 190
harfordii. Sl't' afexandra ilereronea , 80 genoveva, 190
harrisii, 166 hianllQ, 276 tli,qrosuffllsa. See gmoVfl'a
Harvt.'!. It'r. 297 hippa/us, 2 18 jlllla, 2 12
Jwydenii,204 HLuoris acheronra, }02 jllvcnalis, 232
hayhurstii. 244 Hoary Edge. 224
hegesia. 134 hobemok. 274 kraurhii. Sf't' alcxtl11dra
Heliconian, lsabdla'-", 299 hojJmmmi. 168 Kricogollia l)'Side, 66
Julia, 298 hora/illS.232 kriemi1i/d, 152
Zebra, 298 howarthi, 297
Hl'ficolliLlsclwrithollia, 21,18 humulus. Sec ladon I(lonia, 156
He/iopetes domicelfa, 242 hyantiJ, 56 la(/clJl, I 10
rn'cetorum . 242 hydaspe. 142 Lady, Ame rican, I H/-I
laviana, 24 2 Hylcphifa pfly/ells, 262 Kamchamcha. 294
maraira. 242 hyllus, 78 Pail1led, 1H8
helloides, 82 Hypallroti.( crysahL~, 84 Wes l Coast. 188
368 • IND EX

Lampides boeticus, 294 dione, 74 mala1J.~. 244

lanceolala, 56 editha, 74 mcfarlal1di. 94
{aviana, 242 gorgon. 78 meadii (Colias). 62
Leafwing, Angled, }02 helloides, 82 meadii (Cmyonis), 202
Goatwl:cd. 198 hermes. 78 Me,qalJ/ymlls streckeri, 290
TropiCilL 198 heteronea, 80 Ursll.~, 290
leanira, 164 lIyllus. 78 yl/ceae.290
leda. 100 mariposa, 82 Mcgist(1 cyme/a. 206
leilia. 200 lI;valis, 82 rubricata, 206
lemberti. S('(' sheridanif phlaeas, 76 mejimna, 244
leo. 216 rubidw:, 80 lIIejicalms. See marmo
le(lnardw·, 260 xal1lhoide.~. 74 melane.274
Lepwles wssius. 106 Iyciades, 224 melinlls, 102
marina, ) 06 Lycorea deobaea, 302 melissa (f"ycaeides), 122
LerClna aecius, 274 Lygdamus, 118 melissa ( Del/els). 210
Lerodea arabus, 288 Iyside. 66 mel/apia, 54
eu/ala, 288 mercurius. 299
letc>. See rybele macaira, 242 meridimms, 230
Iherminia. 252 maca reus, 302 Mrst ra amymone. 190
libya, 246 macl1aon, 46, 48 Mt'~1 ra. Common, \90
Libythemw wrinema, I 34 lIIaCOl/l1ii. 212 MetJlmark, Ares. 130
Limen;t;.'> arehippus. 194 maerula, 66 Arizona, 128
arthemis, 192. ) 94 magdalena. 210 Chistls. See Nais
lorqllini. 192 Malachite. 194 Crescent. 1 ~O
\veidemeyerii. 192 Ill -album, 298 FalaL 128
limpia.246 malic/nus, 208 '-kphurn's. 132
lindseyi, 258 Marble, California. See Mormon. 132
lineC>!a, 252 Pearly Nais, 130
liparops, 86 Gray, 56 PatmE'r's, 132
lisa. 70 Large, 56 Rawsun's, 128
logan. 270 N0T1heTn,56 Red -bordt·rt·d. 298
Long Da:sh. 264 Desert. See Pearl y Rlltlnded. 128
Longrail, Brown, 220 OI}' mpia,56 Wright·s. J 28
DnHlI1t es, 220 Pearl},,56 Zela. 130
Mexican, 299 Sonoran. 297 me/ea, 258
Plain, 220 marcefllls. 296 mexicalla (Eurema), 70
Tdt'lIS, 220 mardOll. 268 Inexicanl/ (Polythrix), 299
Whitt'-sr riped, 220 marginali!i. S('(' napi mexiCO/HI (Thm y bes). 226
Zilpa,220 mariae, 292 Microtia elva, 180
longllia. 30 1 marina, 106 lIlidea. 58
lorquini. 192 mariposa, 82 milberti, 186
lotta. See hyantis marius. 298 Mimic-Queen, Tiger. )02
Iwws. 276 Marpesia chirOIl minima. 250
lupinus, 124 coresia Ministrl'<lk. Clyt ie, 298
Lycaeides idas, 122 pe/rells Gray. 100
melissa, 122 letymhia. Sec coresia Lena. 100
Lyeama arota, 76 ma rliafis. 234 Mil1islry mol/ azia, J 00
fUpreus, 76 martini. See bartoides elytie, 298
 INDEX •

leda. 1UO tlt'vadcmis. 212 oreas, J 84

mill/ita, 160 nidppe, 72 ori.Qfl1es, 268
miriamac. 256 l1(qrosuffusa . SeC' genol'eva omythioll. 44
mithrax. 299 nillls. See perdi/alis or.~ei~, 174
Monarch, 21 4 nimbire, 296 oslari, 286
monela, 298 nise. 70 otho, 268
monima, 196 nivalis, 82 ottoe. 260
lIIofitinus, 1"4 nokomis. J 36 ollri~. 2 J 8
monustc, 297 l1umitor, 250
mom/(I, 112 lIyrteis. 166 pan/vim', 234
mormonia. 148 Ny(fe/iu~" lIy(/elill$, 288 pahaska, 254
Morpho. Whilt', 299 Nymphalis antiopa, 186 palaemon, 248
Morpho polyphemus, 299 californica, 186 palamedes, 296
mom:'IoJli, 254 milberti, 186 palla, J 68
mossii, 98 vall·album, 186 pallesccm. Sec rita
MOIl1t>d-SJ...ippt'r. D(:'~t'n. See lIysa, 284 pallida, 178
Skippn, Valerianil palmeri, 132
Mournin~ Cloak, 186 Oarisma edward.~ii. 252 Pal/aquilla erram, 288
Muin·. St't' ,qryneus ,qan'/a, 252 ocala, 288
ml(lticalidata, 50 occiden.talis (Colias), 62 ~ylvicola , 300
mylfua,17g occidentalis (PolI/ia). 52 Papilio al/chlslade.<:. 296
Mym.'lia c),mwnrlte, 196 ()(h/ode~ agn"co/a, 272 asryalus. 296
cr/lllm, [96 sylvano/des, 272 bairdi. St::t' machaoll
mysie. 218 yuma, 272 ({lIIademi.\". 50
mystic. 264 oeo/a, 288 cresphomes, 44
odilia, J02 eUT),medoll, 50
flais, 13U Oends. alberta, 212 g/aIIClls. 50
napat'a, I 54 bore. SeC' raygece illdrll, 46
napi, 54 rhryXf(5, 212 marhaon, 46, 48
1'/{/5[es, 62 jIllla, 212 mlliticalldata, 50
NaJrrajufia, 252 marotlllii. 2 I 2 ornythioll,44
fhemminier.252 melissa, 21 () palamedes. 296
neamathla, "300 /levadfllsi~. 2 J 2 philenor. 44
Nathab iole. 72 po/ixenes, 2 J 0 pi/UnlIII/S, 296
neamalMa, 100 taygere, 21 () po!ydamas, 44
lIey/eeta. Sec ladoll uhleri. 2 J 2 po!yxene.\·. 4 6. 48
ne/soni. Sl't' BrYlIcu$ oetus, 202 mtl/fu.s, 50
IlCmesi.f, 12t\ oileus. 238 Ihoa~". 30 I
IIcorypri5, 297 oleracea. Sec /lapi troilus, 46
Neomilloi.<: riditlg.\"ii, 2U4 olympia, 56 zelicaon. 4 6, 48
Wyomitlgo. St.'t:' ridingsii owa rio. See favonius Xllthll.<:.294
Ncophasia fIlfllapia, "4 Orange, Skepy. 72 Paramacera allyni, 204
Icr/oori, 54 Tailed, 72 Para/rylone snowi, 272
/Jercus, 280 Orang~lip, Deser!. 58 Parides alopius, 296
lIesSlIS, 246 Fakal€', 58 Parnassian, dodius, 42
l1e11mocgeni. 292 Sara. 58 phoebus, 42
lIeurol/(/, 124 Pi ma. See Deser! Parnassius clodtllS, 42
nevada, 258 stdla. Sec Sara phoebus, 42
370 • INDEX

Parrhasius m-album, 298 Iexalla. 180 rhesus, 266

Patch, Banded, l58 tliaros, 176 sabll/eli. 266
Bordered, 156 alicis, 180 sonora, 264
Californ ia, 156 vesta, 178 themislodes, 268
Crim~ull, 158 pltyciodoides, I 30 vibex, 262
Dcfinile, 158 pITy/ace, 284 polixmcr, 2 10
Rosita, 158 phyleus, 262 polydamas. 44
pmrobas, 204 piaslls, 1 I S Pofygonia (omma, 182
Peacock, White, 190 pida. 180 !alfnus, 184
Pearly-eye, Northern, 299 54
Pieris napi, gradlis, 184
Southern, 299 margi/wiis. See napi interrOf1alionis, 182
peckil/.~, 264 (Jleracea. Sec napi orcas, 184
pegala, 202 rapae, 54 pro.qne, 184
pelidne, 64 piiJmmus, 296 satyrus, 182
paditalis, 128 pima. Se(' celllllra zephyrus. St't' gracilis
perplexa. Sct:." dumelOrum Pinlna aea. See cil1.qo POiygOntlS leo, 216
peniliS, 236 cillgo, 248 polyphemus, 299
pertepida, 206 ha[erniki, 248 Po/ylhrix mexicana. 299
petrellS, 198 pims, 248 pofyxmt!s, 46, 48
Plraeo.~trymon alees/lis, 86 polingi, 248 Pompeills vema, 300
phaofl, 180 pims, 24 8 Pontia beckerii, 52
phi/ea, 68 pittacus, 278 occidentalis, 52
philefwr, 44 Piehejlfs a(mOIl, 124 rro/Ddice, 52
philetas, 238 emigdionis, J 24 sisymbrii,52
phi/odicr, 60 icarioides. 12 0 portlandia, 299
Phi/otes sOl/arensis, 110 fupinm·. 124 pMrillo, 21 S
PiJilofiella speciosa, 108 nell rona, 124 Powdt'rt'd ~ Skippt'r, Ari ~
phlaea.~, 76 saepio/us, 120 zona, 228
Phoebis a.(}aritlie, 68 shasta. 126 Texas, 228
argal1 te, 297 plexippus, 214 pralef1sis. Set:." campdtris (PITy-
neocypris, 297 Poanes hobomok, 274 ciodes)
phi/ea, 68 melane, 274 prCllda . See fo/rem
scnnae, 68 laxiles, 274 prillwilzi, 250
statira, 297 viator, 300 prome, 220
phoeb/lS, 42 zabulon, 274 progne, 184
Pholisora calullliS, 244 podarce. See glandon propertius, 230
mejicana, 244 Poladryas arachne, 160 Protrides merrlfrills, 299
Phyciodes halesii, 176 minllfa. 160 proterpia, 72
campenris, 17 4 polingi (Agalhymus). 290 prolellS. 220
C00!la. See selenis p{llingi (Pinata}, 248 pro/(Jdice, 52
[risia . See lulcis polingi (Satyrillm), 90 pseudocellm, 222
lily/ilIa, 178 polios, 98 pSClId()(:hristina. See oaiden-
orseis, 174 Polites cams, 266 taUs.
pallida, 178 draco, 264 Pselldo(opaeode.( eUI1l4S. 252
pl/aon, 180 mardon, 268 plllvemlenla. 228
pieta, 180 mystic. 264 Purrie, Rt'd-s(1<med. See
pralensis. See cQmpeslris origenes, 268 Admirill. Red-
se/eni.{, 176 pe(kius, 264 spotr<:u
 INDEX • 371

PlJrplewing, Dingy, 196 Tohec 282 Lacey's, 102

Florida, 30 I rosila, 158 Lantana, 102.294
Pygmy-Blue;:, Weslern, 106 rubidus.80 Mallow. 102
pylade~, 224, 226 rubricala. 206 Red-lined, 102
pyramJ(ln, 206 ruptl!asciaws. 222 Tailless, J 02
Pyrglls, aibesecns. St't' commu- ruralis. 240 Vojoa, XXX X
nis rutulliS, 50 scudder1 (Colia~), 64
antalfreat'. 240 scudder; (Erynnis), 232
eommllni~, 238 sabuieti. 266 .~elene.150
oileus, 238 Sachem. 262 selmis. 176
philetas, 238 saepio/u5-. 120 somal'. 68
ruralis. 24-0 saepiull/,90 sempio. 298
scriplUra. 240 Sailor, Blut:-eyed, 190 shasta, 126
xmllhus. 240 ~ara. 58 sheridanii. 92
Pyrrhopyge araxes. 2 16 Satyr, Canyonlalld. 206 SilverspoL Mexican. 298
PYlhon.278 Carolina. 206 Simaelhis. 94
Gemmed. 206 Simills. 286
quadl'ma, 92 Nabokov's. 206 Simp/icius. 220
Queen. 21 4 Pine. 204 Siprot'la epaphus, 30 I
Que;:slion Mark, 182 Red. 206 stelrnes, 194
Rt:d -uordered, 204 Sister. California, 192
rapae, 54 Ridings', 204 sisymbrii, 52
ralA'Soni. 128 Sacyritl11! aeadica, 88 siVa. See yryn etls
Rt'd Rim. I Y6 Ollretomm, 90 Skipper. Acacia. 2 18
Rekoa mar/fls, 298 behrii, 86 Alkali. 252
reminYlOni. 292 falanus, 86 Apache. 254
rheslIs. 266 califon/iea. 88 Arctic. 248
ridin.CJsii. 204- edwardsii. 298 Arizona. 2 18
Ringlel. Conmlon. 204- javonills. 90 Arogos, 270
Hayden's. 204 ju,qinostll1l.88 Banana. 294
rila, '16 ifavia. 90 Brazilian, 288
Roadsidc-Skil)per, Ht'll's, Iiparops, 86 Broad-winged, 300
286 olllano. See javonius Brown-banded,222
Bronze. 280 polingi. 90 Cakus. See Gold-costa
Cassu s, 280 .IQepium, 90 Carus.266
Celia·s. 286 syfvinlls. 88 Cestus, 278
Common. 284 tetra. 90 Cht'slllut-marked.302
DOlled. 282 titus, 86 Clouded. 274
Elissa, 282 Satyrodes eurydice, 204- CobwC'b, 258
Lar!-\(', 282 SotY11ls. 182 Columbian. 256
Ny5a.284 Scallopwing. Golden-head- Common Branded, 256
Orange-ed!-\ed. 284 ed,244 Crossline.268
Orange-headed. 284 Hayhurst'S, 244 Dakota. 260
05Ia(s.286 Mazans.244 Delaware. 270
Prenda . Sec Toliec srriptllm, 240 Deva, 276
Simi liS. 28(, Scrub-Hajr~treak.
Avalon. Dion,270
Sl.eHY, 280 102 DOlled. 260
Texas, 280 BrnmeHad. 298 Draco, 264
372 • I NDEX

Skipper, Acacia (coJlfil1ued) Sickk- w inged, 228 Speyerin adiaste. 146

Dun, 270 Sit-rra.256 aphmdite. 140
Dusted,276 Silvl'r-s pol1ed. 216 allanlis. 110
Eufala, 288 Snuw's.272 caiili'pe. J 40
Eurupean, 252 Sonoran, 264 carolaf'. Set' zerene
Fau.?leU, 300 Sunri ... l·.250 cor('nis. 118
Fawn-spoltcd. 302 Tawny-edged, 268 cybele. 136
Fiery, 262 Taxiles, 274 edwardsii, 144
Glassy-winged,299 Tropkal lea st. 250 eglcis. 146
Gold-custa. 218 Two-spotted. 270 lJesperk Sct' allan tis
Gulden-banded. See Umber. 274 hydaspe. 142
Banded-Skipper. Unca ... 258 idalia. 138
Golden Valt·riana.2 18 le/o. Set' cyhele
Green. 254 Vien'ck's, 276 mOrl/l(lnia. 148
Grizzled. 240 Violet -banded,2I)S Nokomis, 136
Hammock. 216 Vioif't-dOllded# 288 Zf'rt'Ne. \42
Hermit. 222 Wandering, 288 .~pinelorum. <)6

Hobufl1ok,274 Whirlaboul. 262 Spllrvvinx, While. 228

Juba.258 White-ba rred,278 Slaphylm' eeos. 244
Julia's, 252 Whitc- patched,22g hayJ/Urstii. 244
Least 250 Woodland. 272 mazans, 244
Ll;'onard's.260 Yuma. 272 statira, 297
Lindsey 's. 258 Zahulnn, 274 stelcnes, 194
Long Dash. 2M Skipperling. Ardie, Sce stella. St'c sara
Long-tuikd, 220 Skipper, Arl..'1ic ~tephensi, 292
Mardun.268 Chi!iOS, 248 sihencle. 202
M ercurial. 299 Edwards'. 252 s/igmalints. 222
Mimo~a. 302 Four-sported. 248 Slil1.'1o m(lI"risoni. 254
Moon -marked,276 Garira, 252 Strt'aky-Skipper, Common,
Morrison's, 254 Many-spotted. 248 246
Neamalhla. 300 Oran~I.." 250 Scarct'.246
Nevada, 258 Russel, 24 8 streckeri. 290
Ocola.288 Suuthern.250 Stripe-streak. Creamy,
OIivt'-cioUlJed . See Vio- Smyrna, 302 100
leI -clouded Snoul. American. 134 SlrYIl1(111 alea. 104
011 DC. 260 mow;, 272 ava/ana, 102
Ouris, 2 18 Snldk'r. 214 beJllycia. 102
Pahaska. 254 sonora. 264 b(/z(lci1ii, 104
Pcck's, 264 sonorensis. I I 0 cesl";. 104
PotriHo. 218 Sootywing, Common. w/lll11ella. See istara
Purple-wasllt'd. 300 244 islopa. 104
Python. 27R Ma cNeill·s. See Sail bush lIIe/il1u.~. 102
Rhesus. 266 Mexican, 244 serapic. 29R
RuraL 272 Mojavl'. 246 y()j()t1. 29H
Sachem. 262 Sahbush.246 Sulphul~ ApriCOt. 297
SandhilL 266 sosybhlS, 206 Cinu(kd.60
Shccp.278 spalding ;, I 16 Christina·s. See Qut'en
Shon-tailed.216 speciosa, 108 Ail'>..andra·s
 INDEX • 3;
Cloudkss. 68 svrac{'s. 300 Tortoiseshell. California,
Dainty, 72 Systa.~ea pulwrulenta. 228 186
Giant. 64 zampa.228 Compton, 186
Ilarfunfs, 60 Milht'rt 's. 186
lahrador. 62 Tailt:'d-Blut:'. Eastern. 108 torus, 294
wrge Orange. 68 Western, 108 toxeus, 224
Lysidt:',66 rameal11ea, 294 Trim's, 234
Mead's. 62 tamenund. Sec rhraso trog/odyra. St'e aidea
Orange, 60 tarqllinills.297 rroilus, 46
Orangc-bilfred. 68 fati/a, 30 1 lTYXlIS, 299
Pelidne.64 /axiles.274 tulci.~, 180
Pink -edged. 64 taygete, 2 10 fIlllia. 204
Scudder's. 64 tclemachus, 230
Sierra. 62 releus, 220 uhler;, 2 12
Statim. 297 {er/oOli, 54 !Incas, 258
Queen Alexandra's. tara, 90 Urbanus doranles, 220
62 texa/1(1. I liO prOD/e, 220
Tailt:'d, 297 rexanae. 280 prOleus, 220
Western. 62 Texola {'Iada, 160 simp/icius, 220
Swallowtail, Anise, 46, tharo.~, 176 leleus, 220
48 {lieano, 210 I1rms, 290
Baird's. See Old World lliemistoc/es, 268
Black. 16, 48 t1reana. 162 Vaga blackburni. 294
Broad-handed. 296 Thespieu.( macarCIiS. 302 valerian, See mysie
Canadian Tiger, 50 Thesm/ia chinaliensis, 162 Vanessa annabella, 188
Eastern Tiger. 50 cyneas , 164 atalm1ta, 188
Giant. 44 lulvia. 164 cardui, j 88
Indw,46 leallira, 164 Iamcamea, 294
Old world, 46, 4~ theona, 162 vir.qiniensis, 188
Ornythioll,44 thoa,~,30 I vanillae, 134
Palamedl's. 296 thoosa. Sec mra vau-alhum, 186
Palt', 50 Thorybes bathylltls, 226 vema. 300
Pipt'vinl'.44 conlusis, 226 \'('sta, 178
Polydamas. 44 diversll.~, 226 I'('srris, 270
Ruby-spottt·d. 296 dru.~ius, 224 via/is, 284
Spicebush. 46 ml'xicana, 226 viator, 300
Streak -celled. 291 ,.ylades. 224, 226 vibex, 262
Thoas, 301 va/eriana. See Codatraclus Viceroy, I 94
Thrct'-tailed. 296 my!>ll' t'idIeri, 208
'J\vo-tailed, SO thra.~o, 228 viercckL 276
Wt,'stern Tiger. 50 Thymelirus Iineola, 252 ~'ir.qil1iel1sis, 188
Xuthus. Sce Streak - Timoehares mpti/asciattls, virgIl/fi. See mormo
('ellt'd 222 viridis, 254
Zebra, 296 Titllnia, SeC' montinus
sylmnoides, 272 tithia. 30 I Wallen.qrenia e.qeremeI. 268
sy/l'iro/a, 300 Tmo/lis cchion, 294 O1ho, 268
sylvinus, 88 tirus, 86 wcidemeyerii. J 92
Synapres syraces, 300 w/tem, 282 Wh irlaboul, 262
374 • IN DEX

Whi le, Beckt.'r's, 52 Windia windi, 302 Dina, 72

Ca bbage, 54 tvoodgatei, 254 liule,70
Checkercd , 52 Wood·NYlllph, Common, Mexk a n.70
Chi rica hua,54 202 Mimosa, 70
FIOI ida, 297 GII:dl B a~ i l' , 202 yojoa. 298
Giant, 297 Mead's. 202 yuaae, 290
Great Southern, 297 Small, 202 yuma, 272
Howa rth 's, 297 Wood·Salyr, lil lie, 206 l'vretta. Sec Polites
Margined. See Mustard Red. 206
Mustard,5 4 wrigh ti. 128 zabuJon, xxx
Pine, 54 w)'om il1go. See ridill.qsii zampa, 228
Spring, 52 zela, 130
Veined. See Musta rd xa11li, 94 ze/iraon, 46. 48
Weslcrn, 52 Xaflfhoides.7 4 Zl.'pltyrus. Sl"e grad/is
Whjte·Sk.ipper, Erichsnn '.., xanrhus, 24 0 zerette. J 42
242 Xenophanes rryXIIS, 299 Zerene. See CoJias
Laviana, 242 )faces. Set' /y.qdamus ZerymiIia. See cornia
NonheTll, 242 )flit/illS, 294 zestusa dorus, 2 16
Turk's·(op, 242 zi/pa, 220
whitneyi, 166 Yellow, Barrt'd , 70 ZizuJa cyna, 108
windi (Epar9yreus), 302 Boisduval's, 70
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