Everyday

Forces
MES, PHYSICS OF 9 TH GRADE AP SECTION
SECTION4-4
TEACHER: HANEEN HUSSAIN
Learning Objectives
1.Differentiate between mass and weight.
2.Calculating the weight Force
3. Normal Force.
4. Static and Kinetic Friction Forces.
 Mass Vs Weight
The mass is the amount of matter in an object.

The weight is the measure of gravitational force exerted on an

object. ( It’s a force)
It’s value can change related to its position in the universe.
What unit do you use to measure the Weight?
 Mass Vs Weight
A bowling ball mass is 7kg. It’s weight related to the gravitational force is
70 N .
Fw = Fg = mass • ag , where ag is the gravitational acceleration = (-9.81) or
nearly -10.
Question: A mass is 5 kg , find the weigh force exerted on the mass?
Answer: _____Fw = m x ag
Fw = 5 x -10 = -50 N , The negative sign indicates downward
force.
 Weight Force
You weigh different on different locations in the universe..
On different Planets:
If you weigh 600 N on earth, then on the moon you weigh only 100 N. Justify
the reason?
Because the gravitational acceleration on the moon is much less than the ab
on earth, where ag moon = 1.6 m/s^2 , and earth’s ag = 9.81 m/s^2
ag : gravitational acceleration depends on the planet’s mass and radius.
And slightly varies with changes in latitude.
 Weight Force
And you weight different on different locations on the same
PLANET ! EARTH
On the Mountains You weigh less than you weigh on sea level
surfaces.
Why? Because ag slightly varies with latitude, the distance
between the top of the mountain and the earth center is greater
than the distance between the sea level surfces and the earth
center.
 Practice calculating the
weight Force
1. What is the weight force of an object of mass 73 kg?
Ans : 730 N downwards
2. What is the weight force of an object of mass 690 grams?
9.6 N downwards
3. What is the weight force of an object of mass 5 grams?
0.5 N downwards
 The Normal Force
A force that acts on an object’s surface in a direction perpendicular to
the surface of contact.
Imagine a television set at rest on a table. We know that the gravitational
force is acting on the television. How can we use Newton’s laws to explain
why the television does not continue to fall toward the center of Earth?
Analyzing Forces for an object at
rest
What type of diagrams do you notice on the
picture? _____Free body DIagram_____
What are the forces acting on the TV?
__Gravitational force and Normal Force_

Describe the state of the TV?

The TV is at rest ( Equilibrium State) The net
force on the TV is zero.
Fg and Fn are equal opposite Forces(for any
object on horizontal surface).
Normal Force of an object on a
ramp!
The normal force when an object is on an
incline is perpendicular to the contact
surface, but not opposite to the force due to
gravity (Fg).

Fn = Fgy (The vertical component of the

gravitational force.

Fn = Fg•cos𝜃 𝜃
𝜃
𝜃 : the angle between the normal force and
the vertical line.
 The Force of Friction
Consider Figure 4.4(a)..
Static Friction
The force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and
at rest.
Static Friction
When the applied force is as great as it can be without causing the
jug to move, the force of static friction reaches its maximum value,
Fsmax.
How is it formed?
Frictional forces arise from complex interactions between
contacting surfaces. Most surfaces, even those that seem very
smooth to the touch, are actually quite rough at the
microscopic level, When two surfaces are stationary with
respect to each other, the surfaces stick together somewhat at
the contact points. This adhesion is caused by electrostatic
forces between molecules of the two surfaces.
How is it formed?
Kinetic Friction
kinetic friction the force that opposes the movement of two
surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other.
Kinetic Friction ( Description
referring to figure 4.4 in slide 11
Kinetic friction is less than static friction.

When the applied force on the jug exceeds Fsmax , the jug begins to move with
an acceleration to the left, as shown in Figure 4.4(c). A frictional force is still
acting on the jug as the jug moves, but that force is actually less than Fsmax .
The retarding frictional force on an object in motion is called the force of kinetic
friction (Fk). The magnitude of the net force acting on the object is equal to the
difference between the applied force and the force of kinetic friction ( F applied
- F k ).
Why Fs is greater than Fk?
Because when a block is still, the microscopic surface
irregularities form more complicated interlocking structures. So
it becomes harder to overcome the static friction than the
kinetic friction.
Tips and Tricks
In free-body diagrams, the force of friction is always parallel to the surface
of contact.
The force of kinetic friction is always opposite the direction of motion. To
determine the direction of the force of static friction, use the principle of
equilibrium.( show force vectors that make net force = zero)
For an object in equilibrium, the frictional force must point in the direction
that results in a net force of zero.
Friction and Normal Force relationship?
The force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force.
Study this example for explanation:
It is easier to push a chair across the floor at a constant speed than to
push a heavy desk across the floor at the same speed.

Experimental observations show that the magnitude of the force of friction is

approximately proportional to the magnitude of the normal force that a surface
exerts on an object. Because the desk is heavier than the chair, the desk also
experiences a greater normal force and therefore greater friction.
Friction can be calculated approximately.

Keep in mind that the force of friction is really a macroscopic effect

caused by a complex combination of forces at a microscopic level.
The relationship between normal force and the force of friction is one
factor that affects friction. For instance, it is easier to slide a light textbook
across a desk than it is to slide a heavier textbook. The relationship
between the normal force and the force of friction provides a good
approximation for the friction between dry, flat surfaces that are at rest or
sliding past one another.
Other factors affect friction.
The force of friction also depends on the composition and qualities of
the surfaces in contact. For example, it is easier to push a desk across a
tile floor than across a floor covered with carpet. Although the normal
force on the desk is the same in both cases, the force of friction between
the desk and the carpet is higher than the force of friction between the
desk and the tile.
Coefficient of friction μ (mu)
The quantity that expresses the dependence of frictional forces
on the particular surfaces in contact is called the coefficient of
friction.

The coefficient of friction is represented by the symbol 𝜇 , the

lowercase Greek letter mu.
Calculating μ (mu) coefficient of friction
The coefficient of friction "𝜇"
Is the ratio between the Friction force and the Normal force,
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑘
𝜇s =𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝜇k =
𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
Let’s try it out !
A 24 kg crate initially at rest on a horizontal floor requires a 75 N horizontal
force to set it in
Motion. Find the coefficient of static friction between the crate and the floor.
Given : Mass = 24 kg, F normal = mass•10 where 10 for acceleration of gravity
𝐹𝑠 75
𝜇s =𝐹𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 240 = 0.312
Practices of page 137
Answers of practices page 137.
Overcoming Friction
Plan and Solve
1. Resolve the force with an angle.
2. Find Net force in x and y directions.
3. Find the horizontal acceleration by using the net force in the
direction of motion(acceleration)
Practice P. 139 Overcoming
Friction
.
Air Resistance
A force produced by air resistance is kind of friction forces.
If an object moves through a fluid medium, such as air or water, the fluid
provides a resistance to the object’s motion.
For example, the force of air resistance, FR, on a moving car acts in the direction
opposite the direction of the car’s motion.
.
Describe how the air resistance acts in
the following conditions.
1. At low speeds, the magnitude of FR is roughly proportional to the car’s
speed.
2. At higher speeds, FR is roughly proportional to the square of the car’s
speed.
3. When the magnitude of FR equals the magnitude of the force moving
the car forward, the net force is zero and the car moves at a constant
speed.
Air resistance on free falling
objects.
When an object falls through air. As a free-falling body accelerates, its velocity
increases. As the velocity increases, the resistance of the air to the object’s
motion also constantly increases.

When the upward force of air resistance( drag force) balances the downward
gravitational force, the net force on the object is zero and the
object continues to move downward with a constant maximum velocity, called
the terminal speed/velocity.
How does a Parachute work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tofBRpzB5n4
The 4 Field fundamental Forces
There are four fundamental forces in the universe.
At the microscopic level, friction results from interactions between the protons
and electrons in atoms and molecules.
Magnetic force also results from atomic phenomena. These forces are classified
as electromagnetic forces.
The electromagnetic force is one of four fundamental forces in nature. The
other three fundamental forces are gravitational force, the strong nuclear
force, and the weak nuclear force.
Strong and Weak forces
The strong and weak nuclear forces have very small ranges, so their
effects are not directly observable.

In the other hand, the electromagnetic and gravitational forces act

over long ranges. Thus, any force you can observe at the
macroscopic level is either due to gravitational or electromagnetic
forces.
Which is strongest which is
weakest?
The strong nuclear force is the strongest of all four fundamental forces.

Gravity is the weakest.

Although the force due to gravity holds the planets, stars, and galaxies together, its effect on
subatomic particles is negligible. This explains why electric and magnetic effects can easily
overcome gravity.

For example, a bar magnet has the ability to lift another magnet off a desk, overcoming the
gravity effect on the second magnet.
Formative assessment.