MK YADAV sz; Be Your Dream. QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME (QEP) MAINS 2020-21 mei QEP BASIC & ADVANCED [a THEME 3: PART 1 OF 2 DISASTER MANAGEMENT INDEX 1 | DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEY FACTS - Disaster Vulnerability, Heat Waves, Droughts,| 1 Cyclones, Earthquakes, Floods, Chemical Disasters, Biological Disasters, Urban Fires 2 | DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES, STRATEGY, ACTION PLANS - Heat Wave, Crowd | 8 Management, Biological Disaster Management, Flood Prevention & Management, Urban Floods Management, Chemical Accidents, Earthquake Management, Cyclone Management, Urban Fires Management, Role of Media in Disaster Management etc 3. | SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR): India’s Efforts in Disaster | 18 Management (DM), Way Forward: “RESILIENT” India (Acronym). 4_| PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (2013-2019) 2 * We took all care in preparing this document. if you stil find any discrepancy in the information provided, please inform us at info@theiashub.com Published by: www.thelashub.com | thelAShub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV DISASTER MANAGEMENT: KEY FACTS DISASTER VULNERABILITY: INDIA India’s Vulnerability ‘India’s geo-climatic conditions and high degree of socio economic vulnerability makes it one of the highly disaster prone areas in the world, ‘ India is the 5® most vulnerable country to climate change induced extreme weather events (Global Climate Risk index, 2019). ‘The geo-tectonic features of the Himalayan region & adjacent alluvial plains make the region susceptible to earthquakes, landslides, water erosion etc. + 60% of landmass prone to earthquake. 12% of land prone to floods due to silt ++ 68% of land prone to drought. © 76% of the 7,500 kilometre-long coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis. , shifting river courses ete. Economic Losses (UN report on “Economic Losses, Poverty and Disasters 1998- 2017’) + Studies indicate that natural disaster losses equate to up to 2% of India’s GDP and up to 12% of Central government revenue. (Source: National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project) ‘India lost USD 80 billion from climate-related disasters in last 20 years. ‘Globally, there is a dramatic rise of 151% in direct economic losses from climate-related disasters, ‘= Greatest economic losses experienced by USA ($945 billion), followed by China, Japan & India, HEAT WAVES: Definition (NDMA Report) ‘* Heat wave conditions are considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C or more for the Plains, 37°C or more for coastal areas or 30°C or more for hilly region. '* Based on Departure from Normal ~ Heat Wave: Departure from Normal is 4.5°C to 6.4°C ~ Severe Heat Wave: Departure from Normal is > 6.4°C '* Based on Actual Maximum Temperature (for Plains only) - Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature > or equal to 45°C - Severe Heat Wave: When actual maximum temperature > or equal to 47°C Point to Note: To declare heat wave, the above criteria should be met at least in 2 stations In a Meteorological sub-division, for at least 2 consecutive days, and It will be declared on the second day. Core Heatwave Zone (CHZ) ‘* Heatwaves occur between March and June every year, engulfing almost all of the Northern and Central regions of India. ‘+ Core Heatwave Zone: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, West Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Vidarbha in Maharashtra, parts of Gangetic West Bengal, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana (categorised by Indian Meteorological Department) Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Heat Waves Vulnerability * Globally: 2015-2018 have been 4 warmest year on record (World Meteorological Report, 2018) India: = Since 2004, india has experienced 11 of its 15 warmest recorded years. - Year 2015 saw one of the world’s five deadliest heat waves on record (more than 2,300 deaths) * India is particularly vulnerable to extreme heat due to low per capita income, social inequality and a heavy reliance agriculture. Exacerbating factors ‘Climate Change: Climate change is driving global temperature higher and increasing the frequency & severity of heat waves. ‘* Unplanned Urbanisation and Rising Population: Reduced level of Evapotranspiration due to rise of concrete jungles & urban sprawls > Urban Heat Islands effect. ‘* Maladaptation: Land use change, Loss of tree cover, Widespread installation of air- conditioning, Degraded agriculture practices ete. ‘EI Nifio Modoki: an irregular El Nifio Impact of Heatwaves Environmental impact + Exacerbates already existing risks such as droughts, extreme rainfall or flood. ‘ Increases the risk of forest fires and loss of biodiversity. Economic Impact ‘* Heat resulted in a total of nearly US$ 60 billion (in PPP) in damage globally in 2018. «© Agricultural & Food Security: Combined heatwaves and drought can lead soil to dry out and cause severe harvest failures, ‘* Work hours: India would lose 5.8% of its working hours due to heat stress, equivalent to 34 million full time jobs (ILO) Social Impact * Called as Silent Disaster: it develops slowly and kills and injures humans and animals. ‘* Mortality: Nearly of 3000 people reportedly died in 2018 from heat-related impacts. 24, 000 deaths between fram 1992 ~ 2015 (NOMA report) ‘* Reduced productivity: Due to physiological stress, sometimes leading to illness & death. ‘* Disruption in community infrastructure For eg. Power supply, Public transport, etc. DROUGHTS Definition Types Vulnerability 2019 +A drought is a period of time when an area or region experiences below-normal precipitation. ‘+ Meteorological Drought: defined as a situation when there is significant decrease in normal precipitation over an area (i.e. more than 10%). * Hydrological Drought: results from prolonged meteorological drought, resulting in depletion of surface and sub surface water resources. ‘Agricultural Drought: is a situation when soil moisture and rainfall are inadequate to support healthy crop growth. ‘* About 42% of India’s land area was facing drought, affecting nearly 40% of the population * 6% of the land area of the country is currentiy in the Exceptionally Dry category, which was 4 times the spatial extent of drought in 2018. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights ReservedIbe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Causes ‘Failed Monsoon: — North-East monsoon that provides 10-20% of India’s rainfall, was deficient by 44% in 2018. — South-West monsoon that provides 80% of India’s rainfall, fell short by 9.4% in 2018. ‘© EI Nino year: Makes Indian summers warmer and reduces rainfall. ‘* Worsen farm distress, exacerbate groundwater extraction, lo urban areas, and further inflame water conflicts betwee cities and industries. Impacts | + Excessive prevalence of suicide: A temperature increase of a single degree Celsius in one day corresponded to about 67 suicides, on average. More than 12,000 farmers have committed suicide in Maharashtra between 2015-2018. \crease migration from rural slates and between farms, IMD monitors agricultural drought once every two weeks on a real time basis during the main crop seasons (kharif and rabi). ‘National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Monitoring System developed by the Department of Space for the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. = Monitors the vegetation through National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAAY’s data. ‘The Gol acts upon the information, data and early warning of the IMD through an inter- ministerial mechanism of Crop Weather Watch Group (CWWG) which works as a part of the Ministry of Agriculture. ‘* National and State Drought Monitoring Centres: Consolidate the forecast and advisories and disseminates them through various media channels. «The IMIS portal of the National Rural Drinking Water Programme provide vital information on water provisioning in drought prone states. Monitoring CYCLONES: '* Cyclones Vayu, Hikka, Kyarr, Maha and Pavan originated in the Arabia Sea. ‘* Cyclones Pabuk, Titl, Fani, Bulbul, Amphan in the Bay of Bengal. Recent Cyclones | | Jone Amphan intensified and turned into a “Super cyclone (max wind speed is 120 | knot), the second super cyclone in Bay of Bengal since 1999. * India is exposed to nearly 10% of the World's Tropical Cyclones. «= About 8% of the area and 1/2 of the population in india are vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters in country. Vunerabre | * 0! te 7500 km ong coastine, about 76% of it prone to cyclones and tsunamis. + 13 Coastal states & UT affected out of which Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Zones/Areas | Bengal, Puducherry & Gujarat are most affected. | « Since 1737, 21 of the 23 major eyclone disasters (in terms of loss of lives) in the world have | occurred over the Indian subcontinent (India and Bangladesh). Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Impact ‘Large number of deaths, loss of livelihood opportunities, loss of public and private property (homelessness) and severe damage to infrastructure > reversing the developmental gains at regular intervals. Steps Taken ‘* National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) - Implemented by NDMA, it aims to undertake structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of cyclones. ‘* Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Asia and Africa (RIMES) — tis an international intergovernmental institution for generation and application of early warning information and capacity building for preparedness and response to trans-boundary hazards. — Located at Asian Institute of Technology, in Thailand, EARTHQUAKES ‘+ About 60% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes where more Vulnerability | than 80% of the population liv. 1. Zone V (Most active): Northeast India, the northern portion of Bihar, Ullarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Gujarat and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. — Sikkim and adjoining regions are known to be part of the seismically active region of the “Alpine-Himalayan global seismic belt”, with four great earthquakes of the world of magnitude 8 and above occurring in this region. Four seismic | >. zone IV (Severe intensity zone): Remaining parts of J&K and Himachal Pradesh, Delhi- zones: Classified NCR region, Sikkim, northern parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, parts of by the Bureau of | Gujarat and small portions of Maharashtra near the west coast and Rajasthan. Indian Standards | 3 2one il! (Moderate intensity zone): Goa, Kerala, Lakshadweep, remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal, parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. 4, Zone Il (Low intensity zone): The remaining portion of the country. ‘© Bhuj (Gujarat), 2001: About 15,000 deaths and total relief and rehabilitation expenditure Observations | of about Rs. 9,500 crores. from previous | « sikkim, 2011; total loss of property was more than 2 billion USD. incidences | , \ijfari (Latur, Maharashtra), 1993: Caused more than 8,000 deaths. ‘+ In cases of Latur earthquake (1993), Bhuj earthquake(2001), Sikkim earthquake(2011) Economic cost | _ the loss percentage are 0.13% , 1% and 0.13% of GDP of India, respectively. FLOODS # Over 12% (40 million hectares) of India’s land is prone to floods and river erosion. Vulnerability | « Children and women more vulnerable: constituting 85% of the deaths during disasters. Impact Between 1953 and 2017: '* Economic Losses: India suffered damages worth about Rs. 4 lakh crores due to floods and heavy rains. ‘* Loss of Human & Animal life: At least 1 lakh people and 60 lakhs cattle were killed. ‘+ Loss of Property: A total of 8 crore houses have been destroyed Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Urban Flooding '* Flooding in the cities and the towns is a recent phenomenon. '* Caused by - increasing incidence of heavy rainfall in a short period of time, indiscriminate encroachment of waterways/natural drains, inadequate capacity of drains and lack of maintenance of the drainage infrastructure, improper disposal of solid waste etc. Recent floods ‘* Assam, 2020: Potentially 95% of Kaziranga National Park underwater. '* Heavy rain in late July & August 2019: Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat were the most severely affected. = Kerala flood: fruin heavy Monsvon rainfall from August, 2018, Hazard Zones ‘* Ganga Basin - Bihar is India's most flood-prone State. Other states include UP, W. Bengal, Haryana & Delhi ‘+ Brahmaputra and Barak Basins * Central India and Deccan Rivers Ba: cyclonic storms. ‘* North-west River Region (Indus Basin) ~ IRK, Punjab and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan, Coastal states ‘Islands - Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep due to Flooding/Drainage Congestion/ Erosion. impacting West Bengal, Assam, Manipur and = Odisha, AP, Tamil Nadu due to heavy im, fall & CHEMICAL DISASTERS Initiators of Chemical Accidents ‘* Process and Safety System Failures: Technical errors (design defects, fatigue, metal failure, corrosion); Human errors (neglecting safety instructions); Lack of information (absence of emergency warning procedures); Organisational errors (poor emergency planning & coordination, poor communication with public, noncompliance with mock drills/exercises etc.). ‘+ Natural Calamities: For eg. Damage to phosphoric acid sludge containment during the Orissa super cyclone in 1999 and the release of acrylonitrile at Kandla Port, during an earthquake in 2001. ‘Terrorist Attacks/Sabotage: on HAZCHEM installations and transportation vehicles. Impact Tea) [Environment Immediate, Shorter and Long-teim Effects \ Soll and Water Bodies Atmosphere — Humans Livestock Plants il i Figure -1: Impact of a Chemical Disaster Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights ReservedIbe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV ‘* Vishakhapatnam gas leak incident (2020): The synthetic chemical styrene leaked from the LG Polymers plant. ‘+ Bhopal Gas Disaster in 1984: 2500 people died due to accidental release of toxic gas Majer chemical Methyl iso Cyanate (MIC. India | ° Fire in an oil well in Andhra Pradesh (2003) Vapour cloud explosion in the Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited Refinery (HPCL), Vishakhapatnam (1997) * Bhopal Gas Leak (Processing of Cl 13) Act, 1985; gives powers lo the central ‘government to secure the claims arising out of or connected with the Bhopal gas tragedy. Under the provisions of this Act, such claims are dealt with speedily and equitably. © The Environment Protection Act, 1986: gives powers to the central government to undertake measures for improving the environment and set standards and inspect Provisions on industrial units. Chemical | ¢ The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991: an insurance meant to provide r ‘to persons Disaster affected by accidents that occur while handling hazardous substances. ‘Management | * The National Environment Appellate Authority (NEA) Act, 1997: the NEAA can hear appeals regarding the restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out ‘+ National Green Tribunal, 2010 -for effective and expeditious disposal of cases related to environmental protection and conservation of forests. BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS ‘© Biological disasters are scenarios involving disease, disability or death on a large scale among humans, animals and plants due to toxins or disease caused by live organisms or their products. ‘+ Such disasters may be natural in the form of epidemics or pandemics of existing, emerging or reemerging diseases or man-made by the intentional use of disease causing agents in Biological Warfare (BW) or incidents of Bioterrorism (BT). Definition * Biological disasters might be caused by epidemics, accidental release of virulent Causes | microorganism{s) o Bioterrorism (BT) with the use of biological agents such as anthrax, smallpox, etc. ‘© COVID-19 is the first pan India biological disaster being handled by the legal and constitutional institutions of the country. COVID Pandemic |, The current lockdown has been imposed under the Disaster Management Act, 2005 (OM ‘Management: | * c+), Legislative | , state governments, in addition to DM Act, have used the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 measures and the various state specific Public Health Acts & ordinances (eg: Tamil Nadu Public Health Act, 1939, Kerala Epidemic Diseases Ordinance, 2020) to deal with the criss. URBAN FIRES | © 3 major fire accidents in 2019 fates ‘Afour-storey central Delhi hotel in February, killed 17 people. ~ Acoaching centre in Surat in May, killed 22 students. = _A factory in Delhi, resulting in the death of 43 workers. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Economic Cost Fire outbreak is the 3" biggest risk to business continuity and operations (India Risk ‘Survey (IRS) 2018) Social Cost 17,700 Indians died of accidental fire, an average of 48 deaths a day (Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India (ADSI), 2015) ‘© Every fifth fire-related death in the world, in 2017, took place in India. * Ofall fire related deaths, 62% were women (NCRB) Rising Risk India Risk Survey, 2018) ‘* 300% increase in cases of fire incidents in commercial buildings between 2014 and 2015. ‘* 100% increase in fire outbreaks in residential buildings. Residential buildings are most prone to fire outbreaks. 42% of the deaths due to accidental fire in 2015 happened in residential buildings. ‘* 218% increase in fire outbreaks in government buildings. ‘Just 20 cities recorded more than 80% of the deaths due to building fires in 2015. Published by: ww.thelashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights ReservedIbe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV | 2 | DISASTER MANAGEMENT: GUIDELINES, STRATEGY, ACTION PLANS 2.1. PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT OF HEAT WAVE: NDMA GUIDELINES (REVISED) _ States Checklist for Preparation of Heat Action Plan * Government Engagement - Participation from State and district government leaders, municipal health agencies, disaster management authorities and local partners. - For eg, Odisha’s dedicated Heat Management Committee, chaired by State Disaster Management Authority, with departmental representatives from water, animal husbandry, sanitation etc. ‘* Appointing State Nodal Agency and Officer - at state/district level to oversee State Heat Action Plan, build capacity of key officials, conduct table-top exercises, simulations and drills before the heat season as well as to ensure communication & coordination among various stakeholders. ‘* Vulnerability assessment and establishing Heat-Health threshold temperatures - vulnerable areas & population to establish priorities and threshold temperatures for heat alert & activities. = The state should coordinate with IMD to develop threshold temperatures. ‘+ Drafting and developing Heat Action plan - The State Nodal Officer can coordinate with local IMD office to start receiving summer season forecasts and release early warning and daily alert system with colour codes. + Implementation and monitoring - focus on wide dissemination of “Do's & Don'ts” and special messages to cater vulnerable groups (elderly, children, outdoor workers, slum residents etc.) in local languages through media, social media, SMS etc. ‘+ Evaluating and Updating the plan - After every heat season, the city or state must assess the efficacy of the heat action plan, including processes, outcomes and impacts > Flexible & frequent updation. + Strategies for reducing extreme heat exposures and adapting to climate change (Long Term Plan) - States should consider mitigation strategies to reduce impact of heat, such as increasing green cover in a city to reduce Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect or implementing cool roofs. 2.2. CROWD MANAGEMENT AT PLACES OF MASS GATHERINGS: NDMA GUIDELINES '* Guiding principle for crowd control - Managing demand - supply gap through: - Understanding demand: based on Y Historical numbers, Crowd arrival pattern, Growing popularity, types of visitors Y Identify mass arrival time windows creating peaks Y Advance ticket booking, registration, and public transport timetable - _ Understanding the supply: by calculating the seating/holding capacity at the venue '* Understanding visitors and stakeholders - Determined by - The type of event (Religious/ School/ University events, Sports event, Political gatherings, etc.) ~ Gathering intelligence about the motives of various visitors and unwanted visitors. ‘+ Understanding crowd behaviour - as unlawful actions of a few people can result in larger numbers following them. Identify and separate such miscreants at the earliest with tact and firmness. Constant monitoring of crowds for developing hazard points. Alternative routes to release crowd pressure and accessibility of emergency exits, at all times. ‘+ Require the organizers of crowded events to discourage general admissions and have plans to handle VIP visitors. Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights ReservedIbe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV © Capacity planning - Long term Perspectives for —_ infrastructure | | Sulu Fates all development should depend — on _| | natural Cala finadequate Arrangement popularity, periodicity of events, ~ OO weather, terrain, local population, etc. Panic © Understanding Crowd disaster process - ae. based on FIST Circumstances - Crowd Force, Information (false or Evacuation/_ real) upon which the crowd acts, [crowing ‘the physical Space (sitting area, | |itumsances orca cai doors, lifts) involved and Time | | formation -[owrcrowsing duration of incident (rapid | sexe raga ingress/egress) play a very | important role resulting in either ort: overcrowding or high desired EAI velocity. ‘+ Information management and dissemination ~ Prior Information for visitors - About terrain, weather and climate, advisory on recommended, allowed and not allowed items, maps with places of importance, Police fire ambulance numbers etc ~ During the visit - List of Do's and Don'ts, routes in an around event venue, suitable entry exit for emergency situation, approximate waiting time etc. - Appublic address system, with loudspeakers installed at all crowded points to communicate with the crowds. - Information data for venue event organiser - Past data on numbers of arrival patterns, likely arrival timings, ete. ‘* Use of ICT in crowd management for hazard, vulnerability and risk analysis, information dissemination, prevention of spreading of rumours, search and rescue. Eg. GIS, remote sensing, CCTV, SMS, Cell broadcasting, RFID tags etc. ‘+ Ambulance and healthcare professionals should be available round-the-clock at the venues. ‘+ Enhance and upgrade skill levels of those involved in crowd management from grassroot level to top. © Event organizers and venue managers should develop, implement, review and revise the disaster management plan in coordination with others, including local administration and police. ‘+ Event/venue managers can involve NGOs and civil defence in traffic control, people flow control, medical assistance, sanitation and mobilization of local resources in case of disaster 2.3. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT: NDMA GUIDELINES Institutional and Operational Framework: The MoH&FW Is the nodal ministry for managing biological disasters. Guidelines include: Prevention of Biological Disaster * Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Assessment - Carried out at the macro and micro levels for existing diseases with epidemic potential, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and zoonotic diseases with potential to cause human diseases, ete. + Environmental Management - Disease outbreaks are mostly due to waterborne, airborne, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. Environmental monitoring can help substantially in preventing these outbreaks. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reservedthe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV ~ Water supply: A regular survey of all water resources, especially drinking water systems, to be carried out by periodic and repeated bacteriological culture. ~ Personal hygiene: Necessary awareness be created in the community about the importance of personal hygiene, and measures to achieve this ~ Vector control: by Environmental engineering, Elimination of breeding places, Biological vector control, Outdoor fogging ete. - Burial/disposal of the dead: With due consideration to the social, ethnic and religious issues involved, utmost care to be exercised in the disposal of dead bodies. Integrated Disease Surveillance Systems (ISDP) = Operationalised at all district levels to detect early warning signals for instituting appropriate public health measures. ~ Surveillance at airports, ports and border crossings to be strengthened with appropriate controls. ~ SDP needs to network with international surveillance networks such as Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), with support from WHO (World Health Organisation). ~ Rapid Response Teams (RRTs): at the national, state and district levels trained under IDSP to investigate Detection and containment of an outbreak: ~ Recognition and diagnosis by primary health care practitioners. Suspected exposure shall be quarantined and put under observation. ~ Communication of surveillance information to Health authorities and Public. ~ Epidemiological analysis of the surveillance data - Delivery of appropriate medical treatment and public health measures Pharmaceutical Interventions: = The centre/state governments to ensure availability of all testing kts, drugs and vaccination that are needed to combat a biological disaster. ~ Legitimate access to important research and clinical material must be preserved. Non-pharmaceutical Interventions ~ Social Distancing Measures: closure of schools, offices and cinemas also ban on cultural events, melas, etc is recommended to prevent the gathering of large numbers of people at one place. ~ Disease Containment by Isolation and Quarantine Methodologies. Prevention of Post-disaster Epidemics: Maintain the necessary level of epidemiological intelligence to pick up early warning signals of emerging and re-emerging diseases of epidemic/pandemic potential. Preparedness Ensuring district Level to Community Level Preparedness Plan and appropriate Linkages with State Support Systems. Establishment of Command, Control and Coordination Functions - The Emergency Medical Relief Division (of Directorate General of Health Services) at the centre coordinates and monitors all crisis situations. Such a mechanism needs to be developed in the states also. Capacity Development - well-rehearsed hospital DM plans, training of doctors and paramedics, and upgradation of medical infrastructure at various levels to reduce morbidity and mortality Community preparedness ~ _ Risk communication to the community — information about the disaster, development of Dos and Don'ts, basic need for safe food, water, sanitation, personal hygiene, approach that health care providers will adopt during biological disasters, Toll-free numbers. - Community participation — in providing relief work and awareness generation for eg. individual volunteers, Resident Welfare Association (RWAs), NGOs, private sector etc. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 10Ibe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV * Critical infrastructure: - Focussing on Network of Laboratories, Biomonitoring, Technical and Scientific Institutions, Communication and Networking ~ Public-private Partnership ¥ Adoption of international best practices Y International pharmaceutical agencies will be collaborated with for meeting the peak requirements of vaccines and drugs during biological disasters. 2.4. FLOOD PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION: NDMA GUIDELINES Structural Measures for Flood Management ‘* Embankments/flood walls/flood levees: to be constructed after carrying out detailed hydrological and morphological studies regarding their favourable and adverse effects. ‘+ Dams, Reservoirs and other Water Storages: to store excess of incoming water, and subsequently be Used for irrigation, power generation, and meeting industrial and drinking water needs. Channel Improvement: to carry flood discharge. Desilting/Dredging of Rivers: after exploring the techno-economic viability of desiting/dredging. Drainage Improvement: constructing new channels and/or improving the capacity of existing channels. Diversion of Flood Water: into a natural or artificially constructed channel. Catchment Area Treatment and Afforestation Anti-erosion Works: taken up only for protection of towns, industrial areas, groups of thickly populated villages, etc. ‘* Sea Walls/Coastal Protection Works: to prevent flooding erosion in coastal areas by sea water. Inspection, Rehabilitation and Maintenance ‘©The state governments/SDMAs will draw a programme of inspection of all structural measures twice a year. Non-Structural Measures ‘+ Flood Plain Zoning: To regulate land use in the flood plains in order to restrict the damage due to floods. - An appropriate legal framework to be developed by the state governments/SDMAs making it mandatory to obtain clearance for construction of the infrastructure in flood prone areas from the concerned state departments. ‘+ Flood Proofing: like providing raised platforms for flood shelter for humans and cattle, construction of double storey building etc. ‘+ Flood Forecasting and Warning: forewarned as to when the river is going to use its flood plain. - Amechanism has to be developed wherein representatives of the CWC, IMD, NRSA and the states interact with each other, exchange data on a real-time basis and formulate the flood forecasts and ‘warnings. - Data sharing with International co-opera basis. - Forecast and advisories to be disseminated using computer networks and satellite e.g. Use of Media (print, radio, television), Internet, e-mail, VSAT, etc. ~ _Basin-wise flood hazard mitigation models need to be developed. n from Nepal, Bhutan and the China, on a real-time Integrated Water Resources Management ‘© It includes water resources assessment, socio-economic assessment, water resources planning, implementation of action plans, day-today water resources management (adjustments of the plans) and water resources protection and conservation. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved cryIAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV It checks for - Water supply and health, eg,, sanitation systems and water-borne diseases; - Water and agriculture, e.g. water productivity and agricultural practices degrading water sources; - Water and bio-diversity, e.g. wetland loss and the need of water for eco-systems; - Water and energy, e.g. hydropower potential; - Water-related disaster reduction and response, e.g. floods and droughts, Flood response Evacuation plans (humans & livestock), Emergency Search and Rescue Teams, Emergency relief camps (identifying missing people, addressing the needs of shelter, education, health care, water supply and sanitation, food etc. of the affected community), involving community & corporate sector etc. Counselling - A team comprising a social worker, a psychologist and a psychiatrist should provide counselling to victims. Other Measures Medical Preparedness - Including creating awareness, trained medical first responders, medical stores, patient evacuation plan, disaster management plans by hospitals, ete. Training and capacity building measures - for designated authorities dealing with the disaster. Institutionalising the Role of Community Based Organisations, NGOs etc. in Incident Command System. 2.5. URBAN FLOODS MANAGEMENT: NDMA GUIDELINES al establishments try of Urban Development (now Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs) will be the Nodal Ministry for Urban Flooding Management. Establishment of the Urban Flooding Cell in Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), State Nodal Departments and ULBs Establishing a Technical Umbrella for Urban Flood Forecasting and Warning, both at the National Level and State/UT levels, Establishment of Local Network of Automatic Rainfall Gauges (ARGs) for Real-time monitoring with a density of 1 in every 4sq km in all 2325 Class |, I! and Ill cities and towns, IMD will establish a ‘Local Network Cell". Early Warning System and Communication Establishing Urban Flood Early Warning System Data Networks for Monitoring and Early Warning: Establishing National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) to meet the needs of urban flood warnings, rainfall measuring stations must be situated locally and densely, based on land development, terrain, watershed, catchment geometry, etc, National Hydrometeorological Network: CWC should maximize the real-time hydrometeorological network to cover all the urban centers. National Meteorological Network: Establishing satellite-linked Automatic Rain Gauge (ARG) stations, Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) for Real-time reception of data to facilitate nowcasting of high intensity rainfall Emergency Operation Centres (EOCs) will be set-up by the ULBs and connected to the ARG network. Doppler Weather Radars: strategic expansion of DWR network in the country on priority basis to cover all urban centres. Other Recommendations An inventory of the existing stormwater drainage system will be prepared on a GIS platform. Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 2te IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Pre-Monsoon De-silting of Drains will be completed before March 31 every year Involve the Residents’ Welfare Associations (RWAs) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in monitoring this and in all Urban Flood Disaster Management (UFDM) actions © Every building shall have Rainwater Harvesting as an integral component of the building utility + Removing encroachments on Drains and in Floodplains by providing alternative accommodation to the poor people ‘* Better Compliance of the Techno-legal Regime will be ensured. ‘+ Establish the Incident Response System for Coordinated Response Actions. + Capacity Development at the Community and Institutional level to enhance UFOM capabilities + Massive Public Awareness programmes covering Solid Waste Disposal, problems of Encroachments, relevance of Techno-legal Regime etc. Involve elected Public Representatives in Awareness Generation 2.6. CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS: NDMA GUIDELINES Management of Chemical Accidents ‘* Statutory Inspection, Safety Audit and Testing of Emergency Plans ~ Inspection System — Standardisation of the inspection procedures and reporting mechanism by each state factory inspectorate. - Safety Plan for Commissioning and Decommissioning — To be submitted by a hazardous unit to the factory inspectorate, - Safety Audit —Need to establish a single inspection system. Develop a certification/approval system for the experts who carry out safety audits and the institutions that train them. - Regular Testing of Emergency Plans ~ on site & off-site emergency plans, including Medical Emergency Plans. ‘* Technical and Technological Information ~ - An authentic but simplified version of information on HAZCHEM (Hazardous Chemical), to be displayed in multiple languages, and prominently displayed at strategic places (shift office, notice boards, security gates etc). ~ Dosand don'ts and periodic training of relevant chemicals to be given to all stakeholders, including the local police and municipal fire brigades and industry. - Case studies compilation: Realistic documented versions of major accidents/disasters which have taken place in India to be compiled at the national level and published so that persons/ organisations concerned are able to draw lessons. ~ Technology: Many of the small & medium units continue to use obsolete and unsafe technologies. Units handling HAZCHEM shall be encouraged to use best available and safe technologies. Preparedness ‘+ Education, Training and Capacity Development. ~ Education: DM has been introduced as a subject at the school level for classes Vill, IX and X by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. - Training of Emergency Services and District Authorities - Capacity Development: Infrastructural, Skilled Manpower, & Material Logistics ‘Awareness Generation Institutions, Networking and Communication Medical Preparedness and Response ~ Creation of Trained Specialised Medical First Responders (MFRS) Creation of Decontamination Facilities, - Uniform Casualty Profile and Classification of Casualties ~ _ Risk Inventory and Resources Inventory Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved BIbe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV - Plans for Evacuation - Proper Chemical Casualty Treatment Kits - Crisis Management Plan at the Hospitals * To develop and introduce new biomarkers and indicators for chemical toxicants. * Collaborate, update, and adopt developing new approaches to detect, evaluate and decontaminate ‘chemical toxicants. * Critical analysis of available technology for acquisition. * Good laboratory practises to be established. Response, Relief and Rehabilitation ‘+ Important Elements of Response = Classify the disaster on the basis of magnitude of probable severity and level of control required. - Quick mobilisation and reaction of first responders for search and rescue, medical emergency response, fire. = Incident command and technical coordination system for specific disastrous situations to be identified. = Communication back-ups to always be available. ‘+ Emergency Medical Response ~ Emergency Medical Response including, Rescue, Relief and Remedial Measures. - Post-disaster Public Health Response - _ Post-disaster Documentation and Research ‘+ Relief and Rehabilitation - Immediate provision of relief to affected people in cash and kind ~ _Judicious use of allotted finance - _ Reconstruction and restoration of infrastructure to be achieved at the earliest. 2.7. EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT: NDMA GUIDELINES: 6 pillars for earthquake management have been proposed by NDMA 1. Earthquake resistant construction of new structures: All new construction will be built as per earthquake-resistant building codes, compliance will be made mandatory with immediate effect in towns and cities in Zones Ill, IV and V. Selective seismic strengthening and retrofitting of existing priority structures and lifeline structures: Such selection will be based on considerations such as the degree of risk, the potential loss of life and the estimated financial implications for each structure, especially in high-risk areas, ie., in seismic Zones Ill, 1V and V and need to be prioritized through ULBs and PRIs. 3. Regulation and enforcement: All central ministries and departments and state governments will facilitate the implementation and enforcement of relevant standards for seismically safe design and construction of buildings, bridges, flyovers, ports and harbours, and other lifeline and commercially important structures falling within their administrative control. 4, Awareness and preparedness: Public awareness campaigns will be initiated at the national, state and district levels in high-risk areas for widely disseminating information on earthquake risk reduction through seismic retrofitting among all stakeholders and to develop professional human resources for seismic retrofitting, Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 4IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV 5. Capacity development (education, training, R&D, capacity building and documentation): State governments must endeavour to strengthen earthquake education by incorporating the best available technical and non-technical inputs on seismic safety in educational curricula. A dedicated institute at national level for disaster management studies to be formulated. 6. Emergency response: A well coordinated, prompt and effective response systems at the central and state government levels, especially at the district and the community levels to be established. Ncourage Community Based Disaster Response and involvement of the Corporate Sector 2.8. CYCLONE MANAGEMENT: NDMA GUIDELINES 10 KEY AREAS 1. Establishing a state-of-the-art cyclone early warning system (EWS) involving observations, predictions, Four Stage Warning System of IMD * Pre Cyclone Watch:- 72 hours in advance ‘warnings and user friendly advisories. 2. Commissioning of the ‘National Disaster Communication Infrastructure’ (NDCI) to provide dedicated and failsafe communications to the National, State and oistrict by DG of Meteorology *Cyclone Alert:- 48 hours in advance by CWC/ ACWC and CWD. Yellow Code * Cyclone Warning: 24 Hours in advance by Disaster Management Authorities and officials concerned. 3. Expanding the warning dissemination outreach by introducing ‘Last Mile Connectivity’, this will include providing public address system along the entire coast line, using VHF technology. 4, Implementing the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) in all the 13 coastal states and UTs. 5. Taking up structural mitigation measures like improving structural lifeline infrastructure; construction of multipurpose cyclone shelters and cattle mounds, ensuring cyclone resistant design standards in rural & urban housing schemes, building all-weather road links, bridges, culverts & saline embankments etc. 6. Management of coastal zones to include mapping and delineation of coastal wetlands, patches of mangroves and shelterbelts and identification of potential zones for expanding bio-shield spread based on remote sensing tools. 7. Selting up of an exclusive eco-system monitoring network to study Une impact of vlimate change. 8, Establishing a comprehensive ‘Cyclone Disaster Management Information System’ (CDMIS) covering all phases of Disaster Management. 9. Setting up of a ‘National Cyclone Disaster Management Institute’ in one of the coastal states to address allissues related to cyclone risks. 10. Commissioning of “Aircraft Probing of Cyclone (APC) facility” to fill the critical observational data gaps and significantly reduce the margin of error in predicting cyclone track, intensity and landfall area cyclone warning centres (AcWCs)/cyclone warning centres (CWCs) and. cyclone warning division (CWO) Orange code *Post Landfall Outlook: 12 hours in advance. Issued by ACWCs/CWC/CWD. Red Code NATIONAL CYCLONE RISK MITIGATION PROJECT (NCRMP) Itis being implemented with the financial assistance from World Bank. Objective - to undertake suitable structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of cyclones in the coastal states and UT's of India ‘+ Implemented by - National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) (under Ministry of Home Affairs) in coordination with participating State Governments and the National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM). ‘+The Project has identified 13 cyclone prone States and Union Territories (UTS), with varying levels of vulnerability. Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 15te IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV ‘* _Itis divided into four components (a) Improvement of Early warning dissemination system by strengthening the last mile connectivity of cyclone warnings and advisories. (b) Cyclone risk mitigation investment. (c) Technical assistance for Hazard risk management and Capacity Building (d) Project Management and institutional support ‘First phase covers state of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Second Phase covers state of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and West Bengal. ‘+ India’s first automatic Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS) has been commissioned in Odisha. It is the first Automatic Public Address system in India to alert the general people about the possible cyclone, tsunami etc 2.9. MANAGEMENT OF URBAN FIRES: NDMA GUIDELINES Institutional framework © Fire services in India comes under the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution of India (Article 243W) and the performance of the functions listed in the Twelfth Schedule comes under the domain of Municipalities. + The Ministry of Home Affairs plays an advisory role in effective maintenance and modernization of fire services. + The Standing Fire Advisory Council (SFAC) under the Chairpersonship of Directorate General (Fire Service, Civil Defence and Home Guards) has laid down norms for establishment of Fire Stations, Equipment, manpower and fire tenders/Vehicles. = SFAC norms for setting up fire stations: The criterion: 1. Response time (3 to 5 minutes in urban areas and 20 minutes in rural areas) 2. The scale of population to be served 3. The number of minimum standard equipment that are needed and manpower required for its operation, National Building Code of india, 200! ‘* The Code incorporates administrative and technical provisions which can be adopted by the States and local bodies to revise and revamp their building byelaws. ‘+ It covers the detailed guidelines for construction, maintenance and fire safety of the structures. ‘+ [tis published by Bureau of Indian Standards and it is recommendatory document. ‘+ It broadly covers - Fire prevention: it not only deals with fire prevention and fire protection but also gives guidance by specifying the standards for construction, plumbing, electrical installations including wiring, lighting, ventilation, heating and air conditioning, safety sanitation, active and passive fire protection systems, etc. - life safety: provisions in the event of fire and similar emergencies also addressing construction and occupancy features that are necessary to minimise danger to life from fire, smoke, furies or panic. = Fire Protection: Covers significant accessory and their related components and guidelines for selecting the correct type of equipment and installation meant for Fire Protection of building, depending upon the classifications and type of building Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 16Ibe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Measures/Guidelines ‘* Comprehensive Vulnerability assessment & action plan for state ~ identifying hazardous industries & and fire prone areas and preparing a complete plan on total requirements of manpower and equipment for the entire state, Creating basic infrastructure ~ for eg. Adequate number of well-equipped fire stations, tackling water scarcity, passage for quick movement of fire engines, improving coverage in rural areas etc Use of Modern Technology - Employing LIDAR-based (Light Detection and Ranging) technologies that can be used to aerially keep a track of setbacks and presence of fire exits, thus, moving away from manual inspection. Other technologies like Water Mist that use lesser water Suitable legislative reforms - Introduction of a National model Fire Act and periodic updation of state laws/bye laws in line with international best practices. Enforcement of laws - Penalties should be charged for violations of rules. The revenue, thus generated, should be used only for the improvement and upkeep of fire services (Head of fire Services at state level, Fire Chief at district level, etc.) Proper administrative and supervisory structure of fire services in accordance with the administrative structure of the state Implementation of 13th Finance commission recommendation on fire safety - All Municipal Corporations with a population of more than one million (2001 census) must put in place a fire hazard response and mitigation plan for their respective jurisdictions ~ _Aportion of the grant allocated by the commission to the Urban Local Bodies may be spent on the revamping the Fire services in their jurisdiction. Community participation - Community members to be trained in fire fighting techniques, participation in regular fire drills, awareness generation (Dos & Don'ts) through workshops, posters, signages ete. Research and development ~ Harnessing expertise and investments of ORDO, ITs, NITs and other private research organizations for R&D innovative fire technologies Others measures - Display of Important Telephone Numbers, Regular Maintenance of Fire Safety Equipment, Infusion of adequate funding, capacity building of firemen, shift from fire-fighting to fire prevention and mitigation, implementation of NDMA guidelines, impartial enquiry of fire incidents etc. 2.10. ROLE OF MEDIA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1. Educational: Educate public about possible disaster threats, ways to prevent them and how to be better prepared. 2. Critical: Critically evaluate the disaster management plans to highlight the gaps for correction. 3. Suggestive: To help generate, through debates/discussion, expert opinions on long term policies for disaster management and relief measures. Role of Media in Disaster Management ‘A. Before a disaster ~ Analysis of sources of risk: help bring to the attention of the authorities the potential source of disaster for proactive preventive measure. - Controlling law and order situation: keep a watch and highlight suspected anti-social elements. They can also assist the law and order machinery in restoring peace and harmony. B. During disaster - Broadcasting accurate information from the site of disaster, to prevent rumors and panic. = Media must be objective and sensitive. - Advise the people about do's and don’t’s to contain the effect of disaster. - Help the authorities and aid groups by highlighting the needs of the survivors. Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved v7te IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV = Help public contact their affected families and friends. - Facilitate resource mobilization (E.g. raise funds and materials) through appeals for relief operation. - It can inform public about several modes of contribution. C. After a disaster = Inform public on post disaster rehabilitation efforts being made by authorities which will help maintain a public pressure on authorities to act sincerely. - Help investigate the causes of disaster for concerned authorities to help prevent it in future. ~ Help generate expert opinions through debates/discussions for better prevention of such a disaster in future, - _ Intrusion through photography into moments of personal grief should be avoided. Bi SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (SFDRR) Background ‘* in June 2016, India became one of the first countries to align its National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) Disaster Risk Reduction (ORR) ‘* A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts vulnerable people, who lack capacity to cope with it: ie Disaster = Capacity of people ‘© Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and reduce the causal factors of disasters. ‘© DRR includes: Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events. * DRR includes disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness and sustainable development. (VulnerabilitysHazard) / Sendai_Framework For Disaster Risk Reduction: (SFDRR} ‘© SFORR 2015-2030 was adopted at the 3° UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, in 2015, * Its the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) ‘*UNISDR was established in 1999 as a dedicated secretariat to facilitate the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR). ‘Its an organisational unit of the UN Secretariat ‘+ Headquarters ~ Geneva, Switzerland ‘+ Mandate: to serve as the focal point in the UN system for the coordination of disaster reduction ‘* UNISDR supports the implementation, follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 ‘* UNISDR is led by the UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction (SRSG). The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction ‘The strategy reflects a major shift from the traditional emphasis on disaster response to disaster reduction, and in effect seeks to promote a “culture of prevention” ‘sit builds upon the experience of the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-1999), which was launched by the General Assembly in 1989 World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction ‘It isa series of UN conferences focusing on disaster and climate risk management in the context of sustainable development '*3 conference so far, each hosted by Japan #1 Conference: Yokohoma (1994) > outcome - Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World #2" Conference — Kobe (2005) > outcome - Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) +3 Conference — Sendai (2015) - outcome - Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 18,Ibe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV + [tis 15-year voluntary, non-binding agreement “The Four Priorities for Action It recognizes that the State has the primary role to reduce | 1. Understanding disaster risk in all its disaster risk but that responsibility should be shared with other | "dimensions (vulnerability, capacity, stakeholders including local government, the private sector and | knowledge, etc.) other stakeholders, 2, Strengthening disaster __ risk ‘* Aim -The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in | governance to manage disaster risk lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, Physical, | at national, regional and global social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, | — level. businesses, communities and countries, 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction: ‘+ The Seven Global Targets: for resilience 1. Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030. 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness 2. Substantially reduce the number of affected people | for effective response and to “Build globally by 2030. Back Better” in recovery, 3. Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global rehabilitation & reconstruction. gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030. 4, Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, ‘among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. 5. Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020. 6. Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030. 7. Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030. nal Disaster Management Plan: India’s Response To Sendai Framework ‘* India’s first ever National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was unveiled in June, 2016 ‘+ The NDMP has been aligned broadly with the goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ‘+ Vision - To “Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction, and significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets - economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental ~ by maximizing the ability to cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as ‘among communities. + Salient features - Itincorporates the 4 priorities of Sendai Framework under the 5 Thematic Areas for Actions: 1. Understanding Risk 2. Inter-Agency Coordination 3. Investing in DRR — Structural Measures 4, Investing in DRR - Non-Structural Measures 5. Capacity Development The plan covers all phases of disaster management: prevent in, mitigation, response and recovery. Mitigation - is incorporated by strengthening Disaster Risk governance featuring areas such as Mainstreaming Risk reduction, capacity development, building scientific and technological capabilities, participatory approach, awareness generation among etc Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 19te IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV - Preparedness Y Horizontal and vertical coordination among all agencies and departments of the government Y Aseparate Responsibility Matrix (right up to Panchayat and Urban local body level) to clearly delineate who is responsible for what, at different stages of disaster management phases eg Hazard specific nodal agencies, agency for media relations, department for early warning Y The plan has a regional approach, which will be beneficial not only for disaster management but also for development planning. Response has been categorised into 18 different areas: Early warning, Evacuation of people and livestock, Basic provisioning etc. to enhance the Response efforts. - Rehabilitation - has been evolved into using disasters as opportunities for better construction > Building Back Better. Ethical media coverage of disasters to provide a healing touch via the use of the media. The NDMP is a dynamic document in the sense that it wll be periodically improved keeping up with the emerging global best practices and knowledge bases in disaster management. DIA’S EFFORTS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT (DM) Legal and Institutional measures * Disasters Management Act, 2005: = The Act lays down institutional, legal, financial and coordination mechanisms at the National, State, District and Local levels. - It seeks a paradigm shift from the relief-centric approach to a more proactive, holistic and integrated approach of strengthening disaster mitigation, preparedness and response National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009. * National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) set up as the Apex Body with Hon'ble PM as Chairperson, with SDMA (State level) and DDMA (District level): Headed by Chief Minister and District Magistrate, respectively. National Executive Committee (NEC) - Its the executive committee of the NDMA, and is mandated to assist the NDMA in the discharge of its functions and also ensure compliance of the directions issued by the Central Government. - The NEC prepares the National Plan for Disaster Management based on the National Policy on Disaster Management. - The NEC comprises the Union Home Secretary as Chairperson, and the Secretaries to the Gol in the Ministries/Departments of various fields (E.g. Agriculture, Atomic Energy, Defence, etc.) National Disaster Management Plan: To make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster risk reduction, and significantly decrease the losses of life, livelihoods, and assets ~ economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental. National Disaster Response Force: Specialized force for DM ‘+ National Institute of Disaster management: Entrusted with various responsibilities, namely, to develop training modules, undertake research and documentation in disaster management. ‘+ National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC): - Comprises high level officials of the Gol headed by the Cabinet Secretary, and deals with major crises Which have serious or National ramifications. ~ _ Its supported by the Crisis Management Groups (CMG) of the Central nodal Ministries and assisted by NNEC as may be necessary. The Secretary, NDMA may be a member of this Committee, ‘Armed Forces: The Armed Forces are called upon to assist the civil administration only when the situation is beyond their coping capability. Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 20Ibe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV Technological Measure + DM Support Programme of ISRO: The Geostationary satellites (Communication and Meteorological), Low Earth Orbiting Earth Observation satellites, aerial survey systems together with ground infrastructure form the core element of the observation Systems for disaster management. ‘+ National Disaster Management Services (NDMS): By NDMA, for setting up of Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) Network connecting MHA, NOMA, NDRF, 36 State/ UT Hrs and 81 vulnerable districts, to provide the failsafe communication infrastructure and technical support. * _ INCOIS: Indian National centre for Ocean Information Services (Ministry of Earth Sciences). * Indian Monsoon Mission: For accurate prediction of monsoon using state of the art technologies by IMD. + Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system to provide warning to inhabitants of nations bordering the Indian Ocean of approaching tsunamis © Geographical Information system: GIS Server and creation of database. For eg. by Odisha government during evacuation operations. © GEMINI device: will help in seamless and effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on disaster warnings, Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ), and the Ocean States Forecasts (OSF) to fishermen * Other technologies: Ariel drones, Mobile phones, Social Media (Twitter, Facebook), Crowd sourcing & Crowd funding (eg. Kerala floods), ICT & Big data etc. Way Forward: Disaster Management - Build a RESILIENT India R - Risk coverage for all - People and financial assets E- Enhance local capacity and initiatives - Act as first responders, encourage traditional best practices, community based DRM ‘*S-Social media and mobiles - Early Warning System (EWS), multi-wave communication, timely response to services ‘+ I - Imbibe principles of Disaster Risk Reduction in all development sectors - infrastructure & trade, environment, social welfare L- Leadership and greater participation of women - gender sensitive DRM | - International collaboration to build collective strength - SAARC Satellite, NAVIC, Operation Samudra Maitri + E- Expand vulneral level ‘+ N-- Network of universities to promote multi-disciplinary, multi-targeted approach - universities consortium ty mapping to taluka and regional level along with responsibility matrix at each valayan ‘* T- Technology leverage - space tech - GIS mapping, forecasting tools, medical tech, food & agro tech, plastic tech ete Published by: vww.theiashub.com | Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved aathe IAS QUALITY ENRICHMENT PROGRAMME: TARGET 2020 Under the Guidance of M K YADAV DISASTER MANAGEMENT: PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (2013-2019) 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management. As an administrator, What are key areas that you would focus in a disaster management? Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. with a focus on the September 2U10 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely EI Nino and La Nina fallouts in India. The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events, With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand. On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on 14 countries including India. Discuss the tactors responsible for occurrence of Tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (ORR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005"? Vulnerability is an essential element for defining disaster impacts and its threat to people. How and in what ways can vulnerability to disasters be characterized? Discuss different types of vulnerability with reference to disasters. Disaster preparedness is the first step in any disaster management process. Explain how hazard zonation mapping will help in disaster mitigation in the case of landslides. Published by: www.thelashub.com I Contact: 9560082909 thelAshub © 2019 | All Rights Reserved 22