Department of Business Administration

BUSINESS LAW
INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH
BUSINESS LAW

S.Arzu IZ BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313 Spring 2020

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Commercial Law  Law applicable to

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

commercial relations

Business Law  All legal problems of a

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business faces

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HISTORY

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 Commercial Law is mostly derived and codified
from practices developed by traders

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

 Especially at port cities

Common Civil
Law Law

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Precedents formed Laws formed by
by customs customs
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IN TURKEY

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 Pre- Turkish Republic
 Guild of Merchants

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

 1850 Kanunname-i Ticaret
 Islamic Law

 After- Turkish Republic

 1926- Turkish Commercial Code

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 1929- Turkish Commercial Maritime Code
 1956- Turkish Commercial Code (#6762)
 2011- Turkish Commercial Code (#6102)

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SOURCES

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 1) Constitution
 ARTICLE 2- The Republic of Turkey is a democratic, secular and
social state governed by rule of law,…

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

 ARTICLE 35- Everyone has the right to own and inherit property.
These rights may be limited by law only in view of public interest.
The exercise of the right to property shall not contravene public
interest
 ARTICLE 48- Everyone has the freedom to work and conclude
contracts in the field of his/her choice. Establishment of private

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enterprises is free. The State shall take measures to ensure that
private enterprises operate in accordance with national economic
requirements and social objectives and in security and stability.

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SOURCES
2) Codes/Law

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
 a) Turkish Civil Code (TCiC)
 b) Turkish Code of Obligations (TCO)

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 c) Turkish Commercial Code (TCC)
 d) Turkish Code on Protection of Competition (TCPC)
 e) Turkish Capital Market Law (TCLC)
 f) Turkish Law of Checks (TLC)

3) Commercial Usage & Customs

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

 4) Court Decisions

 5) General Principles 6
TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE (TCC)

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 Law No. 6102

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 Adopted on 13 Jan.2011- Entered into force 1
July 2012
 Has 6 Chapters:
1. Commercial Enterprises (art.11-123)
2. Commercial Companies (art.124- 644)

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3. Negotiable Instruments (art. 645-849)
4. Issues of Transportation (art. 850-930)
5. Maritime Commerce (art. 931-1400)
6. Law of Insurance (art.1400-1520)

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COMMERCIAL MATTER

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1. Affairs regulated under TCC Ex.: Unfair
Competition

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2. Affairs related with commercial enterprises
3. Presumption of commercial affair (Ticari İş
Karinesi) Ex.: Traders’ Debt
 Explicitly Stated to other party otherwise
According to circumstances the matter cannot be accepted

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
as commercial
4. Affairs that are commercial for one of the parties
 Contracts that are commercial for one party
shall be deemed commercial for both
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RESULTS OF COMMERCIAL MATTER (1)
1. Presumption of Solidarity (Teselsül Karinesi)

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Art.7 TCC if more than one person enter into a common debt as a
result of a commercial matter all parties are responsible for the debt
> right of recourse

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Lunch Money Money for the
100 TL App
100 TL

B B

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A A

C C

B and C are responsible B and C are responsible from the

but each from 50 TL whole individually. A can ask 9
the sum from either B or C.
RESULTS OF COMMERCIAL MATTER
(2)

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2. Interest in Commercial Matters
Art.8-9-10 TCC freedom of determining the rate

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of interest (exception: Usurious rates) +Code of
Interest No.3095
Default Interest (Temerrüt-Gecikme Faizi)/
Principle-Capital Interest (Anapara Faizi)/
Compound Interest (Birleşik Faiz) /

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Date of commencement of interest is the date of maturity

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RESULTS OF COMMERCIAL MATTER (3)
Exceeding the maximum upper limit

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3.
Art.26 TCO freedom of contract (Parties can freely determine the
content of their contract within the limits of law)

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

Art.27 TCO  exceptions of freedom of contract
- Provisions of law
- Moral Values
- Public Order
- Personal Rights
- Impossible Subject Matter
Art. 1530 TCC contracts involving obligations that exceeds the
maximum upper limits by law will be accepted as valid and

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transacted at that maximum limit
4. Lapse of time (Statutory Limitation on
Commercial Matters)- Zamanaşımı
Art.6 TCC Limits of time lapse in the codes that regulate
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commercial matters cannot be amended with contracts unless
otherwise is allowed
APPLICATION OF PROVISIONS TO
COMMERCIAL MATTERS

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Statutory Provisions of Law

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Contractual Provision

Complementary Commercial provisions

Commercial Usage and Customs

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General Provisions

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 ARTICLE 1

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 According to Article 1- Commercial Provisions – The

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Turkish Commercial Code is an integral part of
Turkish Civil Code. The provisions of this Code and
the special provisions in other codes concerning
transactions and acts related to the commercial
enterprise are deemed as commercial provisions. In

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commercial affairs for which there is no commercial
clause the court shall decide according to
commercial customs and, in the absence of that,
according to general provisions.
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ARTICLE 2

 II- Commercial customs: Article 2
(1) Unless otherwise implied in the
law and it is determined that it is
admitted as commercial custom,
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II - Ticari örf ve âdet MADDE 2-
(1) Kanunda aksine bir hüküm
yoksa, ticari örf ve âdet olarak
kabul edildiği belirlenmedikçe,

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313

the usage cannot be taken as a teamül, mahkemenin yargısına
basis for judgement of court. But esas olamaz. Ancak, irade
the usage is taken into açıklamalarının yorumunda
consideration in commenting
declarations of intent. teamüller de dikkate alınır.
(2) Bir bölgeye veya bir ticaret
(2) Commercial customs specific for a dalına özgü ticari örf ve âdetler
region or a commercial field
prevail general ones. If related genel olanlara üstün tutulur.
parties are not in same region, İlgililer aynı bölgede değillerse,

unless otherwise mentioned in
law or agreement, commercial
custom at the place
performance is applied.
(3) Commercial custom is applied for
tge ones not having the title of
Merchant if it is known or must
be known by them.
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kanunda veya sözleşmede aksi
öngörülmedikçe, ifa yerindeki
of ticari örf ve âdet uygulanır.
(3) Ticari örf ve âdet, tacir sıfatını
haiz bulunmayanlar hakkında
ancak onlar tarafından bilindiği
veya bilinmesi gerektiği takdirde 14
uygulanır.
ARTICLE 3

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 ARTICLE III- Commercial affairs- Matters
regulated in this Code and all transactions, acts
related to a commercial enterprise are considered

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commercial affairs.

III - Ticari işler MADDE 3- (1) Bu Kanunda

düzenlenen hususlarla bir ticari işletmeyi
ilgilendiren bütün işlem ve fiiller ticari

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işlerdendir.

EX ARTICLE 3 III- trading house, a factory or another

establishment which is commercially operated are 15
considered commercial affairs.
ARTICLE 4- LITIGATION

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Commercial Courts –Specialized First Instance

BA 4106-5106/ BAS 313


Courts
 No matter of the value of the dispute commercial
cases and matters that are subject to non-
contentious (çekişmesiz) proceedings will be tried
in commercial courts.

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 Commercial provisions will be applied regardless
of the courts type
 Art.4 TCC list of matters that will be tried as
commercial case (pg.53)
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ENDING NOTES
 What was the most important thing you

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learned today?

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 “What was the most confusing topic
today?”

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 Whatimportant question remains
unanswered?

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