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Pathology MD406 2022
Pathology MD406 2022
Introduction to Pathology
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
1. What is
Pathology?
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
You must know the NORMAL before
you can recognize the ABNORMAL!
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
1.1 Study of Disease
Four aspects of the disease form the
core of pathology!
• Epidemiology
• Etiology: Causes
• Pathogenesis:
Evolution/development
• Pathological/Morphological
Changes:
Structural changes Link
• Clinical Significance and
Prognosis:
Functional changes and
prediction of the disease course
• Complications: Secondary effects
• Prevention Tree of Medicine
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
2.1 Factors
Intrinsic External
Ø Immunological Ø Physical
Ø Psychological Ø Chemical
Ø Genetic: hereditary factors Ø Nutritional
that are inherited genetically Ø Infections
from parents
Multifactorial
Combination of inherited susceptibility and external influence
Diabetes, Cancer, Hypertension
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
2.2 Classification of Disease
Congenital Acquired
Ø Present at birth Ø After birth, during
Ø Intrauterine lifespan
environment Ø Infectious factors
Ø It may be genetic or Ø Nutritional,
non-genetic chemical or
physical
Ø Not inherited
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
2.3 Course of the Disease
Exposure Biological onset
Latency Period
Incubation (Induction) Clinical onset
Without
intervention: Permanent Damage
Natural history
of the disease
Death
Ø One agent: One disease (Malaria)
Ø Several agents: One disease (Diabetes)
Ø One agent: Several diseases (Smoking)
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
2.4 Disease Suffixes
• Organ + OPATHY: disease of an organ
e.g.: Hepatopathy: disease of the liver
Nephropathy: disease of the kidneys
• Organ + OSIS: Non-inflammatory disease
e.g.: Hepatosis
Nephrosis
• Organ + ITIS: Inflammatory disease
e.g.: Hepatitis
Nephritis
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
3. Pathogenesis
• The mechanisms or sequence of events leading from
initiation of cell or tissue injury to disease development
• Pathogenesis leads to morphological changes.
• It starts from the initial stimulus to the final expression
of disease.
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
4. Morphological Changes
• The structural alterations in cells or tissues that are often
characteristic of the disease
• Changes at the level of organs are called “gross” and those
at the cell level are called “microscopic.”
• The pathological process includes:
Ø Injury: damage created by the causative agent on
cells, tissues and organs
Ø Reactive changes: pathological changes as a result of
the injury
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
5. Clinical Significance
• The nature of the morphologic changes and their
distribution in organs/tissues influence normal function
and determine the clinical signs, course and prognosis of
the disease.
• Prognosis: prediction of a disease’s probable outcome, the
future course of the disease
• Outcomes of a disease:
ØComplete recovery
ØIncomplete recovery
ØDeath
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
5.1 Clinical Significance
• Symptoms: unobservable effects of a disease reported by
the patient “Subjective” example: muscle ache, fatigue..
• Signs: observable or measurable traits by the clinician
“Objective” example: HR, BP…
• Syndrome: a characteristic combination of signs and
symptoms associated with a particular disease
• Asymptomatic conditions: Cancer, high BP
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
5.1 Clinical Significance
• Symptoms may be:
ü Chronic
ü Relapsing
ü Remitting
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
Exercise
• What is pathology?
• What are the main aspects of the core of
pathology?
• Mention possible causes of disease and their
classification
• Describe the course of disease
• What is the difference between prognosis and
prophylaxis?
MD406 L1 02/03/2022
Thank you and Good Luck