Group Project

Presented by Group 2
 Hello we are
Group
Transistor!
 Meet the group!

riano Elle
Ma
Jesrel Torquillo
Eunice Nuñez
 What is a Transistor?
Transistor is a type of a semiconductor device
that can be used to both conduct and insulate
electric current or voltage. A transistor basically
acts as a switch and an amplifier. In simple
words, we can say that a transistor is a miniature
device that is used to control or regulate the
flow of electronic signals.
Additional Information:
Transistors are one of the key components in
most of the electronic devices that are present
today. Developed in the year 1947 by three
American physicists John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain and William Shockley, the transistor is
considered as one of the most important
inventions in the history of science.
Parts of Transistor
 Advantages of Transistor
Size is small
It works at a very low voltage
Its action is instantaneous
It has high longevity
It can withstand mechanical vibration
It is very cheap.
It has output voltage remains constant in spite of the
change in temperature.
The output impedance is very low.
The power transistor can be operated at switching
frequencies in the range of 10 to 15 kHz.
It can be used to control power delivered to the load, in
inverters and choppers.
 Disadvantages of Transistor
It is sensitive to temperature
It produced very low energy.
The power transistor cannot be operating
satisfactorily above the switching frequency of 15
kHz.
It can be damaged due to the thermal runway or
second breakdown.
It has a reverse blocking capacity is very low.
The output voltage cannot be changed easily as no
such means is provided. Therefore the DC output
voltage is not adjustable.
 Types and its Uses
TYPES OF TRANSISTOR
a. Junction Transistor or
Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT)
USES
are essentially current-
controlled devices
have low input impedance
and it causes to flow large
current through the
transistor
are only turned ON by the
input current, which is given
to the base terminal

 BJT's
erate three regions. They are:
can op
tor is in ‘OFF ’ s ta te i.e ., th e
Cut-off Region: Here the transis n
isto r is ze ro . It is b as icall y a
current flowing through the trans
open switch.

ns isto r a ct s as a n am plifier.
Active Region: Here the tra
the tr an sis to r is in fu lly ‘O N ’
Saturation Region: Here
also w orks as a clo se d sw itch .
state and
 Two Types of BJT
1. NPN TRANSISTOR

consists of two n-type semiconductor materials and they are separated by a thin layer of
p-type semiconductor
The standard equation for the currents flowing in the transistor is IE = IB + IC

The symbols and structure for NPN transistors are given below.
 Two Types of BJT
2. PNP TRANSISTOR

contain two p-type semiconductor materials and are separated by a thin layer of n-type
semiconductor.
The PNP transistor is ON when the base terminal is pulled LOW with respect to emitter.

The symbol and structure for PNP transistor is shown below.

 Bipolar Junction Transistor
ADVANTAGES
They have a better voltage gain
They have a high current
density
They have a low forward
voltage
It can be operated in low to high
power application
BJT has a large gain bandwidth
BJT shows better performance
at high frequency
DISADVANTAGES
BJT has a low thermal stability
BJT is most effective by
radiation
BJT has more noise produced
BJT has a low switching
frequency
BJT has a very complex control
The switching time is not very
fast compared to a high
alternating frequency of
current and voltage

 Types and its Uses

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR USES

b. Field-Effect-Transistor are uni-polar devices, as

(FET) they require only the
majority charge carriers to
operate (unlike BJT, which
are bipolar transistors)
also have three terminals:
Gate (G), Drain (D) and
Source (S).

 Types and its Uses

TYPES OF TRANSISTOR USES

b. Field-Effect-Transistor For the connections in the

(FET) circuit, we also consider a
fourth terminal called Base
or Substrate.
have control on the size and
shape of a channel between
Source and Drain, which is
created by voltage applied
at Gate.

 Two Types of FET

earliest and simple type of Field Effect Transistor
and are used as switches, amplifiers and resistors
1. JUNCTION-FIELD-EFFECT
TRANSISTOR (JFET) are available in both N–Channel and P–Channel
types

most commonly used and most popular type of

among all transistors
also known as Insulated Gate FET as the Gate
2. METAL OXIDE region is completely insulated from the Source –
SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD Drain region
EFFECT TRANSISTOR has four terminals drain, source, gate and body
(MOSFET) or substrate.
available in depletion and enhancement types
(N–Channel and P–Channel types)
 Field Effect Transistor
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

FET has a high input impedance of several They are more costly than
megaohms junction transistor
FET has less effect by radiation than BJT Smaller gain bandwidth product
Temperature stable than BJT compare to BJT
Less noise compare to BJT Transconductance is low hence
Can be fabricated with fewer processing voltage gain is low
Smaller in size It has lower switching time
Longer life compare to BJT
High efficiency Special handling is required
It can be used low frequency application during installation
Uni-polar device When FET performance
Voltage control device degrades as frequency
They have better thermal stability increases. This due to the
They have voltage control device feedback by internal
capacitance

 9 V Buzzer

9 V Battery

Schematic Diagram
THANK YOU!