Social Media Harassment
Zainab Waseem Qazi
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
International Islamic University
Islamabad, Pakistan
zainab.bscs3578@iiu.edu.pk
Abstract—In this global era social media has become a
platform of wealth, fame and a hub of information and knowledge.
There is a Large community that is using social media specially in
COVID-19 pandemic use of internet has increased and social
media too. Irrespective of its advantages it has open gates for
culprits who are using social media as a harassment tool. Women
and adolescents are major victim of these culprits as they are more
targeted then men. This report shows analysis of harassment of
women, and children on social media in COVID-19 pandemic by
studying and analyzing most critical harassment cases on social
media and analysis of MeToo campaign purpose and effects
against social media harassment. Goal is to show the importance
of effects of harassment and to spread awareness and to find
solution to stop this crime.
Keywords—social media harassment, COVID-19, #MeToo,
journalist , sexual harassment, gender-based-harassment,
adolescents
I. INTRODUCTION
Internet has connected about half population of this world
globally means no barriers of communication. This half
population also exist on social media like Facebook, WhatsApp,
Twitter etc. In this pandemic of COVID-19 from these left half
non-internet users many had to shift on internet to fulfil their
needs. So, internet users are increased so as number of culprits
too. People had to shift their work of mode to online and due to
lockdown people are restricted to their homes. These restrictions
where increases bonding between family members, they had
also increased harassment cases online and mostly included
social media harassment cases. These culprits move around on
streets of social media in search of victim, and they do not
belong to specific gender but in most of cases it comes out to be
men but women and adolescents easily became their victims
because they are vulnerable and more targeted than men. Many
people are harassed by their family members who know them,
and sometime their better half’s and social media friends
become the harassers and some time they just upload some
content and messages from strangers come in inbox that lie in
harassment category and stranger can be anyone and anywhere.
There are lots of campaigns against social media harassment and
most famous of them was MeToo that was started by Turana
Burke in 2006 when she faced harassment in her childhood and
from that she was determined to take step against harassers. This
campaign had taken its peak in 2016 to 2017 and it became
social media harassment campaign in 2017 when American
media personalities like Alyssa Milano were became victims of
social media harassment. Alyssa was harassed through a social
media account and the harasser was found to be her director with
whom she was working for a film. Again in 2018 Luo Xixi was
harassed by her supervisor and she raised voice against her on
Chinese social media and many Chinese women raised voice
against harassment and broke their silence by taking part in
MeToo on social media. But this harassment issue does not last
only with women, but adolescents were also becoming their
victim and mostly on Facebook more adolescents are targeted
than anywhere else on social media.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way of life, it does not
only develop fear among people but also added in this digital era
where people are connected online, foe the purpose of studies,
jobs, to meet with their relative ones, to get information and to
spend time. When people are using internet, it means most of
them are using social media. This ease of access has opened
gates for harassers who are now using social platform to fulfil
their desires. Women and adolescents are their easy prey. Many
reports and surveys show that women are the major victims of
harassment [1]. Study shows that women has to face more
violence, irrelated messages and comments on social media then
men [2]. It does not remain to physical harassment but has
change to social media harassment specially increases in
COVID-19 pandemic [3]. According to survey it reported that
58% females have faced social media harassment [4]. UNPF
have predicted that in situation of COVID-19 there could be 31
million cases more of harassment [5]. An organization Women
Association and Justice Aid reported that in COVID-19
pandemic in March and April about 97 harassment cases
reported and 30 of them were social media harassment cases.
We only know the victim most of cases but who are harassers?
Do they have gender? Just like they are targeting specific gender
Notten in his research shows that men have more likely to have
suspicious behavior on social media than women [6]. In this
war of victims and harassers’ adolescents are also included in
list of victims like female, adolescents are also harassed online
[7].
 A survey conducted in Madden article shows that in
Facebook friend lists of adolescents there are about 300 friends
in friend list at average rate and this average rate 33% are those
to whom they have never met in life [8]. They can be in other
city ,country because they do not know who they are, they may
have real Facebook id? But they do not have answers to these
questions and to hide from these questions they do not let anyone
know about these friends and hide it from their parents or
guardians. A study shows that many social media harassment
cases happened with adolescents in a time when their parents or
guardians are not present [9].
There are lots of campaigns in past against social media
harassment but MeToo was a campaign that has got his peak in
2017 and again after one year in 2018 it has taken rise when
Chinese female student who was working on a PhD thesis was
harassed by her supervisor [10]. MeToo campaign it began in
2006 but has gotten rises in many years. With the help of
Chinese student Luo Xixi many women have raised voice on
social media against harassment that happed to them. After this
many social media enforcement laws were established in China
against social media crimes [11].
Social media harassment has its mainly everlasting effects
on victims. Harassers can do it only for fun and to take revenge,
but it can last unbearable effects on someone’s life. Criminals
just make these victims mostly women and adolescents their
prey because they do not know more about social media, rules,
laws and privacies, so, they can be easily doxed, stalked, bullied
[12].
We hear and read a lot about social media harassment cases
in our daily life and on media also. Many laws were also
established against social media harassment but are these laws
are complete and gives us guarantee that no one will be harassed
on social media further. It is necessary to understand that if these
laws are enough then it is fake what we listen about harassment
cases and sometime become victim of this harassment on social
media. Laws and awareness are not enough against social media
harassment but there should be further strict rules on social
media and rehabilitations of these social media criminals should
also be needed.
From this literature conclusion gives us hypothesis
H1: On social media platforms women and adolescents are
more targeted for harassment.
H2: Campaigns against social media crimes like harassments
are proved to be beneficial.
H3: Social media harassment effects can be severe based on
type of harassment.
III. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Social media has many advantages but some thing that
comes up with positive aspects have a negative fac also so as
social media. Similarly, harassment is one factor that is negative
aspect of social media where people are harassed. In today’s
time where COVID-19 has caused environment of disturbance,
everywhere there is a condition of lockdown. People are
restricted to their homes in this condition internet is a source of
entertainment for people and more internet users are using social
media. Where people use this social media for the purpose of
information and entertainment there are some people who
are using this tool for unethical and bad purposes. They just troll
around social media and search for a victim to whom they can
easily prey. As mentioned earlier that women and adolescents
became easily their prey. This harassment can be of any form,
but its aftereffects are really shocking. Many people cannot get
out of this trauma. If we talk about children then they belong to
the age groups where any mark lasts an everlasting effect on
their health, age, future. Harassment can be of any type.
A. Hateful Speech:
People on social media can be harassed using unethical and
hated word. These words can relate to religion, character,
identity and body.
B. Doxxing:
Doxxing is displaying someone personal information and
content without his/her consent over the internet or some other
platform.
C. Cyberstalking:
This is process of fetching and stealing someone information
for the purpose of spying him/her.
D. Cyberbullying:
In cyberbullying people are threatened, someone make fun
of anyone by texting hate comments, false accusations.
There are many other factors that come in harassment
category. From these harassment types no one is safe on social
media it can be not much severe and some time it can be reason
of someone’s death. According to a survey conducted by Pew
Research Organization that explains the strategy of social media
harassment effects on women and adolescents of United
States[13]:
• 14% have faced social media harassment and the
severity of it was traumatic form them
• 14% just faced it but it was severe.
• 21% feel it not severe but a heart breaking one
• 30% found it upsetting but a little one
• 22% people have just felt it not tragic at all
This shows that aftereffects of harassment are tragic for
many women who feel it traumatic because they were harassed
in more severe condition. There are a greater number of women
on social media then men who have faced kind of harassment in
their life faced the severity of it.
 strangers through text messages and calls on social media like
messenger on Facebook.
To understand the how social media harassment a
major problem, there is a study shows that how many people
are harassed on social media based on their age and gender.
There are dependent variables adolescents with age group
between 10-18, Women and Male.

Table 1. Vulnerable to social media harassment.

Adolescents Women Men

Fig1: pewresearch.org survey
Fig1 shows that about 18% women have faced severe
harassment while the percentage of men is only 9%. Similarly, Attributes
the ratio of women is more according to Pew Research
Organization who have faced different type of severe to not alt % in 2014 13% 12% 6%
all severe harassment on social media [14].
It does not end here with the increased ration of women % in 2015 16% 14% 7%
being harassed adolescents’ ratio of social media harassment is
also increased. About 59 percent of adolescents are harassed on % in 2016 20% 17% 9%
social media and total 63 percent of population of adolescents
consider social media harassment as a severe problem for the % in 2017 21% 19% 11%
people of their age [15]. Since Facebook is a major platform
among all of social media platform where were many users. So, % in 2018 23% 20% 17%
in 2016 about 63% adolescents think Facebook as a most
soothing and entertaining and informative place for them but % in 2019 35% 33% 18%
when again the exact survey is conducted in 2020 during
COVID-19 pandemic this ratio decreases to 15% [16]. % in 2020 53% 47% 30%
Similarly, 60% adolescents had taken break from social media
after facing social media harassment in this COVID-19 *Note: Survey conducted in 2019 and 2020 by Per Research organization.
pandemic [17]. But is staying away from social media is the only
solution?
This survey shows that in 2020 due to COVID-19
social media harassment cases are increased because social
media usage was increased in these days. This shows how
important this factor is. Sometimes, we are being victim of
harassment on social media, but we do not know because we do
not bother to feel it. Some friend request or unknown messages
come in our inbox we simply block them. We are being trolled
by somebody, but we do not know because we are so busy in
dealing with information and entertainment that we do not pay
attention of this harassment. Table 1. shows with the increase
in use of social media harassment cases are also increased.
Many social media platforms are taking necessary precaution
to provide security and privacy to the users but if it helps the
rate would have not increased. More privacy had taken more
users and more criminals on the streets of social media.

Fig2: Forms of Harassment

Fig2 shows how many typed of harassment are faced

by adolescents. So, adolescents who are using social media
networks are likely to be faced harassment of contact by
 IV. PROPOSED SOLUTION
From all the aspects that how and why this issue of
social media harassment is important? It comes to know that
this is not only a state where someone call on your number and
you simply say wrong number and next when you see coming
call from same number you block or not receive this call, it is
more than this. As there are many examples, we see in our daily
life that how this tragic would be after you are harassed on
social media. It not only lasts ever longing effect but also it
bruised the life of people. Women victimization for harassment
it shows that no women is saved from harassment whether they
are liberal, having contradictious personality, even if they are
not right but harassing them is not the solution there are many
laws and regulations by law departments like cybercrime laws
and privacy application offered by the social media tools, these
harassers can move to that place if they have any report against
some social media female user. Similarly, some people just do
it as a fun which is immoral. There are laws and regulations
which are enforced day by day and increasing with more
enforcement. But if again social media harassment is increasing
it means increasing of day by day these laws do not have effect
because laws are available, but many females do not report
them for sake of society and bear it what is unbearable.
Providing protection and law enforcement is the duty of
government and law enforcement institutes so, in this case they
are moving slow which should be focused. Adolescents are
same as victimized by the culprits. To stop child social media
harassment again law enforcement is the solution, but parental
guidance is most important. Parents should have to keep an eye
on their children whether they belong to any age group, if they
want them to be safe from harassment. There are many
applications in which parents can take an eye on their children
internet activity and monitor them. If we talk about laws, then
there are many not to be counted movements and campaigns
which are working and had worked against social media
harassment in which most famous campaign is MeToo. This
campaign has changed many forms in many years and raised
voice against social media harassment and physical harassment
also. These campaigns are result in creating laws in countries.
Like in China after MeToo campaign laws were established in
2018 against cybercrimes. But when an incident happens then
world open its eye but if laws and their enforcement is taken on
right place and on right time so that these cases do not reach on
its peak and life would be save for all and of all.
V. PREPROCESSING
To study the relation ship to how much extent women
and adolescents are harassed on social media and to find out the
solution I have analyzed cases who have faced harassment on
social media. I have also analyzed campaigns and their effects
in stopping and raising voice against social media harassment.
A. Analysis of social media harassment cases of women:
In this preprocessing we have analyzed some
harassment cases with women and then find proposed solution.
Zarmeen Arif is a most famous blogger. She is
working to raise voice of her opinions using social media
platform YouTube, Facebook, Instagram. She is working for
rights of women and as a motivational speaker. She is an active
social media user for three years and in less time, she got a lot
of fame. From this fame she has faced harassment on social
media as well. In the interview she revealed that in start of her
journey she has faced so much bullied and harassed messages
on messenger and comments field that were so depressing that
she thought of quitting this field many times. She also faced
depression for about 1 year but every day she starts with the aim
that nothing can come in her way. She also said that the content
I posted do not contain such unethical and immoral things that
may give a path to people and mostly male that they can send
her sexual messages [18]. She further said that now I have
overcome this trauma and just ignore these harassment
comments.
Fatima Amir a social media user reported that she was
also harassed by a man about four years. He threatened her by
sharing screenshots of their past conversation when they were
social media friends. He harassed her, bullied her by the sake
of his entertainment. These four years had left a lasting effect
on her life but then she raised a voice and reported this crime to
Cybercrime authorities [19].
In August 2020 well known female journalists of
Pakistan were harassed because in COVID-19 pandemic they
were more active on social media accounts. Ramsha Janghir a
well known journalist share that she was harassed on social
media from recent years but in COVID-19 pandemic this issue
has increased a lot many unknown people with fake social
media accounts were harassing her [20] and not only her it was
just happening with many journalist’s national and international
too. Similarly, Ailia Zehra a Pakistani journalists posted
screenshot of her Twitter account where she had received
immoral messages that lie in harassment category [21].
Fig3: Ailia Zehra tweeter account
 Fig3 shows tweet screen shot thar Ailia shared from
her Twitter account after getting such an ashamed, and immoral
messages. She showed them up on twitter many people have
spoken in favor of her and a new campaign started on social
media about harassing journalists. This campaign was led by all
the journalists of Pakistan in 2020 during first wave of COVID-
19.
After Ailia Zehra, Mahreen Zahra-Malik, Asma
Shairazi, Nazish Malik has also spoke out.
Sara Omatali is a girl from Iran she also raises voice
against social media harassment in 2020. She was being
sexually harassed from a social media platform by an artist after
she go to him for an interview, he harassed her at that time. She
just left that office. But it does not stop here he continue
harassing her on social media. She does not know who that
person was at first and later he revealed his identity, but he was
harassing her, she kept quite because of family honor and not
of fear of losing job. After 14 years she just got the courage by
some female who also reported this harassment and suddenly
she claimed on social media platform and raise voice against
this harassment also she moved to law institutes for further
proceedings.
Fig4: Sara Omatali twitter account
In Fig4 this tweet Sara said that prominent artist
sexually assaulted her on her interview and then on her social
media account and she raised her voice after she got strength
from many Irani women spoke out of their incidents [22].
By analyzing these cases it is shown that most of the
women are harassed by men and by fake and unknown users
who can be male and female because their identity is not visible.
Many women are harassed because they speak of their opinion,
wanted to do job to help their family and mostly like this.
B. Analysis of social media harassment cases of adolescents:
In this race with women, adolescents are also harassed
and are more vulnerable to social media platforms. A 17 years
old girl who is from United States said on her social media
account that there is a site called “Calling all holes” where you
can post any thing like any hated comments, abuse someone
and can harass someone and she got this link on Facebook
account when she moved to that site, she felt heart breaking and
raised her voice to close such sharing of activities on social
media of this site [23].
Similarly, parents of a 16 year old boys posted on
social media that his son had faced harassment on Facebook for
about 8 hours in COVID-19 and its aftereffects were shocking
that he could not get out of trauma for about one month and was
being hospitalized after harassment and his parents further said
that after that incident they had never seen their son happy
before [23].
A study shows that adolescents became prey to
harassment because of no parental guidance and regulations
from their parents [24].
Fig5: pewresearch.org
Fig5 shows that from total population about 59% of
adolescents are facing social media harassment by bullying.
This shows how adolescents are vulnerable to social
media harassment. A 12-year-old girl had shared about her
story of harassment that she faced on Facebook account. She
said that she had a Facebook account for 1 year and she used it
just to get information and to be related to her friends on
Facebook, she said that she was using Facebook account and
seeing the posted pictures of her friend because it was lockdown
due to COVID-19 that a in messenger a message comes in her
chat box and contain word that she don not even understood
because she was not at age to known those unethical messages,
so, she ignored them but these messages start coming and one
message was “I have your pics I can upload them”, then she
showed up those messages to her parents who have reported to
cybercrime team [23].
A little girl from USA was being harassed by her
boyfriend when she breaks this relationship with him. He
harassed her by showing her pictures and torturing her that he
reveals her pictures to her family until she makes up again this
relationship. After this she kept this secret for about a year and
after a year her parents come to know this, but the condition of
the girl was not good she was in a condition of depression and
anxiety[25]
This shows how seriously adolescents re being
harassed on social media that they even cannot get out it until
their whole life. It is shown that adolescents are more harassed
like women and mostly their ratio is more than women.
Age Group
38 %under age 12 66% Of age 12-17
Fig6: pewresearch.org
Fig6 shows that 66% of adolescents of age 12-17 are
more harassed on social media than any other age group. There
are many culprits who are search of adolescents and parents are
their guardians against it. They protect them from these culprits
but when they stop protecting their children and do not pay heed
then these issues go worst. Adolescents do not know much
about social media platforms and use of internet; they need
guardian or parents to take an eye on them so that their child
should be save from any tragic incident. Parents should have to
keep check on them about their friends, relationships, their life
to what they are hiding of from their parents. Parents should
have to make rules and regulations on their children.
C. Analysis of #MeToo campaign:
MeToo is a campaign that was started by Turana
Bruke in 2006 when she tells the truth that she was sexually
harassed by a man in her childhood. She has one daughter and
she raised that voice to save her daughter from any harassment
in future and for many other people around the world who are
sexually harassed. After her efforts in 2015 Ambara Gutierrez
an American model renounce starting of MeToo campaign
when she was touched by a policeman. She started this
campaign on social media and many voices are raised with her.
In 2016 Russian journalist Anastasia Melnichenko started
campaign against harassment on social media by posting a tag
MeToo from her social media account. In 2017 when an
American media personality Alyssa Milano was harassed by
her director on social media, it again takes a raise against social
media harassment campaign and many laws were built against
cybercrimes. Again in 2018 in China this campaign against
social media took a raise by a tweet of student Chao Xixi many
women in China and all around the world had raise voice
against it. This campaign took a troll. Many politicians,
journalists, students have spoke out of tragic incident that
happened to them. Many females like teachers, civilians from
all around the China put hand in this campaign by saying
#MeToo on their social media platforms. This campaign had
put pressure on higher powers and law makers to act against
harassment. In 2019 several laws were established against
cybercrime including social media harassment [26].
Fig7: screen shot of Me Too in Chinese language
Many people all around the world says who were against this
campaign were saying Chinese feminism is teaching everyone
to speak out Me Too. From all past years many times these
campaigns had took hype. In India in 2018 this MeToo
campaign had also taken peak where many women had raised
voice by tagging #IndiaMeToo. People say about this campaign
that it is a feminist campaign, but it not only raises voice for
women but also adolescents and men. Shortly it is campaign for
all the genders and for people of every age. In 2020 this
movement has also worked through social media harassment
campaigns but this time the name of campaign has changed.
In Pakistan journalists have started campaign by the
title #AttacksWontSilenceus by blaming, sending hatred
comments, giving abuse, insulting by relating them with
specific political parties and harassing them on basis of
religious perspective. This campaign does not only lead by
females, but male journalists were also supporting this
campaign and demanding freedom of voice and opinion. This
campaign does not end here rather campaigns like this never
stop until there is no law enforcement for the safety of the
people and for stopping of these crimes.

VI. RESULTS
In COVID-19 pandemic usage of social media has
increased so as increase in harassment cases has also increased
which is shocking increased if we compare it from previous
years result. This ration of harassment has increased about 70%
including all genders which was only 40% in previous year
before COVID-19. From all the preprocessing we have done to
find our results we get that after analyzing our research in
preprocessing part. From all the mentioned stories it comes to
know that harassers have no religion, gender because on social
media if I pretend to be some famous social media personality
then it is easy because there is no evidence the one who is sitting
behind door of social media whether he/she belong to same
address. Harassment is not only done to anonymous person it
can be done by some family members or personals to whom we
have been in a good relationship, it does not only effect women
but adolescents and men. But adolescents are more vulnerable
because of their age and uninformed usage and effects of social
media tools, they do not know who friends are and who are not.
Similarly, it does not leave religious personalities, civilians,
social media personalities, journalists etc. From day to day
increasing of laws are not affecting them because laws are
established when some crime has happened. In this way laws
are supporting crimes. From preprocessing it comes out that
these harassers move more into this unethical job when women
do not report them on time. Some women and adolescents do
not consider it important to report and some do not bother it
because of society but its not as unimportant as it is. It may find
some victims who can be more vulnerable than you for them. It
has also shows results that different campaigns results are really
good their effects produces law makers to establish laws against
social media harassment like International Human Rights is
working for making laws internationally against cybercrimes
and when campaign starts some new law established and it
starts repeating.
VII. DISCUSSION
Social media harassment is a deeper and sensitive
issue and in COVID-19 pandemic ratio of social media
harassment has increased. COVID-19 has affected social media
harassment cases that results in increase in number of victims.
When we think about harassment, we only think about woman
who is harass by a man, but it is not the case. Victim can belong
to any age and any gender similarly; harasser can belong to any
age and any gender specially on social media because it is like
a wall and behind the wall who is? You do not know. But
studies show that most vulnerable of social media harassment
are women and adolescents and really, they are. They can easily
victimize by culprits. Harassers can harass them with any kind
like hateful comments, sexually abusing on social media,
making fun of someone and much more. But why they are
harassed on social media? Is there is no one to take actions
against them? These questions arise when we hear of anyone
who has faced social media harassment? The one reason of this
is weak law enforcement. When some crime happened then
laws are established. The second reason is people do not
consider it important to report such crimes as they have society,
family pressure and sometime the case is not severe but if some
severe not happened to them it can happened to someone else
because they have reported on time. Many campaigns have
raised voices against social media harassment and laws are built
after that but again no enforcement and no importance of such
crimes is for some people. Law enforcement is the most
important solution of all crimes and social media harassment
too. Having strict rules results in decrease of this crime. If data
is recorder who is behind walls of social media, then it is known
who the harasser is.
VIII. CONCLUSION
In COVID-19 pandemic social media harassment
cases are increased as lockdown is every where so as culprits
are every where in search of a victim. Women and adolescents
are more vulnerable than men, so they became easily their
victims. Adolescents are also more vulnerable than women
because they have not much information then elders. In
COCID-19 pandemic there is lockdown every where so where
victims are busy in using social media here harassers are also
busy in findings victims. Increase in use of social media results
in increase of social media harassment. Women and adolescents
are more vulnerable, but it does not mean that men are not
harassed, similarly, men are not only the harassers it can be any
person of any age and gender. Increasing in cases of harassment
on social media shows that laws are weak to give people
protection and some people do not consider important to report
such crimes. Laws are present in constitutes but the need is
enforcement of laws which is possible when people report
against them campaigns are not enough to provide protection it
is only a method of reporting crime.
IX. FUTURE WORK
As social media harassment is increasing in COVID-
19 pandemic and no one knows to whether it ends but in this
pandemic social media crimes are increasing and so social
media harassment is also increasing because of increase in
social media user. This research was about to analyze how
COVID-91 has affected social media harassment cases and
what are the solutions to be saved from this. In future further
social media harassment cases will be analyzed to see the
further detail that how COVID-19 will cause increase in
number of cases and after COVID-19 will this ratio increases
or decreases and whether it is effect of COVID-19 that social
media harassment cases are increased or it is effect of further
advancement of technology and awareness of social media tools
among people.
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