Chap 4P Magnetic Effect of Current 2023

Chap 4: Moving Charges & Magnetism
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Concept of Magnetic Field
The space around a magnet within which its influence
can be experienced is called its magnetic field.
Magnetic field is a vector Qty
Symbol 𝐵
SI unit of Magnetic Field ‘tesla’ T

Oersted’s Experiment
Magnetic effect of current : Historical note.
The fact that a magnetic field is associated with an electric

current was rediscovered in 1820 by a Danish Physicist, Hans
Christian Oersted. His observations are explained below.

Oersted’s Experiment
Conclusion:
Current carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around it.

Ampere’s swimming rule
Imagine a man swimming along the wire in the
direction of the flow of the current with his face
always turned towards the magnetic needle, then
the north pole of the needle will get deflected
towards his left hand, as shown in Fig.

Biot – Savart Law
We assume that this field is made up of contributions
from different segments of the conductor, called
current elements.
A current element is denoted by I 𝑑𝑙, and has the

same direction as that of current 𝐼.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = .
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟Ԧ
𝑑𝐵 = 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇𝐴−1 𝑚
4𝜋 𝑟 3

Biot – Savart Law vs. Coulomb’s Law
Comparison of Biot - Savart law with Coulomb's law
According to Coulomb's law, the electric field produced by a charged
element at a distance r is given by
1 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 =
4𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟 2
According to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field produced by a
current element l dl at a distance r is given by
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
On comparing the above two equations, we note the following
points of similarities and differences between the two laws.

Points of similarity :
1. Both fields depend inversely on the square of the distance from
the source to the point of observation.
2. Both are long range fields.
3. The principle of superposition is applicable to both fields. This is

because the magnetic field is linearly related to its source, namely,
the current element 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 and the electrostatic field is related
linearly to its source, namely, the electric charge.

Points of difference :
1. The magnetic field is produced by a vector source : the current
element 𝐼 𝑑𝑙. The electro static field is produced by a scalar source : the
electric charge 𝑑𝑞.
2. The direction of the electrostatic field is along the displacement

vector joining the source and the field point. The direction of the
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing the displacement
vector 𝑟Ԧ and the current element 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 .
3. In Bio-Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic field is proportional

to the sine of the angle between the current element 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 and
displacement vector 𝑟Ԧ while there, is no such angle dependence in the
Coulomb's law for the electrostatic field. Along the axial line of the
current element θ = 0°, sin 𝜃 = 0 and hence 𝑑𝐵 = 0.
Relation between 𝝁𝟎 , 𝜺𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.
1
𝑐=
𝜇0 𝜀0

A wire placed along the north-south direction carries a current of
8 A from south to north. Find the magnetic field due to a 1 cm
piece of wire at a point 200 cm north-east from the piece.

Magnetic Field due to long Straight Current carrying Conductor
Wire of Finite length

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= [𝑠𝑖𝑛∅1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅2 ]
4𝜋𝑎
If the wire is infinitely long then

𝜋 𝜋
∅1 = 2 & ∅1 = 2
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑎

Direction of magnetic field
the magnetic lines of force of a straight
current carrying conductor are concentric
circles with the wire at the centre and in a
plane perpendicular to the wire.

Rules for finding the direction of magnetic field due to
straight current carrying conductor.
1. Right hand thumb rule. If we hold the straight conductor in
the grip of our right hand in such a way that the extended
thumb points in the direction of current, then the direction of
the curl of the fingers will give the direction of the magnetic
field .
2. Maxwell's cork screw rule. If a right handed

screw be rotated along the wire so that it advances
in the direction of current, then the direction in
which the thumb rotates gives the direction of the
magnetic field

Variation of magnetic field with distance from straight
current carrying conductor
For a straight current carrying conductor,
1
𝐵∝
𝑎
Thus the graph plotted between the magnetic field

B and the distance a from the straight conductor is
a hyperbola, as shown in Fig

Use Biot - Savatt law to obtain an expression for the magnetic field at the
centre of a coil bent in the form of a square of side 2a carrying current I.

Magnetic Field at the Centre of Circular Current Loop
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝑟
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
𝐵=
2𝑟

Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
𝜇0 𝐼𝑎2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= 3 𝐵= 3 𝑖Ƹ
2 𝑟2 + 2
𝑎 2 2 𝑟2 + 𝑎2 2
At the center Far away

𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝑎2
𝐵= 𝐵=
2𝑎 2𝑟 3
The field d𝐵 lies in the plane of paper and is perpendicular to 𝑠,

Ԧ as shown by 𝑃𝑄 . Let
𝜙 be the angle between OP and CP. Then dB can be resolved into two rectangular
components.
1. dB sin𝜙 along the axis,
2. dB cos ϕ perpendicular to the axis.
Special Cases
1. At the centre of the current loop, 𝑟 = 0, therefore
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝑎2 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵= =
2𝑎3 2𝑎
𝝁 𝑵 𝑰𝑨
Or 𝑩= 𝟎 𝟑
𝟐𝝅𝒂
where 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎2= area of the circular current loop. The field is directed
perpendicular to the plane of the current loop.
2. At the axial points lying far away from the coil, 𝑟 » 𝑎, so that
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝑎2 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼𝐴
𝐵= =
2𝑟 3 2𝜋 𝑟 3
This field is directed along the axis of the loop and falls off as the cube of
the distance from the current loop.
Direction of the magnetic field.

Rules for finding the direction of a magnetic field
due to a circular current loop.
1. Right hand thumb rule. If we curl the palm of our right hand around the circular
wire with the fingers pointing in the direction of the current, then the extended
thumb gives the direction of the magnetic field.
2. Clock rule. This rule gives the polarity of any face

of the circular current loop. If the current round any
face of the coil is in anticlockwise direction, it
behaves like a north pole. If the current flows in the
clockwise direction, it behaves like a south pole

Variation of the magnetic field along the axis of a
circular current loop.
Fig. shows the variation of the magnetic field
along the axis of a circular loop with distance
from its centre. The value of B is maximum at the
centre, and it decreases as we go away from the
centre, on either side of the loop.

The plane of a circular coil is horizontal. It has 10 turns each of radius
8 cm. A current of 2 A flows through it. The current appears to flow
clockwise from a point above the coil. Find the magnitude and
direction of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil due to the
current.

A long wire is bent as shown in Fig. What will be the magnitude and
direction of the field at the centre O of the circular portion, if a current I is
passed through the wire ? Assume that the various portions of the wire do
not touch at point P.

Ampere’s Circuital law
Ampere's circuital law states that
the line integral of the magnetic field 𝐵around any
closed path is equal to 𝜇0 (permeability constant)
times the total current 𝐼 passing through this
closed path. Mathematically,
ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝐼

Ampere’s Law to a Straight Conductor
shows a circular loop of radius r around an infinitely
long straight wire carrying current 𝐼. As the field
lines are circular, the field 𝐵 at any point of the
circular loop is directed along the tangent to the
circle at that point. By symmetry, the magnitude of
field 𝐵 is same at every point of the circular loop.
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟

Magnetic Field inside a Straight Solenoid
A Solenoid consists of an insulating long wire closely wound in the form of
Helix. Its length is very large as compared to its diameter
𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 Near the ends 𝐵=
2
Magnetic Field due to a Toroidal Solenoid
A solenoid bent into the form of a closed ring is called a toroidal solenoid.
1. For points in the open space

interior to the toroid.
2. For points inside the toroid.
3. For points in the open space

exterior to the toroid.
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼
A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1 cm and is made up of
500 turns. It carries a current of 5 A. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic field inside the solenoid ?

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
The electric charges moving in a magnetic field experience a force, While there is
no such force on static charges.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
This force deflects the charged particle sideways and

is called Magnetic Lorentz Force
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞(𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
Fleming's left hand rule. Stretch the thumb and the first two fingers of the
left hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger points in the
direction of the magnetic field, central finger in the direction of current, then
the thumb gives the direction of the force on the charged particle.

Right Hand (palm) Rule
Open the right hand and place it so that tips of the fingers point in the
direction of the field 𝑩 and thumb in the direction of velocity 𝑣Ԧ of the
positive charge, then the palm faces towards the force 𝑭, as shown

Lorentz Force
The total force experienced by a charged particle moving in a region where
both electric and magnetic fields are present, is called Lorentz force.
A charge 𝑞 in an electric field 𝐸 experiences the electric force,
𝐹Ԧ𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸
The magnetic force experienced by the charge 𝑞 moving with velocity 𝑣Ԧ in the
magnetic field 𝐵 is given by
𝐹Ԧ𝑚 = 𝑞 (𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)
The total or the Lorentz force, experienced by the charge 𝑞 is:

𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝑒 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑚
𝐹Ԧ = 𝑞(𝐸 + 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵)
A proton enters a magnetic field of flux density 2.5 T with a velocity of
1.5 × 107 𝑚𝑠 −1 at an angle of 30° with the field. Find the force on the
proton.

A positive charge of 1.5 𝜇𝐶 is moving with a speed of 2 × 106 𝑚𝑠 −1 along the
positive X-axis. A magnetic field, 𝐵 = 0.2𝑗Ƹ + 0.4𝑘෠ tesla acts in space. Find
the magnetic force acting on the charge.

Motion of a charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
𝑚𝑣 2
Centripetal force, = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 (𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
𝑟
𝑚𝑣
𝑟=
𝑞𝐵
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑚
𝑇= =
𝑣 𝑞𝐵
The frequency of revolution is
1 𝑞𝐵
𝑓𝑐 = =
𝑇 2𝜋𝑚
𝑓𝑐 frequency is called cyclotron frequency

Motion of a charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 When the initial velocity makes an arbitrary angle with the field direction.
The radius of the circular path is
𝑚𝑣⊥ 𝑚𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟= =
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
The period of revolution is
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃 2𝜋𝑚

𝑇= = . =
𝑣⊥ 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚𝑣 cos 𝜃

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ = 𝑣|| × 𝑇 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃 × =
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵
Velocity selector
𝐸
𝑣=
𝐵

An electron moving horizontally with a velocity of 4 × 104 𝑚/𝑠 enters a
region of uniform magnetic field of 10−5 𝑇 acting vertically downward as
shown in Fig. Draw its trajectory and find out the time it takes to come out
of the region of magnetic field.

Magnitude of force
The magnitude of the force on the current carrying conductor is given
by
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
Where 𝜃 is the angle between the direction of the mag. Field & the
direction of current

Special Cases
(i) If 𝜃 = 0𝑜 or 180°, then
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 0 = 0
Thus a current carrying conductor placed parallel to the direction of
the magnetic field does not experience any force.
(ii) If 𝜃 = 90°, then

𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 sin 90° = 𝐼𝑙𝐵
Or 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵
Thus a current carrying conductor placed perpendicular to the
direction of a magnetic field experiences a maximum force.

Direction of force.
Fleming's left hand rule. Stretch the thumb and the first two fingers of
the left hand in mutually perpendicular directions. If the forefinger
points in the direction of the magnetic field, central finger in the
direction of current, then the thumb gives the direction of force on the
conductor.

A wire of length 𝑙 carries a current I along the X-axis. A magnetic field
𝐵 = 𝐵0 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ tesla exists in space. Find the magnitude of the
magnetic force on the wire.

What is the force on a wire of length 4.0 cm placed inside a solenoid near
its centre, making an angle of 60° with its axis ? The wire carries a current
of 12 A and the magnetic field due to the solenoid has a magnitude of
0.25 T.

Force between two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors
Force per Unit Length,
𝐹2 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑓= =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟
𝐹1 = −𝐹2
Parallel current attracts

Antiparallel current repel

A current of 5.0 A flows through each of two parallel long wires. The wires
are 2.5 cm apart. Calculate the force acting per unit length of each wire.
Use the standard value of constant required. What will be the nature of the
force, if both currents flow in the same direction ?

Torque Experienced by a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏Ԧ = 𝑚 × 𝐵

Special Cases
(i) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃 = 00 , 𝜏 = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒. , the torque is minimum when
the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field.
(ii) When 𝜃 = 90°, 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝐴, i.e., the torque is maximum

when the plane of the loop is parallel to the magnetic field.
Thus
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝐴

The maximum torque acting on a coil of effective area 0.04 𝑚2 is
4 × 10−8 𝑁𝑚 when the current in it is 100 𝜇𝐴. Find the magnetic
induction in which it is kept.

Moving Coil Galvanometer
A galvanometer is a device to used for the detection &
measurement of small electric currents
Principle. A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field

experiences a current dependent torque, which tends to
rotate the coil and produces angular deflection.
𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝛼= 𝐼
𝑘

Figure of Merit of Galvanometer
𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝛼= 𝐼
𝑘
It is defined as the current which produces a deflection of one

scale division in the galvanometer and is given by
𝐼 𝑘
Figure of Merit of Galvanometer: 𝐺 = =
𝛼 𝑁𝐵𝐴

Sensitivity of a Galvanometer
A galvanometer is said to be sensitive if it shows large scale
deflection even when a small current is passed through it or a
small voltage is applied across it.
Current sensitivity. It is defined as the deflection produced in

the galvanometer when a unit current flows through it.
𝛼 𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝐼𝑆 = =
𝐼 𝑘
Voltage sensitivity. It is defined as the deflection produced in the

galvanometer when a unit potential difference is applied across
its ends.
𝛼 𝛼 𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝑉𝑆 = = =
𝑉 𝐼𝑅 𝑘𝑅
Factor effects the Sensitivity of a Galvanometer
Factors on which the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer
depends
1. Number of turns N in its coil.
2. Magnetic field B.
3. Area A of the coil.
4. Torsion constant k of the spring and suspension wire

Factors by which the sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer can be increased :
1. By increasing the number of turns N of the coil. But the value of N cannot be
increased beyond a certain limit because that will make the galvanometer
bulky and increase its resistance R.
2. By increasing the magnetic field B. This can be done by using a strong

horse-shoe magnet and placing a soft iron core within the coil.
3. By increasing the area A of the coil. However, increasing A beyond a certain

limit will make the galvanometer bulky and unmanageable.
4. By decreasing the value of torsion constant k. The torsion constant k is

made small by using suspension wire and springs of phosphor bronze.
Advantages of a moving coil galvanometer :
1. As the deflection of the coil is proportional to the current passed through it,
so a linear scale can be used to measure the deflection.
2. A moving coil galvanometer can be made highly sensitive by increasing N, B,

A and decreasing k.
3. As the coil is placed in a strong magnetic field of a powerful magnet, its

deflection is not affected by externa] magnetic fields. This enables us to use
the galvanometer in any position.
4. As the coil is wound over a metallic frame, the eddy currents produced in
the frame bring the coil to rest quickly.

Disadvantages of a moving coil galvanometer :
1. The main disadvantage is that its sensitiveness cannot be changed at
will.
2. All types of moving coil galvanometers are easily damaged by

overloading. A current greater than that which the instrument is intended
to measure will burn out its hair-springs or suspension.

A rectangular coil of area 5.0 × 10−4 𝑚2 and 60 turns is pivoted about one of its
vertical sides. The coil is in a radial horizontal field of 90 G (‘radial’ here means
the field lines are in the plane of the coil for any orientation). What is the
torsional constant of the hair-springs connected to the coil if a current of 0.20
mA produces an angular deflection of 18°?

Conversion of a Galvanometer into an Ammeter
Shunt is a low resistance 𝐼𝑔
Connected in parallel 𝑆= ×𝐺
𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔
with the galvanometer
or ammeter to protect it
from strong currents. 𝑆
𝐼𝑔 = ×I
𝐺+𝑆
A galvanometer is
converted to ammeter An ammeter is a shunted or low resistance galvanometer.
by putting low resistance Its effective resistance is
(shunt) in parallel with it.
𝐺𝑆
𝑅𝐴 = <𝑆
𝐺+𝑆
Uses of shunt
1. To prevent galvanometer due to large current
2. To convert into ammeter
3. To increase the range of an ammeter

Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Ammeter
An ammeter is a device 𝐼𝑔
used to measure current 𝑆= ×𝐺
through a circuit element. 𝐼 − 𝐼𝑔
an ammeter is a shunted or low resistance galvanometer.

𝐺𝑆
𝑅𝐴 = <𝑆
𝐺+𝑆

Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter
A galvanometer is
converted to voltmeter by 𝑉
putting high resistance in 𝐼𝑔 =
Series with it. 𝑅+𝐺
An voltmeter is a high resistance galvanometer.

Its effective resistance is
𝑅𝑉 = 𝑅 + 𝐺 ≫ 𝐺

An ammeter of resistance 0.80 Ω can measure currents upto 1.0 𝐴.
(i) What must be the shunt resistance to enable the ammeter to
measure current upto 5.0 A ?
(ii) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt ?

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Chap 4P Magnetic Effect of Current 2023

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Chap 4: Moving Charges & Magnetism

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Magnetic field is a vector Qty

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The fact that a magnetic field is associated with an electric

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A current element is denoted by I 𝑑𝑙, and has the

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2. Both are long range fields.

3. The principle of superposition is applicable to both fields. This is

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2. The direction of the electrostatic field is along the displacement

3. In Bio-Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic field is proportional

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Wire of Finite length

If the wire is infinitely long then

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2. Maxwell's cork screw rule. If a right handed

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Thus the graph plotted between the magnetic field

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At the center Far away

The field d𝐵 lies in the plane of paper and is perpendicular to 𝑠,

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2. Clock rule. This rule gives the polarity of any face

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1. For points in the open space

2. For points inside the toroid.

3. For points in the open space

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This force deflects the charged particle sideways and

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The total or the Lorentz force, experienced by the charge 𝑞 is:

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𝑓𝑐 frequency is called cyclotron frequency

The period of revolution is

2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃 2𝜋𝑚

2𝜋𝑚 2𝜋𝑚𝑣 cos 𝜃

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(ii) If 𝜃 = 90°, then