Full-wave Bridge Rectifier Analysis

Jonathan A. Feucht, October 4, 2010

This paper develops approximate equations for designing or analyzing a full-wave bridge rectifier peak-detector circuit.
This circuit is commonly used in AC to DC converters, and consists of only six circuit elements. Even so, the circuit
analysis for the full-bridge rectifier circuit is not as simple as first impressions might lead one to believe.

Figure 1. Full bridge rectifier circuit

Figure 1 shows the schematic for the full-wave bridge rectifier. The four-diode bridge converts both polarities of the
input waveform into positive voltage at the output. The capacitor connected to the output node acts as a charge
reservoir, which smoothes the output voltage and makes the circuit more like constant DC voltage source.

Figure 2. Output voltage and input current

As shown in Figure 2, the output voltage waveform has a ripple, which is dependent on the capacitor size and the
amount of output current. The input current, iin(t), consists of a trail of triangular pulses, which occur when the diodes
turn on. To analyze the full-wave bridge rectifier, we will analyze one conduction cycle for the circuit. Each conduction
cycle lasts half a period, and consists of two phases: the off phase, when no current is flowing through the diodes to the
output; and the on phase, when current is being supplied through the diodes to the output. Figure 3 shows the output
voltage and capacitor current plots during one conduction cycle.

Figure 3. Output voltage and capacitor current for the full-wave rectifier during one conduction cycle
 2

To begin the analysis, let

vin (t)  Vp cos t 

This equation for vin(t) is chosen so that the conduction cycle starts out in the off phase. Vp is the peak amplitude of the
input signal. During the on phase, the output voltage is equal to vin(t) minus two diode voltage drops. The on phase
starts at time ton and ends at toff + T/2, which is the beginning of the next conduction cycle.

vout t, on  Vp cos t  2 VD

At the beginning of the off phase, the diodes turn off, and the capacitor supplies all of the output current.

icap (t, off )  I out

The value toff is the beginning of the off phase. To find toff, we find the time at which the diodes turn off. This occurs at
the time the slopes of voff(t,off) for the current cycle and von(t,on) for the previous cycle are equal.

d d
vout
dt t, off   out t  T 2, on
v
dt
d 
 
Iout  t  toff   d cos t  2 V 


Voff
V  p D
dt C
   dt


Iout
  Vp sin  off  
C t
1  I 
1 out
toff   
 sin   C Vp 
 
To simplify calculations, we use the trigonometric identity sin 1 (x)  x .

I out
toff   2 C V
p

We find Voff by plugging toff + T/2 into vout(t,off) .

V v t T  t  Iout 
v2 , off  , off 2V
off out off out off Vp cos 
D
 C Vp 
 

The discharging capacitor causes the output voltage to drop. Voff is the voltage at the beginning of the off phase. The
output voltage declines linearly with time with a slope dependant on the output current and the capacitor value.

  1 t  
I out  t  toff 
vout t, off dx  Voff 
 Voff 
C i cap x, C
off
toff

Based on the previous equation, the output voltage can be made steadier by increasing the capacitor size. Although the
circuit more resembles an ideal constant voltage source, the diode current during the on phase is higher, meaning
higher power diodes are necessary. In the design of rectifier circuits, limits are usually placed on the amount of ripple
allowed in the output voltage, so Von (the minimum output voltage reached during each cycle) is usually specified for
the circuit along with the output current Iout. The next step is to find the capacitor values that would provide the
specified amount of ripple. We first solve for ton, the time at the beginning of the on phase, at which time the output
voltage has dropped off the specified amount.

Von  vout ton , on

Von  Vp cos ton  2 VD
1
ton 
 3

 Von  2 VD 
cos


 Vp
 
 4

During the first part of the on phase, the capacitor current is positive, and the output current is fed directly out of the
bridge diodes. At the peak output voltage, the capacitor current reverses, and the capacitor and diodes both contribute
to the output current. The current going into the capacitor during the on phase is

d
icap (t, on)  C  vout t, on   C Vp sin( t)
dt

We now have enough information to solve for the capacitor value. We solve for C by setting Von equal to vout(ton,off).
Von  Voff  vout ton , off 


Iout  ton  toff 
Von  Voff 
 I C Iout I out 
 out

Von  Vp cos 2V

D   ton  

  C Vp  C   2 C Vp 
   
We will use the third-order Taylor series polynomial to approximate cosine: cos(x)  1  x2 .
 I2  I  I 
Von  Vp 1  out   2 V  out
D  ton  out 
 2 C2V2  C   C Vp
2 
 p  

C  Von
 2  Iout ton 
2
I
out 
2
I
out
Vp VD 2C  2 C Vp
Vp
Iout ton
C
Von  Vp  2 VD

The equation above is a rough approximation for the output capacitor, and will give higher capacitor values than
needed. The lower the value of Von is, the higher the error from the approximation.

The selection of rectifier diodes must take into account the initial surge current, Imax. This current is a result of the
capacitor having no charge stored at the beginning of the first conduction cycle. The initial surge current is

I max   C Vp  Iout

Ion is the maximum current during the conduction cycle, which is at time ton.

I on   C Vp sin ton  Iout

The root mean square (rms) diode current is useful, since it is used for calculating the power dissipation in the diodes.
The diode current is the same as the input current iin(t), except for that each diode turns on every other cycle. To find
the rms current, we integrate the square of the input current over the on phase, find the average square current over a
two-cycle interval by dividing by T, then take the square root of the result.

toff T 2

i in t, on2 dt I out   C Vp sin t  2 dt

on ton
ID,rms  
T T

We will work with the integral part of the equation.

toff T 2

  C Vp sin t  dt
2
Iout 
ton
toff T 2


2
out 2C Iout sin t   2 C 2 V 2 sin t  dt 
 Vp p

ton
 5


 I2 1 t T 2
t2CV cos t  C 2 V 2  t  sin t  cos t 

I  
out p out p  tt
 2 on
  1  1
toff T 2
 t   I 2   2 C 2 V 2   2 C Vp Iout  C 2 V 2 sin t  cos t
cos t 
out p p
2 2
    tton
 t T   
t 2 I I
1
 2C2V2 2CV

t cos  cos t 
 off on   out p p out on off
 2   1 2 
  C 2 V 2 sin t    sin t cos t 
cos t
off off
p on on
2
sin2 x sin2 y
We use the trigonometric identity sinxcosx sinycosy  to simplify this equation.
    2
 toff

T
  out
1

 1
 
  ton  I 2   2 C 2 V 2  2 C Vp I out cos ton  cos  toff   C 2 V 2 sin2  ton  sin 2  toff   
p p
 2   2  4

The final equation for RMS current is

 T 1
2
2
t off  t Ion   Cout
2 2 2
Vp   2 C V I
2
 p out cos ton  cos  toff 14  
 C2 Vp2 sin2  ton  sin 2  toff 
    T
ID,rms 
 6

Output voltage and capacitor current for the full-wave rectifier during one conduction cycle

Summary of equations for the full-wave bridge rectifier

Variable Equation
Off phase toff  k  T 2  t  ton  k  T 2

On phase ton  k  T 2  t  toff  k  1 T 2

 
Voff  I s  t  toff C Off phase

vout(t) 
  Vp cos t  2 VD On phase

Iout Off phase

icap(t) 
  C Vp sin( t) On phase

iin(t) icap t  Iout
1  V 2 V 
cos1  on D

ton  
 Vp
 

Iout ton
C
Von  Vp  2 VD
Iout
toff
 2 C Vp
 I out 
V 2V
Voff
p cos 
D
  C Vp 
 
Vmax Vp  2 VD

Ion  C Vp sin ton  Iout

Imax  C Vp  Iout
T 1
   

toff   ton  I 2   2 C 2 V 2  2 C Vp Iout cos ton  cos  toff   1  C 2
 
V 2 sin2  ton  sin 2  toff
ID,rms     out p  p
 2   2  4
T