A

Algebra
N

SETS
Q

W
LARA O. ROLAN
X

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 A
A
B

SETS C

D
A set is a well-defined
E
collection of objects. These
objects are called elements or F

members of the set. G

H
A set is usually denoted by a I
capital letter such as A, B, X, J
Y… whereas lowercase letters a, K
b, x, y, z… will usually be L
used to denote elements of the M
set. N

O
The following are the examples
P
of sets.
Q
1. The number 1,3,7, and 10.
R
2. The vowels of the English
S
alphabet: a, e, i, o, u.
T
3. The even integers: 2,4,6,8,…
U
4. A = {1,1,2,3,5}
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 A
B
B

Two Most Common Methods for Describing a Set C

1. Roster method or tabular E

method – this method describes a F

set by listing down all the G

elements separated by commas and H

enclosing them in braces. I

Example: 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢} J

L
2. Rule method or set builder M
notation – this method describes N
a set by enclosing in braces a
O
descriptive phrase stating the
P
properties that all the elements
Q
have in common.
R

S
Example:
T
𝐵 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10
U

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C
B

Cardinality of Set C

E
The cardinality of set S, denoted
by 𝑺 or 𝒏 𝑺 , is the number of F

distinct elements that S contains. G

H
Example: I
1. If J
𝐴 = 𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝐴𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡 K
then 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝐴 = 26 L

M
2. If N
𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10} O
then 𝐵 = 𝑛 𝐵 = 9 P

V
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Kinds of Sets C

Definition 3: A finite set is a set E

with countable but limited number F

of elements. G

H
Definition 4: An infinite set is a I
set that has unlimited number of J
elements. K

L
Example: M
1. The set of all perfect squares N
less than 25. O
2. The set of whole numbers. P

Q
Definition 5: An empty (null) set
R
is a set that has no elements and
is denoted by either ∅ or { }. S

AWESOME! X

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E
B

Kinds of Sets C

E
Definition 6: A universal set
F
denoted by U is a set that contains
all elements under considerations. G

Definition 7: Two sets A and B are I

said to be equivalent denoted by J
𝑨 ∼ 𝑩 or 𝐀 ↔ 𝑩 , if they have the K
same cardinality. L
Example: Let 𝐴 = 1,2,3,4 𝐵 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} M

N
Definition 8: Two sets A and B are
O
said to be equal denoted by 𝑨 = 𝑩 ,
P
if and only if their elements are
Q
exactly the same.
R

S
Note: Equal sets are always
equivalents set but equivalent set T

are not always equal. U

Let 𝐴 = 1,2,3,4 𝐵 = {1,2,3,4} W

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F
B

Venn Diagram C

A set can be expressed visually E

using a simple geometric shape. F

This pictorial representation of a G

set is called Venn Diagram, after H

the English logician John Venn I

(1834-1923). J

L
U
M

O
A B P

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G
B

Kinds of Set C

Definition 9: Two sets A and B are E

joint if and only if A and B have F

common elements otherwise they are G

disjoint. H

L
𝐴 𝐵
M

P
JOINT SETS
Q

T
A B U

Nice!
DISJOINT SETS
Y

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H
B

Kinds of Sets C

E
Definition 10: If every element of
set A is also an element of set B, F

then A is a subset of B denoted by G

𝑨 ⊆ 𝑩. H

I
Definition 11: If set A is a subset J
of set B but B has at least one K
element that is not in A, then A is L
a proper subset of B, denoted by M
𝑨 ⊂ 𝑩 , otherwise it is an improper N
subset. O

R
B S
A
T

𝐴⊆𝐵
Nice! W

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 A
I
B

Subset C

Example: E

𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟐 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 𝑪 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟐} F

A and B are both subsets of C, but A G

is a proper subset of C, where C is H

a subset of B. I

K
𝐴 𝐵
L

N
1,2
O
𝐶 3
P

Hence, we can say T

𝐴⊂𝐶 GREAT JOB! U

𝐵⊆𝐶 V

𝐶⊆𝐵 W

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J
B

Class of Sets C

E
Definition 12: Class of sets is a
collection of sets enclosed by F

[ ]. G

Example: Suppose 𝑆 = {1,2,3,4}. I

1. Let A be the class of subset of S J

which contain exactly three K

elements. L
𝐴 = [ 1,2,3 , 1,2,4 , 1,3,4 , {2,3,4}] M

N
2. Let B be the class of subsets of
O
S which contain 2 and two other
P
elements of S.
Q
𝐵 = [ 1,2,3 , 1,2,4 , {2,3,4}]
R

T
AWESOME! U

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K
B

Power Set C

Definition 13: Given the set S, the E

class of all subsets of S is called F

the power set of S denoted by 𝑃 𝑆 . G

if 𝑆 is finite, then so is 𝑃(𝑆). the H

number of elements in 𝑃(𝑆) is 2 I

raised to the power of 𝑛 𝑆 : that is, J

K
𝒏 𝑷 𝑺 = 𝟐𝒏(𝑺) L

M
Example:
N
1.let:𝑆 = {𝐿, 𝑂, 𝑉, 𝐸}
O
then 𝑛 𝑃 𝑆 = 2% = 16
P
{},{L},{O},{V},{E},{L,O},{O,V},{V,E},
Q
{L,V},{O,E},{L,E},{L,O,V},{O,V,E},
R
{L,V,E}, {O,L,E}, {L,O,V,E}
S

2. 𝐴 = {1,2,3} AWESOME! T

then 𝑛(𝑃(𝑆)) = 2& = 8 U

{},{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}, V

{1,2,3} W

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L
B

Set Operation C

D
1. The union of set A and B, denoted
by 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 , is the set of whose E

elements are in A or B or in both A F

and B, that is G

𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨, 𝑩 . H

I
U
A B J

K
𝑨∪𝑩
L

O
2. The intersection of sets A and B P
denoted by 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩, is the set of whose Q
elements are common to A and B, that R
is, 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩 .
S

U T
A B
U

V
𝑨∩𝑩
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M
B

Set Operations C

3. The complement of set A with E

respect to the universal set, F

denoted by A’ or 𝑨𝒄 , is a set with G

elements found in the universal set, H

but not in set A, that is, I

𝑨( = 𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑼, 𝒙 ∉ 𝑨 . J

K
U L

M
𝑨′
N

𝐴 O

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N
B

Sets Operations C

4. The difference of sets A and E

B(relative complement of B with F

respect to A), denoted by 𝑨 − 𝑩 or G

𝑨\𝑩 , is the set whose elements are H

in A but not in B, that is, I

𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒙 ∉ 𝑩 . J

A B L

N
𝑨−𝑩
O

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 A
O
B

Set Operations C

E
5. The symmetric difference of sets
A and B, denoted by 𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩 , is the F

set whose elements are in A or B but G

not both A and B., That is, H

𝑨 ⊕ 𝑩 = {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩, 𝒙 ∉ 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩}. J

K
𝑨⊕𝑩= 𝑨∪𝑩 \ 𝑨∩𝑩 L
or M
𝑨⨁𝑩 = 𝑨\𝑩 ∪ 𝑩\𝑨 N

O
A B
P

R
𝑨⨁𝑩
S

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 A
P
B

Example: C

D
Given:
𝑈 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑡 E

𝐴 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 F

𝐵 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟} G

𝐶 = {𝑠, 𝑢, 𝑛, 𝑑, 𝑎, 𝑦} H

I
Given
J
1 𝐴∪𝐵 𝑈
K
2 𝐵∩𝐶 𝑠, 𝑛, 𝑑, 𝑦

3 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴 L

4 𝐶−𝐵 𝑎, 𝑢 M

5 𝐴! 𝐵 N

6 𝐵! 𝐴 O

7 𝐴⊕𝐵 𝑈 P

8 𝐵⊕𝐶 𝑎, 𝑢, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑡, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑧 Q

9 𝑈! ∅ R

10 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝑈𝐶 {𝑎, 𝑢} S

T
𝐴 𝐵 U
b, c, f, g, h,
j, k, l, m, p, V
e, i, o
q, r, t, v, w,
s,
x, z W
u n,
a, d,
y X

Y
𝐶
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 A
Q
B

Application of Sets: C

D
1. A small college requires its students to
take at least one mathematics course and E

at least one science course. A survey of F

140 of its sophomore students shows G
that:
H
• 60 completed their mathematics requirement
(M) I

• 45 completed their science requirement (S) J

• 20 completed both requirements(M&S) K

L
Use a Venn diagram to find the number of
the students who had completed: M

1. Exactly one of the two requirements. N

2. At least one of the requirements. O
3. Neither requirement.
P

Q
U R
𝑀 S S

T
40 20 25
U

X
55
Y

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 A
R
B

Solution #1: C

D
Use a Venn diagram to find the
E
number of the students who had
F
completed:
1. Exactly one of the two G

requirements. H

2. At least one of the requirements. I

3. Neither requirement. J

K
Solution: L
𝑛 𝑈 = 140 𝑀 S
U M
40 20 25
𝑛 𝑀 = 60 N
𝑛 𝑆 = 45 O
𝑛 𝑀⋂𝑆 = 20 55
P

Q
a.) 40 + 25 = 65
R
b.) 20 + 40 + 25 = 85
S
c.) 140-(40+20+25)= 55
T

V
Good work! W

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 A
S
B

Application of Sets: C

E
2. In a survey of 800 students it
was found that: F

Given H

485 save with BDO I

550 save with Metrobank J

540 save with BPI K

255 save with BDO and Metrobank L

270 save with BDO and BPI M

N
325 save with Metrobank and BPI
O
All students save with at least one of these banks.
P

Q
Find the number of students who save with:
R
A.) All three banks
S
B.) BDO but not BPI
T
C.) Metrobank but not BDO
U
D.) BPI but not Metrobank
V
E.) BDO or BPI but not Metrobank W
F.) BDO but not Metrobank or BPI X

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 A
T
B

Solution #2: U
C

Given D
35 45
485 save with BDO 180 E
BDO Metrobank
550 save with Metrobank F
75
540 save with BPI 195 250 G

255 save with BDO and Metrobank H

20
270 save with BDO and BPI I

325 save with Metrobank and BPI BPI J

All students save with at least one K

of these banks.
L
𝑛 𝑈 = 800
𝐵𝐷𝑂 + 𝑀𝐸𝑇𝑅𝑂𝐵𝐴𝑁𝐾 + 𝐵𝑃𝐼 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 : 485 + 550 + 540 = 1575 M
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠: 255 + 270 + 325 = 850
N
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴⋂𝐵⋂𝐶 : 1575 − 850 = 725
U − A⋂B⋂C = 800 − 725 = 75 O
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 & 𝐵𝑃𝐼 = 325– 75 = 250 P
𝐵𝐷𝑂 & 𝐵𝑃𝐼 = 270 − 75 = 195
𝐵𝐷𝑂 & 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 255 − 75 = 180 Q
𝐵𝑃𝐼 = 540 − (75 + 250 + 195) = 20 R
𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 550 − (75 + 250 + 180) = 45
𝐵𝐷𝑂 = 485 − (75 + 195 + 180) = 35 S
Find the number of students who save
T
with:
A.) All three banks a.) 𝐴⋂𝐵⋂𝐶 = 75 U

B.) BDO but not BPI b.) 𝐴 − 𝐶 = 35 + 180 = 215 V

c.) 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 45 + 250 = 295
C.) Metrobank but not BDO d.) 𝐶 − 𝐵 = 20 + 195 = 215 W
e.) 𝐴⋃𝐶 − 𝐵 = 35 + 195 + 20 = 250
D.) BPI but not Metrobank X
f.) 𝐴 − 𝐵⋃𝐶 = 35
E.) BDO or BPI but not Metrobank Y
F.) BDO but not Metrobank or BPI Z
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B

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