Related Literature studies

According to Nasrin Sulaiman, MA Hannan, Azah Mohamed, EH Majlan, WR Wan Daud, (2015) Thus, an
increasing number of studies have been conducted on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and their energy
management system (EMS). This paper focuses on reviews of EMSs for fuel cell (FC) based HEV in
combination with battery and super-capacitor, respectively.

Based on Bahattin Tanç, Hüseyin Turan Arat, Ertuğrul Baltacıoğlu, Kadir Aydın, (2019) The main goal of
automakers can be pointed as minimizing the fuel consumption and exhaust emissions while improving
the range limits, energy efficiency and latest technology adaptation. Therewithal, electric assisted
propulsion systems added to vehicles and are called as electric vehicles (EVs).

As stated by Krishna Veer Singh, Hari Om Bansal, Dheerendra Singh, (2019) Hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a promising solution to the serious
existential problem posed to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel economy and lower
emissions satisfying environmental legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel prices on
consumers.

In accordance with MA Hannan, Md M Hoque, Azah Mohamed, Afida Ayob, (2017) The electric vehicle
(EV) technology addresses the issue of the reduction of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. The
concept of EVs focuses on the utilization of alternative energy resources. However, EV systems currently
face challenges in energy storage systems (ESSs) with regard to their safety, size, cost, and overall
management issues.

Based on Nic Lutsey, Mikhail Grant, Sandra Wappelhorst, Huan Z, (2018) Auto manufacturers have
announced more than $150 billion in investments to achieve collective production targets of more than
13 million electric vehicles annually around 2025This is likely be more than 10% of global light-duty
vehicle sales, based on publicly announced plans