Human viruses

Most emerging infectious diseases are caused by RNA viruses.

Many of these that are newly found in humans have a natural
mammal or bird reservoir; some are transmitted by arthropod
vectors, such as mosquitos.

By Dr. Anna Sukiasyan

 Nucleic
Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
acid
Aichi virus Kobuvirus, Fecal-oral Gastroenteritis RNA The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both the
genome and viral messenger RNA. The IRES allows direct
Picornaviridae translation of the polyprotein.
Attachement of the virus to host receptors mediates
endocytosis of the virus into the host cell. The capsid
undergoes a conformational change and possibly opens a
pore in the host endosomal membrane and the viral
genomic RNA penetrates into the host cell cytoplasm
Ebolavirus Ebolavirus, Zoonosis, contact Hemorrhagic RNA The viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase binds the
fever encapsidated genome at the leader region, then
Filoviridae sequentially transcribes each genes by recognizing start
and stop signals flanking viral genes.
Replication presumably starts when enough nucleoprotein
is present to encapsidate neo-synthetized antigenomes
and genomes.
RNA The viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase binds to a
promoter on each encapsidated segment, and transcribes
the mRNA. These are capped by L protein during synthesis
using cap snatching . Transcription is terminated by a
Renal or
Hantavirus, Zoonosis, urine, strong hairpin sequence at the end of each gene.
Hantaan virus saliva
respiratory
Replication presumably starts when enough nucleoprotein
Bunyaviridae syndrome
is present to encapsidate neo-synthetized antigenomes
and genomes.
The ribonucleocapsids buds at Golgi apparatus, releasing
the virion by exocytosis.
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Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
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RNA The virion RNA is infectious and serves as
both the genome and viral messenger
RNA. The IRES allows direct translation of
Hepatovirus, the polyprotein.
Hepatitis A virus Fecal-oral Hepatitis
picornaviridae The resulting slow translation rate
probably contributes to the high stability
of viral capsid and may play a role in
escaping to host cell defenses
Orthohepadnavi DNA
Sexual
Hepatitis B virus rus, Hepatitis
contact, blood
Hepadnaviridae
RNA The virion RNA is infectious and serves as
both the genome and the viral messenger
Hepacivirus, RNA. The whole genome is translated in a
Hepatitis C virus Sexual, blood Hepatitis
Flaviviridae polyprotein, which is processed co- and
post-translationally by host and viral
proteases.
Hepevirus, RNA
Hepatitis E virus Zoonosis, food Hepatitis
Unassigned
 Nucleic
Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
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DNA Attachement of the viral glycoproteins to host
receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the
host cell.
Human Cytomegalovirus, Contact, urine, Mononucleosis, Assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and
cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae saliva pneumonia budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear
membrane which has been modified by the
insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the
Golgi and final release at the plasma membrane.
DNA Attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host
receptors mediates endocytosis of the virus into the
host cell. Fusion with the plasma membrane to
release the core and the tegument proteins into the
host cytoplasm. The capsid is transported to the
Human Rhadinovirus, Sexual contact, nuclear pore where the viral DNA is released into
Skin lymphoma
herpesvirus 8 Herpesviridae saliva the nucleus.
Assembly of the virus in nuclear viral factories and
budding through the inner lamella of the nuclear
membrane which has been modified by the
insertion of herpes glycoproteins, throughout the
Golgi and final release at the plasma membrane.
Human RNA Latent replication : replication as a provirus
Lentivirus, Sexual contact,
immunodeficiency AIDS integrated in the host chromosome.
Retroviridae blood
virus
 Nucleic
Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
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RNA Virus attaches to host cell surface receptors
through glycoprotein.
Fusion with the plasma membrane;
Human Respirovirus,
Respiratory Respiratory ribonucleocapsid is released in the cytoplasm.
parainfluenza Paramyxoviridae
Replication presumably starts when enough
nucleoprotein is present to encapsidate neo-
synthetized antigenomes and genomes.
DNA The viral DNA genome penetrates into the
nucleus.
These newly synthesized DNA can either
Human parvovirus Erythrovirus,
Respiratory Skin lesion a) be converted to DNA and serve as a
B19 Parvoviridae
template for transcription/replication
b) be encapsidated to form new virions that
are released by cell lysis.
RNA Monopartite, linear RNA(+) genome of 27-
32kb in size (the largest of all RNA virus
genomes).
Human SARS Betacoronavirus,
Zoonosis Respiratory The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both
coronavirus Coronaviridae
the genome and viral messenger RNA.
Structural proteins are expressed as
subgenomic RNAs.
 Nucleic
Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
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Influenzavirus A, Respiratory or RNA
Influenza A virus Orthomyxovirid Zoonosis, Flu
ae animal contact
Influenzavirus B, RNA
Influenza B virus Orthomyxovirid Respiratory Flu
ae
Influenzavirus C, RNA
Influenza C virus Orthomyxovirid Respiratory Flu
ae
RNA Co-infection of cells with different rotavirus
Rotavirus, Gastroenterit strains belonging to the same serogroup A,
Rotavirus A Fecal-oral
Reoviridae is B or C undergo mixing of the genome
segments (genetic reassortment).
Rotavirus, Gastroenterit RNA
Rotavirus B Fecal-oral
Reoviridae is
Rotavirus, Gastroenterit RNA
Rotavirus C Fecal-oral
Reoviridae is
 Nucleic
Virus Genus, Family Transmission Disease Information
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RNA Enveloped, spherical, about 120 nm in
diameter. The RNA genome is associated with
the N protein to form the nucleocapsid.
The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both
the genome and viral messenger RNA.
Structural proteins are expressed as
SARS Betacoronavirus, subgenomic RNAs.
Respiratory Covid-19
coronavirus 2 Coronaviridae Replication occurs in viral factories. Synthesis
of structural proteins encoded by subgenomic
mRNAs.
Assembly and budding at membranes of the
endoplasmic reticulum, the intermediate
compartments, and/or the Golgi complex.
Release of new virions by exocytosis.
Yellow fever Flavivirus, Zoonosis, Hemorrhagic RNA
virus Flaviviridae arthropod bite fever
RNA The virion RNA is infectious and serves as both
the genome and the viral messenger RNA. The
Zika virus Flavivirus, Zoonosis, Fever, joint
whole genome is translated in a polyprotein,
Flaviviridae arthropod bite pain, rash
which is processed co- and post-translationally
by host and viral proteases.