Kale and Khande Ice Databook

S.No.
Table No Chapter Page Page No.

1 Properties of Engineering material
T 1.1 Physical content of material 1
T 1.2 Relationship between strengths 1
2 Properties of section
T2.1 Properties adopted for beam of various cross‐sections 2
T2.2 Torsion of shafts of various cross‐section 2
3 Values of performance parameters
T3.1 Compression Ratio 5
T3.2 Indicated mean effective pressure
T3.3 Indicated thermal efficiency
T3.4 Indicated specific fuel consumption
T3.5 Mechanical efficiency 6
T3.6 Bore diameter
T3.7 Stroke to bore ratio
T3.8 Mean piston speed
T3.9 Engine performance relation 7
4 Design of Engine parts
T4.1 Piston Design 8
T4.2 Design of Piston rings 9
T4.3 Allowable bearing pressure 10
T4.4 Piston pin design
T4.4A Piston pin material
T4.4B Proportionate dimensions of piston 11
T4.5 Cylinder and cylinder head design 12
T4.6 Fin design for air cooled engines 14
T4.7 Stud and bolt design 15
T4.8 Gasket design 16
T4.8A Properties of material for bolts, studs and nuts
T4.8B Length of adjacent cylinders in multi‐cylinder engines 17
T4.9 Dimensions of threads for standard bolt/stud
T4.9A Port design for two stroke engine 18
T4.10 Connecting rod Design 19
T4.11 Weights of reciprocating parts 20
T4.12 Material for Connecting rod /Cap 20
T4.13 Design of small end of connecting rod 21
T4.13A Material for Crank Shaft 20
T4.14 Design of crank Shaft 22
T4.15 Design of crank shaft bearing 23
T4.16 Design proportions of crank shaft 24
T4.17 Flywheel design 25
T4.18 Flywheel constructions 26
T4.19 Coefficient of fluctuation of Energy 27
T4.20 Coefficient of fluctuation of speed
T4.21 Peripheral speed of flywheel 28
5 Design of Valve gear System
5 T5.1 Valve Design 29
T5.2 Port diameter for inlet valve 30
T5.3 Valve timings
T5.4 Cam and Cam shaft design 31
T5.5 Roller design 32
,I ~
..
TABLE: 1.1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMONLY USED MATERI ALS
!Material Ex 10
MPa
-1
G X 10
MPa
4
-- -----
µ K
W/m2 0 c
a X 10-6
0
mm/mro c
v.; Kg!u.i3
C
rB
K J/kg c
0
\ Magnesium
Aluminium
4.56
7.25
-- ~
1.69
2.67
0.35
0.334
-
173
25.2
24.0
1800
2710
------' - -·
0.45
0.87
-
6(,()
I Brass
Grey cast Iron
Copper
Lead
12.6
10.0
12.3
15.7
4.91
4.11
39.0
7.5
0.285
0.271
0.26
0.45
0.32
106
46
· 338
28
26
18.7
10.~
16.2
28.3
14.0
8210
.noo
8960
11340
8820
0.376
0.54
0.45
-
0.54
900-950
1150-1300
1083
327
1325
Monel Metal 18.3 6.66
Steel Cl5 20.8 7:9 0.3 43 11..l 7850 0.45 1510
Steel C35 20.6 to 0.3 43 11.l 784-0 to 1490
Steel C 60 20.4 8.9 0.3 40 11.1 7830 0.49 1470
Phosphet 11.1 4.21 0.349 58 17.3 8160 - 910-1040
Bronze
Nickel steel 20.0 7.72 0.291 4-0 11.1 7750 I 0.45 I l470
Where,
E = Modulus of Elasticity
G = Modulus of Rigidi ty
µ = Poissons ratio
K ,;,, Thermal co nductivi ty
a = Coefffioient of linear expansion
w = Specific weight
Cp = Specific heat
trn = Melting point
TABLE: J.2
APPRO X1 MATE, RELATIONSHI PS BETWEEN STRENGTHS
Sr. M ateriaJ s .,..... Seb Seb

-Sea Ses Sus Su e
No . ('
J Sut Syt Seb Seb Sllt Sut
- ----- -
1.. · Steel 0.6 0.5--0.6 0.8--0.9 0.65 0.55 0.65 - 7.5 -
2. Cast Iron 0.4 - i.O 0.92 0.31 .16
3. Non Ferro us Alloys 0.25--D.35 - 0.7-J.0 0.8 - -
t Where,
Syt = yield stress in tension
Sul = Ultimate tensile stress of material
Seb = Endurance li mit u1 reversecJ bendi ng
Sea = Endurance limit in axi al loading
Ses = Endurance Llmrl in tor.sional loading
Sus = Ultimate strength in shear
,,
• Sue= Ultimate strength in com press ion.
..,:.,
. :t
Scanned by CamScanner
CHAPTER2
TABLE: .. 2.1
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CROSS SECTIONS ADOPTED FOR BEA.~1 .
AREA
.A
MOMENT OF
I,NERTlA, I
DISTANCE
TO
FARTHEST
SECTION
MODULUSZ
= 1/C
RADl~~l
G YRAT IO~
k = [I/Al 1
POINT, C
a 2 a4 'd/2 a3
-
0.289 a i
12 6
h/2 0.289 h
bh bh3 bh2
•
-
12 6
.
n oz :re D4 n R4 D I 3
-D - -R
4 ~
64
- ~
4
- =R
2 -nD
32 4 2
~bh .7t b h
3 h/2
I 7t b h
2 h/4
4 - - - -
64 32
( b + b.1) h h\b2 + 4 b b1 + b1
2
} c1 = 7t = I/ 1 k = ( II A )1/2
b + 2b1 = I/
12 36 ( b + b1 ) z2 2
3 ( b + b1) X h
c2 =
b1 + 2 b
3 ( b + b1) X b
vJ a
3 v'3 a- 2
----,-
2
16
5 v3
3 a4 -
2
5
- a3
8 [2r12
2~ a
B/2 B4 -h-'
6B
JJ •
-d2 t
4
D1 2 2
-=Rt ~D1 -D2 ) [D12+D22_)v2_
2 . 32Dt
4
[ R1 2 + R 2 2 ]t/2
i .
:re .
4 ( bh - b1 h1 t h/2
:~·1h, 1t 3
.64 ( bh - b1 h )
HB--hb
BH3 ~ bh3 H 3 3
-BH
- - - - bh
-- , BH3 .:.... bh3 1 /i
12 2 6H [ 12 ( BH - bb )]
B.d+ (H-d)a
3
BC1 - bh 3 + aC 2 3 C1 = 2
aH + ·hd2 2 I Jt/
3 [ Bd + ( H-·d) a
2 ( aH + bd)
h == C1 - d
BH + bb
-H BH 3 + bh 3 BH 3 + ·bl-i:"3 t/2
2
6H [ 12 ( B~ +}?,ii.)]
~_!;.: .....
-bh
2
b h3 2
C1 == - h C2 0.2358 h
36 . 3 '
1
== - h
3
-H2
l' ---i-~_~~---'~--
½ -.
- -.L.__Hb--
___ hb_ -1.___
~,H ~ h' )b
-31
-
__J_
I
- - - - 1 - - __ _ _ _ _L__:__ _ _ __J
TABLE: 2.2
TORSION OF SHAFTS OF VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONS
POLAR AN- DEFLECTION 8
POLAR SEC-
FORM OF TION RADIUS OF GULAR
SECl10N MODULUS GYRATION fP
Zp =; lp/C' = I Ip/A] 1/ IN TERMS OF TOR- IN TERMS OF
SIONAL MOMEN"f T
. . .. 1
MAXIMUM
SHEAR STRESS
Ss '
O/ v'8 = 0.354 D 32LT '2 L Ss
= ~ D3 - -
16 · DG
JT (
-2
D
14 - D 14 ) _
l - - - --+-- - - - --
D 12+ D 22]
1/2 32 L - - -T
.n ( D 1 4 - D 2 4 ) G
ference
- - -- i-------'-___.:__ _ -J
2 L Ss
D ·a·. · 1·
Ss at circum-
Di/2 8 Ss at ou_ter circum- .

ference.,
~ ( D1 - D2 4 )
4
16 D1-
2 2
16(b +h )L .T ( b 2 + b. 2-) L Ss
TC b 3 h3 , G -, . bh2 .. G
Ss at A
Zp1 = ¾b2 h m(b 2 +h2)L T ~b + h

2 2
) L Ss
ZP2 = -92 b.h 2 h
b 3 h3 G bh 2
a
- =1 2 4 8 Ss at A .j
m = 3.56 3.5 3.35 3.21
D= 0.79 0.78 0.74 0.71
~
~-0~'-r--!2b~
~--~:E~ o 3
--J--,;;~--i=r~~;~~E2-t--------
0.289b ~.2LT
b4 G
2.31 L Ss
r-- b- l b G
Ss at centr e of s id e
0.289 h 7.2 LT
h4 CJ 1. 6 Ss L
Gb
-----c--
0.645 b - r- - - -
0.9ti7 L T - - - - - - - - -~
h4 0.9 L '
b (J
s nl centre of id c
CHAPTER3
VALUES OF.·PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
TABLE: ~.I
Compression Ratio (R)
----------~-----·----------- ----- ---- - - - ---
~S}fu.- - ~ Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
ON R Type of Enme R
1. 66-72 5.5 - 7.0 Diesel engine with 14-17

op~n c~a.n:ibers
2. Ti- 76 7.7 - 7.5 Swril Chamber 16-20
; diesel engines
3. 76--85 7.5 - 8.5 Pre - combustion 16.5-21
· cha.Jnbei diesel engine
4. 8.S-,.100 - 8.5 - 10.5 Super charged 11-17
diesel e0£ine
. . ···- ..
"Where, - ,,. ·
..
I" : ... ...
R .= Compressi'on rc1tio -
· ON ~ -Oclane ·nuirll\>'if 0f· p~t~brfud · :; '.- ·· . 1
TABLE: 3.2
INDICATED MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURES cPim)
S.No Type Pressure, MPa

I
I 1. Four stroke petrol 0.60 lo 1.40

I engine
2. Four stroke diesel 0.70 to 1.1
engme
3. Four stroke supe r up to 2.2
I· charged diesel engine
TABLE: 3.3
INDICATED THERMAL EFFJ JEN '-/ (11tb i )
S.No. fficienc , %
I. Petrol engine 26 , 35
2. .Piesel eo ·ue 38 · 50
TA ilLE: 3.4
INDI CATED SPE IFIC FUEL CONS 1JMPTIO ll F )
-
S.No. Type of l ' nginc lSFC, k/!/hr -1...w
1. Petrol cnv,inc 0.24 0.32

2. Diesel rnginc 0.J7 - 0 23
TABLE- 3.S
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCV ('I m) . TABLE:3.9
,-------.----:----:--:-----T1Mechauical Eflic1cnc % ENGINE PERFORMANCE RELATIONS
S.No. SNo. DESCRIPTION
70 · 90 RELATIONS
I. lwo/four stroke petrol engine Pb - -- - - - - - - - - - - - ~
1. Mechanical Efficiency, 'Im,% -'Im= PixlOO
70;_82
2. Four stroke Jiescl enginG , wher~ Pb = hnkr. power io KW
3 1\vo stroke diesel engine

--- '/0 -85 _ _ _ __ 1 P, = I0d1c1ed power ir, KW
- P; = P,m I..AN1 n..
Pim = actual mean indicated effective press1.1re, N/m2
(Ref. Iable 3.2 )
TABLE3.6 L = S1roke Leagtht m
A = Bore area. m
N1 = Nn, fou, ~1,oke
BORE DIAMETER = N, Two stroke
_N ~ Speed, RPS
Bore diameter Standard cylinder
S.No. Type of engine _ nc = no. of cylin.Jers
in oun bore,_D,mm.
2. Actual loclicated Mean Pim = Piml x f
2
effective Pressure, Pim, N/m where
60-100 30, 32, 36, 38, 40,42, 45, f = diagfam factor
1. Petrol engine for car
50, 52, 56,58,§(),63,68,10, 75 = Q.94 lg ,0.,2!!, for petr~I epe
2. Petrol engine fod111cks 70-110 = 0.92 totf.-95 , for diesel engine
Tractor diesel engine 70-150 80, 85, 90\f 100, ios,' i io, Pim< = Theoie}iql indicated
3.
80-JJO 115, 120,125,130, 140, 145 mc®"effe'erive pre!Sure ,N/m2
4. Automobile c!iesel engin, a) for petrol e·ogine :
150, 160, 170, 180,190, 200, 210
P1 ( R) [ I - R r-t]
.
1
+ P3 [ I ~--
Rr-1
-J
.P 1m1 =- - - - - - - - - - - -
(r-1) ( R - l)
TABLE3.7 where
r = adiabatic index = 1.4
STROKE TO BORE RATIO (SID) R = Compression ratio (fefer T: 3.1)
P1 = Suction pressure, N/m
S.No. Type of engine S/ D P3 = Maximum gas pressure, Nim2 = Pm.,.
>b) For Diesel engine
1. Petrol engine 0.7 · !.O P2 = R'P1
Where,
2. Diesel engine C.9:- 1.2 P2 = Max Gas pressure = Pma,
p = cut off ratio
3. I rractor diesel engines I 1.1 -1.3 P1 [ R ( I - R r- 1) + p (I', r - I)+ R' (p

r- I
l',.n, ( R -1 )
TABLE3.8 3. Indicated specific fuel JSFC= BS FC

'Im
l
consumption, JSFC, kg/hr-kW where,
MEAN PISTO ~ SPEED (Vpm) BSFC = Brake. specific fuel con,umpt,on. kg/hr-kW
'lm = Me.:baoical efficiency.
l1--S._N_o_ _1--_~Tree of engine
[ 1
I 2.
Petrol engine for cas
l'ct,ol engine fo, buck
T
___ I Me~o Pislon speed M/scc
12. 15
9. 12
-~-------------·
, 3. Automobile diesel engi", 6.5 _ 12

[ 4. Tractor diesel cngint I 5.5 _ I0.5
CHAYI'ER: 4
9
TABLE :4.2
DESIGN OF ENGINE PARTS.
DESIGN OF PISTON RINGS
Sr.No. DESCRIPTION RELATIONS
TABLE 4.1
1. Radial thickness of piston ring, t,,mm t, = o[3;d"]112
-
___:_~-----;.P....:.IS
: _T:....:O:..._N_D
_E_S_IG Nirn~stREllTIC)N---·----=~=--
1 DETAILS / RELTION
Sr. No DESC RIPTION a) Bearing Pressure criteria :-
l. Piston Materia ls Allowable stres§,__~9_,Jvf Pa .
where,
Cast Iron 35 - 40
160 - 100
Pw = Radial wall p ressure,
Alloy slee
50 - '.){)
= 0.0243 - 0.042, N/mm 2
Aluminium
Sd = Permi.ssi~le Stress,
_ [ 3 Pmax ] i/2 = 84 · 112, N/mm2, for CI
2 Crown thickness , le, in mm le - D 16 S,j b) Empirical Relation Ir = (0.04 - 0.045) D, for compression ring
a) Max..Pressure critel'ia : · where; = (0.038 - 0.043) D, for oil control ring .
D = Diameter of piston, mm, 2. Numbers of Piston rings, n n = 0.41D"
·-
Pmax = Maximum Gas pressure, MPa
where,
Sd = J\llowab_le stress, MPa
D = Bore-diameter, mm >
_ g D 2 x· 10 ~2 n = 3--4, for
automa tic e!]gines
b) Thermal stress criteria:- 1
c - 16 C 1 L'1 T .. '
-..
'
. •.
~
' J 5-}, lo~statie nary com'pressio~

1
where, ignition engines.

tc = crown thickness, cm 3.
C; = H eat condut.:!ion factor KJ/cm-br-°C . Axial thickness of Piston ring, lam , mm a) Minimum axial thick:ness,'lam
tam = D/10.n
= 0.56, for Cl, sreel
= J.986, for A..luminium.
L'IT = Temperature difference between the
centre and edge of pison head
II I
4. Stress in piston ring section when
b) Empirical relation
la = (0.6 to J.0) t,
Sc=
1.6 X EX Ir
I
= 220° C for CI & steel Xr
·= 75 ° C for Aluminimum D-,,+n
slipped over piston, Sc, MPa wbe,re,
q = Heat nux flowing through crown,K.J/h.r-cm2
Xr = Ring gap when ring is being slippeJ
II
= K ~ llSFC X Cv X Ps/A. !le
' K = fradion of beat evolved reaching lo crown surface
on . '1e pislon,mrn
' E = Modulus of Elasticity ( Refer T· J 2)
= 0.05 · 0.J
Pn = Brake power, KW (Refer T : 3.4, 3.9) Sc :S 180 MPa.
BSFC = Brake Spcci.lic fuel consumption ,Kg/hr-KW 5. Gap between tb~ free ri.ng en<ls, (; 1 , mm G1 = ( 3.5-4 ) t ,
·-
Cv = Calorific value of fuel, K.J/kg 6. Ga p between the ri.ng ends when G 2 = (0.002-0.1J04 )D
= 40500 - 42000 kJ/kg, Petrol fuel
= 42000 - 44000 kJ/kg, Diesel fu el
A = Area of Piston, cm
nc = no. of cylinders
2 I
I
7,
!he ringis i.n the cylinder, G2 , rum
Thickness between ring grooves i.e. land, lw, mm t~· = (0.75 - 1.0) la
I
c) E01p1tical Rcla,·011: · tl' = 0.032 D + 1.5 mm. 1
14.l)JJI!, i ....,
GPRESSURE IN A SLIDING/ ROLL1NG BEARINGS.
TABLE 4.4B
BEARING PRESSURE MP
Descri lion
200-250 1. Length of Piston
Bro112e shell (l IO
2. Height of piston top part (0.610
J00 -600
Needle RoUer 3. Skirt length (06 loLl)D
4. Thickness of skirl waU in mm l.Slo4..S 2.0 co S.O
TABLE :4.4 5. Thickness of piston crown waU k le
6. Distance or ftrst piston ring groove (0.06 10 0.12 )D (0.11 to 0.2) D
PISTON PIN DESIGN 7. Thickness of first piston ring land (0.03 to 0.05) D (0.04 &o 0.07 )D
RELATIONS
----·- 8. Difference between free gap < - - - (2.5 to 4)·t, - - - - - - >
Sr.No DESCRIPTION
and comp, esscd gap of piston ring
1. Bearing strcs., criteria Fmu = SbXAb
where,
9. Radial clearance of ring in piston
Fmax = Maximum combustion for ce groove( 6. I ) in mm
n: 2 Fo1 Compression ring < - - - - 0.7 to 0.95 - - - - - >
= D Pmax.
4 For oil control ring <----0.9101.l---,-->
Sb ;,, Safe beating stress in pin mate rial 10. Inner diameter of Piston < - - - - D - 2 (tc + 11 + 4 I} - - - >
= 15-20MPa.
·U . No. of oil holes in piston < -- - - -6tol2---->
Ab = Dearing area , mm2
U. Oil passage diruneter < - - - - ( 0.3 10 0.5 )t,- - - >
= Lpdp.
Lp = Length or pin, mm, 13. Centre of piston pin < - - - - ( 0.02 lo 0.04 )D- - - >
dp = diameter or pin, mm above centre of skirt.
Lp = 1.5 dp 14. Length of pin
Retained pin < - - - - (0.88 to 0.93 ) D - - - >
Bending stress cri teria BM
Fmax X !:'.E = Ss Z
2. max= X floating _pin < - - - - (0.78 to 9.88) D - - - >
- 8
where, 15. Length of pill in connecting rod Lp
Ss = Safe bending shear stress in pin mater ial Retained pin < - - - - (0.28 to 032.) D - - - >
(Refer T:4.4A) floaliog pin < - - - - (0.33 to 0.45) D - - - >
z = Sectioq modulus of pin (Refer T : 2. l ) 16. Joner di amet er of Boss < - - - - Outer diameter of Pin - - - >
17. Outer diam eter of Pin 0.22 to 0.28 D O_, to 0.38 D
18. Inner diameter.of Pu, 0.65 to 0.75 D 0.5 to 0.7 D
19 . Outer diam etor of boss
< - - - - (0.3 to 0.5) D - - - >
20. Distance betweea and faces of l:,oss in mm. < - - - - Lp + (3 to 4 ) - - - >
Table: 4.4 A 21. Reduction in diam eter of piston Part Reduction in diameter
crown and skirl from cylind er
PISTO PIN I\IATERIAL
C.I. Al
crown (O.OQ510 0.007) D
ULTIM ATE STRESS , DESIGN STR ESS,
~ut , MPa Scl,MPa
Skirt (0.001 to 0.003)D.
435
::: \501 22. Side clearance of piston ring Upper grooves

Lower grooves
550 !aO
~ - - - - 1_ _ _ _ _.1__ ___ __.__ __1I
TA8LE4J
nn."1:U"'., CYUNDER HEAD DESIGN
RELATIONS 3. . t)llllder bead deaign 1-
Vs 1) Air cooled engines

s. ,_ ..
Ve = R_:-1 ' lc(2D1+1«)
Where, where,
D1=D • lnaide......,
v, = Swept Volume, om!"' = ":i"1t D'L
-
t. = thickau of c:over, mm
R = Compression ratio (Refer T: 3.1 ) S, = Ruptu,e slleas s; (10 - 50) ta
Ve= Vq + Vee
where,
Vq = Volume occupied by n~t surface,mm
3 b) Waler cooled engines t.= K2Dr[P11111 /S,.]
where,
= ~D2 xL{ Dp = Pilch circle diame(er ofbok, or lllld, 11111 •
4
Sd = Safe streas in cover material
D = Diameter of cylinder, mm
Lt = Length of nat surface,mm = (SO -60) MP1 for Ori, Cl
Vee = Volume of combustion chamber, mm 3
= (80-100) MPa for Steel
= (S~5) MPa for AL .
LF = Lfc + Lfg le • Cover thlcbeu,mm
LFc = Length of nat surface occupied by ..~-- Dp = D + 2linmm
· clearance volume of cylinde~,mm - _ / 7= (1.25 to 1,S) di,
lfg ; Length of flat surface occupied by Gasket,= cit,= Diam11ter oCbolt or atud,mm
LTC = L + Lr,. ~ Lp
B) Total length of cylinder LTC ,mm
L = Stroke Length , mm
=
K2 Coostant = 0.54 far Cl
Lp = Length of Piston ,mm
= 0.42 for Steel
= 0.55 for :Al
Liner Design :-
(a) Minimum liner thiclcness , IJ min
D [ Sd
= 2 [
+ 0.4 P.max th
SJ - 1.3 Pma, J - 1J
l 4. Thickness of water pockets for
water coo!ed engine, t..,, mm
t.., = 0.03D + 2.2,
llmln, mm
where
Pma, = Max. Gas pressure,MPa
S.: = Desiga strr.ss
= 50-60 MPa For Grey Cl
= 80 - 100 MP.a for steel
PmaxD
b) Pressure stress criteria, S,;MPa <:,=~
t1 = thickness of liner.mm
> hmin
/ ( 6:c)P
c) Thermal stress criteria, S1 ,MPa

S, < 30--00MPa
sS0-120 MPa
Si= Ea ti. T
for Steel
for Gray Ci
~~er
2 ( 1-JI)
where
E = modulus of dastirity r,f ma terial ( Refer T : J.JJ
a = Coefficient c:.f linear expan~ion ( Refer T : i. l )
µ = Poissoas ratio l Refer T : 1.1 J
ti. T = Temperature difference O\'er lhe walis
= 10010 L50 ° C______________ _
,.,.,.,._,--,---------·-+---'-...;_;.:;..;:_,___:
ST= S1 + S1.
ST s (100 - 130) MPa for Gray Cl
180- 220) MPa for Steel
11
TABLE4.6
TABLE:4,7
FIN DESIGN STUD/BOLT DUIGN
Sr. No DESCRJPTION RELATIONS
1. . Total load on stud, P1 ,N
.S. Fin design for air cooled engines F,= x F.,u + Pp1, for Cl & Steel cylinder.
ta11h ( u1.LJ F,= x Fmu + Pp1 + Pih, for Aluminium cylinder.
Er = m.L. 2. Maicimum Gas force, Fmu ,N
a) Elfcr.ti\'eness or fin , Er Fmu = F,Ja.
where n, = No. or studs.
112 Pg =. Total ga, force,N
m - _ [bkAPJ = Pmu. A
Pmu = Max gas pre.Mure, N/mm1
h = Heal transfer coefficient,W/m2- oc A = Arca of top surface of cylinder,mnl
p = Perimeter of fin,m N Ap = 1.7 - 2.2, for boltoff\ valv~.
2 = 1.1 · IJ , for overhead valves.
A = Sectional area of 6.n,m .
·K = Thermal conductivity of fin matenal Ap := Area or piston,N/mml
3. Preloading force of stud/bol~ Fp1 = Pfeloading force of stud/bolt, N
in-Wf fu.- O.c (R'cferT: 1.2) · ·
Pp1,N _ -. - ,.mtl-x) · Pmu.. . .
L = Proji,i,$.3d Len~t.h (?f fin,~ . , , ..
l,m8X J/rn· · · MaJCJmum ProJected Length of lin,m m = ~tu~lt li$ht~8½ig coeffi~c~!: .
?'.· ·3 td.2.0; . · wit&oUI Gaii'ct,
.. '-li)Pc~~ter to_~uii~~e Areu~tIQ{ . ·.·.· P/ A:1.·i~(Ji+ ~-)
,,'1.i".i f~runifo.rm;~
. _;i ks\
~· _\ .:_&. _:S·.· rett~
..... ar ~ -. ' ·, f~ - )Ylt~ ~S!,,
:
= iwJ~ff. of ~ain Joad qf tfueadtd foint
p 1
A'-;
P/A = Vt, 't, uniform thickness circumfernntial fin 4. thermal load, Fib ,N
X
~ 0.1.5 - 0.25
whine, F,h = (a h t. Th lh - a, t. T, !., )/ (lch-+1<.)
B = Breadth of fin,m where,
t thickness of fu; m a h and a, = coeffs. of linear expansion of be11d a.ad
c) Heat Oow rate through fin , 0 , J/sec Q b(nEr Ar + Au) (Im -l 3 ) stud :naterial ( Refer T:1.2)
where, 6 Tb & LI. T, = inorease in bead & stud temp.
Im = Mean temperature of cylinde.r surfau LI.Tb =LI. Ts = (70 - 80) °C; for water cooled engines.
= (120- I50) 0 c h, = cylinder hellil hcighL,mrn
41 = .J\mbienl temperature, °C 1 l. = length of stud in cylinder bead and gasket.,mm
Ar = Surface area of one fin, m = lh + lg
a = No. of fins . . 2 lg = thickness of gask6t,mm
Au, = Total unfinned area of cyhnder head, rn Kh and K. = coefficients of therm! load in stud
Q = Ki x BSFC x Pb x C.V in J /sec. & head.,'!1Il'fN
3.6 °" Ks = 1, ~ .
where,
Ki, = h,/EbAh.
where
k = cooling loss factor = 0.2 - 035 E h & Ee = Modulus of elasticiy of head and
Ki = k/3 for cylinder bead stud material, MPa (Refer T:1.2)
ki = 2k/3, for cylinder Ac = core cross-serlional area of stud,mm1
C.V. = Calorific value of fue~ KJ/Kg (Refer T : 4.1) Ah = Cross - sectional area of cylinder head per
Po = BraJce Power, KW ·stud, mm2.
n,: = number of cylinders 5. Design stress in Sl'Jd materi al, 1 F F,
BSFC = BraJcc specific fu el cousurnptioo, kg/kw- bs
sd = -. = --
Ac .'.: de 2
(Refer T:3.4,3.9 4
Sd = design stress in stucl/bolt material, MPa
(P.efer T: 4.8A)
Ac = C~re cross-sectional area of stud/bolt,mm2
de = Core dia of bolt / stud (Refer T:4.9)
r-- --''---· - - -- - -- - - - - - _ L_ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ __
u
TABLE:4,8
GASKET SELECMON
TABLE:4.8 B
------------
DESCRIPTION _--=_.:___-t'---~FR~E~LA~11;i;ON;S
,ENGTH OF ADJACENT CYLINDERS VOit MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE
!!~-~-
Sr: N !:J_-,-_.:.__-_-_J-~~:-::-Q~~:;-~~~:.=;-_-
•
1.
0.
Tbic:kllcss Of Gasket, ,mm
t1
F
P'
2(Do-Di) .,
I - XSd.
rG kel 01m
10. ENGINE DESIGN Lo/D
where, . d' etcr o ;is , PETROLENGfNE DIESEL ENGINE
Do = outside. laJII t r of Gaskct,m111 In Line engine wit!! dry liners 1.2,-1.24 -·
Di = Inside ,.harroe ePa ~- .tnd two span cran.ksha'fl.
Sd = Design slress,M
\2. In line engines with one span crank 1.2 - 1.28 1.25-1.3
= 0.8 x Sy,. MPa (Refer T :4.8) shaft
Sy, =yield stress, ---~:--: : : : : - - - - - - - - - Vee cogine IJ3 U7-l.55
7
L__
2.
j__ __--=--=--;--;--;:---:-:;::;:.:---+-~;ga0~-DJii)~/2
'd b
Bffcctive Gasket yielding WI l ,
Wg - (Do
[ D·]
tifor
2
Do--Di < 6 mm
Do - Di
4. Engines with roller ~earings
used as the main bearings
1.3 1.3
l;>o - , for - - - > 6 nun Air cooled engines 1.15 - 1.36

= 2.5 • 2
0.
w,.mm 2 -
1cre . . .
G _ Do- 2 W Whi:b ever is small Distance between centre axis of two ad1ascent cvlinders. - ..
I.,oa4 attack di;.iJlleler, G,mm - n..- 2 vf, I ds
- ":'..PfIICb circle. diameter
Dp -_ . .
for. bo ts or stu ..:
~·. •• ,· !_.... _1,!\.

...... ~
..,
5.
Sr.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
t___!_:_ __
Properties of Gasket Materials :-
Gq~l M!lterial
sort
~~~M~Aluminium
~ ~ or soft steel!
~oiieTM'etal
11% er steel _
l
I
Gasket factor (m)
40
~·
5.5
6-0
.
IYield stress Syt, M_P_a_.- - - -- - I '
II
16
185
_ _ __.'.'.:6.5::__ _ ____J_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
;I]
~
~a-
n
MajorDia,
mm
Pitch, mm Effective or Minor or
Pitch clia, mm Core dia,mm
Coar- F\ne Coar- Fine Coar- Fme Coar- Fme Coar- Fine
se se se se se -
CoreArea '
,mm2
Dia, D?a
Coarse
rH.IT
t - - ----':..:..,C~- - --1
Major 1' Minor Major Mincn. ,

Dia Dia
Fme
.0
.2
1.0
1.2
LO
1.2
0.2
0.25 0.2
0.2 0.837 087
1.037 1.07
0.72i Cl.72 0.42 0.41
0.921 0.92 0.68 0.66
mn:. , mm _mm
-
-
-
-
1.02
1.22
mm
0.7
0.94
I
TABLE: 4.8A .4 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.2 1.20 1.27 1.07' 1.12 0.91 0.98 - - 1.42 1.14
6 1.6 1.6 0.34 0.2 1.372 1.57 1.22] 1.42 1.17 1.58 - - 1.72 1.44
PROPER1 . SS OF :MATERIALS FOR BOLTS STUDS AND NUTS 0 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.25 l.74 lX'l 1.5& 1.65 1.93 2.13 - - 2.03 1.68
0 3.0 3.0 0.5 0.3-l 2.675 2.77~ 2.45~ 2.51 4.75 4.94 - - 3.04 2.55
S. No. Material Ultimate teosile Design stress, Sd, MP a 0 4.0 4.0 0.7 0.5 3.545 J .675 3.24 3.3 8.25 8.53 - - 4.05 3.35
stre th,MPa,S,t o 5.o 5.o o.g o.s 4.48 4.675 4.13 4.5 13.4 14.5 _ _ s.os 4.35
0 6.0 6.0 1.0 0.75 5.35 5.35 4.59 4.94 16.55 19.2 6. 11 4.7 6.08 5.03
1. SAE 1120 440 110 0 7.0 7.0 1.0 0.75 6.35 6.35 5.59 5.94 24.55 27.75 7. 11 5.7 7.08 6.03
2. SAE 2330 580 145 0 8.0 8.0 1.25 1.0 7.188 7.188 6.24 6.59 30.6 34.14 8.14 7.38 8.11 6.70
3. SAE 3140 iOO 175 0 9.0 9.0 1.25 1.0 8.188 8.188 7.24 7.59 41.2 45.28 9.14 8.34 9.11 7.7
4. Guo metal 290 72.5 p.o 10.0 10.0 u 1.0 9.026 9.026 7.89 8.59 48.92 57.99 10.16 8.os 10.11 8.7
5. Phosphor brouze 460 115 0
.o 12.0 12.0 1.75 1.5 10.863 J0.863 9.54 9.89 71.5 76.8 1 11.19 9.73 12.16 10.05
6. Mooe! Metal 600 150 .0 14.0 14.0 2.0 : .5 12.701 l2.701 11 .19 11.89 98.4 111.0 14.22 11 .40 14.16 12.05
.0 t6.0 16.0 2.0 1.5 14 .701 14.701 13.19 13.89 136.7 152.0 16.22 t3.40 16.16 14.05
.0 18.0 18.0 2.50 1.5 16.376 16.376 14.48 15.89 164.73 188.0 18.27 14.75 18.16 16.05
.0 20.0 20.0 2.50 15 18.376 18.376 16.48 17.89 2 13.38 251.0 20.27 16.75 20.16 18.05
.. 0 22.0 22.0 25 1.5 20.376 20.376 18.84 19.'89 278.9 31 1.0 22.27 28.75 22.16 20.05
1.0 24.0 24.0 3.0 2.0 22.051 22.051 19.78 21.J9 307.4 353.0 24.32' 20.10 24.22 21.40
.0 27.0 27.0 3.0 2.0 25.051 25.051 12.78 24.19 407.72 459.0 2732 23.10 27.Tl. 24.40
· .0 30.0 30.0 3.5 2.0 27.727 27.727 25.07 27.19 493 ..8 580.0 30.78 25.45 30.0 27.40
.0 310 33.0 3.5 2.l 30.727 30.727 28.07 30.19 619.0 716.0 33.38 28.45 33.22 '30.40
.0 36.0 36.0 4.0 3.0 33.402 33.402 30.37 31.73 724.68 8110 36.43 30.80 36.12 32.10
1.0 39.0 39.0 4.0 3.0 36.402 36.402 33.37 34.78 874.92 950.0 39.43 33.80 39.22 35.10
.0 42.0 42.0 4.5 3.0 39.077 39.077 35.67 37.78 999.6.1 1l2l.O 42.49 36.15 42.32 38.10
~
o 4 5.o 45.o
48.0
_;·_s
48.0 1 , 0
IJ .o, 42.011 ~2 077 38.67 40.78 117-1.9 ,306.0 15.49 39.15 4532 41.10
3 0 144 752 4A 752 40.96 _43.78 1313.2 1505.0 48.54 41-50 48.3l 44.10
--='----'--=~...::.:.:.:...J..:'....C.--'----'--~-~
.. ,. .............., ·-
PORT DF..SIGN FOR TWO- STlWKE ENGINE TADL~:•UU
CONNECTING ROD DESIGN
RB½TION DESCRIPTION RELATIONS
S.No. DESCRIPTION
Muim11m gas pressute ,Fg,N
Pg= ~ JYP-
2
I. Dimentsions or Port : AP'r = -0v -- 'f atal area of Port, nun Wbere,
2
Arca of Port ,Ap, mm . Vg D = Bore diameter,IIUD
(For Tran., for/exhaust porl) Where, 3 r ,n... = Maximum P1essure, MP;t
0v ,. Volume now rale of charge a dro1tte
· d
,mm /scc .
Inerlia force, F; , N 2
!l.::!....(V,e + V_tl P, =- We w r, ( J + ~)
= I Where,
· 3 lC 2
Vsc = Effective stroke volumc,mm = 4 D L.: We = weight of reciprocatin;{ parts,Kg
= (W1 + W2 + Wi)Ap
y 0 = Clearance volume ,mni3 ( Rcfere T : 3.9) . 2nN
D = Diamclcr cylinder,mm A
W = nguIar veIoc1y = rad/sec ©
L., = Effective stroke length ,mm N = Spec'd, RPM
1/v = Vohµnelric efficiency re = Cranlc radius,mm
= O.S-0.9- le = length of coMectig rod, mm
t = time for port opening crank angle, sel' D =, le /re
0 Ap = · Area ol piston,m2 = ~ D2 x 10~
., · , · , ,,,~,,:;,_) ,:~_~;d1•('.,_'t .~·£.·.~•._Y .._.i:, .·.•·.·.·,, ...•. '·-·'•... ·. ·.'o:',,'·.·.·.'·.·,.·.. 3 W1, W2, W3 = (Refer T: _4,11)
. 8-~~
~~rm.aQ~e10~pOft 9pi :1Ung, ' . • _- . • -.-::· -~ -•-.. .
I . • I ~ii fi1;·~'~·.1~:itS!i(f:·.;1- ·~· .FN =-·Fg -.Fi- ' :
.,_,... c • •
. •· =\so~ (:_,·Kr-· ).
1 + K1
. 4:'. , -: .·.··.::.. _. -·- - -·----
';. "'
K1 = Constanl = 0.20-0.35
v,
= av~i-age gas velocity ,a:im3/sec.
AIT 5. Critical load·for buckling on
Ap= - =Hpx\Vp Fer = Fe x Fs
np coonecling rod,Fcr,N Where,
op = Number of ports
Hp = port height, mm = K1 L Fe= Load on conectig rod = 1;'N
Wp = Port width,mro . [f - sin 8/ n2] 112
. = K2:1tD 0 = crank angle at maximum Gas fotce
k2 = Constant for I.C. engine"' 5--10°
F, ~ Factor of safety
2. Tolai length of cylinder, Le ,m.dl Le = Le + Hp + Lr + Lp 6. Minimum sect.ion dimensions
Le = le·ligth of cylinder occupied by clearance s pace, mm F _ Sd xA, .. ,. -
Lp = Leogt:h of Piston,m.m a) Based on buckling sl.reogth, Fer,
3. Length swept by Piston in cylinder L = l.c + Hp er - [ 1+ ; ( le/~ )2]
Where, -:: .. __
Sd = Safe slress in connecting rod ru: teriaJ,r..!Pa
(Refer T:4.13 )
A. = Area of seclicm at s maUeud , or lllloimum area
of cross - section along leogbt, aun2
k = Radius of Gyralion,m (Refer T: 2. 1 )
a = constant
·2
a = n EI Si1
1/a = 1nsoo for steel
= 1/9000, for WI
= 1/1 600, for Cl
= U 1700, for Ai
b) Based on maxi.mum bendiag rnoruenl, BMmax = Sb X Z
BMmax, N - mm \ Vhere,
2 2
B' t _ p Am re w k in- 12
" '""' - v3 X V
B~l 111 a:, = Ma.J um bending ll!Omeot oo connecting rod

I at 0.577 k, N-m.m
·t: = Section modulus in mm3 at3 le (R~ferT:i.2) o.sn
I ,:, ~ density of material in Kgtm {Refer T: l : '
I:_____________________ J.{___ .:,~, , ~ = Cros; sectional area al
:;c\, s?jd:;cnding stress,MPa
if
(0,577 lc), ::; n~
0_
TABLE: 4.13
I. Piston (W 1) ,all 80-150 CONNEC11NG ROD MATERIALs / CAP

a) Aluminlum oy 150-250
b) Ca.st Iron/Steel SI. No. MATERJAL
ULTIMATE TENsn.8
100--200 Deaip Streu S., MPa
Connecting rod (W2)
STRE.Ss, Sot, MPa
2 l. Mild steel, (SAE 1000 - SAE 1040)
550-670 80- 120
3. Unbalace parts of crankshaft 2.
200- 400 Nicke l, chromiwn vanadium ste~I , (SAE 780 - 94()
(W)) .h 150-200 3130,3141) 120-180
a) Steel forged ora!11'shafl wit
150-300
_
solid journals & I'm
Journals and pin

0
• _ _ _..__ __~bi)~C~.l;·~C~r~ank~;sh;aft~w,~·1~h :h_o_11_ _
w
I 00-200
_J_ ______ 1-______ ~
1
3.
4.
Alumin.illJt! alloy (SAE 39)
Ni, Cr, Mo stetll (SAE 4340)

200--300 70-100
940- 1200 310-400
Sut,MPa
2. Outer diameter of small ends , dpo,rum SAE 1045 627-780
3. Length of.small end, ls,mm Is = (0.28 -0.32) D, wit~ ret~g P~ 2. InduslriaJ engines
= (033 - 0.45) D, with floatmg pw Ni - Cr Steel 520--700
l,i> = (0.055- 0.085) dp NI-: Cast Iron 350-5252

'+. Radial thickness of wall bushing lro,mm
3. Transport engines Alloy Steel 784-940
ll X D 2 X Pmax
5. Bearing pressure, Pb,MPa Pb = 4 X I. X dp Alloy Cast Iron 175- 235
Po :::; Pbs 4. Automobile and 3ir--craft
Pbs = Safe bearing pressure,MPa Ni- Cr Steel 520 - 700
engin es
(Refor T : 4.3)
Cast steel ~ JO - 600
6. Length of sect ion on the connecting rod, !.,,mm
'" = 2 - dco
le -~ 2
where,
dco = outer diameter of big end half, connec1ed
to COOJJectios rod
7. Slope of conoectuJg rod section ,m m = !-lb - Hs
l.e
Hb = Section dimensions at big e nd
= (1.2 to 1.5) H.s
Hs = Section dimensions at small end
8. Section dim ension at Maximum bending
Hm = Hs + m ( ~ - ~ )
momenl,Hm
TABLE:4.14 23
--1
TABLE:4.15
DESIGN OF CRANK SHAFT·
DESIGN OF CRANK SHAFr BEARING
SLNo. DESCRIPTION
- M• .,/1. RELA®~ SI. No. DESCRIPTION RELATIONS
1. Design or crankpin :
a) Maximu!I' b_ending 1. Design of crankpin bearing cap
moment cnlena Wh1'.re MP (Refor T:4.15) = Sd
Sb =Safe bending stre~s, a = Safe bendi?g stress in material,MPa (RefcrT:4.ll)
= Maxun·um Bending moment,N- Ollll = MaJL bending moment on cap, N-mm,
Mmax = Fmax X lb
= k Fmax-4 6
Fmax = Maximum gas force,N . Fmu = Maximum gas force,N
2 lb = Centre distance between clamping bolts,mm
= (n:/ 4) D . Pmax
= 3/ 4, for side crank = de + 2tb + db + (3 - 15), mm
k cit, = Diameter of bolt, mm
= 1/4 for centre crank tb = thickness of bearing shell ,mm
= Di~tance between main pin bearing (For z = section modulus,mm 3
eentre crank ) 1
=
= 0is;ance between main pin ,bearing and 6 .bc.lc2
. . ..- . . ,,. . ,.~·-' ~~!Q~ing.-(,t~ov~rb~.~ :c,~) be = width of cap, nirn ;= lcp
t:i :-!'l tk-: .f!J(. .::.:-,1.,--::.: .... l le = thickn~s of cap ,mnt ,.;.
. ,~l\~:,,t; . , ..... - ; .) -i,..-
,~'t~t!\•~:~"''·L!--t{f*-! 1yi-~~ ~
...
;t,.
, .;;r.; f..1..::s .. ""I!...,.
- . -
itsl~tfi~AfeY:rIU '
:~
,. - ._. ' .
.. D = r>i.kietei'.'oh:ylinifer,'mm ~·, ·•
i;~igJ1..of qipb.P.!~ lr.!.-' .. - · ·
,.l;M s -:J,.,.ft'•i!:'!£%f ·"-'c'et: "°'"t"""·!-• 1 '
0
f;Ota1sire C":'P!r..,C\f. ,:f> ,ia I ~-.! ifffro, t ?~"t}tr~t~t~f .~ ·-1.
Fr . = Tightening load, N
= Fmax. KT
b) Max. Shear str~ criteria 11b
where,
= Max.Shear stress in material,MPa) KT = Tightening factor,
s, = 2 to3
( Refer T:4.16) 11b = no. of bolts.
Te = Equivalent twisting moments, N- mm X = threaded joint principal load coefficient
l 1/2 = 0.15 lo.0.25
= rM 2 _,
max+ Im~ Ss = Shear stress in bolt material,MPa = Sd
Tmax = F~xrc .J Ac = Core area of bolt, mm2 ( Refer T: 4.9)
Fmax
Fe
[ ( 1_ s~:e )J 1/2
3. Design of main pin bearing
Fm.,
where,
Pb
= Pb X Im X dm X nm
= S, 'e bearing pressu1e, MPa, (Refer T: 6.5)
D = k/ re Im = Length of main pin bcaring,mm
0 = 5- iO O for LC. Engines dm = Diameter of main pin bearing.mm
Om = No. of main pin bearing.
re = crank radius,mm
le = Length of connecting rod,mm
4. Design of cran k web
Zp = Polar Section Modulus,mm3 (Refer T:2. J) where,
2
c) Bearing pressure criteria Fmax =Pb X lq,,-~ z, = Effective modulus of section,mm (Refer Section 5)
where
= 0 bb2
e = Effective factor ( Rder Section :5)
Ph = Safe bearing pressure,MPa ( Refer T:6.5) b = width of crank wc:\ntm
lep = Length of craru pin,mm b = truckocss of crank web.mm
de = Diameter of crank pin ,mrr. Tm., = F max (Im+ h) /2
where,
Fma.Ji = Maximum gas force,l'>l
Sb , = Safe bending stress in crankweh, MPa ( Rder T:4.15)
Im = Len th of main ·ournal bearin m-::m:....__ _ _ _ _ _,,.
- -- - - --
5. l>/h ra!.io
1 75 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0
b/h 1.0 1.5
u 239 0.246 0.258 0.267 0 282 0.292 0.3t2
8 0.208 0 231
SI.No. DESCRIPTION (0.56 to 0.75) D TABLE4.17
1. Crank pin diameter, dc,IIIIII FLYWHEEL DESIGN
Shell wall thickness lp,mm ( 0.03 to 0.05) de
2.
thin walled OI de. SI.No. DESCRJPTION RELATIONS
(13 LO t.'/S) de Average energy .
thick walled . rod bolls, Lb.01 ~ Q 45 lO0.9.5) de 1. Ea = 6x J0 4 x Pb / N
3. Distance holween eonnectlllg ( delivered /rcvoluu on Where
. O 2 Pb) i/7.
Big end be.aring lcng , lcpk~ " ~alio (iqld:)
th N- m Pb ~ brake Power, KW
4.
5. Length lo di,1Dteter of cran plll ~=(~ by the engi ne sbaft,Ea ,~ -
N = Speed in RPM
d, ~ -+ h + Ct = ''(2,-2:5) de fo r
Lp - 2. Fluctuation of Eoergy,N- m ti. E = Ke. Ea · m, K2 . K. Wm 2 = mr Ks . V 1 2
=
i. Length between pins, Lp,mro - 2 overhung crank Where ·
, + Lm +~,h + c2 = ( 4--5)ank
d~ for m, = 'mass of flywheel rim I kg
Lp = i...c p centre er Ke = Coeffi ciel' t of fluctuation of energy
( Refer table 4.20)
Ks = coeff. of fluctuation of speed
(0 035 - Q.08) de · ( Refer table 4.19)
7. f'illet radil!S, rr ·
f(min -
~ M'mimum Fillet radius K = Radius of,~atio·n,m ii,
. :"'· " -
3 ll).l;ll K = 0.125LDo t1Do-2b ) ] 1
= [jm]2', bere h IS lmall.
~;~ :,_;_~•.-. ~
. --···· ..... ·. ,·, ~~-."::".··:
= Elo/2,~-, lo.r,dis,: ffywheel
. , '"·=-- ~. -.&"' •. ·~ p(,<;\~k.~~~.):),min .. .· .,,,. '. bb j}_
;,_:l, i.t _:~'. .._ -.. ., :._~·;'._:_i.~
~-.;_~;c~\::,j:~ ·_,:, ~
,f_i,~,\__:..·,
: _;__·,·;_.-1;·'.• 7
i:-=~~~t~'.~k~t:i'r~m.m
._: .. ,
7
g.,_,_-_=~,_;,: f _-.•!...Jlr_
;,..."_:_-·;,:~-~-~.t_~-_tP_~_jJ t_'_...:_·-=-.f,re_.st~~~,.:._l:~
.;:ij
of·~
.~c;;-:_·._,_r··-g!ll~ .··.·e,_li·_.·,·..b·•.•mm
,_";___'~w -,_~''_·_·_.~_,_·_·._,>,~fj,· h-,/(; o·'.2'.·t·o·' o·.·2~--) > · . . . :
· ·
o
_ JJI! = ..
_ for Petrol engme
aia •
h = (0.24 lo ff.27 ) de
-ll.
_
~
- ~ UC • ;~~ r;~:-J.~ ~r~ . c;l\ ~t~l~"'~' . . _

:~~"tt}¥~Id~;i!\,i, c:·=:
-for Diesel engine re ~ rim + de ··
10. Crank radius, r,,mm . •cledlo dee = (l.5-2.0) de; .. ' Mass of flywheel rim ,mr", kg• ·mt
where ( 1t Dm b h) p , kg,,: . . • · ...
i 1. Outer Diameter of big enrl half conn .
connectiµ rQd,!!~ mm b = Rim width , m
h · = Rilll thi ckness ,m
D = Di~ter of cytu!der,mmMP p = Mass densi5Y of material
Pt, = Sefe b;\aring.I1t~#lli'e, a = 7200 ~~ for Cl
s., = design slress,MPa . = 7~ ~m for cast or forged steel
d,,, = diameter of main Pin.beanng,mm
de; = Inside diameter of_b,g_end balf,mm I =o.65 10·2.o
Ct and c2 = ciearances m m mm 4, Kinetic energy of hub and
h 2 ;?
J Eh = ma.w Ka
arms, Eh, N-m where
TABLE:4.16A Ka = Radius of Gyration of hub & arms ,m
= Rm /1.75 , ( Rm = Dm/2 )
' 5. ma = mass of lrnb & arrns,kg = 0.4 m,
CRANK SHAFT PROPORTIONS. Stresses io Flywheel :' i.ms: -
'(a) Tensil;: st ress due lO
-
centrifugal force , S1, N/rn 2 S1 = p Wm 2 Rm 2 =p V, 2
SI.No. Engine Type LID S1 = 8.0 Mpa fo r Cl
d~ ~ dm Im
S1 = 30.0 MPa for steel
D D D D (b) Bending st ress due to
I. Petrol engir,e
- ceutriJ-ugal force S2 , N/m2
2
S2 = (n D 0 pV/) l ( n1 h ), a = no. \J f arms
(c) Tota l stress in the in,
(i) In line 1.2 - 1.28 0.6 to 0.7 0.45 to 0.65 0.6 lO 0.8 0.45 to 0.6 S3, N/m1 S3 = 0.75 S 1 + 0.25 S2
0.74 to O.S4 _ S 3 = 35 - 40 MPa fo r Cl
(i.i) V-type 1.25 to 1.35 S J = 55 - 60 MP a fo r steel
0.56 to 0.66 0.8 to 1.0 0.63 to 0.75 0.5 to 0.7
6. Stresses tn Arms: -
Q.7 to 0.88
----
a) Direct te nsile st ress due lo
enlar~eruent of rim by
2. Diesel engine ccotnfosa l actiou , ct, N/m2
(i) In line 1.25 to 1.3 0.64 to 0.75 b) Bending stress due lo 1
0.7 to 1.0 0.7 to 0.9 0.45 too& twisting moment, Sb ,N/m" where
Q.75 to 0.~
(ii) V - type J.47 to 1.55 0.65 to 0.72 T max = M aximwn lorque, N - m = 2 x Tm
0.8 to 1.0 0.7 lo 0.75 0.5 10 0.6j Dh = Hub Diameter
0.65 lo 0.86 n = No. of am1s
z = Scclioo modulus ( Refer Table 2.1)
9550 x Pb
Tm = mean torque , N - m = - -N--
27
TABLE:4.19
COEFFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION OF SPEED (b)
SI. No. DR IVEN MACHJNERY TYPE OP DRIYe

7 5 els • 8 ) lllJn. Ks
Wlien Do< ( · 1. Hammers, Crushers, Punch Presses BeJI
al Web co11struc1ion : 0.20
where . l":unetc,r, nun 2. Compre,o;sors, concrete mixers, excavators Belt
Do = 0 u1s1dc cI n 0.1 to0.1.5
ds = ~haft diBmcter, au 3. Pumps, Shears Bell or Flexible 0.03to0.0S
coupling
tw = b/W 4. Metal working and wood working Belt
Web thickness, lw 0.03
7 5 ds
when Do > ( ·
+ 8) 01 1J1 macliinery
b) Arm ;;on~trucl ioo: 5. Flour, p;ape1 & te;clile mills Belt 0.02-0.02.S
- 4 for D < 400 mro, 6. Compressors, pumps, and similar Gear~
No. of arms, u : : 6:400 < I) < ~ mm machines
0.02
.:,· -.,,-. D > 3000 mm
0 = 8-1<.,
7. Spinning machinery, coarse to fi.oe Belts 0.015-0.02
8. D.C. Generator, Single or parallel Belts 0.03
9. D.C.Generator,Par.aliel. . ,... . ., .. _ ·; ·:- Pifeq_Co.upl~ -. 0,015
: .;{,:"~:.·: _;;,;JO : \~;.i~;fit;?f;~~~-~- -~,..f. ;··...:, : ·.;-~: ..
· ... ~\.,,. ]f "<,f l ._', ,A,.(l, \s'eii'e~filgr.l?~l\O@I
, ,.. ,.._Be~~;·,-:,; .
· ,,. Dlfeet°C'l)upTuj\ .,.•
0,0.15,
- ;:,t-· :. , • ?:,i,. j . . -~.
{!{f.yfq;;,~i~ i~12~/; ldio·~;blill1!~'.'t?,f'.':'~t'-· 1 ,'i:''!f-r'' .. . - · . · ,. '· ; ·~·.u,01. .... 1.,,. ~ '.I~~·-, 1,;/!1 .• l-
0.1--0.15. .
Length of slot io rim, I,
d) H1•b Proportions bh = 2ds

Li = ( 2- 2.5 ) ds , TNBLE: 4.20
where Db & ,'-'fl. are hub diameter and iengtb.
For elliptical arm section COEFFlClENT'OF FLUCTUATION OF ii'.NERGY tKe1
alb"' 2
a and Q are major a.,d minor axes r=or Petrol and Diesel Internal combustion Engine
Ke
Average compressive :;tress Type of No.Of Aogl1ebetween
in the part of rim affected, Engine Cranks, 4--Slroke Cycle 2 stroke
Cylinders
Sc.,M"P a
' (degrees) Cycle
where
Fs = Total puUin the link Single Acting
= shrinkage stress x c.s area of links Single 1 360 2.3- 2.~ 0.95-1.00
A = Bearing area al plane of division of 1he Tv,in 2 360 0.92-1.04 0.75--0.85
nm
Apposed 2 180 0.92-1.04
At, = Bearing area at two link heads 0.75--0.85
Sc~ Syt Tandem 2 0 0.92- 1.04 0.75-0.85
Sp = )~eld slress in tension, MPa T\1~n 2 180 l.5--1.6 0.20-0.2.5
Apposed 2 360 1.5- 1.6 0.20--0.25
Total force at rim F = b1 . S1 /C1
Vertical 3 120 0.6--0.75 0.15--0. 18
conn ection, F,N S1 = safe tensile stress of cleat material.
Ci = no. of cleates 4 180 & 90 0.15--0.2 .075- 1.02
6 l80& 90 O.l~.12 .016-1.02
TABLE:4.21 2t
PEJUP.HERAL SPEED OF FLYWH~EL CHAJ>n:RS
DESIGN OFVALVE GFAR SYSTEM
REMARKS TABLE: S.l
SI. No. PBRiPHBRAL
SPEED Vs rn/sec VALVE DESIGN
~ ·I
). 25
For Cast iron Clywheel of engines
undcr75 kW. I DESCRIPTION __ _
I'"" ,r;,,., "'''"~' Av;=
YpmAe
n,, v,
RELAllONS
where
30
For Cl flywheel5 of engines above 75 nv = no. of valves
2.
kW.
A.; = Inlet valve scat pusagc arca,Dlm2 = 11 dv1 2 ,
4
For Cl flywheels with specially dvi = Diameter of valve scat,rnm
3. 30
designed rims eliminating danger of Vpm = .mean p1sto11
.
speed m/sec. = LN
blowholes. 30
( Refer Table: 3.8)
L = Stroke length, mm
4. so · . For Cl flywcels'wlth .~pedal atoi N = Speed in RPM
' d~~!gll. a.r;i\l:~ ~ 1,wil.,4llll·~VGr : . Ap = Pistol)
•
area = ir oi
.~.j;jJjr.'. t;:i: ~:'}Je;,.·i ;.;,:' :. :'.·;\~;:~~1,i~~~~~=-,:,;.~t~~ii~·ffo £~~1[)~@L;-. D = :Bore"biiuneter;mfu·

4
· ·
~-,;¥~~~ ,,-\7~:,c:oc:~~-?;':~·
2. V g ,=--MC~·gaSNelort}'Ji:n/s~c_ t,R-e!er T- : 5.6)
; Ap, ;=,,l'9.u,:ar.!ia·!'l_rn~-{'}:l ~ ti)"c
- .. - ~ ~ ·.4
For flywheels with :-
A~
6. 75
-Cast steel arms Size of exhaust valve dp; = Port diameter, mm ( RefeT T : 5.2 )
- Laminat~d steel arms Ave = Exhaust valve seat arca,mm.2 = Jt
~ Vc2
- Welded eooslru€tioo
dv~ = diameter of exha'Ust seat, mm = ( 0.8 - 0.9) dv;
- Forged steel rims
_ For semisteel flywheels of Ape = exhaust valve po_rt area, !1!J!!2 = b 11 dpc 2
4
automotive engines. dpc = exhaust valve port diameter, mm = ( 0.8-0.9) dp,
4. IValve . fo r con, seat
lift ·ca1
IL,, mm ( Inlet /exhaust),mm L.. = ~

where
4 cosa
dp = Port diameter for inlet /rxbaust valve,rnm

a = valve conical ~eat angle = 4.s°for exhaust valve
= 30 ° or 40°, for inlet valve
Maximum valve Lift l..vmax,mm
Lvma., = ( 0.18 - 0.3) dp; for automot;ve engine
= ( D.16- 0.24) dp; for fractor engine
6. Thickness of valve disc ,tv,mm
( Inlet/Exhaust) Iv = kdp [ p ~~a.,]Iii
where
Pma, = maximum gas pressure, MPa
Sc1 = allowable stress in bending
= 28 MPa, for CJ
= 56 J\IPa, for Carbon steel
= 105 MP~, for high grade alloy steel
7, Thiskncss of valve disc without champer, k = cons1ant = 0.54. fo r Cl = 0.42, for s.ted
l.c,m m le = ( 0.75- 0.85) tv
(lnlcUe:waust)
LJ~""
8.
/ Stress due to concentrate.cl valve spri ng force at
s, -- ~~[
, 1- 2ct.J
}d wh~re Fs = spring force , N
Iv. P .
whee " '" " sealod S,,MPa
d, = valve stem diameter,mm
= [ ~- + ( 6.35 t~ ' ) ~ 11 ] in mm
TABLE: 5,l JNl'"'f VALVE, dptmax 31
·· 1ER FOR
MAXIMUM PORT DWiE
TYPB
-- ~
dpiinax, ouil TABLE: 5.4
CAM AND CAMSHAFI' DESIGN
SR.NO.
1.
--
Overhead valve
OJ5to0.52 D
1. Base circle Diameter of cam, deb = 1.5 <la + 20 mm.
oJ5to0.4 D deb ,mm where
2. Swirl and ante .chamber diesel engines cl.,,. = diamotcr of ra=baft , mm
o.38 to 0.42 D = 0.16 D + 12. 7 mm, for cam integral with
3. Direct'injection disesel engines = 0.175 D + 21.6. for keyed cam.
0.46toOJ2 D d cb
4.
Hemispherical combustion chamber 3- 5
Lv
dieael engine
D Diameter of cylli!der, mm 2. Lift of Cam , Le, mm I-< - L

- V
.!.!
IV
where
Ir = length of rocker arm adjacent to the follo vcr mm
1v = length of rocker arm adjacent to the valve m~
l r = 0.5 - 0.96 .
TABL'E!5.3 IV
' ..!" - • ••• • • • . ~·.:- •
3. Set off angle of Cam; ¢ c.2 · for inlet val e
where
R cb = Base circle radius of cam,mm = ( 1.5 to 2.5 ) Lv • dct,
/31 = advance angle of opening emau.st valve 2
5, Nose radius of cam , rn ,mm

r
n -
- R
cb - Le [ 1 _G0s ( ,J, c- /:J)
cos ( ¢ c - /3)
J, .
for tangenual cam.
/32 = Retarded angle of closing of emaust valve
I1
Rcb b -
2 - ( rp - Rro ) ( R cb + Le ) cos ( q, c)
fo r convex cam ,
b - ( rp - R cb ) cos ( ¢ c)
where
Sr. No. Angle Foro111la
- - ----1 a = R cb + L c - r n
b = r p - R cb - Le
a1 5 to 10° r r = ( 8 to 20 ) Le
2 a2 10 to 40° ' " 2: 1.5 mm
3 /31 20 to 40° {3 = dwell angle,(d egree)
4
lh 5 to 10° 6.
6DC Cam ht el radius rh,mm ri,= R,i, - 6.s
where
6 s = clcar:rncc,mm
= (0.25 to 0.35) , for inlet valve .
= (0.35 to 0.45 ) , for exhaust v~lve
x cam with flat follolwer
) 1 for convc
-'7.- -...-'Follower
---~-:-1,~:T,~ i-:;JII- (q)C l
1 "." (r f _~~~.)I!,:~: cI lJ ,
Lifts ,mm Ll~
'
for ta.ogeotinl cam with roller follower
"' cos (,P ci)
. er arc ,rp,mro. f U
where · when moves ov cam with flat o ower
U1 = Lift of foUowcr r - Rcb ], for convex TABLE:5.7
Lh = lacos ( ,P <1) + " 2 ,. ( ,1, )I 1/2 _ ( Rcb + rR), ROCKER ARM DESIGN
.!. ! I - 3) Sin 't' C!
= a cos ( <P c1) + ·a1 for 1auge11
tial earn with roller fo llower
SI. DESCRIPTION
No. RELATION
r R = ro IIer rad·,us 'mm I f arc rf rad'nrs,
0
1. Force on rocker arm section, Pr ,N
,,, _ Effective cam ang c or
V' cl - . / (
f . nvcx cam with flat fo llower·
r )I br co
Pr = Pg + Fs+ Fi
1 where,
=sin- [ a sin(¢ c) rp- " ' ) I for tanuentiat ca m wllh roller follow ,, 2
• 11 ) / ( Rcb + rR , . I' er Fg = Gas force, N =
= tan- I I a Slll (<Pc - ,.,
11 when moves
over nrc r1> rachus' n:an 4 D . Pmax.
Lf1 = Lift of (o ower gl f r arc r,-, radlus,rom F, = Spring force, N = fv x dpv
¢ ci = Effechve oall) an e 0 Ay = Area of valve,mm
= 1/> c.- t/Jci ~ v = Vaccwn in cylinder = 0.07-0.14, N/mm2
Fi = Inertia force,N ·= Wv x a
a
Wv = Weight ofvalve,kg
31 =RbhR .. . a = Valve acceleralion,m/sec2 . : 0 .o a. t- M"·'°''' fYenu:ia
..., l,._s~
, .":~-,i..,1eam::wi:
·d~th,~
bc~,:nun
: ·l bc::=~(;
-0:.09~l>
~
r· _+_6~)-'
to~·(0
.,_,_
11':D
'>.-·+~ l2~) ~· - .~- ~- ~-=-·· '-·. ,,,-==
··"'i··,,;-;-;,,-=.-:::-,,::-;
.. ,~. ~ -,-:-,-;:,~.-~;:;:.:--;-.,
2. Bendlng momeol ·en arm, Mb,N- m M&-=a FT x lv
... ~-
~
.~
w,.,.::. < • _:· ; i,~if;;;''I\'·;,i.;Y/J'.,,,
.. ..r.;.rni E..j . ....
C"f' T• """'<li~, .; '; ' Safe bending sl!ess, Sb,MPa
. . .
Iv = Centre distance between rocker arm pivot and val-vi
'S(i' ,,,. M~t z· '
· !,. 12\·~S'i!@ipl):nfi~uil.!$
.
a~ Lappe I end,mm3 ( rt fer Table : 2.l )
' I > •• ~. > 8t,~•, l'o'o ·120 ~ i;.~
4.
·ROLLER DESIGN Be~g pressure for fulcrum pin, Pb, Pb = _!:.&._
F d = ( .5 _ J0..55) , N/mm2•
4 5
.. MPa 1f X F
Ir = Lenglh r,f flucrum pin,mm
DESC::RIPTION RELATION dr, = Diameter of fuJcrwn pin,mm
SI.No.
5. Shear stress for rocker arm pin,Ss,MPa Ss = _2 F'....L :S 42 MP a
1. Roller diameter, dR,mm dR (0.5 0.75) d:b . . . ,r di, 2
where deb = cam base crrcle tliameter;mm
2. I Roller width ,OR, mm bR = (0.3 - 0.5) dR

6.
7
Thicknt.S~ of brass bush,tb,mm
Bo~s diameter,Db
to = (2.3 - 4 ~ ) m.m
Db= 2 x dp
3. Roller pin diameter , dllP , mm dRP = ( 0.33 - 0.5) dR
8. Radial thickness of each eye of fo,·k tr,= 0.5 xd p
4. Width of the huh, bn ,mm bh = ( 0.6 - 0.8) deb end, tF,rnm
5. Roller materials Slow srecd engine · Casl Iron 9. Total load for spring design, F,N F = Initial load + Load al full lift
High speed engine - Case hardened steel F min = ( 0.05 - 0.08) dv 2
·- = Minimum load for spring
TA.HLE: 5.6
A.LLOWAilLE MEAN VELOCJ'TIES OF GAS f'OW
SL. NO. TYPE OF ENG I NE MEAN VELO CITIES OF GAS FLOW /I I/S EC. VE
INLET VALVE
I EXHAUST VAL
1. Slow spee<J engi ne 3J- 40
4D - 50
2. Medium speed e ngine 3S - 45
50- 60
3. Hiith
.
soeea en,inc 80 90
90- 100
cHAPTER6 · 3!
BEARING DESIGN
7. Heal generated, Hg , Ja u.le/sec H1 = µFV,
TABLE 6.1 Where,
V =. JI d.n/1000, ml&«
JOURNAL BEARING DESIGN ii. Heat dissipated, I-Li, J oule/sec Hd = Cb l.s (IH.)
RELATIONS Where,
DESCRIPTION
lb = temperature of bearing surface, 0 c
).
F
la = Ambient temp, 0 c
I. Maximum pennissible unit pressure,P, MPa P =-- Ch = H eat dissipation coefficient
Lx d
Where, = 140-420 W/m2- °C, for UDVentilated bearinp
F = Load oµ Journa~ Newtons = 490- 1400-W/m2- 0 C, for weU ventilated bcarinp
L = 4ngth or journ~ 1!1II1
p ~· • ..; ' • : • ••
0
' ··a :,; Difilnet'er ofJouriial, 'iiirii ' - 9. Operating or oil film temperature, lo, c to = 2(1b-<a) + t., ; 65 < to < 8()oC
-c~"'' ;'f, 'lo{d' €R,"6fet-"1': 6:5 ) · ·- ---- ·
-\·-·_,:;,-~ ;: .,r:~i£ti;.iI cJ·lh \iifu)--: ,;~,~;:;:~};~:t~. : ·:,i:;:;+;;:",:~,tf~:"'-"'· ·' '' ~.;;··.

(_; .(·,l.h-,ii'(..!.. )J . ,, , .,... f , ,.
- P I C .·.-·,,::__ · . _. ~I = .\!alueofTemperaturorise~ble (fig :6.9 )

'ry'here P = Bearing pressure, Pa.
gp = O=ral:ing· vaiue ofl:,ea,i..g modu!lUl (R~fer T : 6..5) y =M ass per unit yolWI!.e of lubricant
' .-~
= 861 kg/m3 ( appro)
z = Absolute viscosity of lubri~~ Pa.S.(Refer T :6.5) ·cp = Specific heat .of lubricant
n = Speed in RPS = I 700-2100J!Kg0 t
P = Bearing pressure, Pa (RP.fer T:6.5 )
. Mckee relation for coefficient or frictjoo, µ ' -2(Zn , .r +K

µ= 0.a) pJc 11. Average temperature of inlet & outlet , T8 v Tav = T1 + ~T
2
r = radius of Journal ,mm ( temperatures to determine viscosicy) Where,
K = 0.002 for 0.75 < L/ d <2.8
T1 ; Inlet temperature (Specifie·d)
µ ~ 03, for boundry lubrication
µ = (0.005-0.l), for se"!"1uid lubrication 12. Torque rt quired to overcome friction T,N-m T =µ F r
µ = (0.001--0.005) , for thick film lubrication
Minimum Ouid rilm thickness, hmtn hmin = 55 , 10 - 9 Z N cl/P K s X . 13. Power Josi in bearing, Walls p = 2.Jr nT
Where,
N = Speed,. RPllf 14. (PY) Limi1 foc.."™-'Ced film lubricatioo
P = bearing pressure, Nim.mi,. cooditlon
PY = k (lb - la) //I m
Ks = coefficieo1of shaft geometry
Where,
= I + d/ L
P = Bearing pressure, K Pa.
X = c/d (Refer Table: 6.5)
V = Surface YClocity of journal relative to
~2 bearing surface, mis
her = Critical oil film in the !:earing µ r., = coeff. of mixed film lubricatico (Refer lig:6.13 )
= h, + bb ~ = cooslanl
15. Quantity of external cooling
\Vbere h. & hi. = lrrcgularite,s Oii shaft & ~ resp. m = Hg / Cpt> T
reqwred, m, kg/s
'(Refer T 6.2) 16.
...___ For Peroframance charts Refer figs from 6.1 to 6.13
TABLE6.2
IRREGULARITIES ON SHAFI' AND nEARJNGS TABLE6.4
PROCESS h,, hb...:
·(~m_m_) _ _ _, DESJGN OF BEARING SHELLS CAPS AND BOLT~ '
S.No
------- S. No DESCRTPllON
Diamond Boring 0.0003 - 0.00l6 RELATIONS
J·
Finish Gr.inding 0.0002 - 0.0008 I.
2 Tb1,; bearing cap tbickncss,lb, mm lb= (1,Ft1)1/2
Finish Polishing 0.000 I · 0.0004 2 bSd
3
or Honing Where,
Super Finishing 0.00005 -0.00025
4 L1 = Cenlre di$lance between camping bolls, mm
= 2.Sx d -t 32, mm
d = Journal d1ame1er, wm
b = Width of cap
'. '\ .( = (1.25 d + '20), mm
Sd = Design stress for cap matc:rial, MPa
Y = FL}/ EL tb 3 ·- '
" t ··i i· 0~11UJ1
fd . = t33 Ft,n .. ...
Sr. DESCRIPTION
,i,. "".;. ,• ,. ~ . _·, a,
. ~-'
,%~re.'
= No: of bolls or studs
f" f
No 4. 1:li.ick.ness of bearinng shells, t. ·, mm.

1. Bearing pres,ure,MPa P = 0.726 vV, a) Bra~ or Br_onze shells i. = (0,08 d + 3)
b) CI Shells t. = 0.2 d,
2. Shearing stress in the iubricant Ss, MPa Ss =
lt .r . Z . D
c). ~!lbbit ls = (0.02 d + 3.2)
_I d s 1S mq1
a.5 x 106 x c d) Cast steel
e) Babbit
t. = 0.15d,
t,; = (O.Old + 3.2)
__l d2::225mm
3. Viscous force on tbe £haft, F,N 5. Babbit layer thickness , t1,mm t1 = 0.125
Steel baclc thickness 12,mm t2 = 0.15 cl,
4. T, e torque ,T, N- mm 6. Distance between centre and EquaJ to diameter of Journal i.c:. d , mm
bottoJU surface
5: Minimum Ouid film thickness, ho,rnrn ho = (0.5 C - e) 7. Bearing wall thickness,( a), mcn 3 = 0.4d
e = Eccentricity, cnm 8. Clamping bolt diameter db = 0.25 d I
6. Absolute Viscosity, Z, Kglm-s Z = pt ( 0.22 x S - 180/ S ) x 10~
where
p 1 = Specific gravity of oil al any
9.
10.
11.
Diameter of clear hole for the bolt
Flange thickness of bearing base
Base length L2 ,mm
ck = (0.25d + 3) mm
tr = (0.5 d + 6) rum
L2 = (3.5 d + 45) mm
_J
ternperaure t °C
= p 15 - 0.00063 ( t0 -15) _,_ _ ____._I_ __ _
S = no. of seconds measured by
saybolt viscometer( ref fig: G· 11
p 15 = Specific gravity ~t 15 °C
7. Eccentricity factor or attitude e r = 2 e / c ,;, 1-2 ho/c

.__8_. .,_F _ __J_,_h_=_i:__(c _co_s_e_+_l_)_ _ _ _ ____,
_ i_Im_th_i_ck_n·_e_ss_a_t__a_n_y_a_n_gl_e_B_,h_,_,_nm
j
- - - - - - - - - -- - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ . . . . . . . . __ _ _ _ _ _ _.....;..i
.- ~R jQURNAL BEARINGS anvua.., u,u
DESIGN DATA F RADlAL LEARANCE OF BEARI GS USED IN INDUSTRIALAPPUC TION
C L (P.V) Limit
MAX. SUIT O P ER k Pa . m/s TYPE OF SERVICE, MATERtAL FINISH OF RADIAL CLEARANCE IN MIC.RONS
Sr. MAODNERY BEARING ABU!_3 ATING d d JOURNAL & BEARING ,RUBBJ G SPEED, FOR SHAFT OIAMIITEJt, ct,
PRESS BEARING PRESSURE
N URE, Z , X 10 Z n )( 10- 9
o. p d = d = d =
P, MPa
Pa.S 112mm 1.5m
Precision spindle, hardened and ground md,
Ll.----~--M-ai-.n---,~.S-.5:-_:12~.:ot--r~2. 18 0.8 ~ 1.8 lapped running i11 bronze bearing Vm < 2.67 nl/s, 1 ,. Jf)
P < 3J MPa, 0.2 to 0.8 11m RMS finish
1021) 20-10 11}. I 40-115
0.001 0.7. 1.4 20()4/)-\fl0.0 0
I. Automobile & Crankpin wrist 10.5 . 25.0 7- 8 1.45
Aircraft Engines
pin
0
16.0 • 35· .
116
·
1.5 - 002.2 Precuioa spiadle, hardened and ground steel,
lapped, runniag io broaze bearing rubbing speed 6-13 12-25 25-38 38-57 57-82
V > 167 mis, P > 3.5 MPa 02 lo 0.4 /Im R IS
2.90 0 .6-2. 0 finish
.2 GasandOil Maio Crankpin 4.8 • 8.2
1.45 0.00 1 O, 6 . I . 5 20040--167000
engines, 4 Stroke I Wristpin 9.6 - 12.4 20 -65 Electric motor and Genrratr,rs, gi-ound journal in
U.4-15.'2 0.73- 1.5-2.0
broached or reamed bronze heari116s or reamed 6-20 12-25 20-40 25-.SO 38-75
3 ~ -1r-::3~.63-:--r-- o.6-2. o babbil bearin11s

L L -- -- + - .-C- - . + -4-
ank -·<:-:
5
3 Gas & Oil M~m r . pm
·
-~ .os,2SJ!9ke · W~lp[D
· ~.
··6.9~10.3-
· s.:Z-l2.4
20-65 1.74 0.001 0 . 6-1. 5 20040-167Q00
1.45 l i§-2,0 25-50 32-57 37-65 50-88 62-100
. : v:. r- - ...... • .. :.; ... 'i=:._"":~ 1__; _..._. fi.1
....,..,__
- ~,,
.. ···-
5 Reciprocating Main Crankpin
Pumps & Wristpin
1.8
4.1
30-80 4.2
2.8 0.001
1,0-2.2
0.9-1.7 668 - 2672 z "'- , L
TABLE 6.7
,,
- 1.;...
. 1.4 1.5-2.0
', 2- - ' } 1.
~preSoors 12.4 l 3 - ~ I
• BEARJNG 'MATERIALS
Axle 3.0 100 7.0 0.00 1 1.8--2.0 3340 5010
6 ltailway Cars
Main 0.7-1.9 2-16 14.0 0001 1.0-2 6680--66800

S.
NO
MATERIALS I CHARACTERJSTICS LIMITS APPLICATJOM
"l. Cast Iron Low friction, low cost, develops

8 G_c o er at ors, Nol over 350 N/cm' amt Cam shafts, light
Roto, 0.7- 1.4 25 28.0 0.0013 1.0-2.0 1600 - 3000 high glaze
Mot o r s , 40 m/min tiansmissioo
Centrifu gal 2. Steel Low C!)S_t Light loads, 45 m/min Guides
Pumps
3. ...ronze busing Low cost, simple construction Loads Shaft speeds upto 270 All eqwpments
9 Gyroscope Rotor 5.9 30 7.98 0.0013 - upto 2000 N/cm' m/mio ·
4. I lea,)' babbit liner Long life low frirt ioa, must have Steady loads, under 75 Motor and I urbin,,
10 Tran smiss i on Light,.fixed 0.2 25-60 7.0 Q.001 2.0-0-3 . 668 on sieel or casl Iron good N/cm2 shafting.
shafting, Self a!igniog 1.0 2.J 2.5- 4.0 668-2000 lubrication
Heavy 1.5 2. 1 2.0- 3.0 668-7-000
5. Light liner on steel Heavy duty, general purpose.good About 3.5 KN/cru2 and Gas and Diesel
11 Machine Tools Main 2.JO 40 0. 14 0.00 1 1.0-4.0 84-3>40 or bronze backing for dynamic load 1200 en/min Engines, Compr•;ssor
6. Carbon graphite No lubrication needed, lighl duly Under 450 ° C 420 Electric motors.
U Punchin g and
applica1ioo N/cm 1 al low speeds meters, convc}ors
S b e a r i n g Main Crankpin 30.0-60.0 100 - 0.00 1 1.0-2.0 1336- 4000
machines 1.0- 2.02672- B()l 6 7. RubLer Low friction, resists abrasion, shock About 60 N/cm2 aeeds Marine propellers,
absorb~nl, long life water lubricatioo pumps, turbines
Main
8. Moulded Plastic Low friction, stronger ~bout 120 m/min and Pumps, propellers
13 Rolling mills 20.G 50 1.45 0.0015 1.1- 1.5 5344-133600 2
laminale than babbit when waler lubricated 1750N/cm must be well.
I
Icooled
9. Moulded Plaslic Low friclior>, clean ! Low loads if used at

/ high speeds
- --1 ___,_ _ _ ___ _ l ________ - - - - - - - · ---··· .. - -
40
41
~..r ,.
1.0
~ o., .... , ... ....... - ---

L, -:-. .:=-=-" _, - I,..
Ll
-;;- 0.1 '------
r ~
/ /
V 1,,
t,,a,,
/ '--- 7k:
~ 0.7 '-----
\<$' ' / V 7 /
; - - <~
/ v½/
,t
'I /
~O.t ~ •...j
!/ /
V 7
.;.o.s i/ ~ ' /
!is o.,
I/ / I
I/
v 9- ~\>·;,
\>
,/, :/
'- '
i.,
/
~O.l
I// l7 V V ~
~ : h"''" R: r L: I D: d !0.2 / /
. 8 - ~~lo;r·coo~din)lt.olll_
·
e ~ejl"iri, c(iiQct.jp_i,,'. ..__
llt Journal rot'dt101, i 1·t°l·Jfl ' 1in·e ·of ~nt. en~ Jf! g
•. .a
0. 1
/,,
~ '-'~ ~
V k--)/ ./""
, --~20- ST1clf:s· ..
L, .... ! ., .
:, w.~, ;>~i,~~;~;;~;~; ~;~~:: :!~¼'•>

··' .;;~;~;~;;4,,... . Of :' -. 0.01 0.02 • o.ofo.pt, J,, o.,o uo+ u · ,2.0 4.0 6.0i.0'1
~i • OJ.O
. r:-. ,, ~ ·- , ., --~1~'~:?: "~i ,~'jij •d=·
FI G_ 5 _ pr r.:-;s ur~. Jeg ~

Q: 9uao m y o/ oll suppiied t.o t.he be.iriOE t.o "3io tah
hrdiudyua.ic lu~ricati0tl coudi tloo
O, : · aide Jilage
./
y 90
-
uo:i u.10,1
\
-\.,'M
½~
,bf·
t;.:/,
1/
kt'
/?
1.4'
~' ~h~
/V/ i,/
/
LI
~ .
V, 17l;Zf,~ V
,.P[.., L - - -
'1.V/
·v'1/,
1,,\D
/
V
/
l/
/
_.,:; f:::::l:::
1./
I/
,, J..<
~ 17"-t- 1,)-'
/
V
I/
/
l/
__ _L .:: ·-
/17
7_): j/
-- -----·
-·
--- -- ~ 10
b~ / v/1,,~
--
~
.,,/
1/1,, ; ~
L/0 °;
b,,;
,------
1-"'. i--:::
~- -·
_.__.,. _____ ~ 10
1------
------
- ~-
. ~ ~~ Lin,~ . I
kc'~
0
\ I 0 0.01 o.o? o.c , _( o._oa 0.1 0 0.10 o.,o _~a°-ao 1.0 2.0
~ i
0 0
11'.w,1 - BEARIIK: CH!JW,'TERISTICliU

0 Q_,JI C OJ o.o , I 00
.1 0.10 0. 1a o. ,, I o.3o 1.0
I FIG. 6 . 4 ·
0.0. 0.60 1.0 1, l.o a.o :o
BEARIOCC!t\J!lt')"ERISTIC~
Fl G 6 2
·.. ... . t
·i~i'-if£i~I;..; -i:l.:\,:··;. ;£~~jf~1]4.~~i;I-=-., ,..

-· - -- -··-- .~ -- ..... ·• -,
- -· ·~>~. .
ViG.6. 7
IJO,---,--,--,-----,---,-,,,---,----,---r---,----,,--,--- ~ ~ -
UOr--t--t---t--+-b-'J-- -t-'-~1--++-J'---11--t-..J--Li
110 t----l---+-·- +
---=:i' 1·0 r- --:::=f-~t:-t-+:::4:::l:::::--1--;1:--jf--t+--i--i-LLI~
100 t-----t-----lc--- i_:
i I o r-----il---t--i-+.---1--+-.....::::j,._::
0'
'---'l .0 i---11---1---1--i-W--
;
§ JO r----t--+--+---11---1~
1.0
J.O i.o 1.0 e.o 10
10• ·- - i-:-- _JJ.--t--, - 1::n-",
:E===j==~===~=~+~== ~ L-JJ- + -~ ·~~,/~
- .;Iv
'/
~1
.::-
~
'f 10 1
vv ld
~ ~~
~-' cl~==t~~=t=+~~-+r. l];:t11f t-1-=J[IIJ

\
v •
._,,
\~=--Lj- -t-+~bd~L/?JU
'-
\
=l~Vfi.,1/tt-r-rrn
"" L/D=f~il' -
Y,/~
\~ . A ..
10 ...... ~ ..;;,;,,_':;i!V c \ •
f 1
., /V' " . /;,/D~1.
·.. :r ,:- ..
.j ·, '= ii/~)'-" ~"):? .' .
·. •
:. :;,,_·\,,~•u,. ;_w, ,;~;i~ijiij~i;

.
, ...,,
;iii~i i*;.;;;?t~i~~. ., ... ~ .
-·- . -.·~. :. .,.~;-:: ::
I
I
J .
0,01 0.02 O. ~ / 0, 08 0.10

- 0.06
0. ]0 .o.,o / 0,60 l.O
0.60
1.0 ~.Q 6.0 8.0 10 .'
{
:.:"
60
55
BeAJ!l lK: CHARACl'ERISTJCIll ,S
50
· 1.!0t
FIG.6 . 9 '
" "1, r,
~s
,,,--.. ,- t - -
" '" I'\
I"-
~u ., I
........ "
I: SA£ So,bc/1 U. ' "
'" "
Q. 1.6 , Na
u15 ......
fa
40 3 'f,-!;'~· I.., •C·
-........ r--- .-,-
Q. 5 9Z S85
.....__.,I _, 10
0855
"" l's I
c:,
;::
r-- - 1 zo
165
540 ,.
44 0 .870
0 .6 8.J
H-
~ I.) r-- •- r--
JO '50 64 0 ./1 87 r--..
~ ?. (I ,.
•o 850 TT 0.891
:,z.oo
~
I0 50 9J 0. 89'
...
1-i-- t - - --
..., o.s
,c
uo,=
L.. - - - -- - - - - ·- -
/ 31-s 13· 5 4~ 5-'t·G D> ,s. 5 7 1 76 . 5 s-< s,.5 -'3 1°0
~ 06 / Lo= 1
~ V v i-- 1-----
-- ~f ,.....- lUffllAllllE, 't
--
- - ---
0. '
0.] ,/
/
./
/
~
/
~
f---- i--
~
1,I~
i...--
---- _....,... -- -= ".
- .-- f- -
· FIG.6 ll
,,/_
0
r;:-.:--- LIO:.!_ I/
/
Lil)'~
~ -
0 0.01 0.02 o.o, 0.08 0.10
1'
0.0!
0.20 o.,o OI 0.80 IO 2.0
BURIIK: C!WlACTERJSTJC [I :s .oo . 4.0 6.oa,010
f:IG 6. lO
TAf,ILt: 6,'8
DESI~N OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
SI. DESCR IP'flON

No. RELATION
I. Eqvivalcnl bearu1g load, Fe, N Pc = Cc1 C. ( C, X Pr + Y Pa) Co , Cp

where .
Pr= Radial load, N
Fa= Axial load , N
Cs = Shock and impact factor ( Refer T . : 6 10 )
C, = Race rotation factor, ( Refer T. : 6.10 )
Co = Oscillalioo factor for r:ices ( Refer Table :6. 11 )
Cp = Preloading factor (Reb T :6. ll) '
Ci = Additional drive factor
= kd. .kr, for gear darive
= Iii,, foi bi:R drive
= 1, for otjicr ilrive
(for lid, !f,.kb, ~ofer T :6.9)
. i
Y = Niiif.:)(f~d factor· ' - .
X = Radial 'loadfacror _(for~ Y ref~r T: 6. n)
--~ 7 ~·,:·-. ~. ,:;=!~•~5!.!7~6~.;.:";°£;l.~~~!.~~¢17r.;r--,..._,,::,- · , - -..
. .-:fo;.... _j • .:; .~ -.-••• ........... . ~
1··:
. .- c~ .. :_ !: ·~-~-~-=-r ... ..: -· J -\~~C.~.~b~~r~n~-ii;'_~llions?f • L -s' /.': , •----~. -
. revolufionJJ .:-· .... : , ~L ..: ;_·_,.tJ,!f.:~-~·,.-:.~~:,~, .._~-r ~~~-~_.-,-~~ __:: ~ 1 ~
;-i. t-';;1,,:,;~;-;,: ~i:''fa#t~' . ~ ·:;:_;: ,,~\· in~l?~1.._· ~
·,t•,; ;, Ir-~-
t"~.'.=-: ·· · .... ,...: -.. _ .. : ~ _ - - -
..
- -. - .. . n =.;J, Jor baU bearings =':.10(3:,''for.roUerbearin~.

C = Basic cap,adty, N
Lh ;,, Life of §earing in hours( Refer T : 6.13 )
N = SP,C~\i,111,_{WM ·
20 JO W Krct = Reliallllin, factor
3 Conslaot mean loaJ, Fm,N 3 J 3 11/ 3

,Newtons,. (For variable Load- F; N1+F2 N2+F3 N3+ --' -
ing) Fm = { N 1+ N 2+ N J + - - I
J/ J
FIG.6 . 12 ={F 3 3
t1+F2 t2+F3 t3+-- -}
t1+t2+t3+- -
3 J
where
Fi ;,, constant load during N1 revolutions or t1 seconds.
F2 = constant lo d dW"ing N2 revolutions or t2 seconds
r- Thin-film -+---- M,itro- Pifm -
etc.
N1, N2 = Revolutions
'
E o. 20 r-=---ir--.-·- , - - , - - , - - ~ ~ ~~ t 1, 12 = time in hours
~ - 4. Empirical rela tion for specific

60 Lh; ( Fe n s . )3
~ 0.16 r--+--+---+--+~ dyn amic capcil y C, (For cyclic -'3 _
L- L rjD i
..
C:
:~
loads & speeds)
where
JO 6 .
1=1
1
;; Lh = Life of bearing in hour (Refer Table : 6.13 )

0
u 012
r; = Fraction of the cycle at a specific loading coudition
C
0 n, = specific speed, RPM
:~ n, = specific shock or service fa ctor
-= 0 08 Fe = Equivalent load.
I 5. Reliability factor, Krcl
.
"2
~ 0 04
Re liability %
Krct
Reliability %
Krcl ReLiability % Kn:1
90 1.0 60 4.0 30 8.0

80 2.0 50 5.0 20 10.5
0 70 2.9 40 6.4 10 14.5
0 20 40 60 80 •OO
Pe-rcen1 mi~ed him lubr.ca11011
F!G.6.13
49
TABLE: 6.9
ADDITIONAL DRIVE FACTOR ( Cd) TABLE:6.12
EQUIVALENT RADIAL LOAD FACTORS
fa ctor for bell drive kb ·-
S. No. Factor for additional force Factor for (orce due to
kt coupled mechanism, kd _J------..-- ---/ p o. BEAR ING TY PE e Fa
J¼ :!, C Fa
-> c
,. --4--=~--
1- Class of Gear -+ -v-J.;--
"' ~ -c_,f M,dtl,u I .:..
K.,.::_1_ 1_:'Jr
~c_o f_ll_e_lt- l---Kt,
- -i -
Fr
-
~- X y X y
Precision Gear 1.05 Electric Machines l .0 - V- belt 2.0 - 2.5
1. ( Error in tooth 10 1.1 Turbo- compressors 1.2 t. Si ngle row deep groove 0.25 1.0 0 0.56
profile less thao 0.025 ball bearings 1.6
llllll) 1.2 - · Leal.her bell 2.5 - 3.0 2. Doub le row deep 0.34 l 1.8 0.65 28
2 1.5 with jockey groove ball bearings
Commercial gear 3. Angu lar cont act ball
( Error in tooth profile pulley l. 14 I 0.6
bearings 0.42 1.16
= O.OlS - 0.125} RoilµJg riiills i,e. · 1.5 - 4.0-5.0 4. Self aligning ball bearing 0.65 l 2.3 0.6S
3. . Macliinary Sl!.bje.cted 3.0 Leather or 5. Spherical roller bearings 2.8
0.24 l · 2.5 0.67
Rubber bell . ..::'.'~ ,; JJ
(0 he-a'!. .~~s½: . : . · b~~iaheits
·
6. Taper roller bearings 0.39 l 0 _ 0.4 2.0
.?• f-~..!.~ . -
r·::fJ!;~\t'·
. -. ~---·-·r:'r" ·-~.:
S.No. SHO<;:K AND IMPACT FACTOR(Cs} _s. No. RACE ROTATION FACTOR
R oller Ball " coND1T10 N Cr I lnstrume?ts ~ d . app~a!us that are used oniy rarely
TI'PE OF LOAD I
Bearirui be•..;nff
e.g. Demonstration apparatus, sliding deer mechanism
Constant or steady 1.0 1.0 Outer race fixed , inner 1.0
2. Machines llSed for short periods or intermitten lly and whose
race rota~ing '1()0()
1.0 1.5 2. Out er race rotat ing , l.4- break-down would not have serious cons~queoccs to
2. Light shocks
3. Moderate shocks 1.3

I 3.
loner r~ce fixed
Outer and inne.r races
1.6
l.C e.g. hand tools, lifting tackle, agricultural machines, domestic
appliances
8000
4. External shocks 2.1

j'o
3.0
rotating in appos ite
d irection 3. Machines working inte rmit tently and whose b~eak-down 8000
woul.q.b~ve serious conse.quences to
12000
e.g. Auxi li ary machines in , powerstations, co nveyor plaots, lifts
01/c too ls used mfr equent ly '
TABLE : 6.11 4. Mach in es fo r use 8 hrs/day and not always full y use d 12000
t-
FACTORS Co AND Cp to
e.g. Stationary electric motors, gene ral purpose gea r units 20000
S .No. S. Ma chines for use 8 hrs/day and fully utilised 20000
OSCILLATI ON FACTO R SR. PRELOAD ING FACTOR
NO. to
e.g. mac hin es fo r engg. ind ust ry-crane; of hulk goods, ,·cotilating 30000
CONDITI ON C, fans, counter shaft in gear bor.. -
CONDmDN
l. Constant rotational speed 1.0 I. Non Preloaded bear ings I ·O G. J\.lac hines for contin uous use 24 hrs/day 40000
of races to
e.g. Separa tors, compressors, pumps. mine hoists, stationary 60000
2. Sinusoidal oscillations of 0.67 2. Preloaded bearings · ! -OS electricmachines, on board nava l vessel machines.
races
- I·~ 7. Mach in es required to work 1,; th a high degree of raliabiLity for 24
:I. Other 0 0 11 constant
rotational conditions
0.5
- ~ hrs/day
1.5 I e.g. pulp an d pa per mak ing machinery, puhl!c power plants, mine
- - -~-- ____ J:
!
IL_ __ L_~_' _ a_ie_r _w_or_ks_,_o,~b~: 1_:e~ : ship ma~~'-e_s.__

m_ps_, w ' - - - ' ---,-,,,J
c:..--·-
-..._
-- PROPORTIONS FOR. ANTIFRICTIO
TABLE:6.14
--
... 0
NBEARJNG
...,_
--
--·-
1
~~ ~ ~~ .. .
~r:Q~~~~~
l
~~ ~Til
. w.
C:
<(
Cl
l'.)
~
dm ==P-2:.i
s"' 0.15 (D- d)

=0.515 db
2
db ., 0.3 ( D- d)
=2
db
1
1-r-
~
I
;-·· - d,
_J
dm == ~
2
db ., 03 ( D--d)
s., U.15 ( D-d)
~
~
~ i
ri Z= 4.2
2 ,,, <. D-d
,,, 1".l l 21 3 1 3,S 2 ~9 1 30 23, >40 2t1
coj ; j ' (!l
z.. 2.9(~) ANGUL\R <X>m'ACT fJ = 25
a ..ril'IS-...
L ·,. w D- d 0
> BEARING
.........
o..oG-
.... 4 ~-~ - : I . a
a
er
~ IT~
. ~ L~.J .
dm, mean diameter d m= D+~
..............
~ l'.)
Q.
&,radial thickness of
races;
. 2
~ ~J <II= 0.25 ( D-d);
a,
w
i· Lr=l or l.5dr
it~· .e A~~Q~,!C:~·~···· -:~=
~ t -~~ - 0 ball ralh radius
DO. 9 ba!Js. . s "'(0.15) (D-d)
., - - . ROI-L t::R ". BEARING-:
............ ,,o·,,, &2 tJ 64 &11, &11, 60 s:2 e e22 r,1.3 u , 1!1 30 . ':',.::;; .. ·· ~>- - - ....... . ··~- -
. -' ~~~ . : :. . .. . ·.~?i.- . :.:-~--- . ~-.,., 01~·.. - 1 •-1
-·,•··-·, "- :'fWif i;;:.'.(1 '}~-m'-.s',~ ,·._;,;,,:,, .- .•.. ,,., , -·
_-~~j_~,tr:: ;.~·l tt-J l r~·i~~~~:?;~It

;f
:i~
r,11 -
.~=-:.,...-=4--_
N ~@§"
N 2 M f ' N 4
~uo
,.,
~~~
NU O NlJ 1 NU J
~HHJO
-....
,.,_,...,.,
c.n .......
. . . . i ... lM-. THRU ST BEARING
I ;,\;ffl,5'...:•s
I o.--s.. ;..
· o, ....., .. cr,s..,-,
' I
02 I
0
'I
o3
I
!
I
' I
I
' I .-1 o I ' I
~
,, ,,, -1 i , I .,J
I '
1 o I ; I
I 3 0 I ,, 1
. ,
3>
--
TABLE :US
["""" ,:·...
..., s....,-
3 ~~~~~A~~AA
Jct2 3 03 Jll JZ'il 31 0 Jl.2 J lJ 330 Jo t 3~2
S.NO.
APPLICATION S OF ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
Type Applications
----
lh ,u,1 B,u ,n 'l'
~
o.--s-·-
0---S-,"
,1
,1 I
, 1 • I
jJ I 9•
I
T 111
,i , 1 , 1
11 I 1J 1
• I
" I HI
i ,, '3 I U I
I
, 1 • I • I , I ' -1 'I ' I
l.
2.
3.
Deep groove bal l bearu.,g
Self aligning ball bearu1e
Su1glc
Radial and Thrust loads at high speed
Minor axial deviation permitted
row aogu la.r co nta ct ball Heavy axial loads
eoi,..•o;a• ., , '"'91vo,e bearLag
~,_o,.,. 4. Double row angular conta ct bal: Radial loads with heavy axial thrust
,,,__..,.
..__.s..,- 2 :r:1~
,,, 291 1~ 5.
bearing
Spheri cal rollar bea ring Heavy radial Load with axial thrust
..,.r
6. Cyl i11derical roller bearings H~avy radial loads al high speed
--- L'"' ,.; '" sB'. . 7. Radial and axial loads

........ 5 ~~~ il - -'°': I )
8.
Tapor roller bearing
Si ngle thrusl ba ll bearings Axial load in one direction
Axial load in bo,b directioos
...........
c,.....,,,ca1,.o1M 8 ~~ iL '" ~;ijH • ' • U> -u , '" ' - u, ,u, •V' I
9.
10.
Double thrust ball bea rings
Spherical roller lbrusl bearing Heavy axial load al high speed
-
I
, e11 I
_____ _ ____ _ j
TABLE 6.18
'
Series 60 -- ~ Corner Corner Bas;r (N) i ; Maximo.,,~
()nlsidc Abol- Width dill> · ~ c[i;• . Speed DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS
SKF In,idr. Abu•- n,enl (mm), ra.di11> 11 slallc-, l)yii:imlc (RPM), < SERIES 63
0 00
Bearing Jia- mc11t
No. mcl<r dia. on di,. dl1. on ,haft housing Co C
(01ml sh;1fl (n1n1) housi)ng (nunLi~ - - - · -- ISJ No. SKF, lnsitl, ,\ l•u1 1 1
?• ~ Abut- Wi
(mn•) ~ - -- - ""'" bcann~ db ru~ "' ,I,,, mtnl ~D1d1h c;:;,•c, Co,nc1 Bas.ic
N • 101 M
--- - - -- --
24
- R 0.5 O.J 1.9 J.6 2.,,,.,., Nn (nun) tli.1 nn fmn1J J,.,. ,,n .d,.1(t ~D Ul ~1 d1u1 ~ c· _ Spc~d
6000 IU 12 2~ S 0.5 U.l 2.2 •I 2(Xl<XJ :,ft;1(1 hc,u~ing hI 1 Sltlic 1 (RP
OJ Il 14 ~I 26 OJ 2 55 ·1.4 2COOJ (1111111.. __ _ (!'J!"J_ ' • t b,,u,.ng C 111 • Ml
02
6()())
15
17
17
19
11
Jl
JU
3l
9
IO
U.5
0.5
I
OJ
0.6
;85
,.
4.5
4.65
7.Jl
'l~
I" '''"
wvu
IOBr.o:J 6300
128 (0_1 01
IU ,, 1) 31
-
;;
( i,\!I!) mtl _ __• (.~
I 0( I to - -. ; !6()00
12 18 37 31
IO~
04 20 D H )6
11 · I 0.6 5.2 7.8 16001 15BCOJ 02 I.I 21 Jl Il ' 1 H 1!5000
:~
41 J6
05 25 28 47 ~ 12
1.5 1.0 7.1 10.4 IJOOJ I.I I r, I l 1 ~ 8 16COO
~~ ~ 08 40
~45
~~~ ~~- lb
:~ ::~ ~
I.5
: :;:~ :~
1.0 12.7 I6J 10000
178C03 630J
.20BCO
258 0))
04
Q5
I?
10
2.5
l)
27
)1
47
5!
6~
41
4.1
55
1,
15
17
ll
I0
10
I0
IV I
,.1
n
IV~ IJOW
12.5 IJQxl
(:tlJ9 45 50 70
16 15 1.0 1) .7 17 8000
16(1 lflrol
' JO 50 15 llO 75 . 8000 30BOl3 630G JU 37 72 65 19
II 6I 90 84 18 2 1.0 18 22 8000 2 I0 IH 2! 100)1
35DOJ3 07 35 44 80 71 21
60 11 55
60 66 95 89 18 2 1,0 19.J 12.8 8000 lJ I5 11/. /f, mi
•IOBC03 08 41! 49 !XI 81
1J ,
00 94 ,a 1 1.0 21 2 24
6000
23 1.5 IJ .?! )2 IAAXJ
~~ ::~ :~ ~ ~ ::~ ~j ~ 6000

65 71
45BC03 631l'J 4.1 54 100 91 2l
60:1 ;~ 50BC03 10 50 61 I IO 9') 27
2.l 2.0 30 JI 5 >lllOO
~
) l .O 35..5
55BCOJ II l5 66 ':l ,.roi
16 811 125 : l_\9 , _22 ... . 6000
2 , •. ,.• , 1.Q )) )1,j 110 109 29 3 l.l)
.!o:t~;-: ,:· ~~·- ' ·Wff·, '"~~f"' .~~li'~~~ ~ ··-,:41 ·'"fi:5 ,·.E~r "'"~ '
42..5 .lo btru
2
! J..5 ;i.o ,ii ,...JIJO)
19, • 9i . !02 145 138 . . 24 . 2.5 u. 45 9.s S<t.(J.. 3.5 l .O ll n sen,
20''.i: '!fJIJ° : 10
1
't'.SO '•.l'4'.l ,.l2/· . 2:S u""" 45 47.5 4COO' •;· ),;.J. 2.j/ ;AU- .I~-
.JOS .• _,_ I\\ .160 - 1.U- 26 .. 3 2 ·~·" _.54.. · 57 •. 4COO
..
i~:~Jr}~~~: j~itf (~i >~} ·r ti .rt~~'. :\m'.: :--~L ., ,'.-,;1i
4~ · :; ~ws- :;.
-- ~ · : ·;
..
·:,.:;. ,
}'": -,7"-
· , •139· '200· - , ~l!l.k · ;33 1 : 2 8'1.. 8~ ~ '. 4(00 !
•"j ()l -
, is, c- '.1½• ·149· .. ··2io· . ·.211.1- '.·33 · --J ··- · 2 90- 86.5 · = ,
30 - iso 160 i is ·2,.s 35 · 3.f 2 11}j oil 2500 2.5
'!J
' 9}
Ill
' 112 :iooo
6032 160 170 240 230 38 3.5 l 118 I 12 l.500 120 JOO)
2.5 132 j37 3000
34 170 180 260 250 41 3.5 2 143 IJI 2.500
36. Jslf · "li!o llXlO' - 105BCO -632 1 .. ·wi
6038
40
190
WO
100
200
-_i~ J_ 3IO
290
210
280
300
' 46
46
51
J.5
L\
3.5
2
l
l
166
:so
, ,.,j
150
153
!10
2l'OO
WOO
I IIOU<.'Q
120BCO
22
24
110
120
rt 9 -
124
134
·ru
24-0
260
21 1
226
146
49
5U 4 ' 2.5
l .l
l<J
161\
'
1,3
IW
2.500
2.500 I
~l 4 l.5 17(J 163 2.500
TAl!LE : 6.17 6326 130 147 180 26) l8 JV 1% 180 2.500
28 140 157 JOO 283
Series 62
30 150 167 320 303
61
65
).0
J.U
22-t
155
21)1
116
2000
2C'J!) I
~ - --
ISi No. ('Vr. In.side r.but
~ring di:, mW: mcol
Di..
dia.
(ml\J) dia.
-iw
d, Abu1- \\~dlh
meol OD
,h.ft
ndius ,.adiUi
oo on
C,,m:r/Com
er o~Ult: . , 1 ! /O .,.,.i.uHJ
ea,....~ ,.,__ (_ M
. . ., l(ii," 1 TAB LE : 6\ 19
DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS
No. (mm)
on 00 (mm) shaf1 Inousin1
sha!t housin ( mm) St3LiC SER IES 64
ll mml (mm) Co ' D;uan
mml icC
1
1CBC02 6200 10 14 224 4 20COO SKF [n.side A bu lmenl Outside 1\ butmcnl Widlh Corner . •.'orocr L~icDpaci1yN.t10 Mwmum
16 JO 1.6 9 I 0.6
llBC:02 GI 12 0.6 J H 10000 bearing dia.rocler Dia. on dio. Uia on {mm) raJiu.s on radius
15 19 31 1.11 IO I
!SBC:02 01 I 0.6 3 55 6 1 16000 No. (mm) shafl (m,n) (u1m) housine shaft {mm) on ~ti, g>namic. SJ'!,CdRPM
II
r r·\ ?
17 21 35 JI
17BC02 6203 36 12 I 0.6 J4 15 16000 (mm) • housing
20BC02 04 20 26 40 10 6.55 10 16000
4) 41 H L5
258CO: 05 15
JO
JI
36 31 46 15 15 I 0 71 II 13000 - - - - - - - ' - - -- 18 10000
--t~:
30BC02 ~2 16 .I) 1.0 10 15.J IJWO 6403 17 26 6i 8000
35BC02 01 35 42 62 56 ICl'.XJO
2 1.0 13 7 20
·IOBC02 vS 40 47 7l 65 17
10 16 21 s 10000 6404 10 29 72 28.25 noo
J5BC02 6209 Jl l2
57
80
85
1)
78
' 18
19
2
l 1.0 13) 25.5 &XX) 6405 2i 36 80 · )}.5 6JOO
50BC02 10 50 8/;0J
II 55 64 90 83 20 1 1.0 21.2 27.5 64C6 )() 41 90 )2 j 4) 5600
55BCO: 2.5 u 26 34 800) 89 2.1 ll,; SOC()
WBC02 6212 61) 69 100 91 21 6407 Jl 4o 100 :;:i 50
74 I 10 IOI n 2.5 15 32 .w .\()5 IIYXJ 97 27 J 1 .• , 5
65BC02 I) 65 tCOO 6-IOS 40 53 I IO 5~ 5 •500
23 2.5 u 35.5 1
~~
70BC02 IJ JO 79 120 Il l
~
H 2.5 u )9 8-l 6-109 45 l~ 120 70 4000
7l8C02 6215
80BC02 16
75 8-l 125
so 91 130 Ill 25
116
2.5 u 42 5 52 64 10 50 6' i30
:~; I ;5 / ; . ;.~ 78 5 4000
85 96 140 129 26 3 2.0 455 57 5COO i:6 JJ 35 · : I ,11 g., s 3600
85BC:02J 17 3 2.0 55 55 5 40CO 6-111 l .l 69 140
900C02 6218 90 !01 L50 139 28 .jOC(J 1)6 .1 ; J5 , ,o 91.5 )200
95BC02 19 95 !07 IGO 149 JO 3 20 63 75 6412 60 74 Ill!
,IOO'.) 146 )7 35 , 91 100 1800
72 85
l __ __
I BCO )!) Il)J I 12 170 158 32 35 1.0 6-H3 65 7'I 160
I05BCO 6: : 1 105 117 180 IfS 34 35 2.0 81 5 .5 .JOO)
64 I4 7,0 86 1~0 164 42
JUI.(> 120 2800
1n 190 178 J6 3.5 2.0 93 30CI'.)
II OBCO 12 .
120BCO 2J
110
Il0. 132 :uxJ· ISS ~ 3.5 2.0 ICH Ill .JOO)
)C(X) '°' 64 15
f41 6
75
80
91
91,
i\llJ
200
174
lil-1
45
4S
J:?j
I:\:>
L](I
138
._ 2700 .,
2lOO
2lOO
6'.!:o
28
JO
130
1-lQ
150
1"4
154
16-1
215 203
2JO 216
250 236
4U
40
42
3.5
4
·2.0
2.5 I 16
2.5 129 129
in 2500
2.,'00 '°' "' 64 ;7 85 IJ3 ' , J(I IIIO 52
)
)
166 IJ2
32
6'3•
160
170
174
187
no 256 (5
276
,5 I 2.5 143 '
137 2500
l(XXJ
64 18 9(',. ,_:_:''::.ll_j___:.'=
25:....JL--- 2_oi_ , _'.~ - -
L..-- -
290 4 2.5 1.56 143

J6 1/IO 197 ) 10 29) 52 5 JD 19\l 166 200)
lS 190 10i 320 303 52 5 J O :0-t 176 1600
I .u~ - ~ J_l12_j 340 )l) \5 5 J.O ~ ~o ,2e,:: I 1600
JGO 3-:} 5& 5 JLI )(,5 1 1.~ .J@_
TABLE: 6.20
Deep Groove Ball searings ( wllh lllll ng slots)
Series 2 TABLE: 6.22 55

Nx \Ol Max.i1num
Corn er Du1c Self Aligning Ball Bearing
AbulmCnl Ou1side Abut roc nl
Wid1h Corncf Sp«d
lmido
SKf
bcarias diam eter Din. on dia. dit. on (mm) radios
on shaft
radius ou
housing
:".."~ ---- (R PM) Series 2J
housi ng Dynamic, C
No. (mm) , hafl
(mm)
(mm)
(mm) ~· (111m) (mm) Static Co
6.4 9.5 16000 SKF
fo , N o. /sKF No lnsitlc: OuU1t.k Wid1h Ct,, ne, N d O1
2IJJ
2()4
17
20
21
26
-1()
H
)Ii
41
12
14
i
1.l
0,6
I 9.l 14
15
1400'.l
12t)X)
be111ing
cylindrica l
fa t
bear in '
wi1~
t Jm>"cr
mm
t~
mm)
lffllll) ,,diw
(mmj
0 IJK
C,p.1t 11 7 ; tuimum
(:,.~I
1.5 ! 11.4
l05 25 31 .52 46 Ll 1()00) bo re !ape , \I JI re O:,n Jn11c.
I 1.5.7 21
36 62 .56 16. 1.5
206 JO 21 28 8000 bore Co C
n 65 17 .2 I
'l/11 3.5 42
I 26 JJ 7100 , -:230
=-l-t=::.._-+_1_2-/f- )7- ~17- 1 - -1.l.J
208 40 47 so 7J 18 2
1 28.l Jl 7 100 9.1 16QJO
109 45 52 8.1 78 19 2 Ol 15 42 17 1.J
l I JO )6.5 6JOO l)l IJJ l)(XX)
210 50 57 90 83 2Q o3 17 47 I? Il ,11
91 21 25 IJ · 38.6 44.l 5600 11.l )Jin)
211 55 64 . 100
101 u 2.l l.l ~?j 54 5000 23(l-1 2J04 K 20
?U 60 69 110 52 21 l.l
I ll- 23 2.5 l.l 57 64 4.IOO 05 05 K 2l
14 IOOOO
2U, 65 74 120 62 24 7.6l 19 IOC(.(J
79 125 116 1A 2.l I.S 61 67 4500 06 06 K JO n 21
·214 70 IOl
i,, 121-, ., i.s 65 70 4000 24.l 8000
! 02il!.i
216 .. .
is.
80
...... -~';.,... -_..·--
. .
l!A... ,,,1.;iJi~,,
9F 14ll
25
i29 · ·""ii;' .
• 2~
' 3 • 2 ··11~ .•
·-·
82·.. , ·,\ ,W, C': •• t T" "·,
lJOJ
08
2307 K
08 K
3l
40
80
90
JI U 13.2
:-,} . 33 2.S 16
•-=· ' ·- "''='119.. . . _;~K 100 36 ~ ,, _
196 ·
, 0 , la.IQ,.; 23!9 K 50
ll llK ll
·~_._·,_.., r .., .,. _:'.··_;).fl,_f
·. f_.• j'.J~. . · ...;.:.{i~-;~ ;:-- ">J..-J) [( 60
· 1· • .~'·· : ·.~ )J. :(tl~rt \~,:~.. 65
. 14 70
1 LI ll K 7.i
SKF No. SKF No. Insi de Ou1side Widtb Corner Bi.sic , N x IQ. _ , Ml,Ximum l6 l6 K 80
for fo r · diame1e r Uia, (mm) radius Ca aci t _ _ Si?Ced .
taiing bCa1iog. (mm )
li.acL-iical with
(rum) (m m) 11S ta1ic
Co
(RPM) grnaniic 23 l7
18
ZJl7 K
18 K
85
90
180
190
62
bore taper 695
bore TABLE : 6.23
,~,
2200 10 30 1' \ l.61 l .7 20000
01 12 32 14 J l 5.85 20000 Single Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings
02 15 35 14 ! 116 ,\ i6000 Serie s 72 ll
:! I
2203 ll 40 l6 I I 2.8 160(,J
2201 K 20 47 . 18 1.5 3.9 9.8 . 16000 r--- - -- - · - -~~~---
04 11s 1 No. SKF
In.side Outsid e Wii.llh Angular Cor ner I\Aial U:uic N.1 IOl Mi:umum
05 Ol K l.l 52 18 1.l , .25 9.! ·IJOOO
bea , int: diame1 e, tfo. (mm) rai.J iu.~ mliw J islmce Ca pl!Cil) Speed
No (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) r:idius - -r=---:- (RPM )
2106 1206 K } 62 20 l.l l.6 12 [JOOJ Crnlre S1a1ic Dynamic,
07 07 K 35 72 23. l 8 17 10000 1 - -- - - 1 - - 1 - - . 4 _ _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ ,__,~(n_ un~) - ~C_o_ _,_c:____ ~
OS OS K 40 80 23 2 9 15 17.6 10000
ll BA 02 7201 B 15 ll 11 05 \ (1 J.7!i 6J iX'OJ
17BAC2 OJ B 11 40 11 I 08 18 4 Jl 1.8 13(.(.1)
2209 2209 Y. ,5 85 2) l 10 2 18 soco l.t I5 OS 21 6 5S JO.a 10000
20BA02 0-1 B 20 4)
Ill lO K lO w 23 2 10,8 18 !9XO
11 11 K 55 JOO ll l .l 12.7 10.8 soco l.l BA Ol 7205 B 2l ll ll I.I u.s 1, 78 11.6 J{.u..\J
J0BA02 06 B JO 62 1,. ll II.Ii )) Ill 16 1(1.'l.' 1
2212 22 12 K 60 1io 28 2.l 16 16.5 60CO J5 BA0l 07 B )5 71 ll I JI 15 J H.7 S
lJ 13 K 65 120 3·i 2.l :o., }I 6000
14 70 l25 31 2.l 2 1.6 345 .SWJ SU 18 \.I 19 !.S SIA"C
-:06 A01 7208 B <IO
15 19 )) !Z IO 28 60(..()
2215
16
l'i
22 15 K
16 K
17 K
75
80
85
130
140
150
31
33
36 '·
1.l
3
J
22A
l.l
]I)
31.J
JS
, 1.5
=
5COO
4(X)J
•l BAOl
l 0BA02
09 B
IO O
45
50 90 1lJ
ll I?
J9
<J
2)6
JU
29
J6.l
liOOJ
6,.'(I)
55 BA02,. 72l I 8 ll lr<l 11 36.5 ~ !COO
;"J I~ -17
608A0l 11 8 /~ I IO ll
2218 221 K 90 160 40 3 21 1.5 U 50 '-' l(I J-OW
3-1 55 4(00 65BA02 13 B 65 i: O
19 19 K 95 170 43 3.l lJ 65.J 4(X)J
l.l u ll J)_\ 5-1 l-000
20 20 K 100 l!IO 46 ll ll 76.J . JCOO 708A 02 71 14 B 10 Ill 1< lO l6 -IOOll
130 2.5 12 56
7l8A0l ll q 7l ll j) 63 4000
U11 .. . 105 . 190 ] IJ jO
50 3.J 56 •5 . 3000 80 BA0l 16 P 80 i-lO lo
)l 2121 K 110 200 lJ 3.l 6' ?8 JCOO ll 65.l 71 <000
ilO l~ 10.1 SJ -i<XXI
85BA01 72 17 B 8l J 1.\
1(,0 JO \!It 95 3()10
')()BAOl IR 8 90 Jj
J71l 31
95BA02 19 B 9l
}I Jj 16 y) 101 JOO()
IOOBAOJ 7l~Oo 100 ISO J6 Jl liO 1'1-l 110 2.lOO
;Ql8A02 721 1 8 105 . ; : J,I Jl _} 5; --~- _..!_1!:_~
l!J(JBAIJZ Z:1. 8, -~-"-' ~~-U..:-'--·-- - --·-
58
Double Thrust Bali Bearing
Setl~i S23
·. . . 5· .1 ·J'h 10 J . Maximum
S K F Inside dt 0 u ts i H d1 r a
', .B 11 , c, .s ·ee4
de DI·. (mm) ~mln) (mm) (mm) (mm) ICaoli~IIY · _ _ _;..... RPPM .
beariag Dia d (m · ~Dynamic
No. (mm) m) (mm) · mm) C ·
l-----+-- -+- - · ~- ·· - ----+---1-----t -
29 3(>(X)
27 1.5 1.5 50·
52305 2S 20 52 }4
2800
·l.5 I.~ 6).5 33.J .
06 30 25 62 38 J2 . 9
1.5 86 43.7 2500
07 35 30 68 44 37 10 1.5
Jj u 109 53.5 if,00

08 40 · 30 71! 49 42 J.2
52· 47 ti I.S 1-.5 136 66.2 2000
()CJ . 4.S 35 85
79 .8 16QO
52:310 50 4-0· 95 58 -52 . 14 2 163
55 4) 105 64 · 57 L5 2 l 200 92 .5 1400

11
12 . 60 50 110 64 62 15 ·2 .. 213 . 96 1400
U · 65 55 115 · 65 67 15 2 231 99.8 · 1~
;; .
. . •':: t . ~~-' :;j }9,i, } \ .. l~:. :: ~?·· :.'.·~··H:.;~ ·:}{ >:2-,5:

:!
34() :·· : .,{ ~~ , .:{,~:;~. ::"·:.
· \J ·• :~;,~~~: :r; i'.~r! a

t''
~~IJj;1it;1 Ji :i , 1!1
l20 ~: ·· ~~'·' 11·'._
l:2J301'b·' ' :~ · -·~; ~.5
'1, ~:rff ~t!~tf.
!.s. ·, ~: · ~; · ·:
:.·
~ - 130 )t.o , m D4 JD 1.s 1.s B4J 281 · . 630
I 28 . l 140 p20 I 240~ilL4P I i44 I 3i 3.5 3.5 980 304 630
Double T~rus t [fall Bearings
. Series 522
_ _ _ ...___ _ _ r---
;z-1,
r
S Ins ide d, - Ou 1siu dz a r r1
U a s _i c,N x 102 Maximum
bearing lJ,a d (mm) D i a (m (mm) (mm) (mm) Cara
Cilt_ . S p C Cd
No
mm )
( (mm) .~im)
~
nc:-c
STa t, c o Dyniirnic RI' M
t----
C
m02 15 10 )2
~ -· -I-'-- - - ' - -·- 1
OA 12.2
1 15 2 5 I 0S 8000
40
0-1 7.0 15 3I 17.J

05 25 20 47 . 26 20 2 (, I 0.5 6000
4 1.5 21.6 6(XX)
28 2S.2 l I' 0.5
52206 JO 25 52 4S
62 29 302 7 I
228 601.'.(J
07 ]5 JO 0.5 64
34 35.2 30 5 5000
]() (.S 8 l . .'i 0.5 76.5
73 >6 40 .2 9 1.5 34 .5 5 Xl
35 I
]7
f\6 ,5 ~ -5
40 78 45 .2 9 1.5 I 4000
9 1.5 37 .5
39 50.2 9 1.5 I 4()(XJ
~5 90
IJ 55
50 ')5 45 55 2 10 1.5 1.5 1-1 57
55 100 4<, 60.2 10 1.5 1.5 I.~( 8,5
55 IU5 47 65 .2 10 1.5 1. 5 25<Xl.
I(iO
60 110 47 70.t 10 u 60 25
1.5 17.
41 hi
75 .2 10 1.5 u 250()
65 115
I ' 62
70 125 4lt 811? 10 I.S 1.5 2000
22
n IJ5 55 8~ ..' 12 I.S 1.5 27()
75 2()00
85 150 62 90.l · 12 2. 91..5 .
1.5 3-io- __114 20JO
67 100.2 IS 2 u· - -- 1(-00
.
TAB LE: ~33 ,. ·:. ·f., i;i .-.,
Cyli.n d r ic~il Roller Beaii-ings
Wll
speed
(RFM
Inuef 'C
t~:::C:
Co
(inlD) I
16.3 13000
32 -12..2 13000 .
u 23.6
I
18
1..5
I 38.5 17'.6
28 .. 36 1<XXlO
w
!.r-:u 230.s i~
i 23 2 I
I
43..8
33.5 41.5 1cxx5o

2306JO i I ..,,. I
I
50 45 8000
I 23 55 36 8000
~7: 35 23 2 I 6().4 · 39
46.5
I.
JNL' 230,· j :.v SI() I 2J 2 i

I 54 8000
lLYl
; '·
II 66.5 46.5 600()
::309 i "-' i
/ 25 2-? 73.5 62 71
so 2.5 I &:PJ ·
.:J ]li :
l 10 I
83
1'2D i 4J
85 I Il 2831 I j
2.5 Ii
79.6 75
;NL, ~JI ;: ::5 l 06 i 50()()
1.30 I j 88 88
23 i 2 !
;,{) I .iQ 84.5
::n · os J '1() I ~'<
l22
'
i
i 31 I 2.5
88.5 86.5 98 5000
i 31 2.5 112 . 5000
l 4D !
j. 33 ·! 3
I
I
95.3 102
L1 :::!,I i i(•
2215 j -:-5
l.:SO
lw I 5S~;
I
173
190
!
:· 36 I
!
i
3
'
i 3 101.8 129 4000
·4000
,~1 . ' .',\ [70 120
13-7 .150
- - C i d\J I
I
I
I
I
I
40 i' 3 II J 107 1·
1-80 4000
I i I I ! 3.5 3.5 1 13.5 166
IN U 2~17 i ib I 180
I 6-1 6{) I 43 I I
I 22 18 j 9() i 190 j !
I I
I
3.5 120 200 3e(X)
I :'.1 19 ! 9s I 200 67 46
i
3.5 I
2.50 3000'
i .53 . 3.5 ! 3.5 1325
!Nu 2220 / 100 I 2 1s 73 58
I 3.5 r 3..5 143.5 I
I
285 -· 3000
/ ?22.211 10
2224 LW /: .80
86
64 i 1.56 15
I
j 305
365
2500
2SOO
NU 2'726 , 130 ji 280 93
6& I 4
4
169
182 ~ I :430 2500
73
. 300 ! 102
l ~! !~: / :r:.o / 10s
..,
,..
. ~: .. •, ..
61
TABiE: .6.34
Needle Bearing
NA 49 Series
•
15 2U IJ U.5 9.4 20000

17 22 L) 0.5 9.7 18~ .
20 25 17 0.5 18.5 Io000
22 ~ 17 U.5 21J. i
14000
25 30 17 0..5 20.813000
28 32 1'7 0.5 21.5 12000
30 35 17 0.5 · 22.1 J iO<Xi
32 40
140 . ''40 :·. 2 ·1'44 .

165 45 2 210
TAifLE :-6.35
Needle Bearings _
Series NA 69
- - - - - - - - ~ -- - - -- - - - -- - -·--- - -
c.fun11le Row of Needles \
SKF Inside F Outside Width r Ba.sit Capa Max.

bearing No. Dill .d {mm) Dia. B (mm) ii~ Speed
(mm) D(mm) (mm} Nx 10 RPM
S1~1ic Dyna
Co . rnic
C
1 - - - __ _._ .__ - -- - + - --;- - - -L-- ~ - t - - L-- - · --1-- - 1
20 2S 2J 0.5 14J 15.1 20000

NA 69 02 15
LJ) 17 22 30 23 0.5 16.1 16.J 18000
04 20 25 37 30 0.5 27.5 29 .5 16000
28 J') 30 0.5 295 31 14000
69 / 22 21
30 42 30 0.5 3 1.5 32.) 13000
05 25
45 30 0.5 33 5 34 12000
69 /28 28 32
]5 ~7 30 0.5 3S 36.5 I 1000
06 JO _ L__...l- -'----'-----'l
[___Q~_uble row of nee(J_les ~--,- - --~--- -

52 36 45.5 41 I0000
!NA 69/32 32 4-0 9000
07 35 42 55 Yi 47.5 41
48 62 40 (,4 58 8000
08 40
52 68 40 63 60 8000
09 45
58 72 40 I 74 62 7000
10 50
85 45 1.5 liJ I 81 . 600()
12 60 68
80 100 54 U .b45 1IJ 5000
14 70
90 IHI · 54 1.5 IW 11 9 ~
16 80
05 125 6J 2 ~28 151 4000
18 90 ~- .. - . -- ·-·- ··---· ... --- --·--
--·"·-··, -·--··
. 6.36
TAB IE
, . s
- Ni:e
- di c Bearing
-- · · null\
R
NA 49 Series __ . __ .- --.;.r~:;. ·-
1 )
-
...
- - -~ O'' IY•-1aXJI
~~~,.i~'~Dyna
y. N-~
.d Sf' C~ J
RPM
1
_____ d u1~1 c (m111 •
IJ SKI-Nu (m:11 Dia D) (11,111 )

bcilfllll( ( 111m
13
S~~~IC
__ .:::__
lrnic
- -
~-.. -----1
2.5()(XJ
. - f- .~
------ 16
1
I ---
2~ I3 0055 b.
78 9tU4 2) OOOO
or.,~,
OV\N
NA ~9 UI o 28 13 H.2 ~-7. 16000 0
02 - 3 0.5 I!!.5 ,NVl
22 3C I I--1 .9 I '+VIN
Ol 2l l7 Ir Oj 16,9 201 13ll00 '
49 Q4
~
'lU
39 J7 0.5
5
'17.9 20.8 I= 'l/V,/'I
/21 l11
05 32
42
45
Ii1
I17I7
0.,0. 18.9
I9.9
l LI 11 00(\
!0000
,49(28 35 Q.5
49132
06
~
4i
47
52 ~ I . 26.5
275
·
9000
8QOO
07 48 55 20 37.5 8000
08 52· 62 22 39.5
09 2
. - '58 68 i22 42.5
.,. -~ .. 49 I IO. ...68 11. .,... · . . ··- 57
· J.:5
. ... . .. .. :. ~-- 12 80 85' " 25 - .84 . . . .
-~i ..J , 00 3() . 1.5 - " . ~ .=.~ a C
·--~· <~.
·. I : ..
·~:::
. ' , ,.,~.
,.,. , .. :.,, ,,.
~ .··· '·, kf:iiOC"7
.:·,,~4:.N_
2 i·1;;::~t40:f:f
_f1 \;~r"'_,,;;,_;f'_' ' 'x!
&lOO N\.·, ct
4
"' " oa. " 6i 4<1 1 68 60
09 52
10 -5s 68
n 40 I 74 62 -7000
68 85 45 , 1.5 101 ~l 6000
12 80 100 54 1.5 145 113
14 90
16 110· 54 u 160 11 9
1& 10s 1_25 63 L:.J_=-:::....:.1_...:.__-L.
2 228 1~ ) _4000
_
TABLE: 6.37
Need le Thru s1 Roll er Bearings
NK X R Series
M 0
0
r SKF I
-
<.Ir . lll siu e DJ L
H .a
Bearing (m m) Dia(D) ( mm (mm) (nim Dasie C.apacity N x 10 2
(mm) (mm (
No. (mm) min Static - ··-- -ITna,lllc Max_m
Radial
--:..:..:. -·- -
Axia l Ra ial . . Axiaf
·--- - -- Co Co~
NKXR 15 15 24 28.2 C
9 2J 25.2 65 Ca
17 05 7.5
.J7 26 30.2 12.2I 9.5
20 9 25 27.2 10.S
8 0.5 6500
25 w 3(J JS 10 30
8.7 IJ.1. 10.5
30.7 10.5 11
0.5
39 2.~ 37 44 11 30 39.7
IJ S 2(,
ll4
3S 9.5 19. 1
30 42 49 16.8 40.5
40 II 30 44 .7 16.6
9.5 2-5 ..5
4S" 35 47 ss 12
19.B 45
30 50.7 9 19.8 27
.50 40 .52 22.7
61 '13 32 49 .5
61.7 IO 21.4 31.5
45 58 2.5.5 250()
71.4 14 32 99
67.2 9 22.9 53
.50 62 76.4 _14 28.5 'UXX)
35 91
72.2 10 2(2 53
40 10]
180()
33.l 56 1600
OJ
TABLE 7.1
CONVERSION ' TABLES
QUANTITY CONVERSION FROM MKS TC SI

1..-- - - - -------·--,- - -t- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - ·---~
force & weight 1 Kgf = 9.81 Newtons
Torque 1 Kgf - m = 9.81 N - m
Power 1 HP = 736 W = 736 J/s = 736 N-:-m/s
1 Kgf- m/s = 9.81 W
2
Pressure,· stress 1 Kgf/mm = 9.81 N/mm 2 == 9.81 MPa
(1 MPa == 10 N/m = 6 2
N/mm 2 )
1 mm of Hg = 133.30 N/m2 = 133.3 Pa
... ' .,.
.. . . · 1. atm. = .10 L3 x 10 3 N/m2 ..
~
. -~-~~~·: ·~·::~>/. :::· :;·:=t .. ·. _.··~:-.::. ·:._._·. ;' _;:.:::·~_: ..j~;./:;·\i ··,_.: : : ...;_
,; ') 'I\ '
.·,.•;.-:: .... .; , : :.·
.. - -- .. - ·- . •' .. -:...:J . ~ . : •t
Specific he!lt I 1 Kcal/k

~ g--oc = < 1U
"f,J 0'7
, ' /11·..g K
.J J. ~
Heat. flow rate i'°Kcal ihr ~ 1.i63 W

Ther_~ al conductivity
Httal transfer coeff.
1 KcaVm hr °C = 1.163 W/m- K
I K~I /hr m2 °C = 1. 163 W/m K
2 J
2
D ynamic Viscos ily . 1 Pog;e = 0.0102 Kgf = 0.100 N.S / m = 0.1 P::i.S
1 Kgf . sec ;-di2 = 9.81 N.S / m 2 I
3
1 C.p. = 10 - Pa . S
Kinematic Viscosit y 1 stokes = l cm 2 /s. = 10 -

4
m2/s
1 CS = 10 -· 6 1 m!s
1 Kg/ hr- hp "" 1.36 Kg/ KW- hr
Specific fu el consumpti o~1_ _ [
- - - - - - - - - ------ -
Where
MPa = Mega Pascal
KJ = Kilo Joul es
CP = Ceoti Po ise
.:...:...._=-=-::.=.:..::.::.:.:.:..::___
CS Ce nti slake · __________ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______

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S.No.

Table No Chapter Page Page No.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMONLY USED MATERI ALS

APPRO X1 MATE, RELATIONSHI PS BETWEEN STRENGTHS

Sr. M ateriaJ s .,..... Seb Seb

PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS CROSS SECTIONS ADOPTED FOR BEA.~1 .

Di/2 8 Ss at ou_ter circum- .

Zp1 = ¾b2 h m(b 2 +h2)L T ~b + h

1. 66-72 5.5 - 7.0 Diesel engine with 14-17

S.No Type Pressure, MPa

I 1. Four stroke petrol 0.60 lo 1.40

1. Petrol cnv,inc 0.24 0.32

3 1\vo stroke diesel engine

3. I rractor diesel engines I 1.1 -1.3 P1 [ R ( I - R r- 1) + p (I', r - I)+ R' (p

TABLE3.8 3. Indicated specific fuel JSFC= BS FC

, 3. Automobile diesel engi", 6.5 _ 12

' J 5-}, lo~statie nary com'pressio~

where, ignition engines.

GPRESSURE IN A SLIDING/ ROLL1NG BEARINGS.

::: \501 22. Side clearance of piston ring Upper grooves

Vs 1) Air cooled engines

c) Thermal stress criteria, S1 ,MPa

l;>o - , for - - - > 6 nun Air cooled engines 1.15 - 1.36

~·. •• ,· !_.... _1,!\.

Major 1' Minor Major Mincn. ,

B~l 111 a:, = Ma.J um bending ll!Omeot oo connecting rod

I. Piston (W 1) ,all 80-150 CONNEC11NG ROD MATERIALs / CAP

Journals and pin

Ni, Cr, Mo stetll (SAE 4340)

2. Outer diameter of small ends , dpo,rum SAE 1045 627-780

l,i> = (0.055- 0.085) dp NI-: Cast Iron 350-5252

f;Ota1sire C":'P!r..,C\f. ,:f> ,ia I ~-.! ifffro, t ?~"t}tr~t~t~f .~ ·-1.

- ~ UC • ;~~ r;~:-J.~ ~r~ . c;l\ ~t~l~"'~' . . _

SI. No. DR IVEN MACHJNERY TYPE OP DRIYe

d) H1•b Proportions bh = 2ds

.~.j;jJjr.'. t;:i: ~:'}Je;,.·i ;.;,:' :. :'.·;\~;:~~1,i~~~~~=-,:,;.~t~~ii~·ffo £~~1[)~@L;-. D = :Bore"biiuneter;mfu·

IL,, mm ( Inlet /exhaust),mm L.. = ~

dp = Port diameter for inlet /rxbaust valve,rnm

D Diameter of cylli!der, mm 2. Lift of Cam , Le, mm I-< - L

5, Nose radius of cam , rn ,mm

2. I Roller width ,OR, mm bR = (0.3 - 0.5) dR

-\·-·_,:;,-~ ;: .,r:~i£ti;.iI cJ·lh \iifu)--: ,;~,~;:;:~};~:t~. : ·:,i:;:;+;;:",:~,tf~:"'-"'· ·' '' ~.;;··.

- P I C .·.-·,,::__ · . _. ~I = .\!alueofTemperaturorise~ble (fig :6.9 )

. Mckee relation for coefficient or frictjoo, µ ' -2(Zn , .r +K

No 4. 1:li.ick.ness of bearinng shells, t. ·, mm.

7. Eccentricity factor or attitude e r = 2 e / c ,;, 1-2 ho/c

3 ~ -1r-::3~.63-:--r-- o.6-2. o babbil bearin11s

Main 0.7-1.9 2-16 14.0 0001 1.0-2 6680--66800

"l. Cast Iron Low friction, low cost, develops

9. Moulded Plaslic Low friclior>, clean ! Low loads if used at

~ o., .... , ... ....... - ---

:, w.~, ;>~i,~~;~;;~;~; ~;~~:: :!~¼'•>

FI G_ 5 _ pr r.:-;s ur~. Jeg ~

11'.w,1 - BEARIIK: CH!JW,'TERISTICliU

·i~i'-if£i~I;..; -i:l.:\,:··;. ;£~~jf~1]4.~~i;I-=-., ,..

J.O i.o 1.0 e.o 10

~-' cl~==t~~=t=+~~-+r. l];:t11f t-1-=J[IIJ

:. :;,,_·\,,~•u,. ;_w, ,;~;i~ijiij~i;

0,01 0.02 O. ~ / 0, 08 0.10

-- ~f ,.....- lUffllAllllE, 't

SI. DESCR IP'flON

I. Eqvivalcnl bearu1g load, Fe, N Pc = Cc1 C. ( C, X Pr + Y Pa) Co , Cp

- -. - .. . n =.;J, Jor baU bearings =':.10(3:,''for.roUerbearin~.

3 Conslaot mean loaJ, Fm,N 3 J 3 11/ 3

.~.j;jJjr.'. t;:i: ~:'}Je;,.·i ;.;,:' :. :'.·;\~;:1,i~~~=-,:,;.~t~~ii~·ffo £~~1[)~@L;-. D = :Bore"biiuneter;mfu·

~-' cl~==t=t=+-+r. l];:t11f t-1-=J[IIJ