Words in Context - for reading and writing

part 1

1. “Support” words (positive)

- to support/strengthen (지지하다, 입증하다)
• espouse, corroborate, bolster, buttress, substantiate, endorse
- a perfect example (standard)
• paragon, epitome (epitomize), paradigm, archetype, canon, canonical
2. “Describe” words (neutral)
- to describe (묘사하다)
• depict, delineate,
- descriptive
• vivid imagery, gurative & metaphorical
- elaborate
• to add details to (더 자세히 이야기하다)
3. “Oppose/disapprove” words (negative)
- to oppose/disapprove (반대하다)
• discredit, disclaim, refute, disallow, contradict, skeptical, oppose, demur, rebu
- - to prevent/avoid (~을 예방하다/방지하다)
• preempt, preclude, forestall, deter, ward o
- - to avoid (안 좋은 일 등을 피하다)
• to eschew, avert
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 4. Praise vs. Criticize

- Verb Group
• Praise (positive)
- formal:
• applaud, approve, commend, eulogize, exalt, extol, hail, laud, rhapsodize, tout
- casual:
• blow horn, pu up
• Criticize (negative)
- formal:
• admonish, berate, chide, castigate, censure, disdain, disparage, denunciate,
derogate, excoriate, indict, impugn, impeach, inveigh, lambast, ostracize,
reprimand, reproach, reprehend, rebuke, reprobate, reprove, revile, scold,
stigmatize, upbraid, vilify, vituperate
- casual:
• dress down, roast, saddle, smear
- Noun Group
• Praise (positive)
- formal
• acclaim, accolade, approbation, encomium, eulogy, esteem, exaltation, extolment,
plaudit, reverent, paean
- casual
• kudos, rave
• Criticism
- formal:
• aspersion, harangue, calumny, diatribe, denigration, impeachment, impugnment,
inculpation, libel, pugnacity, slander, recrimination, tirade, vituperation,
excoriation, caustic, derogatory, malediction
- criticism adjective group
• pejorative, astringent, litigious.
- Terms that need contextual understanding
• internecine: mutually destructive → 같은 편끼리 싸우는 것, 팀킬
• mudslinging: to ght in the mud; to criticize each other → 개싸움
• recrimination: to accuse back as a reply to an attack → 맞고소, 대응하여 비난
• invective: to speak in a sarcastic way; to belittle → 꼽주다. 비꼬아 말하다, 우롱하다
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 5. simple vs. complex
- concise, simple (usually positive)
• laconic, succinct, brevity, austere, pithy, economical
- complicated / hard to understand (negative)
• convoluted, byzantine, labyrinthine, arcane, murky, obscure, enigmatic
• esoteric, recondite: known by only few (소수의 사람들만 알고 있는 특별한 지식, 비밀)
• jargon: specialized language: 특정 직업군의 사람들만 쓰는 업자 용어
6. Open vs. Hidden
- Open, clear
• lucid, overt, translucent, explicit, unequivocal
- hidden
• clandestine, cryptic, surreptitious, ulterior, latent, furtive
• eclipse (v): to cover / hide something so that it no longer looks important
- indirect; unclear
• unclear: ambiguous (with multiple interpretations possible), equivocal, subtle
• indirect: circuitous, meandering, tortuous, oblique, insinuating
• ambivalent: having both positive and negative feelings simultaneously →웃프다,
bittersweet
• circumlocution: indirect speech (돌려 말하기[까기])
• prevarication: making excuse, lie (변명, 거짓말)
7. Certainty, con dence vs. doubtful, skeptical
- 확신, 자신감: certitude, assurance, swagger, conviction
- 단호한, 강한: emphatic, solemn, vehement, indubitable
- perfect, not blameable
• infallible, irrefutable, irreproachable, above reproach, impeccable, unimpeachable,
incontrovertible, indubitable, substantive
- 의심하는: agnostic, dubious, cynical, questionable, skeptical
- changing minds, random, unsure
• 변덕스러운
- whimsical, mercurial, capricious, arbitrary
• 본능적인, 충동적인
- visceral, intuitive, impulsive
• 우유부단, 갈팡질팡, 소신없는
- wavering, vacillate, oscillate
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 8. Authentic vs. fake(진 - 짭)

- 진: bona- de, veracious, genuine
- 짭: apocryphal, spurious
• travesty, ersatz: a bad representation, imitation ↔ paragon, epitome
• facade: outward appearance (false front) 허세
• specious, gilded, veneer: looking nice but false (겉만 그럴듯한)
• verisimilitude: similar to real stu , but it’s not (그럴싸한, 진짜같아 보이는)

9. Sensible & logical vs. unreasonable & absurd

- 지혜로운, 현명한: acumen, astute, judicious, prudent, sagacious, discreet, perspicacity
- 댕댕이 소리 (illogical): non sequitur, sophistry, balderdash, hogwash, ludicrous,
preposterous

- logical, relevant: be tting, felicitous, congruous, correlated, germane, pertinent,

consonant
- irrelevant, unrelated: extraneous, impertinent, tangential, incongruous

10. Happy vs. …not really

- joyous, happy
• blissful, elated, enraptured, rapturous, exhilarated, enchanted, jubilant, gleeful,
mirthful, euphoria
- angry, violent, cruel
• furious, infuriated, enraged, fuming, livid, rabid, wrathful, indignant, irate, tumultuous
- sad
• lugubrious, deplorable, melancholy, dolorous, doleful
- overly sentimental
• maudlin, lachrymose, mawkish
• saccharine, treacly: overly sweet, overly sentimental
- “매우 달다” 단어들의 connotation: “너무 감성적인, 쉽게 우는”
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