MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LAB- 1

LABORATORY MANUAL
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Prepared by
S.PRAKASH
Assistant Professor (Gr-II)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 VINAYAKA MISSION’S RESEARCH FOUNDATION
AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Name of the lab : Manufacturing Technology Lab -1

Lab Courses offered:

(Regulation 2017)

Sl.No Course Code Courses Offered Programme Year/Sem

Manufacturing II/III
1. 17MECC81 Mechanical
Process Lab

Prepared by : S.PRAKASH
Assistant Professor (Gr-II)
Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Approved By : Prof. L.PRABHU

Head of the Department
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Exercise on plain turning and facing of given cylindrical MS specimen.

2. Exercise on step turning and chamfering.
3. Exercise on taper turning of given specification on a cylindrical specimen.
4. Manufacture of external or internal threads of given specification on a
cylindrical Specimen.
5. Exercise on step turning with knurling of given specification on a cylindrical
specimen
6. Exercise on drilling, boring and reaming on the given MS plate.
7. Exercise on eccentric turning in lathe on a given specimen.
8. Exercise on drilling with internal thread on a given specimen.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
EXPT. NO: EXPERIMENTS NAME
NO.

Study of Lathe 1

1 Facing and Plain Turning 10

2 Step Turning and Chamfering 12

3 Taper Turning 14

4 External Threads Cutting 17

5 Step Turning with Knurling 19

6 Drilling, Boring and Reaming 21

7 Eccentric Turning 23

8 Drilling with Internal Thread 25

Viva Questions and Answers 27

 STUDY OF LATHE
INTRODUCTION

Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the world. It is commonly
known as the mother of all other machine tool. The main function of a lathe is to remove metal from a job
to give it the required shape and size. The job is secure1y and rigid1y held in the chuck or in between
centers on the lathe machine and then turn it against a single point cutting tool which wi1l remove meta1
from the job in the form of chips. Fig. 1 shows the working principle of lathe. An engine lathe is the most
basic and simplest form of the lathe. It derives its name from the early lathes, which obtained their power
from engines. Besides the simple turning operation as described above, lathe can be used to carry out
other operations also, such as drilling, reaming, boring, taper turning, knurling, screw thread cutting,
grinding etc.

Fig.1. Working principal of lathe machine

CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE MACHINE

A simple lathe comprises of a bed made of grey cast iron on which headstock, tailstock, carriage and
other components of lathe are mounted. Fig. 2 shows the different parts of engine lathe or central lathe.
The major parts of lathe machine are given as under:
1. Bed
2. Head stock
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Feed mechanism
6. Thread cutting mechanism

1
 Fig.2 Different parts of engine lathe or central lathe

Bed

The bed of a lathe machine is the base on which all other parts of lathe are mounted. It is massive and
rigid single piece casting made to support other active parts of lathe. On left end of the bed, headstock of
lathe machine is located while on right side tailstock is located. The carriage of the machine rests over the
bed and slides on it. On the top of the bed there are two sets of guideways-innerways and outer ways. The
inner ways provide sliding surfaces for the tailstock and the outer ways for the carriage. The guideways of
the lathe bed may be flat and inverted V shape. Generally, cast iron alloyed with nickel and chromium
material is used for manufacturing of the lathe bed.

Head Stock

The main function of headstock is to transmit power to the different parts of a lathe. It comprises of the
headstock casting to accommodate all the parts within it including gear train arrangement. The main
spindle is adjusted in it, which possesses live centre to which the work can be attached. It supports the
work and revolves with the work, fitted into the main spindle of the headstock. The cone pulley is also
attached with this arrangement, which is used to get various spindle speed through electric motor. The

2
back-gear arrangement is used for obtaining a wide range of slower speeds. Some gears called change
wheels are used to produce different velocity ratio required for thread cutting.

Tail Stock

Fig. 3 shows the tail stock of central lathe, which is commonly used for the objective of primarily giving
an outer bearing and support the circular job being turned on centers. Tail stock can be easily set or
adjusted for alignment or non-alignment with respect to the spindle centre and carries a centre called dead
centre for supporting one end of the work. Both live and dead centers have 60° conical points to fit centre
holes in the circular job, the other end tapering to allow for good fitting into the spindles. The dead centre
can be mounted in ball bearing so that it rotates with the job avoiding friction of the job with dead centre
as it important to hold heavy jobs.

Fig.3 Tail stock of central lathe

Carriage

Carriage is mounted on the outer guide ways of lathe bed and it can move in a direction parallel to the
spindle axis. It comprises of important parts such as apron, cross-slide, saddle, compound rest, and tool
post. The lower part of the carriage is termed the apron in which there are gears to constitute apron
mechanism for adjusting the direction of the feed using clutch mechanism and the split half nut for
automatic feed. The cross-slide is basically mounted on the carriage, which generally travels at right
angles to the spindle axis. On the cross-slide, a saddle is mounted in which the compound rest is adjusted
which can rotate and fix to any desired angle. The compound rest slide is actuated by a screw, which
rotates in a nut fixed to the saddle. The tool post is an important part of carriage, which fits in a tee-slot in

3
the compound rest and holds the tool holder in place by the tool post screw. Fig. 4 shows the tool post of
centre lathe.

Fig.4 Tool post of centre lathe

Feed Mechanism

Feed mechanism is the combination of different units through which motion of headstock spindle is
transmitted to the carriage of lathe machine. Following units play role in feed mechanism of a lathe
machine-
1. End of bed gearing
2. Feed gear box
3. Lead screw and feed rod
4. Apron mechanism

The gearing at the end of bed transmits the rotary motion of headstock spindle to the feed gear box.
Through the feed gear box, the motion is further transmitted either to the feed shaft or lead screw,
depending on whether the lathe machine is being used for plain turning or screw cutting. The feed gear
box contains a number of different sizes of gears. The feed gear box provides a means to alter the rate of
feed, and the ration between revolutions of the headstock spindle and the movement of carriage for thread
cutting by changing the speed of rotation of the feed rod or lead screw. The apron is fitted to the saddle. It
contains gears and clutches to transmit motion from the feed rod to the carriage, and the half nut which
engages with the lead screw during cutting threads. Thread Cutting Mechanism The half nut or split nut is
used for thread cutting in a lathe. It engages or disengages the carriage with the lead screw so that the
rotation of the leadscrew is used to traverse the tool along the workpiece to cut screw threads. The
direction in which the carriage moves depends upon the position of the feed reverse lever on the
headstock.
4
ACCESSORIES AND ATTACHMENTS OF LATHE

There are many lathe accessories provided by the lathe manufacturer along with the lathe, which support
the lathe operations. The important lathe accessories include centers, catch plates and carriers, chucks,
collets, face plates, angle plates, mandrels, and rests. These are used either for holding and supporting the
work or for holding the tool. Attachments are additional equipments provided by the lathe manufacturer
along with the lathe, which can be used for specific operations. The lathe attachment includes stops, ball
turning rests, thread chasing dials, milling attachment, grinding attachment, gear cutting attachment, turret
attachment and crank pin turning attachments and taper turning attachment.

Lathe centers

The most common method of holding the job in a lathe is between the two centers generally known as
live centre (head stock centre) and dead centre (tailstock centre). They are made of very hard materials to
resist deflection and wear and they are used to hold and support the cylindrical jobs.

Carriers or driving dog and catch plates

These are used to drive a job when it is held between two centers. Carriers or driving dogs are attached to
the end of the job by a setscrew. A use of lathe dog for holding and supporting the job is shown in Fig. 5.
Catch plates are either screwed or bolted to the nose of the headstock spindle. A projecting pin from the
catch plate or carrier fits into the slot provided in either of them. This imparts a positive drive between the
lathe spindle and job.

Fig. 5 Lathe dog

Chucks
5
Chuck is one of the most important devices for holding and rotating a job in a lathe. It is basically
attached to the headstock spindle of the lathe. The internal threads in the chuck fit on to the external
threads on the spindle nose. Short, cylindrical, hol1ow objects or those of irregular shapes, which cannot
be conveniently mounted between centers, are easily and rigidly held in a chuck. Jobs of short length and
large diameter or of irregular shape, which cannot be conveniently mounted between centers, are held
quickly and rigidly in a chuck. There are a number of types of lathe chucks, e.g.
(1) Three jaws or universal
(2) Four jaw independent chuck
(3) Magnetic chuck
(4) Collet chuck
(5) Air or hydraulic chuck operated chuck
(6) Combination chuck
(7) Drill chuck.

Face plates
Face plates are employed for holding jobs, which cannot be conveniently held between centers or by
chucks. A face plate possesses the radial, plain and T slots for holding jobs or work-pieces by bolts and
clamps. Face plates consist of a circular disc bored out and threaded to fit the nose of the lathe spindle.
They are heavily constructed and have strong thick ribs on the back. They have slots cut into them,
therefore nuts, bolts, clamps and angles are used to hold the jobs on the face plate. They are accurately
machined and ground.

Angle plates
Angle plate is a cast iron plate having two faces machined to make them absolutely at right angles to each
other. Holes and slots are provided on both faces so that it may be clamped on a faceplate and can hold
the job or workpiece on the other face by bolts and clamps. The plates are used in conjunction with a face
plate when the holding surface of the job should be kept horizontal.

Mandrels
A mandrel is a device used for holding and rotating a hollow job that has been previously drilled or bored.
The job revolves with the mandrel, which is mounted between two centers. It is rotated by the lathe dog
and the catch plate and it drives the work by friction. Different types of mandrels are employed according
to specific requirements. It is hardened and tempered steel shaft or bar with 60° centers, so that it can be
mounted between centers. It holds and locates a part from its center hole. The mandrel is always rotated
6
with the help of a lathe dog; it is never placed in a chuck for turning the job. A mandrel unlike an arbor is
a job holding device rather than a cutting tool holder. A bush can be faced and turned by holding the same
on a mandrel between centers. It is generally used in order to machine the entire length of a hollow job

Rests
A rest is a lathe device, which supports a long slender job, when it is turned between centers or by a
chuck, at some intermediate point to prevent bending of the job due to its own weight and vibration set up
due to the cutting force that acts on it. The two types of rests commonly used for supporting a long job in
an engine lathe are the steady or centre rest and the follower rest.
SPECIFICATION OF LATHE

The size of a lathe is generally specified by the following means:

(a) Swing or maximum diameter that can be rotated over the bed ways
(b) Maximum length of the job that can be held between head stock and tail stock centres
(c) Bed length, which may include head stock length also
(d) Maximum diameter of the bar that can pass through spindle or collect chuck of capstan lathe.
Fig. 6 illustrates the elements involved in specifications of a lathe. The following data also contributes to
specify a common lathe machine.

Fig. 6 Specifications of a lathe

(i) Maximum swing over bed

(ii) Maximum swing over carriage
(iii) Height of centers over bed
(iv) Maximum distance between centers

7
(v) Length of bed
(vi) Width of bed
(vii) Morse taper of center
(viii) Diameter of hole through spindle
(ix) Face plate diameter
(x) Size of tool post
(xi) Number of spindle speeds
(xii) Lead screw diameter and number of threads per cm.
(xiii) Size of electrical motor
(xiv) Pitch range of metric and inch threads etc.

CUTTING SPEED
Cutting speed for lathe work may be defined as the rate in meters per minute at which the surface of the
job moves past the cutting tool. Machining at a correct cutting speed is highly important for good tool life
and efficient cutting. Too slow cutting speeds reduce productivity and increase manufacturing costs
whereas too high cutting speeds result in overheating of the tool and premature failure of the cutting edge
of the tool. The following factors affect the cutting speed:
(i) Kind of material being cut,
(ii) Cutting tool material,
(iii) Shape of cutting tool,
(iv) Rigidity of machine tool and the job piece and
(v) Type of cutting fluid being used.
Calculation of cutting speed Cs, in meters per minute
Cs = ((22/7) × D × N)) /1000
Where
D is diameter of job in mm.
N is in RPM

FEED
Feed is defined as the distance that a tool advances into the work during one revolution of the headstock
spindle. It is usually given as a linear movement per revolution of the spindle or job. During turning a job
on the center lathe, the saddle and the tool post move along the bed of the lathe for a particular feed for
cutting along the length of the rotating job.

8
Pre-viva questions:
1. What is a lathe?
2. What are the various operations can be performed on a lathe?
3. What are principle parts of the lathe?
4. State the various parts mounted on the carriage.
5. List any four types of lathe.
6. State the various feed mechanisms used for obtaining automatic feed.
7. List any four holding devices.
8. What are the different operations performed on the lathe?
9. State any two specification of lathe.
10. What are the types of headstock?

9
Exp. No. 1

Facing and Plain Turning

AIM
To perform the facing and plain turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece for
the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

10
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER
MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

11
Pre-viva questions:

1. What is truing?
2. What is turning?
3. What do you mean by cutting tool?
4. What do you meant by coolant and what is the necessity of using coolant?
5. What is the difference between iron and steel?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing facing &
plain turning operations in lathe.

12
Exp. No. 2
Step Turning and Chamfering

AIM
To perform the Step Turning and Chamfering in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Chamfer tool, Vernier caliper, and chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. Then using Chamfer tool, the chamfering operation is done on the workpiece.
9. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

13
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

14
Pre-viva questions:

1. Difference between turning and Chamfering.

2. Give the specification of lathe.
3. What is step turning?
4. What is machining?
5. What is Chamfering?
6. Name some important lathe parts.

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing Step Turning
and Chamfering operations in lathe.

15
Exp. No. 3

Taper Turning

AIM
To perform the taper turning using compound rest in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work
piece for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. Then the compound rest is adjusted to an angle found out by the formula to get the taper
9. position. Tan θ = D – d / 2L, where D – large diameter; d – smaller diameter; L – length of the
taper.
10. Thus, the compound rest is adjusted and saddle is moved for performing the operations.
11. Thus, the final taper shape is obtained and checked for dimensions before it is removed from the
chuck.

16
17
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

18
Pre-viva questions:

1. Explain the different types of taper turning method.

2. Which type of taper is generally turned in tailstock method?
3. What is single point cutting tool?
4. Define the term ‘Conicity’.
5. Explain Tapper Turning

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing taper turning using
compound rest in lathe.

19
Exp. No. 4

External Threads Cutting

AIM
To perform the thread cutting operations in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece for
the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Single point cutting tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form a step
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. Then the lead screw is adjusted to automatic position for thread cutting operation such that the
required depth of cut is given by cross slide movement.
9. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

20
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

21
Pre-viva questions:

1. What are the different forms of threads?

2. What is threading?
3. What is steep taper turning?
4. What is pitch?
5. What is the difference between pitch and lead?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing thread
cutting operations in lathe.

Exp. No. 5

22
 Step Turning with Knurling

AIM
To perform the Step Turning and Knurling in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece
for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Knurling tool, Vernier caliper, and chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. After that one side of the work piece is knurled by using knurling tool
9. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

23
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

24
Pre-viva questions:

1. What is forming, define forming operations?

2. What is the speed used for thread cutting and knurling?
3. What is Knurling?
4. List any four holding devices.
5. What are the four types of tool post?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing Step Turning
and Knurling operations in lathe.

25
Exp. No. 6

Drilling, Boring and Reaming

AIM
To perform the drilling, Boring and Reaming in a drilling Machine on the given work piece for
the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel Plate of Length 50x50 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Steel rule, Flat file (rough and smooth), Drill bit (8 mm, 10 mm, 10.5 mm), Reaming tool, Try
square

PROCEDURE

1. The work piece was fitted in the vice and filed to the required dimensions.

2. The squareness of the work piece was checked.

3. Drawing punches were made for various drills.

4. The job was fitted on the radial drilling machine.

5. The 10 mm & 8 mm drill bit were used for drilling in the required place and drilling operation
was made on the work piece.

6. Boring was done on the 10mm hole using the boring tool.

7. Reaming was done on the 8 mm hole using the Reaming tool size of 8 mm diameter.

8. The work piece was removed from the radial drilling machine.

26
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

27
 Pre-viva questions:
1. What are stages of drilling for this job?
2. What are the parts in the centre drill?
3. What is the difference between drilling and reaming?
4. What is drilling?
5. What is the difference between drilling and boaring?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 50 50 5

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing drilling,
Boring and Reaming in a drilling Machine.

28
Exp. No. 7

Eccentric Turning

AIM
To perform the Eccentric turning in a centre lathe on the given cylindrical work piece for the
given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED

Single point cutting tool, Vernier caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the Eccentric turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form steps
7. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

29
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

30
Pre-viva questions:

1. What is chamfering?
2. What is the necessity of doing chamfering?
3. What is Eccentric turning?
4. What is meant by concentering turning and eccentric turning?
5. What type of chuck is used for eccentric turning?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing facing & plain
turning operations in lathe.

31
Exp. No. 8

Drilling with Internal Thread

AIM
To perform the drilling and internal thread cutting operations in a centre lathe on the given
cylindrical work piece for the given dimensions.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Mild steel rod of diameter 25 mm and length 105 mm

TOOLS REQUIRED
Single point cutting tool, 10 mm Drill with tapered shank drill chuck, Boring tool, Vernier
caliper, chuck key & tool post key

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the given cylindrical work piece are checked

2. The work piece is held in the chuck properly and tightened by chuck key
3. The single point cutting tool is held on tool post and tightened by tool post key
4. The facing operation is done on both side of the work piece to get the required length
5. The plain turning operation is done on work piece to get the initial dimension
6. Then the plain turning operation is further continued to specific dimension to form a step
7. Thus, the step turning operation is done on the given work piece
8. Then the lead screw is adjusted to automatic position for thread cutting operation such that the
required depth of cut is given by cross slide movement.
9. Finally, the dimensions are checked using Vernier caliper before work piece is removed from the
chuck.

32
BEFORE MACHINING

AFTER MACHINING

All dimensions are in mm

33
Pre-viva questions:

1. What is drilling?
2. What is the difference between drilling and boaring?
3. What is orthogonal and oblique tool?
4. What is offset turning?

LENGTH WIDTH DIAMETER

RAW MATERIAL DIMENSIONS 105 - 25

FINISHED PRODUCT DIMENSIONS

MAXIMUM AWARDED

EXPERIMENT MARKS 20

VIVA VOCE 5

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

RESULT

Thus, the work piece for the required dimensions is obtained by performing drilling and
internal thread cutting operations in lathe.

34
 VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What is a lathe?
Lathe is a machine, which removes the metal from a piece of work to the required shape
&size

2. What are the various operations can be performed on a lathe?

1. Turning 6. Thread cutting

2. Facing 7. Drilling
3. Forming 8. Boring
4. Knurling 9. Recessing
5. Chamfering 10. Tapping
3. What are the types of headstock?
Back geared type, all geared type
4. State the various parts mounted on the carriage.
Saddle, compound rest, cross slide, tool post
5. What are the four types of tool post?
Single screw, Open side, Four bolt & Four way
6. What is an apron?
The integral part of several gears, levers clutches mounted with the saddle for
moving the carriage along with lead screw while thread cutting

7. State any two specification of lathe.

The height of centers from the bed & the maximum length of the bed
8. List any four types of lathe.

a) Engine lathe
b) Bench lathe
c) Tool room lathe
d) Semi automatic lathe
e) Automatic lathe

35
9. What is a semi-automatic lathe?

The lathe in which all the machining operations are performed automatically and loading
and unloading of work piece, coolant on or off is performed manually
10. What is copying lathe?
The tool of the lathe follows a template or master through a stylus or tracer
11. State the various feed mechanisms used for obtaining automatic feed.
a) Tumbler gear mechanism
b) Quick change gearbox
c) Tumbler gear- Quick change gearbox
d) Apron mechanism

12. List any four holding devices.

a) Chucks
b) Centers
c) Face plate
d) Angle plate

13. What are the different operations performed on the lathe?

Centering, straight turning, rough turning, finish turning, shoulder turning,

facing, chamfering, knurling, etc.
14. Define the term ‘Conicity’.
The ratio of the difference in diameters of tapers its length
k= D-d/ l
d-smaller dia
D-bigger dia
l-length of the work piece

15. State any two specifications of capstan lathe & turret lathe.

Number of spindle speed & Number of feeds for the turret or saddle

16. What are principle parts of the lathe?

The principle parts of lathe are Bed, Headstock, Tailstock, Carriage & Feed Mechanism

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17. What is truing?
Truing is the term used to describe the removal of material from the cutting face of the wheel so
that the resultant surface runs absolutely true to some other surface such as the grinding wheel
shaft.

18. What is turning?

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a
helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates.

19. What do you mean by cutting tool?

A cutting tool is a pointed tool mounted in a machine tool and used for cutting materials.
Lathes and milling machines use different types of cutting tools. Diamonds are sometimes used in
cutting tools because its hardness allows it to cut other hard materials. A cutting tool is a pointed
tool mounted in a machine tool and used for cutting materials.

20. What do you meant by coolant and what is the necessity of using coolant?

A coolant is a substance, typically liquid or gas, that is used to reduce or regulate the temperature
of a system. An ideal coolant has high thermal capacity, low viscosity, is low-cost, non-toxic,
chemically inert, and neither causes nor promotes corrosion of the cooling system.

21. What is the difference between iron and steel?

Primarily, iron is an element while steel is an alloy comprising of iron and carbon.
However, in this alloy iron is present in a greater quantity. You can add various other metals to
steel so as to produce alloys that have different properties. For example, if chromium is added to
steel, stainless steel is the product. Steel is durable and doesn’t rust easily.
In the construction industry steel is used on a large scale. Because steel is stronger than iron and
has better tension and compression properties. Another difference is the percentage of carbon.
The iron that contains less than 2% of carbon is called steel whereas which contain more than 2%
of carbon is known as pig iron. When iron ore is processed with coke in a blast furnace, pig iron
is obtained. When this pig iron is further processed to reduce the carbon percentage, in various
furnaces, steel is obtained. Now, steel can be further processed to obtain various types of alloys.
Elements like silicon, manganese and chromium are added for making alloys.

22. Difference between turning and Chamfering.

Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary tool bit, describes a
helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates.
Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a workpiece. This is done to remove
the burrs, to protect the end of the workpiece from being damaged and to have a better look. The
operation may be performed after knurling, rough turning, boring, drilling.

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23. Give the specification of lathe.

a) Height of centers over bed

b) Maximum swing over bed
c) Maximum swing over carriage
d) Maximum swing over Gap
e) Maximum distance b/w centers
f) Length of bed
g) No. of speeds and feeds etc.

24. What is step turning?

Step turning is an operation performed on lathe machine where the excess material is
removed from the work piece to obtain various steps of different diameters.

25. What is machining?

Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut into a
desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.

26. What is Chamfering?

A chamfer is a transitional edge between two faces of an object. A form of bevel, it is

created at 45° angle to two adjoining right-angled faces.

27. Explain the different types of taper turning method.

There are four methods

1. Form tool method
2. Tailstock set over method
3. Compound rest method
4. Taper turning attachment method

28. What is single point cutting tool?

A single-point cutting tool can be used for increasing the size of holes, or boring. Turning
and boring are performed on lathes and boring mills. Multiple-point cutting tools have
two or more cutting edges and include milling cutters, drills, and broaches.

29. What are the different forms of threads?

There are many forms of threads but two types are in common use on fasteners. Machine
Screw Threads - used on bolts, setscrews, machine screws and designed to mate with
preformed threads in nuts or tapped holes.

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30. What is Knurling?
Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of
straight, angled or crossed lines is rolled into the material
31. What is the difference between drilling and reaming?
The main difference between drilling, boring and reaming is that drilling is when you
make a brand-new hole in your work piece. But boring is when you enlarge the hole. ...
The process of drilling uses a drill bit. But the boring process uses a lathe and reaming
uses reamers.

32. What is drilling?

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials.
33. What is Eccentric turning?
Eccentric work is work that is turned off center, or not on the normal center axis. An
engine crankshaft is a good example of an eccentric work piece. Crankshafts normally
have a main center axis, called a main journal, and offset axes, which produce the throw
and the eccentric diameters of the mechanism.

34. What type of chuck is used for eccentric turning?

3 jaw chuck

35. What is offset turning?

Offset turning is any sort of turning in which the central axis of the work is not directly in
line with. the headstock spindle. The type of offset turning I use to sculpt human figures
on the lathe is a form of spindle turning.

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