Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2 20

Additional Mathematics
Project Work 2

2011

Name : Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno I/C : 940811-12-5795

HC001A168 School: S.M.K Gunsanad,Keningau

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Num . 1 Introduction (Part I) Part II ~ Question 1 ~ Question 2 (a) 2 ~ Question 2 (b) ~ Question 2 ~ Question 3 (a) ~ Question 3 (b) ~ Question 3 3 4 5 6 Part III Further Exploration Conclusion Reflection 9-11 12-13 14 15 Topic Page 1 2-8

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART I

History of cake baking and decorating

Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake.The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk. In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good. Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of exile, Tristia. Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process. Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain. Cake decorating is one of the sugar arts requiring mathematics that uses icing or frosting and other edible decorative elements to make otherwise plain cakes more visually interesting. Alternatively, cakes can be moulded and sculpted to resemble three-dimensional persons, places and things. In many areas of the world, decorated cakes are often a focal point of a special celebration such as a birthday, graduation, bridal shower, wedding, or anniversary. Mathematics are often used to bake and decorate cakes, especially in the following actions:

Measurement of Ingredients Calculation of Price and Estimated Cost Estimation of Dimensions Calculation of Baking Times Modification of Recipe according to scale

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART II
1) 1 kg = 3800 cm3 h = 7 cm 5 kg = 3800 x 5 = 19000 cm3 V = r2h 19000 = 3.142 x r2 x 7 r2 = 19000 3.142 x 7 2 r = 863.872 r = 29.392 cm
.

d = 2r d = 58.783 cm 2) Maximum dimensions of cake: d = 60.0 cm h = 45.0 cm

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

h/c m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

a) d/cm 155.52 62519 109.97 36674 89.793 12339 77.763 12594 69.553 4543 63.493 32645 58.783 39783 54.986 83368 51.842 08396 49.181 71919 46.892 92932 44.896 56169 43.135 22122 41.566 13923 40.156 70556 h/c m 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 d/cm 38.881 56297 37.720 65671 36.657 88912 35.680 16921 34.776 72715 33.938 61056 33.158 30831 32.429 46528 31.746 66323 31.105 25037 30.501 20743 29.931 04113 29.391 69891 28.880 49994 28.395 07881 h/c m 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 b) i) h < 7 cm , h > 45 cm This is because any heights lower than 7 cm will result in the diameter of the cake being too big to fit into the baking oven while any heights higher than 45 cm will cause the cake being too tall to fit into the baking oven

d/cm 27.9333 3944 27.4934 1684 27.0736 4537 26.6725 3215 26.2887 347 25.9210 4198 25.5683 5831 25.2296 896 24.9041 3158 24.5908 5959 24.2891 1983 23.9982 2167 23.7175 3106 23.4464 6466 23.1844 8477

b) ii) I would suggest the dimensions of the cake to be 29 cm in height and approximately 29 cm in diameter. This is because a cake with these dimensions is more symmetrical and easier to decorate.

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

c) i)

V = r2h V= 19000 cm3 r= d/2

19000 d2 4 d2

= 3.142 x (d/2)2 x h = 19000 3.142 x (d2/4)

. .

= 76000 3.142 x h

d = 155.53 x h-1/2

log10 h

log10 d

log10

log10 d 155.53

= -1/2 log10 h +

1 1.6918 14 2 1.1918 14 3 0.6918 14 4 0.1918 14

c) ii) a) When h = 10.5 cm, log10 h = 1.0212 According to the graph, log10 d = 1.7 when log10 h = 1.0212 Therefore, d = 50.12 cm

b) When d = 42 cm, log10 d = 1.6232 According to the graph, log10 h = 1.2 when log10 d = 1.6232 Therefore, h = 15.85 cm

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

3) a)

h r

= 29 cm = 14.44 cm
14.44 cm

29 cm Diagram 1: Cake without Cream 1 cm 15.44 cm 30 cm

1 cm

Diagram 2: Cake with Cream

To calculate volume of cream used, the cream is symbolised as the larger cylinder and the cake is symbolised as the smaller cylinder. Vcream = 3.142 x 15.442 x 30 19000 = 22471 19000 = 3471 cm3

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

3) b) i) Square shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used = 30 x 27.6 x 27.6 - 19000 = 22852.8 19000 = 3852.8 cm3 b) ii) Triangle shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used = x 39.7 x 39.7 x 30 19000 = 23641.4 19000 = 4641.4 cm3 b) iii) Trapezium shaped cake

Estimated volume of cream used = x (28+42.5) x 22 x 30 - 19000 = 23265 19000 = 4265 cm3 * All estimations in the values are based on the assumption that the layer of cream is uniformly thick at 1 cm

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

c) Based on the values I have obtained, the round shaped cake requires the least amount of fresh cream (3471 cm3)

PART III
Method 1: By comparing values of height against volume of cream used
volume of cream used/cm3 19983.61 10546.04 7474.42 5987.37 5130.07 4585.13 4217.00 3958.20 3771.41 3634.38 3533.03 3458.02 3402.96 3363.28 3335.70 3317.73 3307.53 volume of cream used/cm3 3303.66 3304.98 3310.62 3319.86 3332.12 3346.94 3363.92 3382.74 3403.14 3424.89 3447.80 3471.71 3496.47 3521.98 3548.12 3574.81 3601.97 volume of cream used/cm3 3629.54 3657.46 3685.67 3714.13 3742.81 3771.67 3800.67 3829.79 3859.01 3888.30 3917.65 3947.04 3976.46 4005.88 4035.31 4064.72

h/cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

h/cm 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

h/cm 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

According to the table above, the minimum volume of cream used is 3303.66 cm3 when h = 18cm. When h = 18cm, r = 18.3 cm

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Method 2: Using differentiation Assuming that the surface area of the cake is proportionate to the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake.* Formula for surface area = r2 + 2rh h = 19000 / 3.142r2 Surface area in contact with cream = r2 + 2r(19000 / 3.142r2) = r2 + (38000/r) The values, when plotted into a graph will from a minimum value that can be obtained through differentiation. dy dx dy dx =0 = 2r (38000/r2) = 2r (38000/r2) = 6.284r3 38000 = 6.284r3 = r3 =r 18.22 cm, h = 18.22 cm

0 0 38000 6047.104 18.22 When r =

The dimensions of the cake that requires the minimum amount of fresh cream to decorate is approximately 18.2 cm in height and 18.2 cm in radius. I would bake a cake of such dimensions because the cake would not be too large for the cutting or eating of said cake, and it would not be too big to bake in a conventional oven. * The above conjecture is proven by the following When r = 10, ~ the total surface area of the cake is 4114.2 cm2 ~ the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 4381.2 cm3 ~ the ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94 When r = 20,

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

~ the total surface area of the cake is 3156.8 cm2 ~ the amount of fresh cream needed to decorate the cake is 3308.5 cm3 ~ the ratio of total surface area of cake to amount of fresh cream needed is 0.94 Therefore, the above conjecture is proven to be true.

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

F URTHER EXPLORATION a) Volume of cake 1 = r2h = 3.142 x 31 x 31 x 6 = 18116.772 cm3 Volume of cake 3 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x 31)2 x 6 0.9 x 31)2 x 6 = 3.142 x (25.11)2 x 6 = 11886.414 cm3 Volume of cake 2 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 31)2 x 6 = 3.142 x (27.9)2 x 6 = 14676.585 cm3 Volume of cake 4 = r2h = 3.142 x (0.9 x 0.9 x = 3.142 x (22.599)2 x 6 = 9627.995 cm3

The values 118116.772, 14676.585, 11886.414, 9627.995 form a number pattern. The pattern formed is a geometrical progression. This is proven by the fact that there is a common ratio between subsequent numbers, r = 0.81. 14676.585 = 0.81 18116.772 9627.995 = 0.81 11886.414
.

11886.414 = 0.81 14676.585

b) Sn = a(1-rn) 1-r

= 18116.772 ( 1-0.8n) 1-0.8

15 kg = 57000 cm3 57000 > 18116.772(1-0.8n)

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

0.2 11400 0.629 -0.371 0.371 > 18116.772(1-0.8n) > 1-0.8n > - 0.8n < 0.8n

log 0.371 < n log 0.8 log 0.371 < n log 0.8 4.444 < n n=4 Verification of answer If n = 4 Total volume of 4 cakes = 18116.772 cm3 + 14676.585 cm3 + 11886.414 cm3 + 9627.995 cm3 = 54307.766 cm3 Total mass of cakes = 14.29 kg If n = 5 Total volume of 5 cakes = 18116.772 cm3 + 14676.585 cm3 + 11886.414 cm3 + 9627.995 cm3 + 7798.676 cm3 = 62106.442 cm3 Total mass of cakes = 16.34 kg Total mass of cakes must not exceed 15 kg. Therefore, maximum number of cakes needed to be made = 4

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Reflection
In the process of conducting this project, I have learnt that perseverance pays off, especially when you obtain a just reward for all your hard work. For me, succeeding in completing this project work has been reward enough. I have also learnt that mathematics is used everywhere in daily life, from the most simple things like baking and decorating a cake, to designing and building monuments. Besides that, I have learned many moral values that I practice. This project work had taught me to be more confident when doing something especially the homework given by the teacher. I also learned to be a more disciplined student who is punctual and independent.

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

INTRODUCTION

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART 1

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART 2

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

PART 3

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

REFLECTION

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

CONCLUSION

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

After doing research.answering questions,drawing graph,I saw that the uses of geometry,calculus and progressions are important in our daily life.Geometry,calculus and progressions are part of our necessities.Thus we should thankful to the people who contribute in the idea of geometry,calculus and progressions because without them,we cant done a multi-storey cake,and it will be hard for us to find out the volume of ingredients needed for the cake.Thats why

Ahmad Safwan Bin Warno Additional Mathematics Project Work 2

2011

mathematics are important in our daily life.