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Reinforced Concrete

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(Concrete and reinforced concrete) +Q*^$!^B1‫ (و (آ‬+Q*^$!:

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Advantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material:
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!1 +7$%IV%- ‫ (ز(ا‬E 5B6O1 @3‫(و‬lk ‫(د(ا‬%8 :(Superplasticizers) ‫"ز‬8 ‫ "ی " ن" ا" و"ر "س‬89 /‫" گ"و‬2 3 -4
‫(ر(ا‬5?8 R7-5Bh8 E: ‫!(د(ز‬O78 Ä1‫*(ا‬n ‫^!(ن (ا(ر‬8‫ (ا‬RQ‫!(ن (ا‬K ‫!(ر"*(د‬: ‫ (و‬5$%[78 E6Z!- (Organic sulfonates)
‫(د(ر‬%8 +BP- *" ‫ (ب(آ‬+bO$ R6K‫(ا‬5hA$ +"!x ‫ "*(ی(ا‬5$‫(ا‬%678 R7BmP1 5B1‫ (د‬J1!: ‫!(د‬Q‫(ه(ز(ا (ز‬5$‫ (ا‬E" ‫ (ا(ر‬+Q*^$!: ‫(ب(آ‬
.‫*(د‬73 ‫!(ه(د \*(ر(ا‬I6-‫(ا‬
+Q*^$!: q7:*& ‫! (ر(د‬Q ‫(ح (و‬%i- ‫ "*(ی(و‬:(Waterproofing materials) +,)‫ " ط"ر‬%‫ "م )"د"ا "ض‬-5
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‫ (ز(ا‬5Q!K !Q ‫@ (و‬6I$ ‫(ت‬d%WD8 ‫(ع(ا‬%$‫@ (ز(ا (ا‬Ç{" !Q ‫(ن‬%"!p ‫(ع‬%$ ‫(ً (ز(ا‬d%P{8 ‫(د(ا‬%8 RQ‫ (ا‬.5$%[78 ‫(ه(و‬lk
.5B: MP: +Q*^$!: #Z‫ (ا(د‬E" ‫(ذ (ب(آ‬%I$ ‫ (ز(ا‬5$‫(ا‬%678 ‫ (و‬.5$%K #7^[& *7\ ‫!(ی‬1 ‫(ن‬%7OV%8‫(ا‬

:(Compressive strength) ‫[!(ی(ر‬n +8‫?!(و‬8

‫( (ر(د "!(ر‬15*30) cm @6Q*^$!: ‫!(ی‬1 E$‫(ا‬%6-‫(ه(ز(و(ر (ا‬ @A6O^K JQ!8‫ (ز(آ‬EY7-%" ! fc"# +Q*^$!: ‫[!(ی(ر‬n +8‫?!(و‬8
‫ (و‬+"!x ‫*(ت(ر(ا‬0 ET‫! (ط(ا!\@ "! (ر(د‬Q ‫ (ر(د (ب(آ‬cylinders !1 E$‫(ا‬%6-‫(ً (ا‬d%P{8 ‫ (ز(و(ر‬٨( ‫(ت‬58 ‫ "*(ی(ا‬. ‫*(د(د‬A78 R77{& o,[8
E" !& 2500 psi ‫ (ز(و(ر (ز(ا‬٨( Q!h$ ‫!(ی‬1 +8‫?!(و‬8 !" ‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: EN *3‫ (ا‬.5$%[78 ‫(ی(ر(ا‬5hA$ ‫(ا‬%1 +"%‫ (ط(ر‬ET‫ (ر(د‬5p
(3000-7000) psi R7" ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫(د(ر (ا‬%8 !1 +Q*^$!: 9:‫ (ا‬.5B6O1 ‫(د‬%T%8 ó"*8 ‫(چ‬$‫@ (ا‬n 5$%L 20000 @V‫ (ا‬10000
‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: ‫ (و "*(ی(ا‬. 5$%[78 ‫ "^!(ر "*(ه(د‬4000 psi ‫ (و‬3000 psi ‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: @V%P{8 ‫!(ی‬1 ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫ "*(ی(ا (ا‬.5K!b78
óI&*8 ‫!(ی‬ ‫!(ن‬P6Z!- @B7Q!L ‫?!(ت‬b‫!(ی (ط‬1 EQ!L @Ç{" ‫ (و "*(ی(ا‬.‫(د‬%[78 ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫( (ا‬5000-6000) psi @Yb\ äB[68
.5$*7A78 ‫!(ه(د \*(ر(ا‬I6-‫(د(ر (ا‬%8 9000 psi !& ‫!(ی‬1 +8‫?!(و‬8 !Q ‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: (High rise)
@A6O" ‫!(ی(د‬Q‫(ی (ز‬50 !& ‫(ه‬5Q‫*(د‬3 R77{& JQ!8‫ (ز(آ‬EY7-‫ (و‬E" E: +Q*^$!: ‫[!(ی(ر‬n +8‫?!(و‬8 ‫(ه "*(ی(ا‬58‫ (آ‬+-‫ (د‬E" ‫(ر(ا‬5?8
E" ‫!(ی‬1 q{^8 JQ!8‫!(ی (ز(آ‬1 E$%P$ !1‫(ر‬%[: ‫!(ی(ر (ز(ا‬7O" ‫! (د(ر(ا(د (ر(د‬h$‫(ی(ر(ا (آ‬a3‫ (و (ش(و(ر "!(ر‬JQ!8‫{!(ت (ز(آ‬i\ #^K ‫ (ا"{!(د (و‬E"
‫[!(ی(ر (ر(د‬n.+-‫(ا‬
+8‫!(و‬+Q*^$!:
?8 *68 @6$!- E$%P$ !"‫(ی‬psi
q{^830*15 !1 E$‫(ا‬50‫(و‬
%6-‫(ا‬
‫ر(د (ا‬JQ!8‫(آ‬
( ‫(ه‬5K ‫ز‬R77{&
( +Q*^$!:
*Q !?8‫(ن‬80%
!O^Q ‫(ی‬
‫(!د(و‬510E$!P7L
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‫"*(ی‬E:5K!b78
5B157820cm ‫(ع‬l
‫(س \*(ر(ا‬ f‫(ا‬
*6-‫(د‬

:)Static modulus of elasticity( @^7&!6-‫@ (ا‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f

+Ka3 *x‫ ((ر(د (ا‬+Q*^$!: @ABh: +Q*^$!: âY6,8 ‫!(ی‬1 +8‫?!(و‬8 !" ‫(ر(ا (ن(آ‬5?8 .‫(د(ر(ا‬5$ o,[8 @k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f +Q*^$!:
‫(ی(د‬5{68 âY6,8 âQ‫ &{!(ر‬RQ‫ (ز(ا‬E6Ka3 . B^78 *7S& !1 E$‫(ا‬5AB- ‫ (و‬+BP- ‫!(ی‬1 +bO$ ‫!(ت‬7p%WZ ‫(ی(ر(ا‬a3‫(ع "!(ر‬%$ ) ‫!(ن‬8‫(ز‬
.‫(د (د(ر(ا(د‬%T‫@ (و‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f ‫(ز(ا‬
.+-‫@ (ا‬BDB8 ٔ(5b8 ‫ (ر(د‬#^K *7S& ‫ (و‬äB[& ‫*(م(ا‬3!Q‫ (د‬E7V‫@ (و(ا‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f -1
50% ‫!(ل (ر(د‬98 ‫ "*(ی(ا‬+-‫@ (ا‬BDB8 rZ ‫(د(ا‬568‫ (ی(ا (ر(د (ا‬Ei?$ ‫@ (ر(د‬BDB8 E" ‫!(س‬P8 #78 -!P8 @k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f -2
.+Q*^$!: @î!h$ +8‫?!(و‬8
!$ E" @ !h$ ‫[!(ر‬n +8‫?!(و‬8 (25-50)% !& E^7î!T @BDB8 ‫ (ی(ا (ی(و(ر‬Ei?$ !& ٔ(5b8 ‫(ه (ز(ا‬5K Ä7-*& rZ #78 -3
.‫(د‬%[78 ‫!(د‬Q ) Secant modulus ( ‫@ (و&*(ی‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f
‫(ت‬58 ‫ "!(ر "*(ی(ا‬E^BQ‫ (ز(ا (ا‬5{" ‫(د‬%[78 ‫(ه‬5$‫(ا‬%Z ‫(ت‬58 ‫! (ز(ا(ر(د‬Q ‫*(ی‬1!‫@ (ظ‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f E: *AQ‫@ (د‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f -4
.‫(د‬%[78 R7{& ‫(ه‬58‫ (آ‬+-5" #^K *7S& ‫ (و‬äB[& ‫!(ه(د (ز(ا‬I6-‫ "! (ا‬5K ‫!(ل‬Pk‫ (ا‬R7{8 ‫!(ن‬8‫(ز‬
155 !& /9 ‫!(ی "! (ن(ز(و‬1 +Q*^$!: @k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f Eb-!D8 ‫ "*(ی(ا‬5$‫(ا‬%678 *Q‫!(ت(ر (ز‬bk ACI ‫(د‬%: 8-5-1 J," g"!i8
lb
.‫*(د‬73 ‫!(ه(د \*(ر(ا‬I6-‫(د(ر (ا‬%8 3
q{^8 +n @n 5$%L
ft
1

Ec # Wc5 33 f c"

Reinforced Concrete +Q*^$!^B1‫* (آ‬p!Bk

+8‫?!(و‬8 f c" ‫ (و‬q{^8 +n *1 ‫ (ر(د‬%L qO0 *" +Q*^$!: ‫ (ن(ز(و‬Wc psi qO *" @k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬Q*f Ec ‫!(ت(ر‬bk RQ‫(ر(د‬
.+-‫@ (و&*(ی (ا‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f +?7?0 ‫ (ر(د‬qQ*f RQ‫ (ا‬.+-‫ ( (ا‬ó"*8 ‫(چ‬$‫* (ا‬1 ‫ (ر(د‬5$%L ( psi qO0 *" ‫ (ه(ز(و(ر (ن(آ‬28 ‫[!(ی(ر‬n
ً(!bQ*?& E: #^K *7S& ‫ (و‬äB[& @BDB8 ‫ (ی(ا (ی(و(ر‬Ei?$ E" ٔ(5b8 ‫(ه (ز(ا‬5K Ä-‫ ) (ر‬+-‫@ (ا‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f *"‫ ن(آ "*(ا‬#78( rZ !"
.5B: #PD& 5Q!" ‫!(ن‬P6Z!- ‫@ (خ(ر (ه(د(ا(د (و‬B7P,& ‫*(ه(د‬8 ‫(ه (و‬5$‫!(ی (ز‬1‫* "!(ر‬Q‫ (ر(د (ز‬E: +-‫ ) (ا‬0.45 f c" ( äB[& !" *"‫"*(ا‬
@bQ*?& ‫@ (ن(ز(و‬B{Q (Normal weight concrete) ‫!(ی(د‬k ‫ "! (ن(ز(و‬+Q*^$!: ‫ "*(ی(ا‬ACI ‫(د‬%: ‫!(س‬-‫ (ا‬E"
.‫@ "^!(ر "*(د‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f Eb-!D8
ٔ( ‫*(د (و "*(ی(ا‬: ‫!(ه(د‬- *Q‫(ت(ر (ز‬%p E" ‫(ق (ا(ر‬%n ‫!(ت(ر‬bk ‫(ا‬%678 145 lb / ft 3
Ec # 57000 f c"
1
SI ‫!(ی‬150‫(ر(د (ا(و‬
Ec # Wc5 (0.043 f c" )
‫(ی‬d!" +8‫ !(و‬8 !" +Q*^$!: +-‫ (ا‬MPa !Q N / mm qO0 *" f c" 5B^78 *7S& (1500 $ 2500) kg / m3 ‫ (ز(ا‬Wc
2

Ec ‫ "*(ی(ا‬ACI @V% {8 ‫(ت‬d‫{!(د‬8 E: 5$‫[!(ن (ه(د(ا(د (ا‬$ ‫[!(ت‬Q!8‫(د (ز(آ‬%[78 E6Z!BK ‫!(د‬Q‫ (ز‬+8‫?!(و‬8 !" +Q*^$!: ‫!(م‬$ E" 6000 psi
‫ !(ت‬V!i8 gb‫ (ط‬5B6O1 ‫(گ(ر‬v" @Y7Z E: 5Q‫@ (آ‬8 +-5" ‫*(ی‬Q‫?!(د‬8 ‫*(د‬: @8 ‫!(ل‬Pk‫ "! (ا‬+8‫?!(و‬8 !" ‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: E" E: @$!8‫(ز‬
‫* (ز(ا‬6[7" f c" ‫*(ی‬Q‫?!(د‬8 !" ‫!(ی(د‬k ‫ "! (ن(ز(و‬+Q*^$! ‫ "*(ی(ا‬5Q 78 *Q‫ (ر(د (ز‬E: ‫!(ت(ر‬bk Cornell University #$*:ُ( ‫!(ه‬A[$‫(ا(د‬
.+-‫(ه (ا‬5K E7p%& 9000 psi !& ‫ (و‬6000 psi

Ec [ psi ] # [ 40000 f c" % 106 ]( Wc )1.5

145
Wc
Ec [ MPa] # [3.33 f c" % 6895]( )1.5
2320

:(Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity) @^78!BQ‫@ (د‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f

@&%p ‫[!(ت‬Q!8‫ (ز(آ‬EY7-‫ (و‬E" ٌ(d%P{8 5B^78 +?"!i8 MN%: @Y7Z @$‫!(ی (آ‬1 #^K *7S& !" E: @^78!BQ‫@ (د‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f
‫!(ی(و‬O8 ٌ(!bQ*?&‫ (و‬+-‫!(د &* (ا‬Q‫^@ (ز‬7&!6-‫@ (ا‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f ‫ (ز(ا‬5p ‫! (ر(د‬20 $ 40# ً(d%p‫ (ا‬qQ*f RQ‫ (ا‬.5Qç78 +-5"
5$%[78 v7V!$‫( (آ‬Seismic) EVvV‫( (و "!(ر (ز‬Impact) @ E"*f ‫!(ی‬1‫! "*(ی(ا "!(ر‬1 ‫!(ن‬P6Z!- E: @{\%8 .5K!b78 E7V‫ (و(ا‬qQ*f
.+-‫ (ا‬q-!B8 @^78!BQ‫@ (د‬k!/&‫ (ر(ا‬qQ*f ‫!(ه(د (ز(ا‬I6-‫(ا‬

:(Piosson’s Ratio) ‫(ن‬%-‫(ا‬%L qQ*f

5"!78 ‫!(د‬Q‫ (د(ز(ا‬Ä1 ‫!(ر‬B: ‫(ه (و (ز(ا‬5K ‫&!(ه‬%: ‫(ل (ن(آ‬%‫*(د (ط‬7A78 ‫[!(ی(ر \*(ر(ا‬n ‫!(ی‬1‫{*(ض "!(ر‬8 ‫@ (ر(د‬6Q*^$!: E$‫(ا‬%6-‫ (ا‬E^78!AB1
9.11 ‫(ر(ا ن(آ (ز(ا‬5?8 . ‫(د‬%[7 8 ‫!(د‬Q ‫(ن‬%-‫(ا‬%L qQ*f ‫(ن(ا‬%Bk E" ‫(ل‬%‫@ (ط‬35K ‫&!(ه‬%: E" @b$!T ‫!(ط‬Ob$‫ (ا‬RQ‫ (ا‬+bO$ ) ‫(د‬%[78 rObB8(
*7S& 9.16 @i-‫(ر(ا (و‬5?8 !" â7{f ‫(ی‬5B" E$‫!(ی "! (ا(د‬1 +Q*^$!: ‫ "*(ی(ا‬9.21 !& *&‫!(د‬Q‫ (ز‬+8‫?!(و‬8 !" ‫!(ی‬1 +Q*^$!: ‫"*(ی(ا‬
.5B^78

:(Shrinkage) ‫!(ض‬b?$‫(ا‬
‫ (ن(آ‬Ui- ‫ (ی(و(ر‬+Q*^$!: ‫!(ج(ر (ز(ا‬Z E6n‫@ "^!(ر (ر‬n!f‫(ط (ا‬%Y,8 ‫(د (ب(آ‬%P$ ‫(ن‬5K M[Z E" ‫*(ع(و‬K +Q*^$!: E^BQ‫ (ز(ا (ا‬ñL
!1‫! (ز(ر(د‬Q !1 ‫ &*(ک‬RQ‫ (ا‬.‫*(د(د‬A78 ‫!(ن‬Q!P$ 1‫(د (و (ر(د (ن(آ (ز(ر(د‬%[78 óPT +Q ^$!: E/76$ ‫ (ر(د‬.5B^78 *7,b& ‫ (و‬5B^78 +:*0
‫(ه(و‬lk E" 5K!" J," ‫!(ن‬Q‫!(ن (ز‬P6Z!- ‫!(ی‬P$ E" +bO$ ‫ (و‬51‫ (د‬J1!: ‫ ( (ٔا(ر‬Çk‫( (ا‬Shear strength) @K*" +8‫?!(و‬8 5$‫(ا‬%678
v7$ Corrosion !Q @3‫(د(ر‬%Z qb- ‫*(د (و‬7A78 ‫(ا \*(ر(ا‬%1 ‫{*(ض‬8‫! (ر(د‬1 F7- E: ‫(د(ر(و‬ç78 ‫(د‬%T‫ (و‬E" ‫^!(ن (ا(ر‬8‫ (ا‬RQ‫! (ا‬1‫(ز(ر(د‬
.‫*(د(د‬3
:+O8‫(ز‬d ‫!(ض‬b?$‫(ن (ا‬5$!-‫ (ر‬#\‫ (ا‬50 E" ‫"*(ی(ا‬
.5$!P" @\!" 50 RQ*6P: E" ‫(ط‬%Y,8 ‫(ر(ا (ب(آ‬5?8 -1
.‫*(د(د‬3 ‫(ی(ر(ا‬5"‫ (آ‬+-‫(ت(ر (ر(د‬%W" +Q*^$!: -2
.‫*(د‬73 ‫!(م‬/$‫ (ا‬MN%: ó‫?!(ط‬8 ‫(گ(ر (ر(د‬v" ‫!(ی‬1 J," ‫! (و‬1 â: !1‫(ر(ا‬%Q‫(ی (د‬vQ‫ (ر‬+Q*^$!: -3
)Construction joints( !Q @$!P6Z!- ‫!(ی‬1 +BQ!T ‫ (ی(ا‬T‫!(ی ا‬1‫! (ز(ا (ز(و(ر‬1 ‫ &*(ک‬+7{f‫*(ل(و (و‬6B: ‫"*(ی(ا‬ -4
.‫*(د(د‬3 ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫(ا‬
.‫*(د(د‬3 ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫@ (ا‬f!b?$‫! (ا‬1 F7- ‫(ز(ا‬ -5
.‫*(د(د‬3 ‫!(ه(د‬I6-‫(ر(ا(د (ا‬aIB8 *7‫ (و (غ‬Ä:‫*(ا‬68 !1 ‫(ه‬5BB: * ‫(ز(ا‬ -6
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