International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Numerical simulation of double diffusive mixed convective nanofluid

flow and entropy generation in a square porous enclosure
S. Hussain a,b,⇑, K. Mehmood a, M. Sagheer a, M. Yamin a
a
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Institut für Angewandte Mathematik (LS III), Technische Universität, Dortmund, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present work, the numerical analysis of a double diffusive mixed convective alumina-water nano-
Received 3 December 2017 fluid flow in a square porous lid driven cavity is investigated to determine the influence of different phys-
Received in revised form 15 February 2018 ical parameters on the heat transfer and entropy generation. The upper wall of the enclosure is moving to
Accepted 19 February 2018
the right while all the other walls are at rest. The flow is generated due to the motion of the top wall and
the buoyancy forces that are produced due to the difference in temperature. A monolithic Galerkin finite
element approach together with geometric multigrid technique has been adopted to solve governing
Keywords:
equations for various governing parameters. Analysis has been shown in the form of streamlines, iso-
Double diffusion
Nanofluid
therms and isoconcentration, tables and plots. The influence of various physical parameters on the flow,
Entropy in specific ranges such as the Richardson number (0:01 6 Ri 6 5), Darcy number (0:00001 6 Da 6 0:01),
Galerkin finite element method porosity parameter (0:2 6  6 0:8), Lewis number (0:1 6 Le 6 7), buoyancy ratio parameter
Porous cavity (
2 6 Br 6 2), heat generation/absorption parameter (
0:4 6 q 6 0:4), chemical reaction parameter
Chemical reaction (0 6 Kr 6 0:04) as well as the nanoparticles volume fraction (0 6 / 6 0:04) are investigated and findings
are very closely comparable to the previous analysis for the special cases in the literature.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction ble diffusion with free convection in a fluid-saturated porous cav-

The combined temperature and concentration gradients phe-
nomenon in a porous medium is termed as double-diffusive convec-
tion. Double diffusion study has gained an extensive attention for
many years based on its geophysical as well as the industrial appli-
cations. Some applications of double diffusive convection such as
biology, geosciences, astrophysics, chemical reaction are mentioned
in [1,2], and its significance is also observed by Mansour et al. [3],
Joly et al. [4], Platten [5], Patha et al. [6] and Bahloul et al. [7]. The
analysis of the double diffusive convection has been reported
numerically in an enclosure by Hyun and Lee [8] and Lee and Hyun
[9]. Numerical results of their study were compared favorably with
previous results obtained through experiments. The study of double
diffusion in a vertical enclosure was reported by Mamou et al. [10].
In literature, double diffusion with various aspects has been
studied in the porous media. Shermet et al. [11] have considered
the nanofluid filled porous cavity to study the double diffusive
mixed convection. Lin [12] performed transient convective heat
transfer in a porous medium. Nithiarasu et al. [13] studied the dou-
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Capital University of
Science & Technology (CUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
E-mail address: shafqat.hussain@cust.edu.pk (S. Hussain).
ity. Mahapatra et al. [14] studied the effects of buoyancy ratio on
double-diffusive natural convection in a lid-driven cavity. Xu
et al. [15] investigated the double diffusive natural convection
and oscillation characteristics in an enclosure filled with porous
medium. Goyeau et al. [16] presented the free convection in porous
media along with double diffusive phenomenon. The thermosolu-
tal convection in an enclosure inserted with two porous layers
was investigated by Bennacer et al. [17]. They found the rate of
heat and mass transfer as a weak function of Darcy number. Fur-
thermore, Mamou et al. [18] conducted the double diffusive con-
vection numerically in a porous enclosure, where at the vertical
sides of the enclosure heat and mass fluxes are imposed. In recent
past, Basak et al. [19] analyzed the impact of thermal boundary
conditions on free convection problem inside a cavity filled with
porous medium. Forchheimer utilized a model by introducing a
non-linear inertial term [20]. This model successfully solves the
problems with higher porosity values, as well.
The convective flows in the lid driven cavity carries significant
use in various industrial applications including crystal growth,
solar collectors, food processing, oven drying and electronic cards
cooling, etc. [21]. Nithyadevi et al. [22] considered the effects of
inclination angle and non-uniform heating on mixed convection
of a nanofluid filled porous enclosure with active mid-horizontal

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.082
0017-9310/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1284 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297
Nomenclature
Be Bejan number
Br buoyancy ratio parameter
c dimensional solute concentration (kg m
3 )
C dimensionless solute concentration
D mass diffusivity (m2 s
1 )
Da Darcy number, K/L2

1
Cp specific heat (J kg K
1 )
k thermal conductivity (W m
1 K
1 )
Gr Grashof number, bgDTL3 /m2f
ds diameter of nanoparticle (nm)
g gravitational acceleration (m s
2 )
Kr dimensionless chemical reaction parameter
L length of cavity (m)
K permeability of porous media (m2 )
KE kinetic energy (J)
km effective thermal conductivity of porous medium (W
m
1 K
1 )
Nuavg average Nusselt number
Nu local Nusselt number
p pressure (N m
2 )
P dimensionless pressure
Pr Prandtl number, mf =af
q dimensionless heat generation/absorption parameter
Re Reynolds number, U 0 L/mf
Ri Richardson number, Gr/Re2
SHT dimensionless entropy generation due to heat transfer
SFF dimensionless entropy generation due to fluid friction
moving. Rashad et al. [23] examined mixed convection of localized
heat source/sink in a nanofluid-filled lid-driven square cavity with
partial slip. Biswal et al. [24] discussed the analysis of heatline
based visualization for thermal management during mixed convec-
tion of hot/cold fluids within entrapped triangular cavities. Muth-
tamilselvan et al. [25] studied the mixed convection numerically to
analyze the impact of magnetic field on the flow in a lid driven cav-
ity. Öztop et al. [26] examined the heat transfer numerically by
conjugate mixed convection in a lid driven cavity considered with
thick bottom wall. Sharif [27] considered the mixed convection
inside a shallow tilted cavity with hot and cooled moving lids on
its top and bottom respectively. Effect of nanofluid on the mixed
convection flow inside a lid driven cavity partially heated from bot-
tom is observed by Mansour et al. [28]. The study of mixed convec-
tion in a cubic double lid driven enclosure is investigated by
Ouertatani et al. [29]. Enhancement of the heat transfer by the
mixed convection in a lid driven wavy surface cavity using Taguchi
approach was considered by Mamourian et al. [30].
Entropy generation suppresses the thermodynamic efficiency of
a system. It indicates the location of a system in which more
energy dissipation occurs. Bejan [31] has investigated the funda-
mental principles to mitigate the entropy generation. Since
entropy is one reason out of many for the wastage of energy in heat
transfer process, therefore sometimes it becomes necessary to
measure entropy generation in a very accurate way. More study
on entropy generation can be consulted from [32–42]. Mahmoudi
et al. [43] analyzed the nanofluid flow in a cavity along with heat
generation/absorption and entropy effects and it was observed that
heat generation/absorption parameter has no effect on entropy for

10 6 q 6 5. It was also shown that addition of nanoparticles has
reduced the entropy generation. Moreover, nanoparticles have
significant effect for large values of Hartmann number. Selime-
fendigil and Öztop [44] have investigated the impact of heat
generation and magnetic field in an enclosure filled with nanofluid.
SDC dimensionless entropy generation due to solutal con-
centration
ST;avg dimensionless total average entropy generation
T temperature (K)
U; V dimensionless velocity components
x; y dimensional space coordinates (m)
U0 lid velocity
X; Y dimensionless space coordinates
Greek symbols
a thermal diffusivity (m2 s
1 )
 porosity of the porous medium
b thermal expansion coefficient (K
1 )
/ volume fraction of the nanoparticles
h dimensionless temperature
m kinematic viscosity (m2 s
1 )
q density (kg m
3 )
l dynamic viscosity (kg m
1 s
1 )
Subscripts
avg average
c cold
f fluid
h hot
nf nanofluid
s nanoparticles
It was noticed that the heat transfer reduces due to the existence of
different obstacles. Influence of MHD on heat transfer and entropy
generation in an enclosure saturated with nanofluid was discussed
by Mehrez et al. [45]. It was observed that the average Nusselt
number and entropy generation enhance due to an increase in
nanoparticles volume fraction.
In this work, we shall perform the numerical simulation to
investigate the double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy
generation in alumina-water nanofluid filled lid-driven square por-
ous cavity considering the effects of internal heat generation/
absorption and chemical reaction. According to a careful literature
survey, such type of study with this configuration and effects has
not been considered and investigated yet.
2. Problem formulation
2.1. The problem configuration
The problem consists of a porous cavity saturated with nano-
fluid (see Fig. 1). The top wall of the cavity is moving to the right
with velocity U 0 while all the remaining walls are at rest. The left
vertical wall is maintained at hot temperature T h and higher mass
concentration ch whereas the right vertical wall is kept at cold tem-
perature T c and low mass concentration cc . Furthermore, the top
and the bottom walls are assumed to be adiabatic. The fluid motion
is generated in the cavity because of the movement of the top wall
and buoyancy forces. The porous medium is assumed to be isotro-
pic and homogenous. It is assumed that slipping effect between
any two phases is negligible. Viscous dissipation in the energy
equation is neglected [46]. Moreover, the fluid is considered as
an incompressible and Newtonian. The constant thermo-physical
properties of base fluid and solid particles may be consulted from
[47]. However, the density in the buoyancy forces is calculated by
the Boussinesq model.
 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1285

The nondimensional governing equations are given as follows:

@U @V
þ ¼ 0; ð6Þ
@X @Y

 !
1 @U @U @P 1 lnf @2U @2U lnf
U þ V ¼
þ
þ
2 @X @Y @X Re qnf mf @X 2
@Y 2 qnf mf

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 1:75
 U
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 U 2 þ V 2 U; ð7Þ
ReDa 150Da2

 !
1 @V @V @P 1 lnf @2V @2V
U þ V ¼
þ þ
2 @X @Y @Y Re qnf mf @X 2 @Y 2
!
qf qs bs
þ 1
/þ / Riðh þ BrC Þ
qnf qf bf

qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lnf 1 1:75

V
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 U 2 þ V 2 V;
qnf mf ReDa 150Da2
ð8Þ
!
@h @h 1 anf km @2h @2h 1
U þV ¼ þ þ qh; ð9Þ
@X @Y RePr af keff @X 2 @Y 2 RePr
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the physical model.
!
2.2. The governing equations @C @C  @2C @2C
U þV ¼ þ
KrC: ð10Þ
@X @Y RePrLe @X 2 @Y 2
The equations which govern the physical problem are given by
The particular boundary conditions of the problem are given by
@u @ v
þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
@x @y
 Top wall:

 ! U ¼ 1; V ¼ 0; @h
¼ 0; @C
¼0
qnf @u @p lnf lnf @Y @Y
@u @2u @2u
u þ v ¼
þ þ
u  Left wall:
2 @x @y @x  @x2 @y2 K U ¼ 0; V ¼ 0; h ¼ 1; C¼1
1:75qnf pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  Bottom wall:

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 u2 þ v 2 u; ð2Þ U ¼ 0; V ¼ 0; @h
¼ 0; @C
¼0
150K 2 @Y @Y
 Right wall:

 !
U ¼ 0; V ¼ 0; h ¼ 0; C¼0
qnf @v @v @p lnf @2v @2v
u þv ¼
þ þ þ ðqbT Þnf gðT
T c Þ
2 @x @y @y  @x2 @y2
2.4. The nanofluid properties
lnf
þ ðqbc Þnf gðc
cc Þ
v
K Following are the effective nanofluid properties [48,49]:
1:75qnf pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 3 u þ v2 v;
2 ð3Þ
150K 2 qnf ¼ ð1
/Þqf þ /qs ; ð11Þ
! ðqC p Þnf ¼ ð1
/ÞðqC p Þf þ /ðqC p Þs ; ð12Þ
@T @T @2T @2T Q0
u þv ¼ anf þ þ ðT
T c Þ; ð4Þ anf ¼
knf
; ð13Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2 ðqC p Þm ðqC p Þnf
! ðqbÞnf ¼ ð1
/ÞðqbÞf þ /ðqbÞs : ð14Þ
@c @c @2c @2c
u þv ¼ De þ
k1 ðc
ch Þ: ð5Þ Thermophysical properties of the base fluid and the Alumina
@x @y @x2 @y2
nanoparticles can be found in [47,50,51]. There has been noticed
a significant impact of Brownian motion on nanofluid’s thermal
2.3. The dimensionless governing equations conductivity. In this respect, the following model was suggested
by Koo and Kleinstreuer [52]:
Following transformations are used to convert the system
(1)–(5) into nondimensional form keff ¼ kstatic þ kBrownian ; ð15Þ
"   #
x u y T
Tc 3 ks =kf
1 /
X¼ ; U¼ ; Y ¼ ; h¼ ; kstatic ¼ kf 1 þ     ; ð16Þ
L U0 L Th
Tc ks =kf þ 2
ks =kf
1 /
v p K
V ¼ ; P¼ ; Da ¼ 2 Following relations are used to simulate the effective properties
U0 qnf U 0
2
L related to porous medium [53,54,47]:
U0 L gbT ðT h
T c ÞL a mf k1 L
Re ¼ ; Ri ¼ ; Le ¼ ; Pr ¼ ; De ¼ D; Kr ¼ ðqC p Þm ¼ ð1
ÞðqC p Þp þ ðqC p Þnf ; ð17Þ
mf U 20 D af U0
km ¼ ð1
Þkp þ knf : ð18Þ
bc ðch
cc Þ Q 0 L2 c
cc
Br ¼ ; q¼ ; C¼ :
bT ðT h
T c Þ ðqC p Þm anf c h
cc Here the glass fiber is used to simulate the porous medium
[55,56].
1286 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

2.5. Calculation of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers weak formulation of the governing equations, the velocity, temper-
ature, concentration and pressure components are discretized with
The local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the left vertical standard Q 2 and Pdisc elements, respectively (see [59] for details).
1
wall are given by [57] We consider sequences of grids which are generated by uniform


km @h refinement from a coarsest mesh with only one cell. Starting from
Nu ¼
; ð19Þ the coarsest grid defined as grid level ‘ ¼ 1, we generate the grid of
kf @X X¼0

 level ‘ þ 1 by dividing each quadrilateral cell of grid level ‘ into
@C
Sh ¼
: ð20Þ four new quadrilaterals connecting the midpoints of opposite
@X X¼0 edges. Thus, the computational domain is discretized into a num-
The average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the left vertical ber of quadrilateral cells Xk ; k 2 N at the given space level. On each
wall can be expressed by quadrilateral, the standard biquadratic element Q 2 is defined by
Z introducing the four additional mid-side node points, together
1
Nuavg ¼ Nu dY; ð21Þ with a ninth node at the centre. To construct the local shape func-
0 tions on an arbitrary physical element Xk , we make use of a refer-
Z 1 ence coordinate system. A local coordinate system ðn; gÞ is
Shavg ¼ Sh dY: ð22Þ ^ k ¼ ½
1; 12 be the reference element located at
0 introduced. Let X
the center of this coordinate system ðn; gÞ. A one-to-one bilinear
mapping between the physical and the reference element is
2.6. Second law analysis ^ k ! Xk . Once the basis functions have been
referred to F k : X
defined on the reference element in terms of reference coordinates,
In view of local thermodynamic equilibrium of linear transport
the inverse mapping F
1 : Xk ! X^ k can be employed to get back to
theory [58], the dimensional form of local entropy generation for a k

two dimensional heat and fluid flow may be expressed as: the physical space. In this case, there are nine shape functions, four
"

2 # associated with the vertices, four with the edge mid-points and
2
k @T @T Th þ Tc one internal (or bubble) function (see [59,60] for further details).
sHT ¼ þ ; T0 ¼ ð23Þ
T 20 @x @y 2 On the other hand, the discontinuous P 1 finite element space on
each quadrilateral Xk consists of piecewise linear polynomials
l   which are discontinuous across inter-element boundaries. Three
sFF ¼ u2 þ v 2 shape function are defined locally at the center of each element.
KT 0
"

2
2 # These shape functions correspond to the function value and both
l @v @u @ v
2
@u
þ 2 þ2 þ þ ; ð24Þ of its partial derivatives. There are two possible choices for the
T0 @x @y @y @x
Pdisc
1 finite element: the unmapped approach (where the finite ele-
"
ment space is spanned by the constant 1 and the global coordinates
2
2 #
RDe @c @c x and y) or the mapped approach (where the finite element space is
sDC ¼ þ
C0 @x @y defined locally by means of the constant 1 and the local coordi-





 nates n and g) (see [59,60] for further details).
RDe @c @T @c @T
þ þ : ð25Þ Hence, the Q 2 =Pdisc element consists of 9 local degrees of free-
C0 @x @x @y @y 1
dom (DOFs) for each velocity, temperature, concentration compo-
The dimensionless forms of the local entropy generation are nent and 3 DOFs for a piecewise linear discontinuous pressure
given by Eqs. (26)–(28) approximation in each element (see [60] for details). This leads
"

 # to a total of 39 degrees of freedoms in each element consisting of
2 2
knf @h @h velocity, temperature, concentration and pressure variables. The
SHT ¼ þ ; ð26Þ
kf @X @Y Picard iteration is employed to deal with the fully discretized non-
"

2
2 #
u   lnf @U
2
@V @U @V linear systems at the given space level. Finally, the associated lin-
SFF ¼ 1 U 2 þ V 2 þ u1 2 þ2 þ þ ; ð27Þ
Da lf @X @Y @Y @X earized subproblems are solved using monolithic geometric
"

 #




 multigrid solver with a smoother based on blocking of all cell
2 2
@C @C @C @h @C @h unknowns (see [60] for details) and the solution is updated with
SDC ¼ u2 þ þ u3 þ : ð28Þ
@X @Y @X @X @Y @Y the obtained correction in each nonlinear step. The convergence
criteria for the nonlinear iteration is set as follows:
Here, the irreversibility ratios u1 ; u2 and u3 can be expressed by

Eqs. (29)–(31) Cnþ1
Cn

6


2 6 10 : ð32Þ
lT 0U0 Cnþ1
u1 ¼ ; ð29Þ
k Th
Tc

2 Here, C represents the general solution component. Further, it was
RD T c
c
u2 ¼ e 0 h c ; ð30Þ also ensured that the nonlinear iteration stops if the L2 -norm of the
c0 k T h
T c

 nonlinear residual drops down below 10
6 .
RDe ch
cc
u3 ¼ : ð31Þ
k Th
Tc Table 1
Results comparison of Nuavg to the previous literature for Gr ¼ 100; Pr ¼ 0:71.

Re 1000 400 100

3. The numerical procedure
Present work 6.58 4.07 2.03
Sheremet and Pop [61] 6.70 4.09 2.05
3.1. The discretization scheme Saha et al. [62] 6.28 3.97 2.01
Zheng et al. [63] 6.61 4.14 –
The finite element method (FEM) based on the Galerkin version Sharif [64] 6.55 4.05 –
Iwatsu et al. [65] 6.33 3.84 1.94
is utilized to solve the governing equations. After establishing the
 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1287

Table 2 3.2. Validation of the code and grid independence study

Grid independence study for water-alumina.

‘ NEL DOFs Nuavg Shavg Table 1 shows the code validation for the average Nu and the
4 64 1348 5.421914 5.077505
results are in good comparison with that of [61–65]. A comparison
5 256 5124 5.956191 5.670900 of velocity with the previous study has also been published [66].
6 1024 19,972 6.154290 5.846686 Grid independent study is displayed in Table 2 for
7 4096 48,852 6.365928 6.047921 Re ¼ 100; Ri ¼ 1; Da ¼ 0:01; Br ¼ 1; Kr ¼ 0; q ¼ 0; / ¼ 0:04; Pr ¼ 6:2
8 16,384 313,348 6.510575 6.188277
together with total number of elements (NEL) and total degrees of
9 65,536 1,249,284 6.594470 6.270507
10 262,144 4,988,932 6.601463 6.286729 freedom (DOFs). The present code was tested for grid indepen-
dence by calculating the u and v velocities in the middle of the

Fig. 2. Velocities in the middle of the cavity for different uniform grids.

Table 3
Variation of different quantities with respect to q and Ri.

Ri Quantity q ¼
0:4 q ¼
0:2 q¼0 q ¼ 0:2 q ¼ 0:4

0:01 Nuavg 5.307138 5.262815 5.217928 5.172465 5.12641
Shavg 4.935111 4.935123 4.935134 4.935146 4.935157
havg 0.414202 0.417076 0.419995 0.422961 0.425975
SHT;avg 5.419055 5.417222 5.415865 5.415005 5.414667
SFF;avg 0.320764 0.320764 0.320764 0.320764 0.320764
SDC;avg 0.09811 0.098077 0.098052 0.098037 0.09803

0:1 Nuavg 5.472346 5.428816 5.384734 5.340089 5.294866

Shavg 5.098508 5.098568 5.098629 5.098691 5.098752
havg 0.415503 0.418392 0.421326 0.424307 0.427336
SHT;avg 5.584165 5.583195 5.582721 5.582769 5.583362
SFF;avg 0.32092 0.320922 0.320923 0.320925 0.320926
SDC;avg 0.101099 0.101082 0.101073 0.101074 0.101085

1 Nuavg 6.678053 6.636501 6.59447 6.551949 6.508929

Shavg 6.270814 6.270666 6.270507 6.270338 6.270157
havg 0.429107 0.431891 0.434714 0.437577 0.44048
SHT;avg 6.78428 6.787386 6.791064 6.795337 6.800231
SFF;avg 0.326415 0.326433 0.326452 0.326471 0.32649
SDC;avg 0.122827 0.122883 0.12295 0.123027 0.123116

5 Nuavg 9.127596 9.085781 9.043571 9.00096 8.957941

Shavg 8.589708 8.589212 8.588681 8.588113 8.587509
havg 0.450341 0.452846 0.45538 0.457943 0.460537
SHT;avg 9.225198 9.231904 9.239207 9.247128 9.255687
SFF;avg 0.371364 0.371401 0.371438 0.371476 0.371515
SDC;avg 0.167019 0.16714 0.167272 0.167416 0.167571
1288 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

cavity and portrayed by Fig. 2. Initially, mesh containing only a sin-
gle element at level ‘ ¼ 1 is taken then it is refined gradually up to
finer levels. Since there exists very small difference in average Nus-
selt and Sherwood number values at both the levels 9 and 10
therefore the former is utilized for computational purpose.
4. Results and discussion
A double diffusive mixed convective square porous lid driven
cavity saturated with alumina-water nanofluid has been consid-
ered. It is numerically examined the effect of different physical
parameters on the entropy generation and the heat transfer. The
standard values of different parameters are such as Re ¼ 100,
/ ¼ 0:04, Ri ¼ 1, Pr ¼ 6:2, Da ¼ 0:01,  ¼ 1, Le ¼ 1, Br ¼ 1, q ¼ 0
and Kr ¼ 0 unless these are mentioned, otherwise.
The variation of the Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg and SDC;avg with
respect to q and Ri has been elaborated by Table 3. It is observed
that the Nuavg declines with an increase in q and amplifies with
an augmentation in Ri. Both the Sherwood number and the average
temperature enhance with a rise in q and Ri. An increase is seen in
SHT;avg with an enhancement in Ri whereas a decrease has been
noticed in it with an increase in q. The same is the case with
SDC;avg . The SFF;avg rises slightly with an amplification in q while it
enhances steeply with an increase in Ri.
The impact of  on the streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentra-
tions contours is portrayed by Fig. 3. It is expected that since the
porosity is directly associated with the permeability of the porous
medium, a significant change in the porosity leads to an altering of
the flow pattern and heat transfer in the cavity. For small values of
the , a circular rotating cell in the centre of the cavity is seen. With

Fig. 3. Streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration contours for different .

 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1289

Fig. 4. Streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration contours for different Kr.

an increase in the porosity parameter, this cell adopts a rectangular
shape covering almost the whole cavity indicating the stronger
movement of the nanofluid. Most of the isotherms seem to be par-
allel to the vertical hot wall for small  that shows the dominance
of conduction. Increasing the porosity parameter up to  ¼ 0:8
results these contours to be parallel to the horizontal walls in the
core region of the cavity. This indicates an enhancement in the
convection process due to large void portion in the porous med-
ium. As long as the isoconcentrations are concerned, a small plume
pointing rightwards in the above left portion of the cavity is
observed. With an augmentation in the , this plume becomes
significantly large, moving to the right wall passing through the
1290 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

Fig. 5. Streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration contours for different Le.

centre of the cavity. This shows a considerable increase in the mass
transfer for the large porous matrix.
The influence of Kr on the isotherms, streamlines and isocon-
centrations contours is shown in Fig. 4. The effect of chemical reac-
tion is not neglected in this work due to its applications in many
processes. Some of them include evaporation from the water body
surface, transfer of energy in a cooling wet tower and the desert
cooler flow. The chemical reaction parameter has no clear effect
on the streamlines and the isotherms. The isoconcentrations are
significantly affected with a mild increase in the Kr. The mass
 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1291

Fig. 6. Streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentration contours for different Br.

transfer is reduced considerably with an amplification in Kr that is
also evident from the concentrations contours. In the absence of
the chemical reaction, a small number of contours are restricted
to the left concentrated wall, i.e., most of the lines are shifted to
the right wall of the cavity. With an enhancement in Kr, an oppo-
site behavior is observed that is the sign of significant decline in
the mass transfer.
The effect of Le on the streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentra-
tions contours is depicted by Fig. 5. As the Lewis number repre-
sents the measure of the thermal diffusivity to the mass
1292 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

Fig. 7. Variation of Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy as a function of nanoparticle volume fraction.

diffusivity of a fluid, so the larger value of Le represents a relatively
low mass diffusivity value. The streamlines are almost similar for
all values of Le, i.e., the strength of fluid flow is slightly decreased
with an increase in Le. The thickness of the solutal boundary layer
near the heated vertical wall becomes thinner than the thermal
boundary layer with an augmentation in Le. This means that the
thermal resistance is higher than the solutal resistance and there-
fore the mass transfer rate is higher than the heat transfer rate.
The influence of Br on the streamlines, isotherms and isocon-
centrations contours is portrayed by Fig. 6. It is noticed that oppos-
ing buoyancy force (Br ¼
2) causes to decline the flow of fluid. As
Br increases, the obtained buoyancy force increases which results
in the form of the movement of fluid in the whole cavity. This
can also be observed from the stream function value that are
0:0519 and 0:0546 at Br ¼
2 and Br ¼ 2, respectively. In convec-
tion dominant regime, the isotherms and isoconcentration show
significant distributions with an increase in the buoyancy parame-
ter Br. These become parallel to the horizontal walls at the centre
of the cavity.
The effect of nanoparticle volume fraction on
Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy is
illustrated by Fig. 7. For pure fluid ð/ ¼ 0Þ, the average Nusselt
number is low that gradually increases with an increase in /. A
maximum heat transfer occurs for the free convection flow regime
ðRi ¼ 5Þ. The average Sherwood number is maximum for the case
of pure fluid and free convective flow regime that decreases
slightly with an enhancement in /. The average temperature
decreases with an increase in /. The entropy generation due to
 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1293

Fig. 8. Variation of Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy as a function of lewis number.

the heat transfer and fluid friction increases with an augmentation
in / whereas SDC;avg decreases with an enhancement in /. It is wor-
thy noticed that SHT;avg and ST;avg are almost the same which shows
that a large part of the entropy generation is constituted due to the
heat transfer. The Bejan number and the kinetic energy diminish
with a rise in /.
The influence of the Lewis number on Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ;
SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy is depicted in Fig. 8. It
is seen that the average Nusselt number is maximum for the
lowest Lewis number ðLe ¼ 0:1Þ which gradually decreases with
a rise in Le. An opposite behavior is shown by the average Sher-
wood number. The average temperature is maximum for Le ¼ 0:1
that gradually reduces and becomes minimum for the largest
Lewis number, i.e., Le ¼ 7. The average entropy generation due
to all of the considered sources declines with an augmentation
in Le that is more amplified for the case of free convection
ðRi ¼ 5Þ. The same is the case for the Bejan number and kinetic
energy.
The impact of the Darcy number on Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ;
SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy is displayed by Fig. 9. For
the smallest Darcy number ðDa ¼ 0:0001Þ, the average Nusselt
number and the average Sherwood number are minimum. An
increase in Da causes both the numbers to increase significantly.
For the forced convection regime, i.e., Ri ¼ 0:01; 0:1, a small aug-
mentation in the heat and mass transfer takes place whereas for
the mixed and the free convection regimes, a considerable increase
in the heat and the mass transfer occurs. For the smallest value of
the Darcy number, the average temperature in the cavity is almost
1294 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297

Fig. 9. Variation of Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy as a function of Darcy number.

same for all the considered three convective flow regimes. An
increase in Da makes the average temperature to enhance and it
is maximum for the largest Da ðDa ¼ 0:01Þ and is more pronounced
for the case of free convection. The same is the case for
SHT;avg ; SDC;avg and the ST;avg . An opposite effect of Da on SFF;avg is
observed, i.e., SFF;avg is maximum for the smaller Da and minimum
for the larger Da. The Bejan number and the kinetic energy enhance
in a steep way for the increasing Da.
The effect of the porosity parameter  on Nuavg ; Shavg ;
havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy is shown in
Fig. 10. A small difference in the values of the average Nusselt
number with respect to Ri is noticed for the smallest , i.e.,
 ¼ 0:2. Increasing the  causes to amplify the heat transfer rate
that is more pronounced for the case of free convection. An oppo-
site behavior for Shavg is observed for . The average temperature is
minimum for  ¼ 0:4. For the small value of ; SHT;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg
and Be have minimum values. These increase steeply with a rise
in the porosity parameter whereas an opposite effect of  on
SFF;avg and kinetic energy is observed.
The influence of the buoyancy ratio parameter Br on the
Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy is
portrayed in Fig. 11. It is observed that Br ¼
1 is the critical value.
Beyond this value the behavior of a quantity suddenly changes. For
the forced convective regimes, all the above mentioned physical
quantities increase mildly with an increase in Br whereas these
enhance quickly after the critical value of Br for the cases of mixed
convection and free convection.
5. Conclusions
In this work, the influence of the internal heat generation/
absorption and chemical reaction on the double diffusive mixed
convective nanofluid saturated square porous cavity are numeri-
cally investigated. The governing equations resulting from physical
 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297 1295

Fig. 10. Variation of Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy as a function of .

model are discretized by the Galerkin weighted residual finite ele-
ment procedure. Some remarkable points of this work may be con-
cluded as follows:
 The average Nusselt number increases with an amplification in
Ri; /; Da and  whereas it decreases with a rise in q; Kr and Le.
 The average Sherwood number augments with an increase in
Ri; Da; q; Kr and Le while it declines with an increase in / and .
 The kinetic energy, Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg and Be
decrease up to a critical value of the buoyancy ratio parameter,
i.e., Br ¼
1 and beyond that value, all of these quantities
enhance.
 The average temperature increases with a growth in Ri; q and Kr
whereas it decreases with / and Le.
 An increase is seen in SHT;avg with an enhancement in Ri; /; Da
and  whereas a decrease has been noticed in it with an increase
in q; Kr and Le.
 The average entropy generation due to fluid friction SFF;avg rises
with an amplification in q; Ri and / while it reduces with an
increase in the Kr; Da;  and Le.
 An increase is observed in SDC;avg with an enhancement in Ri; Da
and  whereas a decrease has been noticed in it with an increase
in q; Kr; / and Le.
 An increase in the kinetic energy is observed with an augmen-
tation in Ri; Kr and Da whereas a decline in it is seen with a
growth in /;  and Le.
 The Bejan number increases with a rise in Ri; Da and  while it
reduces with an increase in Kr; / and Le.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.
1296 S. Hussain et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 122 (2018) 1283–1297
Fig. 11. Variation of on Nuavg ; Shavg ; havg ; SHT;avg ; SFF;avg ; SDC;avg ; ST;avg ; Be and kinetic energy as a function of Br.
Acknowledgments
Calculations have been carried out on the LiDOng cluster at TU
Dortmund. The support by the LiDOng team at the ITMC at TU
Dortmund is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank
the LiDOng cluster team for their help and support. We also used
FeatFlow (http://www.featflow.de) solver package and would like
to acknowledge the support by the FeatFlow team.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.
2018.02.082.
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