Sheet III

Chapter V : Interpolation & Data Fitting

Interpolation & Data Fitting
(Lagrange, Newton (divided, Forward) differences and Least squares

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Given the data:
xi -3 0 2
f(xi) 320 32 0
Construct Lagrange interpolating polynomial, then find 𝑓(1.5) , if you know the exact
value of 𝑓(1.5) = −17.5, calculate the error ???
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Given the data:
xi -2 0 3
f(xi) 0 32 320
Construct Newton's divided difference interpolating polynomial, then find 𝑓(1.5) , if
you know the exact value of 𝑓(1.5) = −17.5, calculate the error ???
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Given the data:
xi -2 0 2 4
f(xi) 0 32 0 1440
Construct Newton's forward difference interpolating polynomial, then find 𝑓(1.5) , if
you know the exact value of 𝑓(1.5) = −17.5, calculate the error ???
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Given the data:
xi -2 -1 0 1 2
f(xi) 0 0 32 0 0
Use an appropriate interpolating polynomial form to construct the interpolating
polynomial, then find 𝑓(1.5) , if you know the exact value of 𝑓(1.5) = −17.5
calculate the relative error and write your comments!
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For a function f(x), the forward difference Table is
xj f (x ) j f ( x ) 2 f ( x j )
j
3 f ( x j ) 4 f ( x j )
0 12
12
2 12
24 12
48
48
6 96 36

8
Determine the missing entries in the table; Establish the interpolating
polynomial which interpolates the values in this table.
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The second degree polynomial which interpolates the set of values (0, 1) , (1, 2) and (2, 1) is:

(a) 1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (b) 1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
(c) 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (d) 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
 Sheet III
Chapter V : Interpolation & Data Fitting

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For a function f(x), the divided difference Table is
xj f[xj] f[,] f[,,] f[,,,] f[,,, ,]
0 2
0
1 -3
-9 3
3 - 16
18
4 2 41

5
Determine the missing entries in the table; Establish the interpolating
polynomial which interpolates the values in this table.
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Find the linear least squares approximation to the following data:
xi -5 -3 1 4 6 8
yi 18 7 0 16 50 67
wi 1 1 5 10 5 1
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Find the linear least squares approximation to the following data:
xi -5 -3 1 4 6 8
yi 18 7 0 16 50 67
wi 1 2 4 12 3 1
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Find the linear least squares approximation to the following data:
xi -5 -3 1 4 6 8
yi 18 7 0 16 50 67
wi 1 1 1 20 1 1
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Given the following data:
xi 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
yi 0.196 0.173 0.153 0.134 0.118
1
Construct the least squares approximation of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏
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Given the following data:
xi 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0
yi 5.1 5.79 6.53 7.45 8.46
Construct the least squares approximation of the form 𝑦 = b 𝑒 𝑎 𝑥
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Given the following data:
xi 1.0 1.25 1.75 2.0
yi 5.1 5.79 7.45 8.46
Construct the least squares approximation of the form 𝑦 = b 𝑒 𝑎 𝑥
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 Sheet III
Chapter V : Interpolation & Data Fitting
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Given the three distinct points (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) the Lagrange’s
interpolating polynomial is 𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝐿0 (𝑥) 𝑦0 + 𝐿1 (𝑥) 𝑦1 + 𝐿2 (𝑥) 𝑦2 , where 𝐿1 (𝑥)
is given by
(𝑥− 𝑥 )(𝑥− 𝑥 ) (𝑥− 𝑥 )
(a) 𝐿1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑥0)(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) (b) 𝐿1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
1 0 1 2 1 2
(𝑥− 𝑥1 )(𝑥− 𝑥2 ) (𝑥− 𝑥1 )
(c) 𝐿1 (𝑥) = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥0 − 𝑥1 )
(d) 𝐿1 (𝑥) = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )

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(𝑥− 𝑥0 )(𝑥− 𝑥1 ) ⋯ (𝑥− 𝑥𝑛 )
The error formula of the interpolating polynomial 𝐸𝑛 (𝑥) = (𝑛+1)!
𝑓 (𝑛+1) (𝜉)
can be used to
(a) obtain an upper bound for the error (b) calculate exactly the error at any point
(c) calculate exactly the interpolating (d) estimate the accuracy of the interpolating
polynomial. polynomial only at the end point 𝑥𝑛
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If the forward difference operator ∆ is defined by ∆𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥), then ∆ 𝑥 2
is equal to
(a) ℎ(ℎ + 2𝑥) (b) ℎ2
(c) 𝑥 2 (d) zero
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If the forward difference operator ∆ is defined by ∆𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥), then ∆( ln (𝑥)) is
equal to
(a) ℎ(ℎ + 2𝑥) (b) 2 ln(ℎ)
ℎ 𝑥
(c) ln (1 + 𝑥 ) (d) ln (𝑥 + ℎ)
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Given the three distinct points (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) the Lagrange’s interpolating
polynomial is 𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝐿0 (𝑥) 𝑦0 + 𝐿1 (𝑥) 𝑦1 + 𝐿2 (𝑥) 𝑦2 , where 𝐿2 (𝑥) is given by
(𝑥− 𝑥0 )(𝑥− 𝑥1 ) (𝑥− 𝑥2 )
(a) 𝐿2 (𝑥) = (b) 𝐿2 (𝑥) =
(𝑥0 − 𝑥2 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) (𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )

(𝑥− 𝑥0 )(𝑥− 𝑥2 ) (𝑥− 𝑥1 )

(c) 𝐿2 (𝑥) = (d) 𝐿2 (𝑥) =
(𝑥1 − 𝑥0 )(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 ) (𝑥2 − 𝑥0 )

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Given a large set of data points (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) one can use the linear fitting techniques in constructing
a least square fit of the form 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎 𝑥 by using the logarithm of

(a) 𝑦𝑖 values only (b) there is no need to use the logarithmic

function
(c) 𝑥𝑖 values only (d) both the 𝑥𝑖 and the 𝑦𝑖 values
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The divided difference of 𝑓[𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ] can be expressed as

𝑓[𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ]− 𝑓[𝑥0 ,𝑥1 ] 𝑓[𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ]− 𝑓[𝑥0 ,𝑥1 ]

(a) (b)
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝑓[𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ]− 𝑓[𝑥0 ,𝑥1 ] 𝑓[𝑥0 ,𝑥2 ]− 𝑓[𝑥0 ,𝑥1 ]
(c) (d)
𝑥2 − 𝑥0 𝑥2 − 𝑥0
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 Sheet III
Chapter V : Interpolation & Data Fitting
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The Lagrange polynomial that passes through the 3 data points is given by
x 15 18 22
y 24 37 25
𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝐿0 (𝑥) (24) + 𝐿1 (𝑥) (37) + 𝐿2 (𝑥) (25)
The value of 𝐿1 (𝑥) at x =16 is most nearly

(a) –0.071430 (b) 0.50000

(c) 0.57143 (d) 4.3333
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The simplified form of the polynomial that passes through the following x, y data
x 18 22 24
y ? 25 123
2
is given by 𝑃(𝑥) = 8.125 𝑥 − 324.75 𝑥 + 3237, 18 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 24 . The corresponding
polynomial using Newton’s divided difference polynomial is given by
𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 (x − 18) + 𝑏2 (x − 18)(x − 22), the value of 𝑏2 is most nearly
(a) 0.25000 (b) 24.000
(c) 8.1250 (d) not obtainable with the information given
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For a function f(x), the divided difference Table is
xj f[xj] f[,] f[,,] f[,,,] f[,,,,]
0 4
1
1 4
13 1
3 31
37
4 68 12

5
Determine the missing entries in the table
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Given f(3) = 31 , f(4) = 68 construct the Linear interpolating polynomial,
find the actual error in approximating f(3.5), where
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 68 (𝑥 − 3)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜋) − 31 (𝑥 − 4)cos (𝑥 − 3)
8
You can use the entries in the table given in Q23.
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1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = , find 𝑓[𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ].and then find 𝑓[1, 3, 4]
𝑥
1
(The answer is 𝑓[𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ] = )
𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥2
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