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‫ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

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(1) Paul Krugman, «Phony Fear Factor,» New York Times, 8/8/2013.
(2) M. Kalecki, «Political Aspects of Full Employment,» Political Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 4 (October 1943).
(3) Gerald M. Meier, Biography of a Subject: An Evolution of Development Economics (Oxford; New York: Oxford
University Press, 2005).
(4) Unlocking the Employment Potential in the Middle East and North Africa: Toward a New Social Contract, MENA
Development Report. Orientations in Development Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2004), pp. 2-4.
٩ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬
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(5) Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty (London:
Pro¿le, 2012).
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(7) Douglass C. North, «Institutions,» Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 5, no. 1 (Winter 1991), pp. 97-112.
(8) Dani Rodrik, One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth (Princeton, NJ;
Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 153 and 154.
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John Williamson, «The Strange History of the Washington Consensus,» Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, vol. 27,
no. 2 (Winter 2004), pp. 195-206.
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(12) William Easterly, «National Policies and Economic Growth: A Reappraisal,» (Working Paper; 27, Center for Global
Development, Washington, DC, 2003).
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.px}]SFLph_]bY

én›eUЊh˜HdLº}^iÐ(½½)
Amartya Sen, On Economic Inequality, Expanded ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
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ënc—UÐyýÐ}IbRúÐڎeUЊ›exŒhxín—šYŒh_d\=pxíÐ~UЋýnSrd›YR~iڎUffY‹HڍHnH̏dL‹šxï|UÐ…xێšUÐŽwí
.pd=nbeUÐphinc—UÐyýÐ}ZUÐnghdLŠ[>šUÐçnaiüÐyýÐ}IHÌ}UÐڎeUЊ›exnefh=fQúЏUÎ}bRúÐŒY(ØÐ}RúÐíÌ}HúÐíÌ)
Š[>‹?ŒYíçnaiüЃHŽšYdL…ešœeUАRØ}RŠTŠ[xrhApdYncUÐpUÐ{_UÐpUnArd›eUÐ}>튛ex~iڎUffYÚnJАR
pAn—eUÐp˜—iÜnH̏dLfh@ŠYn_YÑn—AŒcex~iڎUffY‹HÚ{_=í.çnaiüÐyýÐ}IŒYngxín—xnYdLphincHpx}IŠT
.rd›eUÐpAn—YUÎ}>ŽUÐíffeUÐŒh=Òڎ[eUÐ
(24) Simon Kuznets, «Economic Growth and Income Inequality,» American Economic Review, vol. 45, no. 1 (March
1955), pp. 1-28.
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(25) Branko Milanovick, «Determinants of Cross-Country Income Inequality: An Augmented Kuznets’ Hypothesis,»
(Policy Research Working Paper; 1246, World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994).
(26) Ales Bultr, «Income Inequality: Does InÀation Matter",» IMF Staff Papers, vol. 48, no. 1 (December 2001) pp.
139-158.
Õَeip]HЎ=ÒÚ{beUЉd>ŒLngœýnši‡dšž>‹UšUÐíî}`[UÐÓn_=}eUÐÕَeip]HЎ=ÒÚ
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pbd]eUÐphýn[AüÐ-Ópehb=)½¸Ã¼-í(½¸¾phýn[AüÐ-Ópehb=)¿¾¸¾¾_h=}>íØ}adUbhbUЊB{UЋ›xÚnQŽU}h`šY
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(28) A. A. G Ali, «The State and Social Justice in an Era of Globalization: An Arab Regional Perspective,» in: Samir
Radwan and Manuel Riesco, eds., The Changing Role of the State (Cairo: Economic Research Forum, 2007).
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JÐ}bex{UÐâÐGSøЈx}JŒLD›CÐên_UÐçnaiüÐpHnhHÚnhšBЋšxëÌßGaxô JÐ}bex{UÐèŽd—UÐ-
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ŽfUÐDL‰UÙíº…ešœCÐ:ŠB{UЃHŽše=nðiÚnbYpb˜]UЊB؃HŽšYDL{eš_>pb˜JŠcUD›CÐ

Rnð›x{AsýnšfUÐì|wÓ{Tj>(½Ä)
Jorge Martínez-Vázquez, Violeta Vulovic and Blanca Moreno Dodson, «The Impact of Tax and Expenditure Policies on
Income Distribution: Evidence from a Large Panel of Countries,» Review of Public Economics, vol. 200, no. 1 (March 2012).
(30) Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Cambridge; New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
١٩ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا'ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

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(32) Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula, «Dollar a Day Revisited,» (Policy Research Working Paper;
4620, World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2008), on the Web: <www.worldbank.org>.
٢١ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ا'ﻧﻔﺎق اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ دول اﻟﺜﻮرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

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(33) Amartya Sen, «Development: Which Way Now",» Economic Journal, vol. 93, no. 372 (December 1983), pp. 745-762.
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(34) Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta, «Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy,» (IMF Staff Discussion
Note, SDN/12/08, International Monetary Fund, 28 June 2012), appendix table 1, pp. 25-27, and Francisco H. G. Ferreira
and Martin Ravallion, «Global Poverty and Inequality: A Review of the Evidence,» (Policy Research Working Paper;
4623, World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2008).
(35) K. Deininger and L. Squire, «Measuring Inequality: A New Data-Base,» World Bank Economic Review, vol. 10,
no. 3 (September 1996), pp. 565-591, and Hongyi Li, Lyn Squire and Heng-fu Zou, «Explaining International and
Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality,» Economic Journal, vol. 108, no. 446 (January 1998), pp. 26-43.
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Francesca Bastagli, David Coady and Sanjeev Gupta, «Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy,» (IMF Staff Discussion
Note, SDN/12/08, International Monetary Fund, 28 June 2012).

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